Journal articles: 'Fractura interlaminar'

1

Zenasni, R., A. S. Bachir, M. A. García, J. Riba, A. Argüelles, and J. Viña. "Influencia del envejecimiento higrotérmico en el comportamiento a fractura de compuestos de matriz termoplástica." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 43, no. 2 (April 30, 2004): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2004.v43.i2.558.

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Tareq, Md Sarower Hossain, Shaik Zainuddin, Mahesh V. Hosur, Bodiuzzaman Jony, Mohammad Al Ahsan, and Shaik Jeelani. "Flexural fatigue and fracture toughness behavior of nanoclay reinforced carbon fiber epoxy composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 29 (June 27, 2020): 4645–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320935166.

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3-point flexural fatigue and Mode I interlaminar fracture tests were done to study the fatigue life and fracture toughness of nanoclay added carbon fiber epoxy composites. Fatigue life data was analyzed using Weibull distribution function, validated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit, and predicted by combined Weibull and Sigmoidal models, respectively. The nanophased samples showed more than 300% improvement in mean and predicted fatigue life. At 0.7 stress level, the nanophased samples passed the ‘run-out’ fatigue criteria (106 cycles), whereas, the neat samples failed much earlier. The interlaminar fracture toughness of nanophased samples was also enhanced significantly by 71% over neat samples. Optical and scanning electron microscopic images of the nanophased fractured samples revealed certain features that improved the respective fatigue and fracture properties of the composites.

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Martin, R. H. "Interlaminar Fracture Characterization." Key Engineering Materials 120-121 (May 1996): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.120-121.329.

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Castellanos, AG, MS Islam, MAI Shuvo, Y. Lin, and P. Prabhakar. "Nanowire reinforcement of woven composites for enhancing interlaminar fracture toughness." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 20, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216650989.

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A novel technique to improve the Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of woven carbon-fiber polymer matrix composite face sheets using zinc oxide nanowires is proposed. Zinc oxide nanowires are directionally synthesized on dry carbon fabrics that are used to manufacture the laminate. The influence of zinc oxide nanowires on interlaminar fracture toughness is compared against regular interfaces using double cantilever beam and end-notched flexure tests to provide fracture toughness values. A significant improvement in the Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness values is observed with zinc oxide nanowires. Therefore, zinc oxide nanowire interlaminar reinforcement has been proven to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness of textile composites.

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Katogi, Hideaki, and Kenichi Takemura. "Effect of Carbon Milled Fiber Addition on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.73.

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In this study, effect of Carbon Milled Fiber (CMF) addition on interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) was investigated. Plain woven carbon fiber was used as reinforcement. Epoxy resin was used as matrix. The addition amounts of CMF are 0.5wt%, 0.8wt%, 1.0wt% and 1.2wt% for the epoxy resin. Mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness tests were conducted based on JIS K 7086. As a result, mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness increased with an increase of addictive amount of CMF. But excess addition was not effective. Pull out of CMF in matrix was found after mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness tests. The mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of CMF added CFRP can be improved by fiber bridging of CMF.

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Wu, Xiaochuan, Zhongde Shan, Feng Liu, and Yuan Wang. "Mechanical properties of 3D-woven composites with guide sleeves." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 12 (March 23, 2016): 1571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316636461.

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In this study, the preforms of 3D woven composite materials were made by a flexible oriented 3D composite woven process. The vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process was used to impregnate the preforms. The short-beam shear test, the compression test, and SEM were used to investigate the interlaminar shear performance and the compression behavior of the 3D woven composite with guide sleeves, and the effect of the guide sleeves on the above properties. It is indicated that the interlaminar shear behavior of 3D woven composites with guide sleeves showed the typical fracture characteristics of a pseudoplastic material. And the fracture modes of interlaminar shear mainly include interlaminar shear fracture and tensile fracture of fibers at the bottom. The interlaminar shear strength of materials increased with the diameter and interval of guide sleeves decreasing. Furthermore, the loss of in-plane compression properties of the materials brought by guide sleeves could be effectively avoided by reasonable control of the diameter and the volume fracture of guide sleeves.

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Ghasemnejad, H., V. Thomas, and H. Hadavinia. "Mixed-Mode Delamination Failure of Z-Pinned Hybrid Laminated Composites." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.453.

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The mixed-Mode interlaminar fracture toughness, GI/IIC, of z-pinned hybrid laminated composites is studied to investigate the effect of 3D-composites on the crack propagation resistance of delaminated composite structures. In this regard, the mixed-Mode interlaminar fracture toughness, GI/IIC, was measured using asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB) test method. The hybrid ADCB and z-pinned hybrid composite beams were laid-up from [G0/C0]4, [G0/C90]4, [G90/C0]4 and [G90/C90]4 to study the effect of z-pinning on the interlaminar fracture toughness. From the obtained results from test it was found that the resistance of z-pin fibres against the crack propagation in z-pinned hybrid composites can significantly increase the mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness.

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Sembokuya, Hideki, Masaki Hojo, and Kiyoshi Kemmochi. "Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Organic Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Advanced Composites Letters 6, no. 3 (May 1997): 096369359700600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359700600302.

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Mode I Interlaminar fracture behaviors of organic (aramid and polyarylate) fiber reinforced plastics were investigated. The values of interlaminar fracture toughness increased with the increase of crack length. The increase of intrelaminar fracture toughness was due to the fiber bridging between crack surfaces.

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Haldar, Sandip, Claudio S. Lopes, and Carlos Gonzalez. "Interlaminar and Intralaminar Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites." Key Engineering Materials 713 (September 2016): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.713.325.

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Interlaminar and intralaminar fracture behavior of carbon fiber reinforced composites have been experimentally studied. Unidirectional, woven reinforcement and thermoplastic and thermoset polymer matrix laminates have been characterized using double cantilever beam (DCB) and end notch flexure (ENF) specimens for Mode-I and Mode-II fracture toughness, respectively and compact tension (CT) specimens for intralaminar fracture. AS4/PEEK, AS4/8552 and AGP193PW/8552 laminates have been characterized in this study. The fracture toughness determined from the experimental data could be related to the constituents and reinforcements. It has been observed between the two UD laminates, AS4/PEEK exhibit higher fracture resistance under both interlaminar and intralaminar fracture. Woven reinforcement is found to show higher mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness.

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10

Aliabadi, M. H. "Interlaminar fracture of composites." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 9, no. 4 (January 1992): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-7997(92)90034-5.

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11

Liu, Xin, Tao Sun, Zhanjun Wu, and Huiyong He. "Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites with synthetic boehmite nanosheets at room temperature and low temperature." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 7 (July 2, 2017): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317716529.

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The nanosheet boehmite (AlOOH) was synthesized and used as reinforcing agent to toughen carbon fiber-reinforced polymers. The purity, morphology, size and composition of the AlOOH nanosheets were investigated by the methods of XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR, respectively. Interlaminar fracture toughness for mode II deformation was investigated for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers toughened by AlOOH nanosheets varying the contents at room temperature (RT, 293k) and at low temperature (LT, 77k). The fracture surfaces were examined by SEM to correlate with the interlaminar fracture properties. The results indicated that the synthesized AlOOH nanosheets were pure crystalline and of high purity. By TEM, the thickness of the lamellar AlOOH sample is about 22 nm. The end-notched flexure test results show that interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer with the same content AlOOH nanosheets (0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 wt.%) at LT is higher than that at RT. The interlaminar fracture toughness reaches the highest when the AlOOH nanosheets content equals 2% at RT. But at LT, the highest interlaminar fracture toughness appeared in the carbon fiber-reinforced polymers without AlOOH nanosheets.

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Shin, Yong-Chul, and Seung-Mo Kim. "Enhancement of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Using Interleaved Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 6821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156821.

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In this study, a carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypaper was interleaved in a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite to improve the interlaminar fracture toughness. Interleaving the film of a laminate-type composite poses the risk of deteriorating the in-plane mechanical properties. Therefore, the in-plane shear modulus and shear strength were measured prior to estimating the interlaminar fracture toughness. To evaluate the effect of the buckypaper on the interlaminar fracture toughness of the CFRP, double cantilever beam (DCB) and end notch flexure (ENF) tests were conducted for mode I and mode II delamination, respectively. No significant change was observed for the in-plane shear modulus due to the buckypaper interleaving and the shear strength decreased by 4%. However, the interlaminar fracture toughness of the CFRP increased significantly. Moreover, the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of the CFRP increased by 45.9%. Optical micrographs of the cross-section of the CFRPs were obtained to compare the microstructures of the specimens with and without buckypaper interleaving. The fracture surfaces obtained after the DCB and ENF tests were examined using a scanning electron microscope to identify the toughening mechanism of the buckypaper-interleaved CFRP.

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13

Gillespie, J. W. "Damage Tolerance of Composite Structures: The Role of Interlaminar Fracture Mechanics." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 113, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919927.

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Layered fiber-reinforced composite structures are susceptible to crack initiation and growth in the resin-rich layer between plies. Delamination represents one of the most prevalent life-limiting failure modes in laminated composite structures. Interlaminar fracture mechanics represents one approach to assess the damage tolerance of composite structures. This paper is organized into two major sections. The first sections introduces interlaminar fracture mechanics and test methods that have been developed to characterize the Mode I, II and III interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates. In the second section, the role of interlaminar fracture mechanics in assessing damage tolerance of composite structures is defined through the following case studies: residual compression after impact strength, instability related delamination growth in compressively loaded laminates and delamination growth in composite laminates with discontinuous internal plies.

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14

Daricik, Fatih. "Mesh size sensitivity analysis for interlaminar fracture of the fiber-reinforced laminated composites." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501988346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019883460.

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The virtual crack closure technique is a well-known finite element–based numerical method used to simulate fractures and it suits well to both of two-dimensional and three-dimensional interlaminar fracture analysis. In particular, strain energy release rate during a three-dimensional interlaminar fracture of laminated composite materials can successfully be computed using the virtual crack closure technique. However, the element size of a numerical model is an important concern for the success of the computation. The virtual crack closure technique analysis with a finer mesh converges the numerical results to experimental ones although such a model may need excessive modeling and computing times. Since, the finer element size through a crack path causes oscillation of the stresses at the free ends of the model, the plies in the delaminated zone may overlap. To eliminate this problem, the element size for the virtual crack closure technique should be adjusted to ascertain converged yet not oscillating results with an admissible processing time. In this study, mesh size sensitivity of the virtual crack closure technique is widely investigated for mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture analyses of laminated composite material models by considering experimental force and displacement responses of the specimens. Optimum sizes of the finite elements are determined in terms of the force, the displacement, and the strain energy release rate distribution along the width of the model.

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Xie, Zong Hong, Xiang Li, Jian Zhao, Jie Hao, Yan Peng Sun, and Xiao Dong Sui. "Study on the Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Multi-Directional Composite Laminates." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.186.

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The double cantilever beam (DCB) test method and the modified beam theory are adopted to investigate the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of multi-directional composite laminates. The test procedure was developed by using a stereoscopic microscope to observe the delamination front tip and a testing machine to record the displacement and load data. A dial indicator was used to eliminate the error due to initial clearance in the clamp. A modified beam theory and a compliance calibration method were used to calculate the interlaminar fracture toughness. The Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced bismaleimide resin matrix (BMI) composite laminates with four different interface patterns ( 0/0, 45/-45, 0/-45 and 0/90, respectively) was obtained. The results show that the patterns of interface ply angles have an obvious influence on Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates.

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Deng, Shi Qiang, P. Rosso, Lin Ye, and Klaus Friedrich. "Interlaminar Fracture of CF/EP Composites Modified with Nano-Silica." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1403.

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Fracture toughness and other mechanical properties of epoxies modified with nano-slica particles were measured to elaborate effects of nano-additives on fracture behaviour of the modified epoxies. Interlaminar fracture behaviours of the nano-silica modified CF/EP composites were subsequently investigated by conducting Mode-I and Mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness tests as well as transverse tension tests. It was found that the fracture toughness of the nano-silica modified epoxies and the interlaminar fracture toughness of nano-silica modified CF/EP composites have been increased significantly (>50%), while the strength and modulus of the materials remain unchanged or slightly higher. In particular, the nano-silica modified epoxies showed only very little reduction in the glass transition temperature (Tg).

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Hein, Luis Rogerio de O., and Kamila A. de Campos. "Correlative Light-Electron Fractography of Interlaminar Fracture in a Carbon–Epoxy Composite." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 6 (October 30, 2015): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761501538x.

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AbstractThis work evaluates the use of light microscopes (LMs) as a tool for interlaminar fracture of polymer composite investigation with the aid of correlative fractography. Correlative fractography consists of an association of the extended depth of focus (EDF) method, based on reflected LM, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate interlaminar fractures. The use of these combined techniques is exemplified here for the mode I fracture of carbon–epoxy plain-weave reinforced composite. The EDF-LM is a digital image-processing method that consists of the extraction of in-focus pixels for each x-y coordinate in an image from a stack of Z-ordered digital pictures from an LM, resulting in a fully focused picture and a height elevation map for each stack. SEM is the most used tool for the identification of fracture mechanisms in a qualitative approach, with the combined advantages of a large focus depth and fine lateral resolution. However, LMs, with EDF software, may bypass the restriction on focus depth and present enough lateral resolution at low magnification. Finally, correlative fractography can provide the general comprehension of fracture processes, with the benefits of the association of different resolution scales and contrast modes.

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Sembokuya, Hideki, Masaki Hojo, and Kiyoshi Kemmochi. "The Effect of Water Absorption on Mode I Intterlaminar Fracture Toughness of Aramid Fibre Reinforced Plastics." Advanced Composites Letters 8, no. 2 (March 1999): 096369359900800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359900800201.

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Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness tests were carried out for aramid fibre reinforced epoxy laminates. Specimens immersed in water were also tested for comparison. The effect of water absorption on interlaminar fracture toughness was small for the aramid/epoxy laminates used in this study.

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Shifa, Madni, Fawad Tariq, and Rasheed Ahmed Baloch. "Influence of Carbon Nanotubes on the Interlaminar Properties of Carbon Fiber Aluminum Metal Laminates." Key Engineering Materials 778 (September 2018): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.778.100.

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The present research work describes the fabrication and interlaminar properties testing of carbon fiber aluminum metal laminates (CARALL). CARALL was fabricated through hand layup process followed by compression molding technique and interlaminar properties were assessed through double cantilever beam (DCB) test short beam and flexural test. Different treatments were performed on the surface of aluminum alloy and parameters were optimized to ensure good adhesion between metal sheet and carbon composite layer. Pull-off adhesion test was performed to gauge the adhesion strength of epoxy resin on aluminum alloy sheet. Effect of Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was also investigated on the interlaminar properties of CARALL. Treated surface of aluminum alloy sheet was examined under Optical and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Porous surface was evident on aluminum sample due to surface treatment which contributes towards better adhesion between epoxy resin and metal surface through mechanical interlocking and diffusion mechanism. FE-SEM and stereo microscopy was also performed on fractured DCB samples and underlying fracture mechanism was discussed. Test results demonstrated that addition of MWCNTs deteriorated the interlaminar properties of CARALL by weakening the interface between treated aluminum surface and carbon composite.

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Li, Rongzhi, Lin Ye, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Interlaminar Fracture of Stitched GFRP Laminates." Advanced Composites Letters 5, no. 1 (January 1996): 096369359600500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359600500101.

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The mode I interlaminar fracture of Kevlar thread stitched GFRP laminates has been studied using double-cantilever-beam (DCB) tests. It was found that stitching density and patterns influence interlaminar fracture performance of composites mainly through the different failure mechanisms of stitch threads during crack propagation.

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Liu, Wei, Gui Qiong Jiao, Wei Xi Zhang, and Wei Min Zhang. "Interlaminar Shear Property of Z-Pins Reinforced Woven Ceramic Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1608.

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Z-pins reinforced 2D ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), integratedly designed new materials, are developed to enhance 2D CMCs through-thickness in the form of Z-pins and to ensure significant increase in interlaminar fracture toughness, delamination resistance and impact resistance, and Z-pins reinforced 2D CMCs have much application. Finite element method was adopted to analyze stress distributions of Z-pins reinforced woven CMCs; the interlaminar shear tests were employed to measure interlaminar shear strength; fractographies were observed to examine failure mechanisms. The results are shown as the following: the insertion of Z-pins reduces concentrated stress fields and enhances the uniform stress distribution on the expected fracture plane. Interlaminar shear strength of Z-pins reinforced woven CMCs is increased as Z-pins insertion reaches a certain number. Interlaminar shear strength goes up with the rise of the number of inserted Z-pins. Z-pins shearing and fabric/matrix debonding are interlaminar failure mechanisms of Z-pins reinforced CMCs.

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Hsieh, Tsung-Han, Wei-Jen Chen, Chin-Lung Chiang, and Ming-Yuan Shen. "Environmental aging effect on interlaminar properties of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced epoxy/carbon fiber composite laminates." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 19 (March 8, 2016): 1177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416637219.

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Graphene nanoplatelets are two-dimensional carbon structure materials with single or multilayers graphite plane which possesses attractive characteristics. In this study, the environmental aging effect on interlaminar properties of graphene nanoplatelet containing different proportions (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 wt%) reinforced epoxy/carbon fiber (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) composite laminates including interlaminar shear strength and fracture toughness were investigated. The interlaminar properties of graphene nanoplatelets/carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite laminates were improved over that of neat carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite laminates. Experimental results showed that the composite laminates containing graphene nanoplatelets possesses the appreciable improvement. The mechanisms responsible for the interlaminar enhancement were identified by studying the fracture surfaces using field emission scanning electron microscopy.

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Burlayenko, Vyacheslav, and Tomasz Sadowski. "FE modeling of delamination growth in interlaminar fracture specimens." Budownictwo i Architektura 2, no. 1 (June 11, 2008): 095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2315.

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Interlaminar fracture specimens like Double Cantilever Beam (DCB), End Notched Flexural (ENF), Single Leg Bending (SLB) etc. are widely used for studying the interlaminar toughness of composite laminates. The aim of this paper is to analysis delamination specimens within the framework of a meso-level damage modeling of composite laminates. In this case interlaminar interface is assumed as a damageable homogeneous layer between adjacent layers of the specimen bulk material. The degradation of the interlaminar connection can be taken into account by means either of an appropriate damage initiation criterion and damage evolution law or using fracture mechanics approach. Onset and growth of the delamination pre-existing crack in the fracture specimens are simulated by using both modeling possibility within commercial finite element code ABAQUSTM. Comparisons between numerical predictions of used different finite element models as well as available experimental data have been performed.

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Yoon, Sung Ho, Kwang Su Heo, Jin Oh Oh, Jong Cheol Jeong, Sang Jin Lee, Jung Seok Kim, and Seong Ho Han. "Damage Tolerance of Carbon Fabric/Epoxy Composite for Korean Tilting Train Carbody." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.449.

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Interlaminar fracture behavior of carbon fabric/epoxy composite, which is one of the candidate composites for the Korean tilting train carbody, was investigated. Specimens were made of a CF3227 plain fabric with an epoxy resin. An initial starter crack was formed by inserting a 12.5 thick Teflon film at the one end of the specimen. Interlaminar fracture toughness was evaluated using the mixed mode flexural fixture, which provides a wide range of mixed mode deformation by varying the length of lever arm. According to the results, the crack growth was progressive and stable under mode I dominantly mixed mode ratio and was relatively rapid and unstable under mode II dominantly mixed mode ratio. The mixed mode interlaminar fracture behavior can be predicted by a mixed mode fracture criterion depending on the point at which the crack growth was associated.

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Hou, Meng, Lin Ye, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Effect of Moulding Temperature on Flexure, Impact Strength and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of CF/PEI Composite." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 15, no. 11 (November 1996): 1117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073168449601501104.

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The effects of processing conditions on the mechanical properties of a CF/PEI woven fabric composite have been investigated. A compression moulding procedure using a hot press was applied to simulate the effects of various processing conditions. The mechanical properties of the CF/PEI composite were characterised by flexure, impact strength and interlaminar fracture tests in relation to the consolidation quality. Consolidation quality was studied through void content and density measurement. The results indicated that the consolidation quality of the composites was highly dependent on the processing temperature. The flexure properties. Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness for crack initiation and Mode II interlaminar fracture growth resistance correlated directly with consolidation quality. However, the Charpy impact strength and Mode I interlaminar fracture growth resistance both increased as the void content was increased because of a “multiple-crack” failure mechanism.

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Kwak, Juho, Yu Seong Yun, and Oh Heon Kwon. "The Relation of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness and the Acoustic Emission (Ae) under the Enf Test." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.279.

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Recently, composite materials are used in many fields because their properties are high strength, high stiffness, and they have light weight, good corrosion resistance and good thermal conductivity. However, composite materials have relatively a lot of problems, especially delamination, compared with common materials such as a steel and aluminum, etc. Therefore, having the interlaminar fracture toughness for a laminate composite is important. In this study, the end notched flexure (ENF) specimens are employed in order to evaluate modeⅡ interlaminar fracture toughness for CFRP laminate composites. Three kinds of a/L ratio were applied to these specimens under the different pressure level. Also, we discuss the relation of crack growth and the interlaminar fracture toughness in terms of AE characteristics using ENF test.

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May, Michael, Sebastian Kilchert, and Tobias Gerster. "A Modified Compact Tension Test for Characterization of the Intralaminar Fracture Toughness of Tri-Axial Braided Composites." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 4890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174890.

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The application of braided composite materials in the automotive industry requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanical properties. To date, the intralaminar fracture toughness of braided composite materials, typically used for describing post-failure behavior, has not been well-characterized experimentally. In this paper, a modified compact tension test, utilizing a relatively large specimen and a metallic loading frame, is used to measure the transverse intralaminar fracture toughness of a tri-axial braided composite. During testing, a relatively long fracture process zone ahead of the crack tip was observed. Crack propagation could be correlated to the failure of individual unit cells, which required failure of bias-yarns. The transverse interlaminar fracture toughness was found to be two orders of magnitude higher than the reference interlaminar fracture toughness of the same material. This is due to the fact, that intralaminar crack propagation requires breaking of fibers, which is not the case for interlaminar testing.

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Uchijo, Chika, Yuki Kuroda, Kiyoshi Kemmochi, and Li Min Bao. "Research on FRP Composite Structures with Self-Healing Function - Effect of Filler on FRP Interlaminar Fracture Toughness." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.31.

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In reacent years, studies on reducing the diameter of microcapsules for practical application to self-healing FRP have been conducted. This study clarifies how filler grain diameter and strength and filler volume fraction affect the interlaminar fracture toughness of FRP. The reinforcement material used in this experiment was carbon fiber fabric sheets. Acrylic particles were used as filler; the mechanical properties were similar to those of microcapsules of self-healing FRP. The filler volume fraction was confirmed to affect the interlaminar fracture toughness. The grain diameters of the hollow particles were smaller, and the Young's modulus of the filler is larger, confirming that the interlaminar fracture toughness increased. High rigidity and small-grain diameter microcapsules are considered to be appropriate microcapsules (enclosing repair agents) for self-healing of CFRP.

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Guo, Miaocai, and Xiaosu Yi. "Effect of Paper or Silver Nanowires-Loaded Paper Interleaves on the Electrical Conductivity and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Composites." Aerospace 5, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5030077.

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The effect of plant-fiber paper or silver nanowires-loaded paper interleaves on the electrical conductivity and interlaminar fracture toughness of composites was studied. Highly conductive paper was prepared by surface-loaded silver nanowires. The percolation threshold appeared at about 0.4 g/m2. The surface resistivity reached 2.3 Ω/sq when the areal density of silver nanowires was 0.95 g/m2. After interleaving the conductive papers in the composite interlayers, in-plane electrical conductivity perpendicular to the fiber direction was increased by 171 times and conductivity through thickness direction was increased by 2.81 times. However, Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness decreased by 67.3% and 66.9%, respectively. Microscopic analysis showed that the improvement of conductivity was attributable to the formation of an electrical conducting network of silver nanowires which played a role in electrical connection of carbon fiber plies and the interleaving layers. However, the density of the highly packed flat plant fibers impeded the infiltration of resin. The parallel distribution of flat fibers to the carbon plies, and poor resin-fiber interface made the interlaminar fracture occur mainly at the interface of plant fibers and resin inside the interleaves, resulting in a decline of the interlaminar fracture toughness. The surface-loading of silver nanowires further impeded the infiltration of resin in the densely packed plant fibers, resulting in further decline of the fracture toughness.

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Ji, Ai Hong, Min Lu, Meng Zha, Ben Zheng Dong, Li Hong Gao, and Zhen Dong Dai. "Model I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.81.

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites have been widely used in many fields. It is necessary to test the performance of interlaminar fracture toughness of composites and provide useful information for product development and material selection. In this paper polymer matrix films embedding with carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates curing at high temperature were used to study the performance of model I inter-laminar fracture toughness. Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of composites reinforced by carbon fiber was measured according to ASTM D5528 standard. Three groups of samples cut into double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were measured to compare their performance. The results showed that there was no fiber-bridging in multidirectional composite laminations. The delamination for all specimens extended slowly and stably. All of three groups of carbon fiber composites had strong model I interlaminar fracture toughness and high delamination tolerances. The sensitive to delamination is different because of different composition of these three carbon fiber reinforced composites.

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Yang, Z., and C. T. Sun. "Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Graphite/Epoxy Multidirectional Composite1." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 122, no. 4 (April 14, 2000): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1289027.

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In this paper, an experimental investigation on interlaminar fracture behavior and fracture toughness of a graphite/epoxy multidirectional composite laminate is presented using end-notched flexure specimens. The 0/θ interfaces are considered. The interlaminar fracture toughness is obtained and compared using three data reduction methods, i.e., the area method, classical laminated plate theory, and finite element analysis. Results show that the toughness value depends on the data reduction method used. Two different crack-length-to-span ratios are chosen to study how the stable or unstable crack extension influences the toughness measurement. It is observed that the toughness obtained from the tests of stable crack extension is appreciably higher than that from the tests of unstable crack extension. It is also seen that friction resulting from contact of crack surfaces greatly affects the measured toughness in the case of stable crack extension. In addition, effects of the specimen geometry and fiber orientation on the interlaminar fracture toughness are also evaluated. [S0094-4289(00)02804-8]

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Sales, Rita de Cássia Mendonça, Silas Rodrigo Gusmão, Ricardo Francisco Gouvêa, Thomas Chu, José Maria Fernandez Marlet, Geraldo Maurício Cândido, and Maurício Vicente Donadon. "The temperature effects on the fracture toughness of carbon fiber/RTM-6 laminates processed by VARTM." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 12 (November 25, 2016): 1729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316679499.

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The increasing use of composite in the aircraft industry has raised the interest for a better understanding of the failure process in these materials, which can be also influenced by the manufacturing process of the laminate. Some materials used in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process have been studied in the open literature but very few data have been published for resin transfer molding-6 epoxy based laminates, in particular studies showing the influence of the temperature on the interlaminar fracture behavior of this type of laminates. The aim of this article is to investigate the interlaminar fracture behavior of resin transfer molding-6 based carbon composite laminates manufactured by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding subjected to Modes I and II at 25℃ and 80℃. The results show the influence of the temperature on the interlaminar fracture toughness of composites and provide a database to design composite aerostructures subjected to temperatures commonly experienced in civil aviation. The fracture aspects of the tested laminates were also investigated and directly related to the trend in results found for the fracture toughness values.

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Lan, Bangwei, Yi Liu, Song Mo, Minhui He, Lei Zhai, and Lin Fan. "Interlaminar Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber/Polyimide Composites Toughened by Interleaving Thermoplastic Polyimide Fiber Veils." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102695.

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Carbon fiber reinforced thermosetting polyimide (CF/TSPI) composites were interleaved with thermally stable thermoplastic polyimide (TPPI) fiber veils in order to improve the interlaminar fracture toughness without sacrificing the heat resistance. Both of the mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC and GIIC) for the untoughened laminate and TPPI fiber veils interleaved laminates were characterized by the double cantilever beam (DCB) test and end notch flexure (ENF) test, respectively. It is found that the TPPI fiber veils interleaved laminates exhibit extremely increased fracture toughness than the untoughened one. Moreover, the areal density of TPPI greatly affected the fracture toughness of laminates. A maximum improvement up to 179% and 132% on GIC and GIIC is obtained for 15 gsm fiber veils interleaved laminate, which contributes to the existence of bicontinuous TPPI/TSPI structure in the interlayer according to the fractography analysis. The interlaminar fracture behavior at elevated temperatures for 15 gsm fiber veils interleaved laminate were also investigated. The results indicated that the introduction of thermally stable TPPI fiber veils could enhance the fracture toughness of CF/TSPI composites by exceeding 200% as compared to the untoughened one even as tested at 250 °C.

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Tanaka, Kazuto, Kosuke Ishida, Keisuke Takemoto, and Tsutao Katayama. "Effect of Resin Layer Thickness on Mode II Delamination Growth Property of CFRTP Laminates under Static Loadings." Key Engineering Materials 827 (December 2019): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.827.446.

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Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics (CFRTP) are expected to be used in various fields for the point of their superior mechanical properties. CFRP laminates with continuous fibres tend to be damaged by microcracks in the layer and interlaminar delamination. Especially, it is necessary to evaluate the mode II delamination growth property, which is correlated with compression after impact (CAI) strength. It is reported that CF/Epoxy laminates with a thicker interlaminar resin layer show higher toughness. By applying an extra thick interlaminar resin layer to CFRTP in which thermoplastic resin with relatively higher fracture toughness is used for the matrix, CFRTP with higher interlaminar fracture toughness can be developed. In this study, the mode II delamination growth property of CFRTP laminates under static loading was evaluated for the specimens with various layer thicknesses of polyamide (PA) resin in the middle layer of the laminates. Their moldability and damage propagation properties were evaluated by three-point bending tests and end notched flexure (ENF) tests. CF/PA laminated composites with a thicker PA layer showed superior mode II delamination growth property under static loading since they had more ductile fracture due to a thicker PA layer.

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Armanios, Erian A. "Interlaminar Fracture in Graphite/Epoxy Composites." Key Engineering Materials 37 (January 1991): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.37.85.

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Rikards, R. "Interlaminar fracture behaviour of laminated composites." Computers & Structures 76, no. 1-3 (June 2000): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(99)00148-0.

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Chai, Herzl. "Interlaminar shear fracture of laminated composites." International Journal of Fracture 43, no. 2 (May 1990): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00036181.

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Russell, Alan J. "Micromechanisms of interlaminar fracture and fatigue." Polymer Composites 8, no. 5 (October 1987): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750080509.

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Papanicolaou, G. C., and D. Bakos. "Interlaminar fracture behaviour of sandwich structures." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 27, no. 3 (January 1996): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-835x(95)00026-x.

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Allix, O., P. Ladevéze, and A. Corigliano. "Damage analysis of interlaminar fracture specimens." Composite Structures 31, no. 1 (January 1995): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(95)00002-x.

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Kang Yong Lee and Soon Man Kwon. "Interlaminar fracture toughness for composite materials." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 45, no. 6 (August 1993): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(93)90073-2.

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42

Martin, R. H. "Incorporating interlaminar fracture mechanics into design." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 214, no. 2 (April 2000): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070021400204.

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43

Sedlacek, Frantisek, Tomas Kalina, and Karel Raz. "Determination of Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of CFRP Composites Using Numerical Simulations." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.71.

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This paper deals with a numerical simulation of the interlaminar fracture toughness of woven carbon fibre reinforced polymer. Composite materials are increasingly used for their unique properties in many branches of engineering. They are also used for flexible components such as springs, couplings, etc. The strength of these parts must be determined not only in terms of their intralaminar properties but also in terms of their interlaminar properties. This paper provides a methodology for determining the main parameters for Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness using numerical simulation. End Notch Flexure (ENF) specimens were created for fitting fracture toughness parameters of the laminate according to ASTM standards. Three point bending ENF tests were carried out on a Zwick/Roell Z050 machine. The numerical simulation was created in Siemens Simcenter 12.0 using NX Nastran nonlinear solver. The results from the numerical simulation correspond to those from the experimental test with an accuracy of 4%.

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Liu, Yu, Cheng-Bing Qu, Qing-Ping Feng, Hong-Mei Xiao, and Shao-Yun Fu. "Enhancement in Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness at Cryogenic Temperature of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composites through Matrix Modification by Carbon Nanotubes and n-Butyl Glycidyl Ether." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/812061.

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A typical diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F (DGEBF)/diethyl toluene diamine (DETD) epoxy system modified by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a reactive aliphatic diluent named n-butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) was used as the matrix for glass fiber composites. The glass fiber (GF) reinforced composites based on the unmodified and modified epoxy matrices were prepared by the hand lay-up hot-press process. Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness at both room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (77 K) of the GF reinforced epoxy composites was investigated to examine the effect of the matrix modification. The result showed that the introduction of MWCNTs and BGE at their previously reported optimal contents led to the remarkable enhancement in mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of the composites. Namely, the 22.9% enhancement at RT and the 31.4% enhancement at 77 K were observed for mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of the fiber composite based on the optimally modified epoxy matrix by MWCNTs and BGE compared to the unmodified case.

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Jeevan Kumar, N. "Dual cracks propagation behavior in hybrid skin–stiffener joint." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 08, no. 03 (September 2019): 1950012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s204768411950012x.

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There is increasing demand for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) especially in aerospace engineering. Due to their high specific strength-to-weight ratio, these composites offer more characteristics and considerable advantages when compared to metals. Metals, unlike composites, offer plasticity effects to evade high stress concentrations during post-buckling. Under compressive load, composite structures show a wide range of damage mechanisms where a set of damage modes combined together may lead to the structural collapse. The numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of the dual cracks growth for the cracks embedded between plies of the skin and between plies of the stiffener hat. The dual fractured configuration is loaded to study the impact of dual cracks on load carrying capacity of the skin–stiffener joint and mode of fracture initiation and growth. Numerical method of Virtual Crack Close Technique is applied for predicting interlaminar crack initiation and interlaminar crack growth as well as in-plane crack mechanisms to predict the design of crack free joint.

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Shang, Xiaosen, Yunhong Ding, Lifeng Yang, Yonghui Wang, and Tao Wang. "Investigating the Effect of Interlayer Geo-stress Difference on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation: Physical Modeling and Numerical Simulations." Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (August 29, 2016): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874834101609160195.

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The morphological control of the fracture has a great impact on the effectiveness of the hydraulic fracturing; the geostress difference between productive interval and barriers is one of controlling factors for the fracture height control. The propagation behavior of the hydraulic fracture was studied using the 3D physical simulation under conditions of the presence and absence of the interlaminar geostress difference. Combined with the result of the acoustic monitoring, the dynamic propagation process and the final shape of fracture were achieved. It shows that the lateral and vertical propagations of the fracture simultaneously occurred without the interlaminar geostress difference, and a fracture with round-shape face was finally presented. On the contrary, under the presence of the interlaminar geostress difference, due to the barrier effect of the high stress barrier on the vertical propagation of the fracture, the fracture height was obviously limited after the fracture propagated to the interval boundary. Therefore, the final shape of the fracture face was elliptical. Moreover, the extended finite element simulation was also adopted to analyze the propagation of the hydraulic fracture under two conditions mentioned above, and the result was consistent with that of the physical simulation. This verifies the feasibility of the extended finite element simulation method; therefore, this method was used to further simulate the fracture propagation behavior when several layers with different stiffness simultaneously exist. The result presents that during the fracture propagation, the fracture passed through the layer which has relatively weak stiffness and stopped before the layer which has stronger stiffness. Conclusions of this study can provide reference for the research of fracture propagation in complex geostress reservoirs.

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SHINDO, Ysuhide, Mayumi SUMIKAWA, Tomo TAKEDA, Satoru TAKANO, and Fumio NARITA. "Analysis of mode I Interlaminar Fracture and Damage Behavior of GFRP Woven Laminates at Cryogenic Temperatures." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2004.17 (2004): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2004.17.235.

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Uda, Nobuhide, Kousei Ono, and Tadashi Nagayasu. "OS14-2-4 Mode-I Interlaminar Fracture Behavior of Heat-Resistant Composite Materials at High Temperature." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS14–2–4——_OS14–2–4—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os14-2-4-.

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Kim, Jang Kyo, Naveed A. Siddiqui, Ricky S. C. Woo, Christopher K. Y. Leung, and Arshad Munir. "Carbon Fibre-Organoclay Hybrid Epoxy Composites: Fracture Behaviours and Mechanical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 312 (June 2006): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.312.179.

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The fracture resistance and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRPs) containing organoclay-filled epoxy resin are studied. The XRD analysis and TEM examination revealed well-dispersed organoclay in the epoxy matrix displaying a mixture of exfoliation and intercalation. There was a significant improvement in flexural modulus and a marginal reduction in flexural strength of epoxy matrix due to the incorporation of organoclay. The quasi-static fracture toughness of epoxy increased nearly 60% with the addition of 3wt% clay, but there was a 45% drop in impact fracture toughness with 1wt% clay. When CFRPs were fabricated with the clay-modified epoxy resin, both the flexural modulus and strength of the hybrid composites showed negligible changes due to a few wt% of organoclay in the matrix. The interlaminar crack growth stability and the corresponding mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of the hybrid composites with organoclay improved substantially compared to those with carbon fibres only. The hybrid composites typically presented rough matrix surface associated with pinning and crack tip bifurcation, whereas the composite made from neat epoxy showed a smooth river line structure which is characteristic of brittle epoxy. The correlation between the composite interlaminar fracture properties and the toughness of modified matrix is discussed.

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Zhou, Jing, Yingguang Li, Nanya Li, and Xiaozhong Hao. "Enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/bismaleimide composites via microwave curing." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 18 (October 7, 2016): 2585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316673892.

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Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been widely used in the aerospace industry. However, they are extremely sensitive to crack initiation, propagation and interlaminar delamination which severely reduce their service life. This paper demonstrated that the Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness could be significantly improved in carbon fiber/bismaleimide composites using a microwave curing process. An increase of about 53.5% in critical load and an increase of approximately 133.5% and 61.2% in fracture toughness and fracture resistance have been achieved, respectively. The microwave manufacturing cycle for composites was cut to 44% of the thermal processing cycle. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was performed to investigate the enhanced interfacial strength in microwave-cured composites. The improvement in fracture toughness was attributed to a better interfacial adhesion between resin and fiber, which was investigated by the observation of fracture surfaces with optical microscopes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fractura interlaminar'

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