Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fracturas en animales

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fracturas en animales'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fracturas en animales"

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Flores Jáuregui, Peter Alexis, and Ricardo Grandez Rodríguez. "Características de las fracturas en huesos largos apendiculares en pacientes caninos atendidos en el servicio radiología de la Clínica Veterinaria de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, periodo 2013 - 2015." Salud y Tecnología Veterinaria 5, no. 2 (March 16, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/stv.v5i2.3250.

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El objetivo del estudio fue clasificar las fracturas de huesos largos en caninos diagnosticados en el servicio radiológicode la Clínica Veterinaria Docente Cayetano Heredia de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia durante el periodo2013 – 2015. Se registraron los casos presentados de acuerdo con el tipo de fractura y se clasificaron de acuerdo conlas variables edad, sexo, tamaño y raza de los animales. Se seleccionaron 115 placas radiográficas. El hueso fémur fue el que presentó mayor frecuencia de fracturas (36,5%), los que correspondieron mayormente a caninos machos (61,7%), jóvenes (55,7%), de tamaño pequeño (51,3%) y razas puras (57,4%). La localización de las facturas fue con mayor frecuencia en la diáfisis (57,4%);de tipo simple o extra articular (68,7%); y de gravedad leve (47,8%). El estudio concluye que los animales jóvenes fueron los más afectados en relación con las diferentes lesiones traumatológicas y el fémur fue el hueso largo más afectados por fracturas en todos los criterios evaluados. Los caninos machos jóvenes presentaron una mayor frecuencia de fracturas en relación a las presentadas por caninos hembras. Las fracturas de huesos largos afectaron con mayor frecuencia a los perros de tamaño pequeño, comparados con los perros de tamaño mediano y grande, siendo las fracturas más comunes las diafisiarias, con mayor frecuencia de afectación del fémur; siendo las fracturas de tipo simples extra articular y las de gravedad leve las más frecuentes.
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Cardona R., Leonel, Mariana Brousse, Marcelo Mieres, Sergio Arias, and Édgar Gutiérrez. "Evaluación de la resistencia de un prototipo de placa de compresión dinámica (PCD) fabricada de polimetilmetacrilato (pmma) probada en fémur canino osteotomizado." Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, no. 21 (June 1, 2011): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/mv.572.

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Las fracturas de huesos largos encontradas más frecuentemente en animales pequeños son las del fémur. Por su posición anatómica, son difíciles de inmobilizar, entonces, la utilización de fijaciones internas es de gran utilidad. Las placas de compresión dinámica (PCD) proveen gran estabilidad, son durables y al producir compresión interfragmentaria, minimizan el movimiento fragmentario y promueven la cicatrización primaria del hueso. Sus ventajas están asociadas a la reconstrucción anatómica, movilidad temprana y capacidad de carga del miembro. El polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) es una resina acrílica utilizada en prótesis dentales. Pero, estudios muestran otros usos, tratamientos de tumores óseos, prótesis en deformaciones craneales, vertebroplastias percutáneas y prótesis testiculares en animales, entre otros. El objetivo de este estudio fue fabricar PCD-PMMA y comprobar su resistencia a las distintas fuerzas que están presentes en una fractura. Se fabricaron 48 PCD de 3,5 milímetros de cuatro orificios a partir de un molde de alginato. Se obtuvieron seis fémures de cadáveres caninos de 10 a 20 kg de peso, a los cuales se les realizó una osteotomía que simulaba una fractura oblicua. Posteriormente, se posicionaron las placas en los huesos osteotomizados para someterlas a las distintas fuerzas que participan en una fractura. Las PCD-PMMA resistieron 2,83 newton/metro a la fuerza de torsión y 0,21 kilonewton a las fuerzas de compresión y flexión. La resistencia de la PCD-PMMA obtenida fue en promedio de 20 kg, a cada una de las fuerzas. Se pudo concluir que es posible fabricar una PCD-PMMA de 3,5 mm de cuatro orificios, cuya resistencia es de 20 kg de peso a las tres fuerzas aplicadas. Entonces, pueden ser utilizadas para la estabilización de fracturas de huesos largos que sean sometidos a una presión inferior a 20 kg de fuerza.
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Pimbosa O., Esmeralda Dioselina. "Fracturas apendiculares en caninos politraumatizados, complicaciones asociadas y tratamientos actuales." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 2359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-096.

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La presencia de animales politraumatizados es frecuente en la práctica diaria del médico veterinario, entre las patologías óseas más frecuentes son las fracturas del esqueleto apendicular, estas pueden venir acompañadas de lesiones torácicas, abdominales, craneales y vertebrales, por lo cual, se ha planteado como objetivo de la investigación: analizar las diferentes complicaciones asociadas a las fracturas del esqueleto apendicular en caninos y los tratamientos que existen en la actualidad, para esto se recurrió a la investigación bibliográfica de diferentes bases de datos, las publicaciones científicas revisadas corresponden a los últimos cinco años; entre los temas tratados en la investigación se detallan las complicaciones asociadas a las fracturas apendiculares en caninos, elementos de osteosíntesis utilizados frecuentemente en el tratamiento de fracturas apendiculares, tratamiento cerrado u ortopédico de fracturas apendiculares, entre otros, los cuales fueron descritos en la literatura, las principales complicaciones asociadas con las fracturas apendiculares en caninos, las lesiones de otros tejidos aparte del hueso, y el abordaje radiológico mediante el uso de los diferentes elementos de fijación utilizados para tratar al paciente, de lo cual se concluye que en la actualidad los métodos a los que se recurre con mayor frecuencia para el tratamiento de fracturas apendiculares son los métodos de fijación interna, principalmente los tornillos, placas y clavos intramedulares, de estos, debido a sus ventajas, entre estas: menor agresión de partes blandas, menor tiempo quirúrgico, mínimo abordaje quirúrgico y su extracción es fácil.
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Nuñez, Javier Eduardo, Luis Sebastian Ruchelli, Cesar Bartolomeo, Jorge Octavio Flores, Santiago Luis Iglesias, and Christian Antonio Allende Nores. "Alendronato administrado en el foco de fractura. Estudio experimental en conejos. [Alendronates administered at the fracture site. Experimental study in rabbits.]." Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología 82, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.15417/699.

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<p><strong>Introducción</strong></p><p><strong></strong>El objetivo de este estudio experimental fue evaluar el resultado radiológico e histológico de la utilización de alendronato colocado localmente en el foco de fracturas de fémur en conejos.</p><p><strong>Material y métodos</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Se utilizaron 30 conejos a los cuales se fracturó el fémur derecho y se distribuyeron en tres grupos de 10 animales cada uno. A los conejos del grupo I se le colocó una solución con alendronato a nivel del foco de fractura, al grupo II se le realizó el mismo procedimiento a los siete días de la fractura, dejando el grupo III como control. Se realizó la evaluación radiográfica al momento de la fractura y a los 42 días del procedimiento. Se evaluó las características de callo óseo mediante anatomía patológica, radiología y tomografía axial computada.</p><p><strong>Resultados</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Se evaluaron 24 conejos, por el fallecimiento de dos conejos del grupo II y cuatro del grupo III. El análisis histológico evidenció moderada formación ósea en los tres grupos sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,8336). En cuanto a los resultados evaluados por estudios de imagen no existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas del tamaño del callo óseo entre los grupos para los dos estudios (p= 0,777 en Rx y p=0,349 en TAC).</p><p><strong>Conclusión</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Los resultados de este trabajo experimental evidenciaron que la utilización de alendronato colocado localmente en el foco de fractura no afectó de manera estadísticamente significativa, histológica ni radiológicamente, el proceso de consolidación en las primeras 6 semanas posteriores a la fractura de fémur en conejos.</p>
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Unger, M., P. M. Montavon, and U. F. A. Heim. "Classification of Fractures of Long Bones in the Dog and Cat: Introduction and Clinical Application." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 03, no. 02 (1990): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633228.

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AbstractA computer filing system for the classification of fractured long bones in dogs and cats is described. It includes definitions of terms and a method of classification, based on fracture criteria seen on radiographs. This fracture classification was adapted from the AO/ASIF classification in man, to accomodate the special requirements of small animals. The localization and morphology of fractures were characterized with defined conventional terms, in order to assign an alpha-numeric code to each fracture. This coding system may also be used for computer filing of the data. With this classification system, the fractures are ranked in increasing severity and complexity for the various anatomical locations. This provides some prognostic and therapeutic informations. The system was used to code 1038 radiographically documented long bone fractures in dogs and cats. The distribution of fractures, with regard to their localization and morphology, was recorded. The system was easy to apply and proved to be able to supply valuable and reliable data.A computer filing system for the classification of fractured long bones in dogs and cats is described.
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Oliver, Rema, G. Yee, Y. Yu, J. B. Matthews, E. Ingham, and W. R. Walsh. "Fracture Healing in the Presence of Polyethylene Wear Debris and Oestrogen Deficiency." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.831.

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The number of peri-prosthetic femoral fractures in todays aging population is increasing. Fractures of the femur may occur intra-operatively or post-operatively, either at the tip of the femoral stem or in areas where cortical thinning has occurred. This is further enhanced if the patient is osteoporotic. These fractures can be difficult to treat due to the complexity of the mechanical status and further complicated biologically by the presence of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris that can migrate from the articulating surface of the prosthesis to the fracture site. In this study, the effect of PE wear debris on the healing of osteoporotic fractures was investigated using a rodent ovariectomised (OVX) model. One hundred female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to either bilateral OVX or Sham surgery at 10 weeks of age. Three months later, a closed fracture was created in the right femur using a 3-point bending device and an intramedullary k-wire for fixation. Animals were divided into 4 groups (n=3-8). A 0.2ml suspension of Ceridust (PE wear debris), hyaluronic acid & saline was injected directly into the fracture site at the time of surgery into half the animals. Control animals received comparable injections excluding the Ceridust. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 6 weeks. The OVX animals had a greater body weight compared to the Sham animals (p<0.05). DEXA analysis revealed that the presence of PE wear debris had no effect on the BMD within the fracture callus at either time-point. Mechanical analysis revealed an increase in bone strength with time. The presence of PE had no statistical effect upon the ultimate peak load or stiffness, however there was a trend towards increased peak load in the PE groups at 3 and 6 weeks following 3-months oestrogen deficiency. Histological analysis showed that the control OVX fractures had more cartilage development than the Sham group at 3 weeks and delayed remodeling at 6 weeks. The PE treated OVX group showed more fibrous tissue at the fracture gap and inside the diaphysis tunnel showing further delayed healing compared to the Sham group with PE. In this study after 3-months of oestrogen deficiency, no differences in mechanical or BMD was found in the fractured limbs between the PE –treated and non-PE treated fractures. However, histologically, PE wear debris induced fibrous tissue at the fracture site which further delayed the healing process. More care should be taken with aged patients receiving revision surgery, as these patients become harder to manage when fractured due to the influence of both osteoporosis and PE wear debris.
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van Heerden, Frans G., Robert M. Kirberger, and Marthinus J. Hartman. "Long Bone Fractures in Impala (Aepyceros melampus): A Classification System and Review of 55 Cases." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 32, no. 05 (June 3, 2019): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691818.

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Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to introduce a modified-Unger fracture classification in impala and report the findings of 58 long bone fractures classified according to this system. Methods This was a retrospective radiographical study evaluating 122 radiographs of 58 long bone fractures in 55 impala. The Unger fracture classification was modified and fracture illustrations for the metacarpal and metatarsal bones added. Each fracture was classified and assigned a four symbol α-numeric code using our classification. The patient signalment, skeletal maturity, fracture-associated soft tissue changes, presence of fissure lines, periosteal reaction and cause of the fracture were recorded. Results The overall fracture distribution based on location, found tibial (n = 17) fractures to be the most common fractured long bone. When combined, the majority of fractures involved the metacarpal and metatarsal bones (n = 23). Forty five of 58 fractures occurred in the diaphyseal bone segment. In all long bones, the distribution based on complexity was simple (n = 27), wedge (n = 16) and multi-fragmentary (n = 15) fractures. Thirty one of 58 fractures were open and fissure lines were detected in 20 of 58 fractures. Clinical Significance Our modified-Unger fracture classification was applicable in classifying 58 impala long bone fractures. This classification should provide the basis for further advances in veterinary and comparative ungulates, and particularly the antelopes, orthopaedics and traumatology.
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Mohiuddin, M., M. Hasan, M. Shohag, R. N. Ferdousy, M. M. Alam, and N. S. Juyena. "Surgical management of limb fractures in calves and goats." Bangladesh Veterinary Journal 52, no. 1-4 (December 25, 2018): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32856/bvj-2018.06.

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The study was conducted to determine the occurrence of fractures in calves and goats at Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and to compare the efficacy of fracture treatment with external and internal fixation using splints and bone plate/wire suture respectively. Patients brought to VTH with the history of automobile accident, trauma and clinical signs suggestive of fractures were subjected to detailed physical, orthopaedic and radiographic examinations to confirm fractures. A total of 6 calves and 4 Black Bengal goats were presented to VTH with limb fractures. Fractures were treated with close reduction and external fixation with splints and bandage, and open reduction and internal fixation with wire suture and bone plate. 50% and 75% fracture cases healed properly in calves and goats respectively. Among the affected animals, 60% were females irrespective of species. Metacarpal bone was the most susceptible for limb fracture. Three were open fractures and 7 cases were closed fracture with the occurrence of 70%. The healing percentage of open fracture treated with external fixation was very poor and amputation was needed in the fractured limb. Overall treatment success rate was 60 %. Biochemical analysis revealed very significant (p<0.01) difference in serum calcium level before and after healing due to hard callus formation. This study shows that bone plating fixation give a satisfactory results to calves with fracture. Moreover, the study could help veterinarians to set up proper treatment method depending on location of fracture.
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Gill, P. J., G. Kernohan, I. N. Mawhinney, R. A. B. Mollan, and R. McIlhagger. "Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Bone Using Ultrasound." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 203, no. 1 (March 1989): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_009_01.

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This paper examines the serial use of ultrasonic velocity measurement to monitor fracture healing. New Zealand White rabbit tibiae were fractured using a constant-energy technique and the ultrasonic velocity along the bone measured in animals sacrificed at 16 day intervals up to 96 days from fracture. In parallel with these measurements the mechanical performance of the healed tibiae were determined using a three-point bending test. Regression analysis failed to show a sufficiently good correlation between ultrasonic velocity measurements and the bending properties of healing fractures for the method to be of use clinically.
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Ferrero, Francesca C., Alessandro Boero Baroncelli, Caleb C. Hudson, Bruno Peirone, Ullrich Reif, and Lisa A. Piras. "Fracture Repair in Cats Using a Conical Coupling Mini 1.9 to 2.5 mm Locking Plate System." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 33, no. 06 (September 20, 2020): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713005.

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Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical application of the Fixin mini 1.9 to 2.5 system for the treatment of long bone fractures in cats. We proposed that the Fixin mini system would successfully stabilize long bone fractures in cats with a healing time and complication rate similar to those previously reported for feline fractures using other locking bone plate systems. Materials and Methods Medical records and radiographs of cats with long bone fractures stabilized with the Fixin mini 1.9 to 2.5 system were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment, body weight, bone(s) fractured, region of bone fractured, fracture classification, concurrent orthopaedic injuries, complications, time to functional union, if minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis techniques were used, plate size, number of plates, bone graft use and ancillary methods of fixation were recorded. Results Fifty-six fractures in 54 cats were included. Mean time to radiographic union was 8.8 weeks. Complications were recorded in 8 out of 56 fractures. Major complications occurred in 4 of 56 fractures and minor complications occurred in 4 of 56 fractures. Conclusion The Fixin mini 1.9 to 2.5 system had an overall complication rate and time to functional union similar to that of other implant systems used to treat feline long bone fractures and it appears suitable for repair of a wide variety of long bone fracture configurations in cats.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fracturas en animales"

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Cavero, Alprecht Francisco Javier Martín. "Utilización del acrílico dental (Metil Metacrilato) como barra estabilizadora-conectora para reducciones cerradas por la técnica de fijación externa esquelética, en fracturas de tibia/peroné y/o radio/cúbito en caninos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2269.

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El metil metacrilato (mmc), es una resina acrílica utilizada en moldes para fabricar prótesis dentales y cumple la función de barra estabilizadora-conectora en la reducción de fracturas. El mmc sirve como material para la barra estabilizadora-conectora en la Fijación esquelética externa, tiene la característica de adaptar la barra conectora a cualquier forma, permitiendo la colocación de clavos en planos múltiples. Los objetivos del presente trabajo de investigación fueron: i) comprobar que el acrílico dental sirve como barra conectora en al fijación externa esquelética ii) demostrar que es posible fijar las fracturas con un método poco traumático, alejado del foco fracturario evitando así, muchas de las complicaciones que venimos registrando desde hace años (osteomielitis, pseudoartrosis atróficas e hipertróficas, enfermedad de fractura, etc.). Se realizó la reducción cerrada de fractura en 10 perros entre 5 meses y 7 años que presentaron fracturas de los huesos tibia y/o peroné y cubito y/o radio. Los casos fueron evaluados y radiografiados cada 16 días hasta la extracción de la fijación externa a las 6 semanas post cirugía observando radiológicamente el recubrimiento de la línea de fractura. A partir de las evidencias radiológicas y clínicas se observó una excelente osteosíntesis que permitió un callo oseo óptimo, logrando una buena alineación del hueso una vez extraída la barra estabilizadora-conectora y los clavos fijadores.
-- The Methyl metracrilate (mmc), ft is an acrylic resin used in molds for the manufacture of dental prosthesis and have the function of connective stabilized bar in the reduction of the fractures. The mmc works like a material for the connective stabilized bar on the external skeletal fixation. lt have the characteristic to adapt the connective bar to any form, allowing the coalition between pins in multiples points. The methy1 metracrilate works like a material for the connective stabilized bar on the external skeletal fixation. The objective of the present investigation work were: i) To prove that the dental acrylic works like a external skeletal fixation. ii) To demonstrate that it's possible to fix the fractures with a less traumatic method, keeping away from the fractured focus avoiding this way, much of the complications that: we have seen from many years ago(osteomyelitis, atrophic and hypertrophy pseudoarthrosis, fracture disease, etc.) it was realized the closed fracture reduction in 10 dogs between the 5 months and 7 years that had fracture the tibia , the fibula , the ulna and the radius bone The cases were evaluated and then they were radiographies every 16 days until the extraction of the external fixation, this was done after 6` week post surgery, observing with radiological equipment until the recovery of the fracture line. From this radiological evidence and the clinics observed an excellent osteosynthesis that allowed a bone recuperation, allowing a great bone lining up, once it was extracted the connective stabilized bar and the pins.
Tesis
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Robb, Julie Lynn. "In vitro evaluation of veterinary and human suture anchors in metaphyseal bone of the canine tibia." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5908.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
"August 2006" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Kitshoff, Adriaan Mynhardt. "Comparative biomechanics of two non-invasive mandibular fracture repair techniques in dogs." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30897.

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Demko, Jennifer Lynn. "Axial pull-out strength of 3.5 cortical and 4.0 cancellous bone screws placed in canine proximal tibias using manual and power tapping." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03312008-205137.

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Clasper, Jonathan Charles. "Secondary intramedullary nailing of the tibia in an animal model of an external fixator pin track infection." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268414.

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Leiria, Vera Lúcia de Jesus. "Medicina física de reabilitação em animais de companhia e sua aplicação a três casos clínicos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/934.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Esta dissertação foi realizada após estágio curricular no Centro Veterinário de Albufeira. Em termos gerais verificou-se uma maior frequência de cães relativamente à espécie felina, a Ortopedia foi a área clínica mais procurada com 16,2% do total de consultas assistidas e na Patologia Cirúrgica observou-se uma maior frequência de pacientes na área da Cirurgia de Tecidos Moles, tanto nos cães como nos gatos. As sessões de Fisioterapia, com uma frequência de 12,7%, foram registadas maioritariamente na espécie canina com apenas um caso na espécie equina. Esta elevada frequência evidencia a importância dada, nesta clínica, a esta área da Medicina Veterinária e contribuiu para a escolha deste tema para a escrita da tese. Assim, é descrito como deve ser realizado um correcto exame clínico ao paciente para fisioterapia evidenciando-se a importância do mesmo e são explicados, de um modo sucinto, os métodos terapêuticos disponíveis e os parâmetros de avaliação de sucesso ou insucesso, registando a evolução do paciente ao longo do tratamento. São avaliadas características mais subjectivas como a opinião e análise do dono por meio de questionários, através da observação da capacidade de retorno à actividade, caracterização de níveis de claudicação e grau de dor. Métodos mais concretos e objectivos estão também disponíveis tais como a medição do perímetro muscular e a goniometria. É ainda descrita a importância da Fisioterapia em diferentes áreas, sendo relatados três casos clínicos em cada uma delas. Como paciente pós-cirúrgico é descrito o caso do Anatole, sujeito a uma resolução de fractura do maléolo medial da tíbia há cerca de um mês e meio, apresentando ainda elevado grau de claudicação. Terminou as sessões apoiando o membro, sem sinais de dor e já com diminuição do grau de atrofia muscular registada inicialmente, contudo, mais sessões seriam necessárias para a sua total reabilitação, o que não foi realizado por decisão do proprietário. Como paciente neurológico é descrito o caso do Yuri, diagnosticado com discoespondilite, com sérios défices motores e neurológicos, estando no presente praticamente recuperado, sendo já capaz de andar, correr e realizar todas as suas tarefas diárias com qualidade e facilidade. É ainda descrito o caso de um cavalo de desporto, o Xadrez, diagnosticado com uma tendinite no tendão flexor superficial, que obteve uma recuperação mais rápida que o esperado na maioria dos casos sem recurso à fisioterapia, retornando à sua normal capacidade física e desportiva. Estes casos demonstram assim a importância desta terapia, ilustrando as suas abrangentes indicações, vantagens e taxa de sucesso e permitindo-me alcançar um dos objectivos da realização da tese, informar e incentivar cada vez mais os Veterinários do nosso país ao recurso e investigação da Fisioterapia.
ABSTRACT This thesis was carried through after a period of training, at the Veterinarian Clinic Centre in Albufeira. In general, a higher frequency of dogs was seen relatively to cats, orthopaedic clinical area was the most requested area with 16,2% of the total assisted consultations and in the surgical pathology, soft tissues surgery was the most observed in dogs as well as in cats. Physiotherapy sessions with a frequency of 12,7% were principally registered in canine specimen with only one case assisted in the equine specimen. This high frequency evidences the importance given to this Medical Veterinarian area at the clinic where the period of training was carried through and contributed for the selection of the theme to this thesis. Initially it is described how a correct clinical exam for the physiotherapy patient should be carried through, evidencing its importance and explaining in a brief way the available therapeutic options as well as the parameters of success and failure, recording the patient evolution along the treatment. For such, the opinion of the owner by filling in a questioner is evaluated, the return to activity capacity is observed and the levels of lameness as well as pain degrees are characterized. Also available are more concrete and objective methods as the measurement of the muscular girth and goniometry. It is also described the importance of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation in different areas being known in three different cases in each one of them. As a postoperative patient is described Anatole´s case, a dog submitted to a resolution of tibial medial maleolus fracture, with a severe lameness degree. He finished the sessions supporting the affected leg, without pain and less muscle atrophy, although more sessions, not done by the owner’s will, were needed for his total rehabilitation. Other case is Yuri, a neurologic patient diagnosed with diskospondylitis, with sever motor and neurological deficits. Now he is almost completely normal, being able to walk, run and do every normal activity easily. A case of a sportive horse is also described, Xadrez was diagnosed with tendinitis in the superficial flexor tendon. He returned to normal activity and sportive capacity earlier that most of the cases without recourse to physiotherapy sessions. These cases demonstrate the importance of this therapy, its indications, advantages and success rate allowing me to achieve one of the goals of the thesis, to inform and to stimulate even more Veterinarian Doctors of our country to use and make some physiotherapy investigation.
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Hukkanen, Mika Veli Juhani. "Neuropeptides in the central and peripheral nervous system : their role in the pathophysiology of painful osteoarticular inflammatory disease and trauma in man and animals." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320158.

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Silva, Danielle Cristinne Baccarelli da. "Avaliações termográfica e ultrassonográfica Power Doppler de falhas ósseas induzidas em tíbias de ovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-11012017-141215/.

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Na ortopedia humana e veterinária é frequente a necessidade de reparação óssea após grandes traumas e fraturas, sendo indispensável o uso de implantes para correção estética e funcional dos membros. Os materiais de origem biológica, conhecidos como biomateriais, estão sendo usados principalmente na confecção de próteses e órteses. A utilização de ferramentas não invasivas e com menor ônus no pós-operatório de cirurgias ortopédicas está em grande avanço, e a utilização do Power Doppler na visualização de neovascularização auxilia na previsão de regeneração, assim como as variações térmicas verificadas pela termografia auxiliam na previsão de não-união, ou processo inflamatório exacerbado. Falhas ósseas foram realizadas nas tíbias de ovinos e preenchidas com biomaterial à base de quitosana, colágeno e hidroxiapatita, sendo que um membro foi considerado controle e outro membro tratado segundo estudo randomizado. Foram realizadas avaliações termográficas e por ultrassonografia Power Doppler em todos os animais do estudo, semanalmente, por 56 dias do período pós-operatório. Não houve diferenças significativas com relação à temperatura mínima, máxima e média entre os grupos com biomaterial e controle nas imagens termográficas. Houve variações estatísticas com relação ao tempo dentro de ambos os grupos. Com relação à presença de vasos na ultrassonografia Power Doppler não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, exceto no dia 21 (p = 0,031). O Power Doppler foi realizado com duas configurações PRF 1 (1,4 kHz) e PRF 2 (6, 7 kHz). Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos com biomaterial e controle na PRF 1 nos dias 21 (p = 0,016) e 28 (p = 0,031), onde o grupo controle apresentou maior número de vasos nos dois momentos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa com relação à mesma avaliação com a PRF 2. Na observação cruzada entre presença de vasos e temperatura houve diferença significativa no dia 21 dos membros com biomaterial, para a temperatura mínima (p = 0,049), máxima (p = 0,056) e média (p = 0,052), onde nos membros que não apresentaram vasos esta mostrou-se maior quando comparada aos que possuíam neovascularização, o que não ocorreu no caso dos membros controles. Dentro das possibilidades de avaliação que os exames de imagem fornecem, a termografia e a ultrassonografia Power Doppler mostraram-se ferramentas não invasivas de avaliação pós-operatória de processo inflamatório e neovascularização, e não houve indícios de complicações relacionadas ao biomaterial
Trauma and large fractures frequently need repair in human and veterinary medicine, and bone implants are imperative for esthetics and functional limb correction. Biological material, known as biomaterials has been used in the manufacture of prostheses and orthoses. Non-invasive methods with lower burden for the orthopedic postoperative period are in great advance, and Power Doppler for neovascularization evaluation aid in regeneration forecast, such as thermal variations visualized with thermography supports non-union or inflammation exacerbation. Bone defects was performed in both ovine tibia and it was filled with chitosan, collagen and hydroxyapatite biomaterial. One limb was filled with the biomaterial and the other one was left as control following randomized study. Thermographic and Power Doppler ultrasonography assessment was performed in all animals, weekly, for 56 postoperative days. There was no difference in minimum, maximum and average temperature between the biomaterial and control groups in the thermographic evaluation. Statistical variations were visualized according to the time in both groups. Neovascularization evaluated by Power Doppler showed no statistic variation between groups, except at 21 postoperative days (p = 0,031). Two Power Doppler PRF configuration was performed PRF 1 (1,4 kHz) e PRF 2 (6, 7 kHz). Significant difference among biomaterial and control groups was noted with PRF 1 at the 21 (p = 0,016) and 28 (p = 0,031) postoperative days, in which the control group demonstrated higher number of vessels, in both moments. No statistical differences were founded in the same evaluation with PRF 2. In crossing information (neovascularization presence and temperature) at the 21 day, the biomaterial group presented higher minimum (p = 0,049), maximum (p = 0,056) and average (p =0,052) in the without vessels limbs. This was not visualized in the control group. Within the imaging evaluation possibilities, thermography and Power Doppler ultrasonography presented noninvasive potential for the postoperative period inflammatory and neovascularization evaluation and there was no evidence of biomaterial related complications
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Parmenter, Philippa Claire Rousell. "A reassessment of the role of animals at the Etton Causewayed Enclosure." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18013.

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In recent years, causewayed enclosures have come to be regarded as being ceremonial or ritual sites. This classification is derived from a perceived lack of evidence pertaining to domestic settlement, in the form of houses and 'typical' domestic animal bone assemblages, and a perceived abundance of 'atypical' material and methods of deposition. This thesis explores the animal bone from the Etton causewayed enclosure in order to ascertain whether these perceptions have an empirical basis. Etton was excavated in the 1980s, and the published literature relating to the site appeared to conform to the stereotypes established for causewayed enclosure sites, however during preliminary analysis, it became clear that the animal bone data was not complete and that many of the inferences regarding the role of animals at Etton were the result of presumption or data being taken out of context. Specifically, this thesis looks at the nature of the fractures on the animal bones from Etton, and also from a similar causewayed enclosure at Staines in order to establish a clear taphonomic history for the faunal remains on the site, from which aspects of the role of animals can be deduced. In archaeological literature the absence of 'fresh', or helical fractures (which tend to result from the conscious decision to break a bone for marrow) is said to support the hypothesis that sites of this type were not domestic in nature. This assertion has been made despite the fact that no detailed studies into bone fracture at Neolithic sites have ever been undertaken. This thesis demonstrates that at both Etton and Staines, fresh fractures were abundant and considers the potential implications of this for these sites. In so doing it highlights the dangers of presuming evidence exists or does not exist, and of cherry-picking data to fit a preordained ideal rather than allowing the data to speak for itself. At Etton and Staines, the animal bone speaks not necessarily of a categorically ceremonial or ritual economy, divorced from the domestic economy of the time, but of a more mundane economy, with occasional 'atypical' activity, that was standard for the inhabitants of causewayed enclosures, whether at this type of site or elsewhere.
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Flôres, Lenise Nascimento. "Osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa (MIPO) sem radiografias transoperatórias no tratamento de fraturas em ossos longos de cães e gatos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/83492.

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As fraturas de ossos longos são frequentes na rotina clínica cirúrgica de pequenos animais. Com o avanço da ortopedia veterinária faz-se necessário aperfeiçoar as técnicas existentes e descobrir novas formas de tratamento menos agressivas e com menos taxas de complicações, como a osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placas (MIPO). Esta técnica promove a estabilização de fraturas mediante a inserção da placa por pequenas incisões de pele, através de um túnel epiperiosteal, sem mexer no foco de fratura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a técnica de MIPO sem radiografia transoperatória no tratamento de fraturas diafisárias em ossos longos de cães e gatos. Para tal foi utilizada uma amostra por conveniência a partir da rotina do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS. Participaram efetivamente 15 animais neste projeto, sendo quatro gatos e 11 cães, tendo sido reparadas 16 fraturas. Os animais apresentavam em média 13 ± 9,76 kg(de 3kg a 36,7kg) de peso e 35 ± 26,53 meses (de 6 meses a 7 anos) de idade. Após anestesia geral inalatória e preparação asséptica do membro fraturado, foram realizadas duas pequenas incisões na pele, uma na região proximal e outra na distal do osso fraturado. Após a manipulação e redução fechada da fratura, inseria-se a placa ortopédica metálica pela incisão distal através de um túnel epiperiosteal previamente realizado adjacente ao eixo axial do osso fraturado. A placa foi fixada definitivamente com dois ou três parafusos corticais em cada seguimento, distal e proximal. Os pacientes foram avaliados clínica e radiograficamente a cada 30 dias, até os 90 dias de pós-operatório. Das 16 fraturas corrigidas, oito foram de tíbia, cinco de fêmur e três de rádio. Destas, 10 eram cominutivas, cinco transversas e uma oblíqua. O tempo cirúrgico variou de 31 a 120 minutos (média e desvio padrão de 62,75 ± 22,44 min) independente do osso acometido. A consolidação óssea se deu entre 30 e 120 dias para todos os pacientes, em média aos 73 dias. A complicação mais frequente foi desvio de membro, seguida de reabsorção óssea próxima aos parafusos. Concluiu-se que a técnica de MIPO sem radiografias transoperatórias é eficaz no tratamento de fraturas diafisárias de ossos longos como rádio, tíbia e fêmur de cães e gatos, com uso funcional do membro de forma precoce.
Long bone fractures are a commom event in the small animal practice. As veterinary orthopedics evolves it is necessary to refine existing osteossynthesis methods and develop less invasive methods with lower complication rate. The minimal invasive plate osteossynthesis (MIPO) is a current method develop according to this concept. This technique allows fracture stabilization through small skin incisions and a communicating epiperiosteal tunnel. In addition it does not touch fracture hematoma. The study purpose was to evaluate the MIPO technique to treat small animals long bone fractures without intraoperative radiographs. A convenience sample of clinical patients from the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of UFRGS was used. 15 animals and 26 fractures meet the criteria for the study, four cats and 11 dogs. The animals average weight and standard deviation was 13 kg ± 9,76 (minimum 3kg, maximum 36,7kg) and average age and standard deviation was 35 ± 26,53 months (minimum 6 months, maximum 7 years). After general inhalatory anesthesia, the fracture limb was prepared aseptically. The plate was placed through two small skin incisions one in the proximal aspect of the fractured bone and another distal. After manipulation and closed reduction of the fracture, the plate was inserted through the distal skin incision into the epiperiosteal tunnel previously done. Each bone fragment was attached to the plate with two or three cortical screws. The patients received clinical and radiograph rechecks every 30 days up to 90 days of post-operatory.16 fractures were fixed: eight tibial fractures, five femoral fractures and three radial fractures. 10 were comminuted fractures, five transverse and one oblique. Surgical time was from 31 to 120 minutes, mean 62,75 ± 22,44 minutes. All patients achieved bone healing. Bone healing happened between 30 and 120 days, on average 73 days. The most common complication was limb mal alignment and proximal bone resorption near the implants. MIPO technique was efficient to treat long bone small animal fracture in radius, tibia and femur, allowing earlier functional use of the limb.
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Books on the topic "Fracturas en animales"

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Cousins, Lucy. Maisy va al hospital. Barcelona: RBA, 2007.

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Fox, Steven M. Proceedings of a course in fractures and external fixation. Palmerston North, N.Z: Veterinary Continuing Education, Massey University, 1989.

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Fox, Steven M. Proceedings of a course in fractures and external fixation. Palmerston North, N.Z: Massey University, Veterinary Continuing Education, 1989.

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L, Piermattei Donald, and Flo Gretchen L, eds. Handbook of small animal orthopedics & fracture treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990.

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Johnson, Ann L. AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat. Davos Platz, Switzerland: AO Pub., 2005.

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Sumner-Smith, Geoff, ed. Bone in Clinical Orthopedics. 2nd ed. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme, 2002.

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L, Flo Gretchen, and Brinker Wade O, eds. Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo's handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1997.

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Sumner-Smith, G. The AO/ASIF techniques in small animal orthopaedic surgery: A handbook for the surgeon. Paoli, Pa: available from: U.S.A., Synthes, 1989.

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Ripoll, Manuel Pérez. Marcas de carnicería, fracturas intencionadas y mordeduras de carnívoros: En huesos prehistóricos del mediterráneo español. Alicante: Instituto de Cultura "Juan Gil-Albert," Diputación Provinicial de Alicante, 1992.

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Complete Course in External Skeletal Fixation (2nd 1993 Texas A & M University). 2nd annual Complete Course in External Skeletal Fixation: October 3-5, 1993. [College Station, Tex.]: The University, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fracturas en animales"

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Egger, E., D. L. Piermattei, F. Kasa, G. Kasa, R. Koestlin, U. Matis, A. G. Binnington, et al. "Internal Fixation of Fresh Fractures." In Manual of Internal Fixation in Small Animals, 129–223. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60288-7_4.

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Agnello, Kimberly. "Surgical Management of Open Fractures." In Small Animal Surgical Emergencies, 533–42. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118487181.ch54.

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Knoch, Hans-Georg, and Winfried Klug. "Animal Experiments." In Stimulation of Fracture Healing with Ultrasound, 52–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76427-1_6.

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Pluhar, G. Elizabeth. "Fracture-Associated Sarcoma." In Complications in Small Animal Surgery, 697–701. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421344.ch104.

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Gordon-Evans, Wanda. "Vertebral Fracture Repair." In Complications in Small Animal Surgery, 610–14. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421344.ch88.

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Johnson, Ann. "Inadequate Fracture Reduction." In Complications in Small Animal Surgery, 627–32. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421344.ch91.

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De Giacomo, Anthony, Elise F. Morgan, and Louis C. Gerstenfeld. "Generation of Closed Transverse Fractures in Small Animals." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 35–44. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-989-5_3.

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De Giacomo, Anthony, Elise F. Morgan, and Louis C. Gerstenfeld. "Generation of Closed Transverse Fractures in Small Animals." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 63–73. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_4.

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Bolliger, Christian. "Repair of Mandibular and Maxillary Fractures." In Complications in Small Animal Surgery, 215–28. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421344.ch30.

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Johnson, Ann. "Premature Physeal Closure After Fracture." In Complications in Small Animal Surgery, 649–54. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421344.ch95.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fracturas en animales"

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Jiang, Feifei, Jie Chen, David E. Komatsu, and Shuning Li. "Healing Progress of Fractured Bone: A Longitudinal Study." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204787.

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In orthopedics research, assessment of fracture healing progress is vital for evaluating treatment strategies and drug effects. Currently, biomechanical testing represents the ‘gold standard’ for determining the extent of healing, with the parameters of stiffness and strength most often reported. Unfortunately, such testing requires destructive examination of samples, which allows healing to be checked at only one time-point per animal. Thus, evaluation of healing requires large sample sizes to achieve statistical power. In contrast, longitudinal studies of individual animals allows for self-comparison, which is more reliable, and can be used to evaluate bone healing as time elapses. Recently, longitudinal radiographic assessment of bone healing in rats, using parameters such the level of bone mineralization, morphological changes, and distribution of the mineralized bone, has been reported. However, the ability to quantify the biomechanical properties of healing bones based on longitudinal radiographic images provides an tremendous opportunity to increase the value of such studies.
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Saha, Nabanita, Fahanwi Asabuwa Ngwabebhoh, Hau Trung Nguyen, and Petr Saha. "Environmentally friendly and animal free leather: Fabrication and characterization." In FRACTURE AND DAMAGE MECHANICS: Theory, Simulation and Experiment. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0028467.

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Liu, Jia, Peng Zhou, and Xiaoyun Liu. "Repair Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Fracture Model Animals." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Materials Science, Machinery and Energy Engineering (MSMEE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msmee-17.2017.29.

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Doi, Akio, Hiroki Takahashi, Bunei Shuto, Masaaki Katayama, Hiroyuki Nagashima, and Masahiro Okumura. "Design and application of tailor-made plates for treating fractures in small animals." In 2012 4th International Conference on Awareness Science and Technology (iCAST). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icawst.2012.6469621.

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CA, Kirker-Head, A. Brisbois, A. Dietrich, T. McNamee, K. Hallowell, A. Specht, and Connolly KM. "Creating A Novel Fracture Research Animal Models Database." In Abstracts of the 47th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712906.

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Powell, Brian J., Nicholas V. Passalacqua, Timothy G. Baumer, Todd W. Fenton, and Roger C. Haut. "Fracture Patterns on the Infant Porcine Skull Following Severe Blunt Impact." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19566.

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There is a 1 in 3 chance of abuse in a case where a child less than 18 months has a skull fracture [1]. The most commonly fractured site on the skull is the parietal bone, however it is currently difficult to establish the causation of injury based on the characteristics of the injury [2]. Thus, injury biomechanics are often utilized in the investigation of suspected child abuse cases [3]. Computer simulations, test dummies, and animal models are all used as aids in the assessment of skull fracture causation. For a given impact situation, a number of variables can control the pattern of skull fracture. A study by Baumer et. al assessed the effects of interface and age using an infant porcine skull model, specifically looking at the location of fracture initiation on the parietal bone [4]. This study showed that in low energy impacts fracture initiation occurs at the bone-suture boundary. Also, a deformable interface caused more fracture than a rigid interface for very young subjects. The current study was conducted to assess the effects of higher energy impacts on the patterns of fracture in this model.
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Manarvi, Irfan. "An investigation of animal and human bones for predicting probable location of fractures." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7591164.

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Wechsler, Marissa E., Courtney M. Creecy, Christine F. O’Neill, and Rena Bizios. "Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Select Functions of Bone Cells." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80367.

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The present in vitro study was motivated by scientific literature reports that show enhanced healing of bone fractures in experimental animals in response to electrical stimulation. The underlying cellular- and molecular level mechanisms responsible for new bone formation, however, were not studied at that time. Since then, advances in cell biology, biochemistry and biomedical engineering provided knowledge, models, and instrumentation to investigate these unanswered questions.
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Storvik, Steven G., Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A. Pintar, and Brian D. Stemper. "Experimental Induction of Lumbar Spine Compression-Flexion Injuries." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19476.

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Biomechanical research was conducted to outline mechanisms of cervical and lumbar vertebral body burst and wedge fractures using spines obtained from post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) and animals [1–5]. These studies incorporated full columns [1, 2] or, more commonly, three-body vertebral segments [3–6]. The method of load application most often involved static specimen placement with dynamic load application to the superior fixation using a weight-drop method or an MTS piston. While these studies experimentally induced vertebral body burst fractures, as clinically demonstrated following abrupt and severe axial loading through the pelvis, fractures resulted from unrealistic experimental boundary conditions. For example, three-body vertebral segments remove effects of spinal curvature and weight-drop or piston load application to the cranial fixation does not replicate the acceleration-driven loading as applied to the base of the spine, wherein characteristics of the acceleration versus time pulse are important in injury type and severity. Therefore, the present study developed an experimental model to mimic real-world loading situations resulting in vertebral body burst and wedge fractures.
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10

Baumer, Timothy G., Brian J. Powell, Todd W. Fenton, and Roger C. Haut. "Age Dependent Mechanical Properties of the Infant Porcine Parietal Bone and a Correlation to the Human." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206214.

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Abstract:
An infant less than 18 months of age with a skull fracture has a 1 in 3 chance of abuse [1]. While the parietal bone is most often the site of fracture, an abusive situation is difficult to diagnose based on characteristics of the fracture alone [2]. Age of the child is one important factor in determining abuse. Injury biomechanics are often used in the investigation of cases suspected to involve child abuse [3]. In addition to case-based investigations, computer modeling, and test dummies, animal model studies can aid in these investigations. While the relationship between animal studies and human pediatric patients is yet unclear, some animal models have emerged in the current literature. A study by Margulies and Thibault [4] made an attempt to correlate the mechanical behavior of human infant cranial bone to porcine infant cranial bone. The study suggests that weeks of pig age may correlate to months in the human. Yet, an 18 week old pig is considered to be in adolescence. The current study was conducted to determine the mechanical properties of parietal bone and coronal suture in porcine infants of a younger age than previous studies and correlate the bending properties of the bone to existing human data.
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Reports on the topic "Fracturas en animales"

1

Li, Jiliang. Healing of Stress Fracture in an Animal Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433113.

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2

Goetz, Jessica E. A Clinically Realistic Large Animal Model of Intra-Articular Fracture. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612770.

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3

Goetz, Jessica E. A Clinically Realistic Large Animal Model of Intra-Articular Fracture. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada591969.

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4

Tochigi, Yuki. A Clinically Realistic Large Animal Model of Intra-Articular Fracture. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada570059.

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5

McKinley, Todd O. Mitochondrial Based Treatments that Prevent Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in a Translational Large Animal Intraarticular Fracture Survival Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada567276.

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6

McKinley, Todd O., and James A. Martin. Mitochondrial Based Treatments that Prevent Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in a Translational Large Animal Intraarticular Fracture Survival Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada592443.

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