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Reynolds, Mark Andrew. "Load-sensitive fluid-flow through fracture-matrix systems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/354.
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Lewis, Simon John. "Influences of load history on the cleavage fracture of steels." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/1b443efe-3979-4c72-a577-a2eec3fd9ccd.
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As part of a safety assessment of a component or structure, it is necessary to define in a rigorous manner the limits for its safe use and operation. This requirement leads to a need for accurate descriptions of the conditions for failure. In determining safe operating limits for failure by fracture, current methods are often overly pessimistic, especially following load history or in the presence of residual stress. Such conservatisms may lead to overdesign and excessive weight or premature removal of infrastructure from service. A study was conducted, described in this thesis, on the influences of previous load cycles on brittle fracture, primarily in A533B ferritic steel. Potential influences of remnant stresses on measured fracture toughness were explored by extracting test coupons from large scale welded components. Finite element simulations and experimental stress measurement were used to infer the effect on measured toughness. Re-analysis of previously published experimental data highlighted a range of limitations and practical problems with a number of current fracture criteria. To investigate the issues highlighted in greater depth, a program of fracture testing was conducted covering a wide range of specimen constraint levels and considering specimens with and without prior load history. The resulting fracture data set was used to study the applicability of numerous local approach methods, as well as crack tip fracture parameters, in terms of their transferability between geometries and ability to predict the effects of load history. It was shown that the effect of prior loading on fracture behaviour can be extremely significant. It was seen that the local approach, if properly calibrated, is able to predict the influence of load and geometry on fracture to an acceptable accuracy. It was also seen that consideration of fracture, even under brittle conditions, as a stress and strain controlled process improved the quality of the model predictions.
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Elliott, David. "Corrosion inhibitors for load-bearing steels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303645.
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Boseman, Mark F. "Study of load transfer and fracture on composite-to-metal-wire joints." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/March/09Mar%5FBoseman.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Kwon, Young W. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: butt joint, overlap joint, modified-wire-end-shape joint, finite element method, energy release rate, virtual crack closure method, fracture toughness, ansys. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43). Also available in print.
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Alshahrani, Faris. "A Load-to-Fracture and Strain Analysis of Monolithic Zirconia Cantilevered Frameworks." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468956378.
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Xiao, Jing. "Damage and fracture of brittle viscoelastic solids with application to ice load models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/NQ47510.pdf.
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Dube, Thobile Thenjiwe. "Measuring the fracture energy of bed breakage using a short impact load cell." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25270.
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Particle fracture is the elementary process that governs comminution. In industrial machines particle breakage occurs mainly through three mechanisms: impact, abrasion and attrition. Of these mechanisms, impact breakage is known to be the most basic form of particle size reduction. Comminution devices are highly inefficient, as the energy used for particle breakage relative to that consumed by the equipment is low and reported to be between 1-2 %. As such, understanding the fundamentals of particle fracture is crucial for the development of energy efficient particle size reduction methods. Research done towards investigating particle fracture under impact loading has led to the development of several devices which include the twin pendulum device, drop weight tester, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, Rotary Breakage Tester and the Short Impact Load Cell. In this study the Short Impact Load Cell (SILC) was used to conduct bed breakage experiments on partially confined particles. Breakage tests using this device were conducted by vertically releasing a steel ball of known mass onto a bed of particles from a known height. The bed rested on a steel rod which was fitted with strain gauges to measure the particle response to impact loading. Tests were conducted on two ores, blue stone and UG2, to investigate the effect of three variables: steel ball mass, drop height and bed depth on the breakage behaviour of particles. The effect of each variable was investigated by evaluating the peak forces obtained, the particle fracture energy and the degree of particle breakage attained. For both ores it was found that the peak force increased linearly with increasing steel ball mass and drop height, and it was found that the drop height had a greater effect on the peak force than the steel ball mass. The maximum peak forces were obtained at one layer of particles and increasing the bed depth generally led to a reduction in the peak force. An exponential relationship was found between the peak force and bed depth, where the peak force decreased with increasing bed depth. It was found that the blue stone particles did not break at the range of input energies used in this work, therefore no fracture energy results were reported for blue stone. The fracture energy values for UG2 were low, where the maximum energy used for particle fracture was 2.7 % of the input energy. There was no direct correlation between the fracture energy and the steel ball mass, drop height and bed depth; however it was found that the bed depth had a larger effect on the fracture energy compared to both the steel ball mass and drop height. The greatest amount of energy used for fracture was generally obtained at the largest input energies using the 357 and 510 g balls. The optimum drop height which resulted in the highest fracture energy was generally found to be either 240 or 300 mm. A bed depth of five layers was found to be the optimum bed depth that allowed for the highest amount of energy to be utilized for breakage. No breakage results were obtained for blue stone due to the hardness and stiffness of the ore. For UG2, tests conducted at the same bed depth showed a trend in which the breakage initially increased greatly with increasing input energy; however at larger input energies the breakage obtained approached a constant value. Although the input energy was varied by changing both the steel ball mass and the drop height, the results showed that the degree of breakage was more dependent on the steel ball mass compared to the drop height. For all tests conducted, the maximum breakage was obtained at one layer of particles and increasing the bed depth led to a decrease in the breakage obtained. The results showed that the fracture energy and the degree of breakage were not directly related. It was found that there is an optimum amount of energy utilized for fracture that leads to the greatest breakage, where an in increase in the energy beyond the optimum point does not significantly affect the breakage obtained.
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Fellows, Lesley. "Fatigue crack growth under variable stress ratios and complex load history." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325898.
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Lee, Hongchul. "Advanced aircraft service life monitoring method via flight-by-flight load spectra." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.Includes bibliographical references.
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Alsaery, Amani Saleh. "Strain and load-to-fracture comparison of CAD-CAM dental implant crown materials under loading." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1483730173077362.
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Kashkari, Afnan. "Comparison of Load-to-Fracture Values and Fracture Characterization of Monolithic Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Glass-Ceramic CAD/CAM Crowns." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469039766.
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Ahmed, Tariq Mohamed Ali. "The behaviour of alkali-silica reactive concrete under high point load and under cyclic loading." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338999.
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Griffin, Joel Sterling. "A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Void Coalescence Causing Ductile Fracture." Thesis, Fredericton: University of New Brunswick, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1882/36784.
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A series of experiments and finite-element simulations were performed in order
to assess existing void coalescence criteria and propose a new model for the coalescence of cylindrical holes in a pure metal matrix during uniaxial stretching. The finite-element simulations were performed so that various plastic limit-load models could be evaluated at each strain increment during deformation, rendering predictions concerning the farfield strains required for coalescence. The experiments were performed in order to identify the actual far-field strain at the moment of incipient coalescence for the specimen geometries considered. The cylindrical-void models of Thomason (1990) and McClintock (1966) outperformed all of the other considered models in their original states. A modified form of the Ragab (2004) plastic limit-load model is proposed in the present work and is shown to have good agreement with the experimental results. The present model accounts for ligament work-hardening and ligament orientation.
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Chaudhury, Gautam Kumar. "Application of fracture mechanics to random load fatigue of tubular joints (in air and in sea-water)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362620.
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Aure, Temesgen W. "Numerical Analysis of Cracking in Concrete Pavements Subjected to Wheel Load and Thermal Curling." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1382427417.
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Koivumäki, J. (Janne). "Biomechanical modeling of proximal femur:development of finite element models to simulate fractures." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526200910.
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Abstract Hip fracture is a significant problem in health care incurring major costs to society. Therefore, it is necessary to study fracture mechanisms and develop improved methods to estimate individual fracture risk. In addition to conventional bone density measurements, computational finite element (FE) analysis has been recognized as a valuable method for studying biomechanical characteristics of a hip fracture. In this study, computed tomography (CT) based finite element methods were investigated and simulation models were developed to estimate experimental femoral fracture load and hip fracture type in a sideways fall loading configuration. Cadaver femur specimens (age 55–100 years) were scanned using a CT scanner and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the femurs were mechanically tested for failure in a sideways fall loading configuration. CT images were used for generating the FE model, and DXA was used as a reference method. FE analysis was done for simulation models of the proximal femur in a sideways fall loading configuration to estimate the experimentally measured fracture load and fracture type. Statistical analyses were computed to compare the experimental and the FE data. Cervical and trochanteric hip fractures displayed characteristic strain patterns when using a FE model mainly driven by bone geometry. This relatively simple FE model estimation provided reasonable agreement for the occurrence of experimental hip fracture type. Accurate assessment between experimental and finite element fracture load (r2 = 0.87) was achieved using subject-specific modeling, including individual material properties of trabecular bone for bilinear elastoplastic FE models. Nevertheless, the study also showed that proximal femoral fracture load can be estimated with reasonable accuracy (r2 = 0.73) by a relatively simple FE model including only cortical bone. The cortical bone FE model was more predictive for fracture load than DXA and slightly less accurate than the subject-specific FE model. The accuracy and short calculation time of the model suggest promise in terms of effective clinical useTiivistelmä Lonkkamurtuma on huomattava ongelma terveydenhuollossa aiheuttaen merkittäviä kustannuksia yhteiskunnalle. Tämän vuoksi on tärkeää tutkia ja kehittää uusia yksilöllisen murtumariskin arviointimenetelmiä. Elementtimenetelmä on tehokas laskennallinen työkalu lonkkamurtuman biomekaanisten ominaisuuksien tutkimisessa. Tässä työssä tutkittiin ja kehitettiin tietokonetomografiaan perustuvia reisiluun simulaatiomalleja kokeellisten murtolujuuksien ja lonkkamurtumatyyppien arviointiin. Reisiluunäytteet (ikä 55–100 vuotta) kuvattiin tietokonetomografialaitteella ja kaksienergisellä röntgenabsorptiometrialla, jonka jälkeen reisiluut kuormitettiin kokeellisesti murtolujuuden ja murtumatyypin määrittämiseksi sivuttaiskaatumisasetelmassa. Tietokonetomografialeikekuvia käytettiin simulaatiomallien luomiseen, ja kaksienergistä röntgenabsorptiometriaa käytettiin vertailumenetelmänä. Reisiluun simulaatiomallit analysoitiin elementtimenetelmän avulla kokeellisten murtolujuuksien ja murtumatyyppien arvioimiseksi. Tilastoanalyysiä käytettiin verrattaessa kokeellista aineistoa ja simulaatioaineistoa. Reisiluun muotoon perustuva simulaatiomalli osoitti, että reisiluun kaulan ja sarvennoisen murtumilla on tyypilliset jännitysjakaumat. Tämän suhteellisen yksinkertaisen mallin murtumatyyppi oli lähes yhdenmukainen kokeellisen murtumatyypin kanssa. Reisiluun kokeellinen murtolujuus pystyttiin arvioimaan tarkasti (r2 = 0.87) käyttäen yksityiskohtaista simulaatiomallia, joka sisältää yksilölliset hohkaluun materiaaliominaisuudet. Toisaalta murtolujuus pystyttiin arvioimaan kohtuullisella tarkkuudella (r2 = 0.73) melko yksinkertaisellakin mallilla, joka käsittää ainoastaan kuoriluun. Kuoriluuhun perustuva malli oli tarkempi arvioimaan reisiluun kokeellista murtolujuutta kuin kaksienerginen röntgenabsorptiometria ja lähes yhtä tarkka kuin yksityiskohtaisempi simulaatiomalli. Mallin tarkkuus ja lyhyt laskenta-aika antavat lupauksia tehokkaaseen kliiniseen käyttöön
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Bülow, Angeling Jenny. "Weight reduction of concrete poles for the Swedish power line grid : Using a Finite Element Model to optimize geometry in relation to load requirements." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-66823.
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Because of an eventual ban of creosote-impregnated products, alternative materials for poles used in the electrical grid are needed. Concrete is one alternative and spun concrete poles have been manufactured for the Swedish grid before. These poles are still in use since the high strength and good functioning. However, they weigh too much in terms of the way that poles are assembled on the grid today. Therefore, a study comparing the capacity of different geometries, resulting in lower weight, is of interest. In this Master’s Thesis, crack initiation and compressive failure in concrete poles are examined by creating FE-models in the software BRIGADE/Plus, using concrete damage plasticity. Thus, guidance is provided about how thin the concrete walls can be made without risking failure – which also means how low the weight of such a pole can be. The failure most likely to occur is a compressive failure in the concrete with a ductile behavior. The result shows that a geometry change, which implies a thinner concrete wall, is possible. This means a weight reduction between 30-75 % or even more, depending on which network the poles are designed for.
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Thevenot, J. (Jérôme). "Biomechanical assessment of hip fracture:development of finite element models to predict fractures." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514296109.
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Abstract Hip fracture is the most severe complication of osteoporosis. The occurrence of hip fracture is increasing worldwide as a result of the ageing of the population. The clinical assessment of osteoporosis and to some extent hip fracture risk is based on the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, it has been demonstrated that most hip fractures occurring after a fall involve non-osteoporotic populations and that the geometry plays a critical role in the fracture risk assessment. A potential alternative for the assessment of hip fracture risk is finite element modelling, which is a computational method allowing simulation of mechanical loading. The aim of this study was to investigate different finite-element (FE) methods for predicting hip fracture type and eventually hip failure load in the simulation of a fall on the greater trochanter. An experimental fall on the greater trochanter was performed on over 100 cadaver femurs in order to evaluate the failure load and fracture type. In all studies, assessment of BMD, measurement of geometrical parameters and generation of finite element models were performed using DXA, digitized plain radiographs and computed tomography scans. The present study showed that geometrical parameters differ between specific hip fracture types. FE studies showed feasible accuracy in the prediction of hip fracture type, even by using homogeneous material properties. Finally, a new method to generate patient-specific volumetric finite element models automatically from a standard radiographic picture was developed. Preliminary results in the prediction of failure load and fracture type were promising when compared to experimental fracturesTiivistelmä Lonkkamurtuma on osteoporoosin vakavin seuraus. Lonkkamurtumatapaukset kasvavat maailmanlaajuisesti väestön ikääntymisen myötä. Osteoporoosin ja osin myös lonkkamurtumariskin kliininen arviointi perustuu luun mineraalitiheyden mittaamiseen kaksienergisellä röntgenabsorptiometrialla (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA). On kuitenkin osoitettu, että suurin osa kaatumisen seurauksena tapahtuvista lonkkamurtumatapauksista tapahtuu henkilöillä joilla ei ole todettua osteoporoosia, ja että myös luun muoto on tärkeä tekijä arvioitaessa lonkkamurtumariskiä. Laskennallinen mallintaminen elementtimenetelmällä mahdollistaa mekaanisen kuormituksen simuloinnin ja on potentiaalinen vaihtoehto lonkkamurtumariskin arviointiin. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tutkia elementtimenetelmiä lonkkamurtumatyypin ja lopulta lonkan murtolujuuden ennustamiseksi simuloimalla kaatumista sivulle. Yli sataa reisiluuta kuormitettiin kokeellisesti murtolujuuden ja murtumatyypin määrittämiseksi. Luun mineraalitiheyden arviointi, muotoparametrien mittaus ja elementtimallit tehtiin käyttäen DXA:a, digitalisoituja röntgenkuvia ja tietokonetomografiakuvia. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että luun muotoparametrit vaihtelevat eri lonkkamurtumatyyppien välillä. Lonkkamurtumatyyppi voitiin ennustaa hyvällä tarkkuudella elementtimenetelmän avulla silloinkin, kun käytettiin homogeenisia materiaaliominaisuuksia. Lopuksi kehitettiin uusi menetelmä yksilöllisten kolmiulotteisten elementtimallien automaattiseen luontiin tavallisista röntgenkuvista. Alustavat tulokset lonkan murtolujuuden ja murtumatyypin ennustamisessa ovat lupaavia
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Hartman, Trent J. "Friction Stir Spot Welding of Ultra-High Strength Steel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3302.
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Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is quickly becoming a method of interest for welding of high strength steel (HSS) and ultra high strength steel (UHSS). FSSW has been shown to produce high quality welds in these materials, without the drawbacks associated with fusion welding. Tool grade for polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools has a significant impact on wear resistance, weld quality, and tool failure in FSSW of DP 980 steel sheet. More specifically, for a nominal composition of 90% CBN, the grain size has a significant impact on the wear resistance of the tool. A-type tools performed the best, of the three grades that were tested in this work, because the grain size of this grade was the finest, measuring from 3-6 microns. The effect of fine grain size was less adhesion of DP 980 on the tool surface over time, less abrasive wear, and better lap shear fracture loads of the welds that were produced, compared to the other grades. This is explained by less exposure of the binder phase to wear by both adhesion and abrasion during welding of DP 980. A-type tools were the most consistent in both the number of welds per tool, and the number of welds that reached acceptable lap shear fracture loads. B-type tools, with a bimodal grain size distribution (grain size of 4 – 40 microns) did a little bit better than C-type tools (grain size of 12-15 microns) in terms of wear, but neither of them were able to achieve consistent acceptable lap shear fracture load values after the first 200 welds. In fact only one out of five C-type tools was able to produce acceptable lap shear fracture loads after the first 100 welds.
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Casas-Rodriguez, Juan P. "Damage in adhesively bonded joints : sinusoidal and impact fatigue." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11814.
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The main aim of this research was to investigate the behaviour of adhesive joints exposed to repeated low-velocity impact i.e. impact fatigue (IF), and to compare this loading regime with standard fatigue (SF), i.e. non-impacting, constant amplitude, sinusoidal loading conditions. Two types of lap joint configuration using rubber toughened modified epoxy adhesives were used and exposed to various loading conditions in order to determine the fatigue behaviour of the joints for each load conditions. The fatigue life was investigated using bonded aluminium alloy (7075-T6) single lap joint (SLJ) specimens, where it was seen that IF is an extremely damaging load regime compared to SF. Different trends were visible in force-life plots for these two types of loading. In SF a gradual decrease in the fatigue life with increasing load was observed, whereas, in IF a significant decrease in life was seen at relatively modest levels of maximum force after relatively few cycles. Comparisons of the fatigue life show a considerably earlier failure in IF than in SF for comparable levels of force and energy. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the maximum force per cycle, loading time, stiffness and strength decreased as a result of damage generated in the sample during IF.
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Khisamitov, Ildar [Verfasser], Günther [Gutachter] Meschke, and René de [Gutachter] Borst. "Variational and configurational interface models for load and fluid driven fracture propagation / Ildar Khisamitov ; Gutachter: Günther Meschke, René de Borst ; Fakultät für Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1167505239/34.
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Matěják, Vladimír. "Effects of Defects on Composite Structures Load Carrying Capacity: Delaminations at a Bi-Material Interface." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-255282.
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Kompozitní materiály se projevují komplexním způsobem porušování, které může být dále ovlivněno přítomností různých poruch plynoucích z výrobních processů nebo se vyskytujících v průběhu života součásti. Důkladné porozmění procesů porušování a jejich okolností je nezbytné pro navrhování kompozitních konstrukcí, jenž budou bezpečnější, trvanlivější a ekonomičtější. V první části disertační práce jsou popsány způsoby porušování kompozitů a uvedeny současné matematické metody pro analýzu a výpočet únosnosti. Dále jsou zde vyjmenovány hlavní druhy vad a stručně diskutován jejich vliv na vlastnosti kompozitních materiálů. Zvláštní důraz je kladen na delaminace, společně se základními principy lomové mechaniky a jejich uplatnění při výpočtech a zkoušení kompozitů. Druhá část je zaměřena na delaminace na rozhranní dvou různých materialů. Lomová houževnatost byla experimantálně měřena ve třech typech zatížení za účelem stanovení poruchového kritéria založeného na podílu módu I a módu II. Během tohoto experimentu byla vyvinuta nová metoda měření délky trhliny pomocí digitáního zpracování obrazu a rovněž byla navržena nová definice počátku šíření trhliny. Analytické vztahy pro výpočet míry uvolnění deformační energie z naměřených dat byly rozšířeny o vliv rozdílných elastické parametrů materiálů na rozhranní. Podrobnější prozkoumání analytických vztahů a výpočet metodou konečných prvků odhalil, že podíl módu I a módu II je závislý na vzdálenosti od čela trhliny a poruchové kritérium založené na podílu smíšenosti tak nemůže být použito.
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Dinegdae, Yared Hailegiorgis. "Reliability-based Design Procedure for Flexible Pavements." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-165280.
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Load induced top-down fatigue cracking has been recognized recently as a major distress phenomenon in asphalt pavements. This failure mode has been observed in many parts of the world, and in some regions, it was found to be more prevalent and a primary cause of pavements failure. The main factors which are identified as potential causes of top down fatigue cracking are primarily linked to age hardening, mixtures fracture resistance and unbound layers stiffness. Mechanistic Empirical analytical models, which are based on hot mix asphalt fracture mechanics (HMA-FM) and that could predict crack initiation time and propagation rate, have been developed and shown their capacity in delivering acceptable predictions. However, in these methods, the effect of age hardening and healing is not properly accounted and moreover, these models do not consider the effect of mixture morphology influence on long term pavement performance. Another drawback of these models is, as analysis tools they are not suitable to be used for pavement design purpose. The main objective of this study is to develop a reliability calibrated design framework in load resistance factor design (LRFD) format which could be implemented to design pavement sections against top down fatigue cracking. For this purpose, asphalt mixture morphology based sub-models were developed and incorporated to HMA-FM to characterize the effect of aging and degradation on fracture resistance and healing potential. These sub-models were developed empirically exploiting the observed relation that exist between mixture morphology and fracture resistance. The developed crack initiation prediction model was calibrated and validated using pavement sections that have high quality laboratory data and observed field performance history. As traffic volume was identified in having a dominant influence on predicted performance, two separate model calibration and validation studies were undertaken based on expected traffic volume. The predictions result for both model calibration and validation was found to be in an excellent agreement with the observed performance in the field. A LRFD based design framework was suggested that could be implemented to optimize pavement sections against top-down fatigue cracking. To achieve this objective, pavement sections with various design target reliabilities and functional requirements were analyzed and studied. A simplified but efficient limit state equation was generated using a central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology, and FORM based reliability analysis was implemented to compute reliabilities and formulate associated partial safety factors. A design example using the new partial safety factors have clearly illustrated the potential of the new method, which could be used to supplement existing design procedures.QC 20150427
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Song, Sukho. "Soft Robotic Grippers Using Gecko-Inspired Fibrillar Adhesives for Three-Dimensional Surface Grasping." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/936.
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Researches on biological adhesive systems in nature have changed a perspective view on adhesion that it is not only the area of surface chemistry, but also mechanics of interfacial geometry which can significantly effect on fracture strength and load distribution on the contact interface. Various synthetic fibrillar adhesives in previous works have shown enhanced interfacial bond strength with the capacity of adhesion control by exploiting mechanical deformation of the elastomeric fibrillar structures inspired by geckos. However, control of the interfacial load distribution has been focused on the size of micro-contact with single or a few of micro-/nano-fibers on planar surface, and not for a large contact area on complex three-dimensional (3D) surfaces. This thesis work aims at investigating principles of the interfacial load distribution control in multi-scale, ranging from micro-contact with single micro-fiber to a centimeter-scale contact with a membrane-backed micro-fiber array on non-planar 3D surfaces. The findings are also applied for developing a soft robotic gripper capable of grasping a wide range of complex objects in size, shape, and number, expanding the area of practical applications for bio-inspired adhesives in transfer printing, robotic manipulators, and mobile robots. This paper comprises three main works. First, we investigate the effect of tip-shapes on the interfacial load sharing of mushroom-shaped micro-fibrillar adhesives with precisely defined tipgeometries using high resolution 3D nano-fabrication technique. For a large area of non-planar contact interface, we fabricate fibrillar adhesives on a membrane (FAM) by integrating micro-fibers with a soft backing, which enables robust and controllable adhesion on 3D surfaces. Picking and releasing mechanism for the maximal controllability in adhesion are discussed. Finally, we propose a soft robotic architecture which can control the interfacial load distribution for the FAM on 3D surfaces, solving an inherit dilemma between conformability and high fracture strength with the equal load sharing on complex non-planar 3D surfaces.
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Bergamo, Edmara Tatiely Pedroso 1985. "Fracture load and phase transformation in monolithic zirconia crowns submitted to hydrothermal or mechanical treatments = Carga à fratura e transformação de fase em coroas monolíticas de zircônia submetidas a envelhecimento hidrotérmico ou mecânico." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290235.
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Orientadores: Wander José da Silva, Altair Antoninha Del Bel CuryDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Os sistemas cerâmicos representam na odontologia uma alternativa aos metais na reabilitação protética, sendo que a zircônia é o material com melhores propriedades mecânicas. Coroas confeccionadas em zircônia sem aplicação de cerâmica de cobertura, chamadas monolíticas, têm se mostrado uma alternativa favorável para reabilitação oral, pois associam alta resistência à fratura e estética satisfatória, assim como evitam a complicação mais evidente em infraestruturas de zircônia que é a fratura da cerâmica de cobertura. A zircônia pura pode assumir 3 formas cristalográficas: monoclínica, tetragonal e cúbica, dependendo da temperatura. A união da zircônia com óxidos estabilizadores, como o óxido de ítrio (Y-TZP) faz com que a zircônia se mantenha na fase tetragonal. No entanto, a zircônia permanece metaestável e mediante relativamente baixas temperaturas, umidade e estresse uma progressiva transformação de fase de tetragonal para monoclínica pode ocorrer e afetar a resistência da mesma. Assim sendo, o presente estudo avaliou a carga à fratura e a transformação de fases da zircônia em coroas monolíticas submetidas ao envelhecimento através de testes térmicos e mecânicos. Setenta coroas monolíticas de zircônia (Y-TZP) foram cimentadas em réplicas de resina composta e separadas aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n=14): Controle (C), sem tratamento; Envelhecimento hidrotérmico (EH), 122°C, 2 bar de pressão por 1 hora; Fadiga térmica (FT), 104 ciclos, de 5 a 55°C por 30 segundos; Fadiga Mecânica (FM), 106 ciclos, 70 N de carga, deslizamento de 1,5 mm da cúspide mesiopalatina com frequência de 1,4 Hz; e Fadiga Mecânica associada com tratamento térmico (FMT). Ao final de cada tratamento, a carga à fratura foi determinada em máquina de testes universal com célula de carga de 10KN e velocidade de 1mm/min (n=12/grupo). Avaliação de alterações de superfície e o modo e a origem da fratura foram realizadas no microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A transformação de fases foi analisada através da difração de raios X (n=2/grupo). Os dados de resistência à compressão foram analisados por Análise de variância a um fator e o nível de significância foi de 5%. Também foi realizada a distribuição de Weibull. Todas as restaurações sobreviveram aos testes de envelhecimento e não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os tratamentos para a carga à fratura (p>0,05). O módulo de Weibull variou de 6,2 a 16,6, com diferença significativa para o grupo envelhecido pelo tratamento hidrotérmico. Falhas catastróficas com origem na superfície foram evidenciadas. Na análise da difração de raios X foi observado que houve transformação de fases, para todos os grupos, nas diferentes faces da coroa, variando entre 1,9 a 8,9%. Com base nos dados concluí-se que coroas monolíticas de zircônia evidenciam uma alta carga à fratura, confiabilidade estrutural e apresentaram baixa transformação de fase
Abstract: Nowadays, in dentistry, zirconia ceramic systems represent an alternative to metals in prosthetic treatment due to the excellent mechanical properties. Zirconia crowns made without porcelain veneering, called monolithic, have proven to be a favorable alternative to oral rehabilitation, as they associate high strength and satisfactory aesthetic, while avoiding the most known complications in zirconia prosthesis, chipping and delamination. Pure zirconia can assume three crystallographic forms: monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic depending on the temperature. The zirconia association with stabilizing oxides, such as yttrium oxide (Y-TZP), maintains the zirconia in the tetragonal phase at room temperature. Therefore, zirconia remains metastable and at low temperatures, with moisture and stress a progressive transformation of tetragonal to monoclinic phase can occur and affect its strength. The present study evaluated the fracture load and phase transformation of zirconia monolithic crowns submitted to thermal and mechanical aging tests. Seventy monolithic zirconia crowns (Y-TZP) were cemented in resin-based replica and randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 14): Control (C), no treatment; Hydrothermal aging (HA), 122°C, 2 bar for 1 hour; Thermal Fatigue (TF), 104 cycles between 5 and 55°C for 30 seconds; Mechanical Fatigue (FM) 106 cycles, with a load of 70 N sliding of 1.5 mm in mesiopalatal cusp at 1.4 Hz; Mechanical and Thermal Fatigue associated (MTF). After each treatment, the fracture load was determined in a universal testing machine with 10KN load and speed of 1mm/min (n=12/group). Surface modifications and fracture origin and mode were evaluated by scanning electron microscope. The phase transformation was analyzed by x-ray diffraction (n=2/group). The fracture load data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at a level of 5%. Also, the Weibull distribution was performed. All restorations survived the aging tests and no significant differences were observed in between treatments (p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean fracture load and characteristic fracture load among the groups (p>.05). The Weibull modulus ranged from 6.2 to 16.6, with significant difference between control and hydrothermal aging groups. Catastrophic failures were observed. Phase transformation was shown at the different surfaces of the crown in all groups (1.8-8.9%). In conclusion, monolithic zirconia crowns showed high fracture load, structural reliability and low phase transformation
Mestrado
Protese Dental
Mestra em Clínica Odontológica
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Frenzel, Erik [Verfasser], Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] Kunze, and Holger [Gutachter] Lieberwirth. "Gekoppelte Diskrete-Elemente-Methode zur Belastungsprognose auf Center-Sizer im Bruchprozess von Festgestein : Coupled Discrete-element-method for load prediction on center sizer in the fracture process of solid rock / Erik Frenzel ; Gutachter: Holger Lieberwirth ; Betreuer: Günter Kunze." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1226901972/34.
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Perng, Horng-Linn. "Damage accumulation in random loads." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184822.
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An equivalent constant amplitude fatigue loading (Miner's stress) is developed for stationary random amplitude loadings. The effects of rainflow cycle counting and fatigue crack closure are included. A method for determining the opening stress in a random loading is also proposed. This research takes a fatigue damage factor approach. The damage factor is defined as the ratio of the wide band rainflow fatigue damage to the equivalent narrow band fatigue damage. The mathematical form of the damage factor equations is derived from theoretical derivations using the analytically tractable local range cycle counting method. Simulations of stationary Gaussian random processes are used to empirically derive the values of certain parameters dependent on the spectral shape for the rainflow cycle counting equations. There are five tasks in this research. (1) A simulation program for generating a Gaussian process has been written and is used to generate random loading histories for this study. (2) A previously proposed rainflow damage factor has been verified and refined with these simulations, without considering crack closure. (3) Using a sinusoidal approximation, the joint probability density functions between peaks, valleys and rises counted by the local range method are derived. (4) The resulting joint probability distributions are used to determine the theoretical damage with crack closure; simulations are again used to calibrate the parameters for rainflow stress cycles. (5) A procedure for finding an equivalent constant fatigue crack opening stress for stationary random loadings is described. An example application of the procedures and equations is given.
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Dhamari, Ruby Dharma Adji Aerospace Civil & Mechanical Engineering Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The effects of water displacing corrosion preventatives on the fatigue behaviour of mechanically fastened aluminium joints." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Aerospace, Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38668.
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Two failure mechanisms in a double lap joint are investigated. Analytical models of net-section and gross-section failure modes are proposed to describe these mechanisms. The effects of lamping force, interference fit, maximum axial load and WDCP on fatigue performance of the joint are included in the models. The effect of WDCP is assumed to give a reduction in friction coefficient. Three types of stress reduction factors are proposed in the net-section failure model to account for these parameters. The stress reduction factors modify stress range that is used in crack growth calculation. If there are no effects of these parameters, the stress reduction factors are equal to one. Two types of fretting stress are introduced in gross-section failure model to describe either sliding contact or incipient sliding contact on faying surface. The fretting stress is combined with body stress to modify stress range. The net-section failure model predicts that fatigue life is increasing as interference fit, clamping force and friction coefficient increase. The gross-section failure model predicts that fatigue life is decreasing as clamping force and friction coefficient increase. Both models predict that fatigue life is decreasing as maximum axial load increases. Transition of the failure mode occurs earlier as friction coefficient and interference fit increase, while it is delayed as maximum axial load increases. A transition parameter is proposed to establish a relationship between the four main parameters. The transition parameter is expressed in a polynomial equation. It gives an optimum combination of the four main parameters in order to achieve relatively higher fatigue life by having gross-section failure mode. Finite element analysis and fatigue testing are performed to validate the models. The finite element and the analytical models show that stress concentration factor at the edge of the hole is decreasing as clamping force increases. The rate of decrease of stress concentration factor is increasing as friction coefficient increases. While stress concentration factor on the faying surface is increasing as clamping force and friction coefficient increase. Fatigue testing reveals that the fatigue life of the joint is in good agreement with the predicted fatigue life of the proposed models.
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McFall, Bruce Daniel. "The Effects of Multi-Axial Loading on Adhesive Joints." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515074800550415.
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Hernández, Elder Alexandre de Sousa. "Final degree project: a dynamic study of fractured shafts submitted to only gravity load." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9671.
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Mestrado em Engenharia MecânicaThis work is a reflection of the investigation on the field of rotor dynamics. The study of the dynamic behaviour of a cracked shaft is important not only to predict when the failure might occur but also to know at what extent it can still work in safe conditions. The nonlinearity of this behaviour can be studied through a FEM model and can provide a breakthrough to get raw data analysis of the breathing mechanism that occurs in dynamic cracked shafts submitted only to gravity load. The study of the breathing mechanism has been one of the directions that the field of rotor dynamics uses to obtain more data for an overall analysis of a cracked shaft behaviour.
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Klinsky, Gelafito Eduardo René Gutiérrez. "Uma contribuição ao estudo das pontes em vigas mistas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-08122017-110333/.
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Este estudo fundamenta-se na análise numérica, via elementos finitos, de pontes em vigas mistas; considera-se a interação de todos os elementos que compõem a estrutura na transferência dos esforços até os apoios. Inicialmente apresenta-se um estado da arte sobre o projeto, execução e análise de pontes em vigas mistas, identificando as simplificações e deficiências existentes no cálculo destas estruturas. O estudo do comportamento estrutural de tabuleiros mistos foi abordado do ponto de vista tridimensional, sendo para isto modelados e analisados tabuleiros com 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 e 26 m. de vão mediante a utilização do programa ANSYS, versão 5.4. Foi estudada a influência que a presença de contraventamentos, espessura da laje, vão e posição da carga móvel na seção transversal exercem na distribuição de cargas nas vigas, sendo para isto considerado comportamento elástico-linear. Realizou-se também uma abordagem ao estudo da redundância estrutural de tabuleiros mistos considerando as não linearidades física e geométricas do conjunto. Foi verificado que tabuleiros sobre duas e quatro vigas mantêm o equilíbrio estático após que uma das vigas sofre fratura, sem experimentar grandes deslocamentos (inferiores ou ligeiramente superiores ao limite L/500).This work is based in the numerical analysis, by finite elements, of bridge decks with composite beams; in this study the interaction of all the elements that compose the structure is considered in the transference of the efforts to the supports. lnitially, a state of the art on the design, construction and analysis of composite bridge decks is presented, identifying the simplifications adopted, lack of information at the present on the subject and aspects that need further studies on this bridges. The study of the structural behavior of composite bridge decks was approached from a three-dimensional point of view, modeling and analyzing composite decks with 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 m of span by using the software ANSYS, version 5.4. The influence that the bracing system, thickness of the slab, span and live load position on the deck, over the load distribution in the composite beams, considering linear-elastic behavior, was studied. An approach to the study of the structural redundancy of composite bridge decks was also made, considering the physical and geometric nonlinearities of the structure. lt was verified that decks consisting of two and four composite beams maintain the static equilibrium after the fracture of one of the beams, without large displacements (inferior or lightly superior to the limit L/500).
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Martiniano, Guilherme Antonelli. "Desenvolvimento de um equipamento para avaliação da susceptibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2016. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/19794.
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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisA fragilização por hidrogênio tem sido um problema constante em diferentes setores da indústria. Por ser o menor átomo existente, o hidrogênio difunde-se na microestrutura dos materiais metálicos, inserindo tensões mecânicas internas que podem, eventualmente, levar a uma falha catastrófica. Atualmente, os métodos mais comuns existentes para analisar este fenômeno são lentos e caros, configurando-se assim a necessidade de desenvolver um método de ensaio que não possua tais desvantagens. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de um equipamento cuja função é avaliar de forma rápida a susceptibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio (SFH) dos materiais metálicos através de ensaios de carregamento progressivo em meio assistido (RSL). Este equipamento apresenta uma grande vantagem em relação aos outros métodos avaliação da SFH, que é o menor tempo de ensaio para se ter resultados representativos. Na presente dissertação foram realizadas a concepção, projeto, simulação em elementos finitos, construção e validação do equipamento. Sua validação foi realizada ensaiando-se uma amostra sem entalhe,cuja tensão mecânica medida foi comparada com aquela retornada pelo software do RSL. Além disso, foi calculada a incerteza de medição relacionada ao cálculo da tensão mecânica na amostra. Os ensaios de verificação do desempenho do RSL foram realizados em amostras de aço AISI 4140 beneficiado com dureza de 40HRC, onde foi avaliada a relação entre o nível de potencial catódico aplicado e a SFH do material das amostras. Os resultados obtidos na validação do equipamento mostraram erros inferiores a 1%. Os resultados mostraram um aumento da SFH com o aumento da dureza indicando que há uma elevada sensibilidade da SFH em relação à dureza da amostra. Os ensaios com variação do potencial catódico mostraram uma relação direta entre esse parâmetro e a SFH da amostra, havendo uma saturação na SFH a partir de -1,1 VAg/AgCl.
Hydrogen embrittlement of metallic materials has been a frequent problem in different industry sectors. Because it is the smallest existing atom, hydrogen diffuses into the microstructure of metallic materials, resulting in internal mechanical stresses that may eventually lead to a catastrophic failure. The most common methods available to analyze this phenomenon are time consuming and expensive. For this reason, it is desired to develop a test method that does not have such disadvantages. In this work it is presented the development of an equipment to rapidly evaluate the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (SHE) of the metallic materials using the rising step load (RSL) bend testing in assisted environment. This equipment has a great advantage over the other evaluation methods of SHE, which is the shortest test time to have representative results. The validation of the infrastructure was performed by testing bars without notches to, whose measured mechanical stress was compared with that returned by the RSL software. In addition, the measurement uncertainty related to the calculation of the mechanical stress in the sample was calculated. The tests to verify the performance of the RSL equipment were carried out on samples of steel AISI 4140 heat treated to a hardness of 40HRC. The effect of the cathodic potential applied to notched bars of AISI 4140 on the SHE was evaluated. The results obtained in the validation phase of the equipment showed errors lower than 1%. The results showed also an increase in SHE with increasing material hardness indicating that there is a high sensitivity to the SHE with respect to the hardness of the sample. The tests carried out using cathodic potential variation showed a direct relationship between this parameter and the SHE of the sample, with saturation of the SHE at -1.1 VAg/AgCl.
Dissertação (Mestrado)
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Stelmashenko, Nadia. "Microstructural studies of plastic indentations at low loads." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390178.
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Ilhan, Kucuk Ayse. "Mixed-mode Fracture Analysis Of Orthotropic Fgm Coatings Under Mechanical And Thermal Loads." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608743/index.pdf.
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In this study, it is aimed to investigate the mixed-mode fracture behavior of orthotropic functionally graded material (FGM) coatings bonded to a homogeneous substrate through a homogeneous bond-coat. Analytical and computational methods are used to solve the embedded cracking problems under mechanical or thermal loading conditions. It is assumed that the material property gradation of the FGM coating is in the thickness direction and cracks are parallel to the boundaries. The principal axes of orthotropy are parallel and perpendicular to the boundaries. A single embedded crack in the orthotropic FGM coating is investigated analytically assuming that crack surfaces are subjected to either uniform normal or uniform shear stresses. Using Fourier transformations, the problem is reduced to a couple of singular integral equations that are solved numerically to obtain the mixed-mode stress intensity factors, energy release rate and crack opening displacements. To investigate the analytically untractable problems without restrictive assumptions, a computational approach is employed. The adopted computational approach is based on finite element method and displacement correlation technique. Using the computational approach, fracture parameters are obtained considering single and periodic embedded cracking conditions in the orthotropic FGM coatings under mechanical or thermal loads. The results obtained in this study show the effects of material nonhomogeneity, material orthotropy and geometric variables on the fracture behavior of the structure.
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Lyszczan, Peter [Verfasser], and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Göhlich. "Shear Load Transfer and Relaxation in Bolted Joints with Fractured Surfaces / Peter Lyszczan. Betreuer: Dietmar Göhlich." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1020274123/34.
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Miller, Douglas Dwight. "Stress intensity factors for circumferential part-through cracks from holes in hollow cylinders subjected to tension and bending loads." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16055.
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Al-Mukhtar, Ahmed. "The safety analysis concept of welded components under cyclic loads using fracture mechanics method." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-39477.
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Fracture Mechanics process of Welded Joint is a very vast research area and has many possibilities for solution and prediction. Although the fatigue strength (FAT) and stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions are reported in several handbooks and recommendations, these values are available only for a small number of specimens, components, loading and welding geometries. The available solutions are not always adequate for particular engineering applications. Moreover, the reliable solutions of SIF are still difficult to find in spite of several SIF handbooks have been published regarding the nominal applied SIF. The effect of residual stresses is still the most challenge in fatigue life estimation. The reason is that the stress distributions and SIF modified by the residual stresses have to be estimated. The stress distribution is governed by many parameters such as the materials type, joint geometry and welding processes. In this work, the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), which used crack tip SIFs for cases involving the effect of weld geometry, is used to calculate the crack growth life for some different notch cases. The variety of crack configurations and the complexity of stress fields occurring in engineering components require more versatile tools for calculating SIFs than available in handbook’s solutions that were obtained for a range of specific geometries and load combinations. Therefore, the finite element method (FEM) has been used to calculate SIFs of cracks subjected to stress fields. LEFM is encoded in the FEM software, FRANC, which stands for fracture analysis code. The SIFs due to residual stress are calculated in this work using the weight function method. The fatigue strength (FAT) of load-carrying and non-load carrying welded joints with lack of penetration (LOP) and toe crack, respectively, are determined using the LEFM. In some studied cases, the geometry, material properties and loading conditions of the joints are identical to those of specimens for which experimental results of fatigue life and SIF were available in literature so that the FEM model could be validated. For a given welded material and set of test conditions, the crack growth behavior is described by the relationship between cyclic crack growth rate, da/dN, and range of the stress intensity factor ( K) , i.e., by Paris’ law. Numerical integration of the Paris’ equation is carried out by a FORTRAN computer routine. The obtained results can be used for calculating FAT values. The computed SIFs along with the Paris’ law are used to predict the crack propagation. The typical crack lengths for each joint geometry are determined using the built language program by backward calculations. To incorporate the effect of residual stresses, the fatigue crack growth equations which are sensitive to stress ratio R are recommended to be used. The Forman, Newman and de Konig (FNK) solution is considered to be the most suitable one for the present purpose. In spite of the recent considerable progress in fracture mechanics theories and applications, there seems to be no, at least to the author’s knowledge, systematic study of the effect of welding geometries and residual stresses upon fatigue crack propagation based completely on an analytical approach where the SIF due to external applied load (Kapp) is calculated using FEM. In contrast, the SIF due to residual stresses (Kres) is calculated using the analytical weight function method and residual stress distribution. To assess the influence of the residual stresses on the failure of a weldment, their distribution must be known. Although residual stresses in welded structures and components have long been known to have an effect on the components fatigue performance, access to reliable, spatially accurate residual stress field data are limited. This work constitutes a systematic research program regarding the concept for the safety analysis of welded components with fracture mechanics methods, to clarify the effect of welding residual stresses upon fatigue crack propagationDie Bewertung einer Schweißnaht ist ein großes Forschungsgebiet und hat viele Möglichkeiten für Lösungskonzepte und Vorhersagen. Obwohl für die Schwingfestigkeit und die Spannungsintensitätsfaktor (SIF)-Lösungen in verschiedenen Handbüchern Empfehlungen ausgewiesen sind, sind diese Werte nur für eine geringe Anzahl von Proben, Komponenten, Belastungsfälle und Schweißgeometrien verfügbar. Die vorhandenen Lösungsansätze sind nicht immer für spezielle technische Anwendungen geeignet. Darüber hinaus sind zuverlässige bewährte Lösungen von Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren immer noch schwierig zu finden, obwohl verschiedene SIF-Handbücher mit Hinweis auf den anliegenden nominalen SIF veröffentlicht sind. Der Einfluss von Eigenspannungen ist eine der größten Herausforderungen bei der Lebensdauerabschätzung. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass infolge der Eigenspannungen sowohl die Spannungsverteilung als auch der SIF verändert werden, muss eine Abschätzung erfolgen. Die Spannungsverteilung wird durch viele Parameter beeinflusst, wie zum Beispiel den Werkstoff, die Nahtgeometrie und den Schweißprozess. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde für die Berechnung des Ermüdungsrisswachstums unter verschiedenen Kerbfällen das Konzept der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik (LEBM) verwendet, welches K-Lösungen für die Rissspitze bei unterschiedlichen Fällen der Schweißgeometrie berücksichtigt. Aufgrund der Komplexität der Risskonfigurationen und der Spannungsfelder in praxisrelevanten Komponenten werden weitere Hilfsmittel zur Berechnung von Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren benötigt, welche die herkömmlichen Lösungen in Handbüchern erweitern. Deshalb wurde die Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) zur Berechnung von Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren an Rissen verwendet. Die LEBM wird in der FEMSoftware FRANC berücksichtigt. Die aus Eigenspannungen resultierenden Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren wurden mit Hilfe der Gewichtsfunktionsmethode berechnet. Die Ermüdungslebensdauer (Schwingfestigkeit) von tragenden und nichttragenden Schweißnähten mit ungenügender Durchschweißung beziehungsweise Kerbriss wurden mit Hilfe der LEBM durch Integration der Zyklischen Risswachstumskurve ermittelt. Zur Validierung des FEM-Modells konnte in einigen untersuchten Fällen auf experimentelle Ergebnisse zur Lebensdauer und zum SIF aus der Literatur zurückgegriffen werden, wo identische Geometrien, Materialeigenschaften und Belastungsverhältnisse der Naht vorlagen. Unter Vorgabe des Werkstoffes und der Prüfbedingungen wurde das Risswachstumsverhalten mit dem Zusammenhang von Risswachstumsgeschwindigkeit da/dN und zyklischem Spannungsintensitätsfaktor K mit dem Paris-Gesetz beschrieben. Eine numerische Integration der Paris-Gleichung erfolgte über ein FORTRAN-Programm. Die damit erhaltenen Ergebnisse sind als Ermüdungslebensdauer (Schwingfestigkeit) verwendbar. Die berechneten SIF‘en entlang der Paris-Geraden werden zur Vorhersage des Risswachstums benutzt. Die typischen Risslängen für jede Nahtgeometrie wurden mit Hilfe des eigens integrierten Programmes ermittelt. Zur Berücksichtigung des Einflusses von Eigenspannungen wird empfohlen, Risswachstumsgleichungen zu nutzen, die empfindlich auf das Spannungsverhältnis R reagieren. Für die vorliegende Zielsetzung gilt der Lösungsansatz nach Forman, Newman und de Konig (FNK) als der am besten geeignete. Trotz der jüngsten, beträchtlichen Fortschritte in den bruchmechanischen Theorien und Anwendungen sind systematische Studien zum Einfluss der Schweißgeometrie und der Eigenspannungen auf das Ermüdungsrisswachstum, in welchen der SIF aufgrund extern anliegender Beanspruchungen (Kapp) mit der FEM berechnet wurde, in der Literatur kaum vorhanden. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde der SIF infolge von Eigenspannungen (Kres) mit Hilfe der analytischen Gewichtsfunktionsmethode und der Eigenspannungsverteilung berechnet. Um den Einfluss von Eigenspannungen auf das Versagen einer Schweißverbindung abzuschätzen, muss deren Verteilung bekannt sein. Obwohl die Wirkung von Eigenspannungen auf das Ermüdungsverhalten in geschweißten Strukturen und Komponenten schon lange bekannt ist, ist der Zugriff auf verlässliche und präzise Daten von räumlichen Eigenspannungsfeldern begrenzt. Bezüglich einer konzeptionellen Sicherheitsanalyse von geschweißten Komponenten mit bruchmechanischen Methoden begründet diese Arbeit einen systematischen Ansatz, um den Einfluss von Schweißeigenspannungen auf das Ermüdungsrisswachstum zu verdeutlichen
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Amini, Mahmoud Reza. "Effect of polyurea on dynamic response and fracture resistance of steel plates under impulsive loads." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3284169.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 8, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Destrebecq, Jean-François. "Modele d'endommagement d'elements de structures en beton soumis a des sollicitations de fatigue." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF21070.
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A partir d'une etude bibliographique, elaboration d'un modele de comportement a la fatigue, base sur la theorie de l'endommagement, pour chacun des materiaux constitutifs du beton arme. Resolution numerique apres discretisation des equations d'equilibre une section de poudre fissuree endommagee, equations ramenees a celles d'une section fictive elastique homogene. Sous forme adimensionnelle, le modele permet d'obtenir les courbes s-n de sections flechies ne dependant que du pourcentage d'armatures dans la section: influence de ce pourcentage
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ZHOU, XIAO-WEI. "Contribution au comportement dynamique des materiaux metalliques : etude experimentale de l'alliage al-li en torsion et en compression, simulation numerique du processus de penetration a grande vitesse." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT2014.
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Etude experimentale sur les alliages al-li soumis a des essais de traction et de compression pour des vitesses de deformation comprises entre 10**(-4) et 310**(3) s**(-1) et de 10**(-3) a 210**(3) s**(-1) respectivement. Auparavant ces alliages ont ete traites thermiquement. Analyse de la sensibilite a la vitesse de deformation. Influence du mecanisme d'activation thermique sur le processus de deformation. Determination du mode de rupture. Analyse des facies de rupture pour les echantillons deformes en traction et de la formation des cellules de dislocation dans ceux deformes en compression. Simulation numerique du processus de penetration a grande vitesse d'une cible mince par un projectile circulaire en utilisant un modele de fluide elasto-plastique. Comparaison avec des resultats experimentaux
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Hořký, Radek. "Statická analýza stavebních prvků ze skla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226465.
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They analyzed the various factors affecting the design or evaluation of structural glass. Within evaluation of structural glass element is checked selected concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics. For modeling is used programme system ANSYS based finite element method. The results are compared with the analytical solution.
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Simon, Joshua Cameron. "Response and Failure of Adhesively Bonded Automotive Composite Structures under Impact Loads." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34881.
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An experimental technique for conducting low speed impact of adhesively bonded automotive composite joints is presented. Based on the use of a modified drop tower, mode I, II, and mixed mode values for critical energy release rate were determined for a composite/epoxy system and used to create a fracture failure envelope. Because load measurements become erratic and unreliable at higher test rates, displacement-based relationships were used to quantify these energy release rates. Displacement data was collected with an imaging system that utilized edge detection to determine displacement profiles, end displacements, and opening displacements where applicable. Because of the resolution of the image-based approach used, determining crack length experimentally was extremely difficult. As a result, numerical methods were developed to objectively determine the crack length based on the available experimental data in mode I, II, and mixed mode I/II configurations.
This numerical method uses a nonlinear fit to determine mode I crack lengths and a theoretical model based on cubic equations for mode II and mixed-mode I/II, where the coefficients of the equations are determined by using both boundary and transition conditions that are a result of the test setup. A double cantilever beam (DCB) geometry was chosen to collect mode I data, an end-loaded split (ELS) geometry was used for mode II, and a single leg bend (SLB) geometry was used for mixed-mode I/II. These geometries were used to determine the fracture characteristics of adhesively bonded automotive composites to create fracture failure envelopes as well as provide mode I, II, and mixed-mode I/II data to be used in finite element models.
The chosen adhesive exhibited unstable, stick-slip crack growth, which resulted in very few data points being collected from each static DCB specimen as well as drastic drops in energy release rate between initiation and arrest points. Unstable growth also created issues in dynamic testing, as data points surrounding these "stick-slip" events were lost due to the insufficient sampling rate of the available imaging system.
Issues also arose with differences between thick and thin composite adherend specimens. These differences could result from additional curing in thick adherend composite specimens due to the adherends retaining heat. DSC testing was conducted on uncured adhesive using a 2, 5, and 10 minute hold at the cure temperature, and significant additional curing was observed between the two and five minute cures. Due to the difference in relative stiffness between the 12 and 36 ply composite, the local loading rate at the crack tip was lower in the 12 ply adherends, possibly allowing for a larger plastic zone and thus a higher energy release rate. As a result, tests were conducted on 36 ply composite specimens at rates of 1 mm/min and 0.1 mm/min to determine if there were loading rate effects. This testing showed that higher initiation energy relase rates were found at the lower test rate, thus reinforcing the local loading rate theory.
Due to issues with plastic deformation in aluminum adherends, mode II and mixed-mode I/II data were collected using only composite adherends. Only one data point was collected per specimen as the crack propagated directly into the composite after initiating from the precrack, thus multiple tests were conducted to collect sufficient data for constructing a failure envelope.
Once mode I, II and mixed-mode I/II fracture data was collected, a fracture failure envelope was created. This failure envelope, combined with a predetermined factor of safety, could provide some of the necessary tools for design with this adhesive/composite system.Master of Science
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Ahmed, Lamis. "Models for analysis of young cast and sprayed concrete subjected to impact-type loads." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168211.
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The strive for a time-efficient construction process naturally put focus on the possibility of reducing the time of waiting between stages of construction, thereby minimizing the construction cost. If recently placed concrete, cast or sprayed, is exposed to impact vibrations at an early age while still in the process of hardening, damage that threatens the function of the hard concrete may occur. A waiting time when the concrete remains undisturbed, or a safe distance to the vibration source, is therefore needed. However, there is little, or no, fully proven knowledge of the length of this distance or time and there are no established guidelines for practical use. Therefore, conservative vibration limits are used for young and hardening concrete exposed to vibrations from e.g. blasting. As a first step in the dynamic analysis of a structure, the dynamic loads should always be identified and characterized. Here it is concluded that impact-type loads are the most dangerous of possible dynamic loads on young and hardening concrete. Shotcrete (sprayed concrete) on hard rock exposed to blasting and cast laboratory specimens subjected to direct mechanical impact loads have been investigated using finite element models based on the same analysis principles. Stress wave propagation is described in the same way whether it is through hard rock towards a shotcrete lining or through an element of young concrete. However, the failure modes differ for the two cases where shotcrete usually is damaged through loss of bond, partly or over larger sections that may result in shotcrete downfall. Cracking in shotcrete due to vibrations only is unusual and has not been observed during previous in situ tests. The study of shotcrete is included to demonstrate the need of specialized guidelines for cases other than for mass concrete, i.e. structural elements or concrete volumes with large dimensions in all directions. Within this project, work on evaluating and proposing analytical models are made in several steps, first with a focus on describing the behaviour of shotcrete on hard rock. It is demonstrated that wave propagation through rock towards shotcrete can be described using two-dimensional elastic finite element models in a dynamic analysis. The models must include the material properties of the rock and the accuracy of these parameters will greatly affect the results. It is possible to follow the propagation of stress waves through the rock mass, from the centre of blasting to the reflection at the shotcrete-rock interface. It is acceptable to use elastic material formulations until the strains are outside the elastic range, which thus indicates imminent material failure. The higher complexity of this type of model, compared with mechanical models using mass and spring elements, makes it possible to analyse more sophisticated geometries. Comparisons are made between numerical results and measurements from experiments in mining tunnels with ejected rock mass and shotcrete bond failure, and with measurements made during blasting for tunnel construction where rock and shotcrete remained intact. The calculated results are in good correspondence with the in situ observations and measurements, and with previous numerical modelling results. Examples of preliminary recommendations for practical use are given and it is demonstrated how the developed models and suggested analytical technique can be used for further detailed investigations. The modelling concept has also been used for analysis of impact loaded beams and concrete prisms modelled with 3D solid elements. As a first analysis step, an elastic material model was used to validate laboratory experiments with hammer-loaded concrete beams. The laboratory beam remained un-cracked during the experiments, and thus it was possible to achieve a good agreement using a linear elastic material model for fully hardened concrete. The model was further developed to enable modelling of cracked specimens. For verification of the numerical results, earlier laboratory experiments with hammer impacted smaller prisms of young concrete were chosen. A comparison between results showed that the laboratory tests can be reproduced numerically and those free vibration modes and natural frequencies of the test prisms contributed to the strain concentrations that gave cracking at high loads. Furthermore, it was investigated how a test prism modified with notches at the middle section would behave during laboratory testing. Calculated results showed that all cracking would be concentrated to one crack with a width equal to the sum of the multiple cracks that develop in un-notched prisms. In laboratory testing, the modified prism will provide a more reliable indication of when the critical load level is reached. This project has been interdisciplinary, combining structural dynamics, finite element modelling, concrete material technology, construction technology and rock support technology. It is a continuation from previous investigations of the effect on young shotcrete from blasting vibrations but this perspective has been widened to also include young, cast concrete. The outcome is a recommendation for how dynamic analysis of young concrete, cast and sprayed, can be carried out with an accurate description of the effect from impact-type loads. The type of numerical models presented and evaluated will provide an important tool for the work towards guidelines for practical use in civil engineering and concrete construction work. Some recommendations on safe distances and concrete ages are given, for newly cast concrete elements or mass concrete and for newly sprayed shotcrete on hard rock.QC 20150529
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CRUZ, JULIO R. B. "Procedimento analitico para previsao do comportamento estrutural de componentes truncados." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10665.
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Tese(Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Sano, Takahiro. "Biomechanics of Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures: Comparison between Volar Plate Fixator (VPF) and Non-Bridging External Fixator (NBX)." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/121.
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Fracture of the distal radius is one of the most frequent injuries, and it represents about 20% of all adults taken into emergency rooms. A number of studies suggest various methods to reduce the dislocation and to secure fragments of the distal radius. In this study, the Non-Bridging External Wrist Fixator System (NBX), a pre-market-released product manufactured by NUTEK Inc. was biomechanically assessed by comparing with the Universal Distal Radius System (Volar Plate Fixator: VPF), a market-released product manufactured by Stryker Co. The comparison was performed in several parameters, which were wrist motion, radial tilt angle, radial length, volar tilt angle, stiffness, and failure load. Five pairs of fresh human cadaver arms were used for this study. The wrists were tested to obtain x-ray images for 1 normal and 2 injury conditions (intact, fractured, and fixed), 2 load conditions (gravity only and torque applied), and 4 postural conditions (volar flexion, dorsiflexion, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation). These tests yielded 24 (3×2×4) x-ray images for each wrist, and the images were analyzed to obtain the data for each parameter. Although the results were not statistically significant in some conditions, NBX fixation limited wrist motion more than VPF fixation. This result can be explained not only by the difference in the ability of fixation, but also by the difference in the surgical trauma (NBX is less invasive than VPF). Furthermore, in the measurement of radial tilt angle, radial length, and volar tilt angle, NBX was more effective than VPF to reduce and secure the bone fragments of the distal radius. In destructive test, the NBX is less strong than VPF. However, NBX is strong enough to sustain the expected forces of daily activity.
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Li, Muyuan [Verfasser], Ewald [Akademischer Betreuer] Werner, and Rudolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Neu. "A Fracture Mechanics Study of Tungsten Failure under High Heat Flux Loads / Muyuan Li. Gutachter: Rudolf Neu ; Ewald Werner. Betreuer: Ewald Werner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/106962182X/34.
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Li, Muyuan Verfasser], Ewald [Akademischer Betreuer] [Werner, and Rudolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Neu. "A Fracture Mechanics Study of Tungsten Failure under High Heat Flux Loads / Muyuan Li. Gutachter: Rudolf Neu ; Ewald Werner. Betreuer: Ewald Werner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20150312-1231880-1-2.
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Reck, Bernhard. "Comportement mécanique anisotrope des composites stratifiés carbone/époxyde sous contraintes complexes : élasticité, endommagement, rupture." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10183.
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L'objet de ce travail est l'analyse experimentale et theorique du comportement mecanique anisotrope de trois types de stratifies composites carbone/epoxyde (unidirectionnel, croise et quasi-isotrope) dans les domaines de l'elasticite, des deformations irreversibles, de l'endommagement et de la rupture, sous sollicitations uniaxiales monotones et cycliques et sous contraintes complexes. L'instrumentation des eprouvettes par des jauges extensometriques a permis d'acceder aux differentes composantes du tenseur des deformations de green-lagrange. Les techniques experimentales tiennent compte des exigences particulieres des materiaux composites par l'utilisation du montage en doubles rotules ponctuelles en traction et du montage de boehler en compression simple et en compression sous pression de confinement. Les essais ont mis en evidence la forte anisotropie des differents stratifies. Pour les orientations hors-axes des stratifies unidirectionnel et croise, la deformation de distorsion joue un role important pour les modes de deformation et de rupture. Le plan du stratifie quasi-isotrope presente un comportement elastique isotrope et un comportement a la rupture anisotrope. A l'aide des essais cycliques, l'endommagement a ete evalue par les mesures des deformations irreversibles, des evolutions des modules directionnels et des variations relatives des modules directionnels en fonction des deformations irreversibles correspondantes. Sous etats de contraintes complexes, le critere de tsai et wu prevoit mal les resistances directionnelles des stratifies unidirectionnel et croise. La generalisation du critere de boehler, qui comporte trois branches correspondant a trois modes de rupture differents, est en tres bon accord avec les resultats experimentaux. Pour le stratifie quasi-isotrope, le critere de tsai et wu prevoit un comportement isotrope a la rupture, ce qui est en contradiction avec les donnees experimentales ; le critere de boehler prevoit correctement le comportement anisotrope a la rupture de ce stratifie
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Zíb, Petr. "Průzkum a posouzení existujícího výrobního objektu pro rekonstrukci." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225369.
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Overview of diagnostic methods. Inspection of buildings and structures - photographic documentation of the existing situation, analysis of documents. Design of diagnostic tests, treatment plan, diagnostic investigation and determination of critical deficiencies. Carrying out the survey and sampling. Evaluation and classification of materials. Static assessment of the selected design.
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Deü, Jean-François. "Rupture des composites stratifiés sous chargement dynamique : apport des méso-modèles avec endommagement retardé." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DENS0012.
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Cette étude est consacrée a la prévision de l'endommagement et de la rupture de composites stratifies. Pour cela, des méso-modèles de comportement, dans lesquels le stratifie est décrit comme un empilement de couches et d'interfaces interlaminaires, sont utilises en statique. Les effets de l'endommagement sont pris en compte par l'intermédiaire de variables internes supposées uniformes dans l'épaisseur des couches. Une extension de ces modèles aux cas de sollicitations dynamiques est proposée. Elle est basée sur l'utilisation de lois d'endommagement dépendantes du temps, lois appelées retardées. Ces lois introduisent la notion de vitesse maximale d'endommagement. Physiquement, elles sont fondées sur l'idée que la vitesse de propagation des microfissures est finie. Par rapport au cas de sollicitations statiques, le principal paramètre supplémentaire est la vitesse maximale d'endommagement, qui, combinée a la vitesse de propagation des ondes du milieu endommage, introduit une longueur caractéristique dans la modélisation. Les apports de ces modèles vis-à-vis des questions d'unicité, de localisation et de stabilité sont étudiés sur la base de travaux analogues en viscoplasticité. Concernant les problèmes de dépendance au maillage, le modèle développé présente l'intérêt de pouvoir estimer, a priori, la taille des éléments à utiliser. Une discussion sur l'identification des paramètres du modèle est également proposée. Elle est principalement basée sur l'analyse de simulations unidimensionnelles d'essais d'impact plaque-plaque. L'implantation des méso-modèles d'endommagement dans le code de calcul éléments finis de dynamique dyna3d permet de confirmer les apports dus a l'effet retard et de valider l'approche sur des simulations d'essais aux barres d'Hopkinson (essais de compression et flexion dynamique sur composite sic/sic) ainsi que sur un exemple d'impact sur plaque stratifiée sic/mas-l.