Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fragment size

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Fragment size'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fragment size"

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Shi, Yun, and Mark von Itzstein. "How Size Matters: Diversity for Fragment Library Design." Molecules 24, no. 15 (August 5, 2019): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152838.

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Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has become a major strategy to derive novel lead candidates for various therapeutic targets, as it promises efficient exploration of chemical space by employing fragment-sized (MW < 300) compounds. One of the first challenges in implementing a FBDD approach is the design of a fragment library, and more specifically, the choice of its size and individual members. A diverse set of fragments is required to maximize the chances of discovering novel hit compounds. However, the exact diversity of a certain collection of fragments remains underdefined, which hinders direct comparisons among different selections of fragments. Based on structural fingerprints, we herein introduced quantitative metrics for the structural diversity of fragment libraries. Structures of commercially available fragments were retrieved from the ZINC database, from which libraries with sizes ranging from 100 to 100,000 compounds were selected. The selected libraries were evaluated and compared quantitatively, resulting in interesting size-diversity relationships. Our results demonstrated that while library size does matter for its diversity, there exists an optimal size for structural diversity. It is also suggested that such quantitative measures can guide the design of diverse fragment libraries under different circumstances.
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Maldonado-Coelho, Marcos, and Miguel Â. Marini. "Effects of Forest Fragment Size and Successional Stage on Mixed-Species Bird Flocks in Southeastern Brazil." Condor 102, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.3.585.

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Abstract We analyzed patterns of species richness, size, structure, and composition of mixed-species flocks in relation to forest fragment size and forest successional stage during dry and rainy seasons, at the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Three forest fragments (1.7, 50, and 200 ha) were used for fragment size analysis, and two fragments (200 and 300 ha) were used for successional stage analysis. Fragment size and season affected flock richness, size, stability, and composition. In the 1.7-ha fragment, flock species richness, size, and stability were significantly different only during the rainy season. Fragment successional stage also influenced flock richness and size, although season did not. Flock composition also had changes related to fragment successional stage. Fragment geometry seems to be an important factor influencing flock structure and composition.
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Calle-Rendón, Bayron R., Renato R. Hilário, and José Julio de Toledo. "Effect of Site Attributes and Matrix Composition on Neotropical Primate Species Richness and Functional Traits: A Comparison Among Regions." Diversity 11, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11050083.

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Fragmentation threatens biodiversity and forest-dwelling animals can be especially vulnerable. Neotropical primates inhabit forests and play ecological roles in maintaining forest biodiversity. Currently, many primate communities are restricted to forest fragments. We (1) evaluated the influence of environmental, matrix, and site attributes on species richness and functional traits of primates in the Neotropics; and (2) evaluated the effect of the sub-region on the relationships between primates and environmental, matrix, and site attributes. We conducted literature searches to find published data on primate communities in forest fragments throughout the Neotropics. Each fragment was assigned to 1 of 11 sub-regions: Mesoamerica, Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena, Caribbean, Orinoco, Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Chaco, Andes, Caatinga, and Pampa. Based on actual and expected species occurrences, we calculated the proportion of primate species retained in the fragments, the mass retained, and dietary items retained considering reproductive and vegetative plant parts and prey. We used linear mixed models to correlate primate variables with environmental, matrix, and site attributes. Fragment area was more important for primate retention than environmental, matrix, and site attributes, with primate retention being higher in larger fragments. Fragment size was positively correlated with all primate variables, except for retention of prey consumption, whose retention decreased as water bodies and density of buildings in the matrix increased. Fragments within protected areas retained larger species than unprotected fragments. The proportion of extant mass retained and vegetative plant parts in the diet were highest in Mesoamerica and lowest in the Atlantic Forest. Conservation planning of Neotropical primates should consider both the differences among sub-regions, forest restoration to increase fragment size, and the creation of new protected areas, even in fragmented landscapes.
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Shi, Yun, and Mark von Itzstein. "How Size Matters: Designing Diverse Fragment Libraries for Novel Drug Discovery." Proceedings 22, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019022107.

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Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has become a major strategy to derive novel lead candidates for both new and established therapeutic targets, as it promises efficient exploration of chemical space by employing fragment-sized (MW 300) compounds. One of the first challenges in implementing a FBDD approach is the design of a fragment library, and more specifically, the choice of its size and individual members. In order to construct a library that maximises the chances of discovering novel chemical matter, a large number of fragments with sufficient structural diversity are often sought. However, the exact diversity of a certain collection of fragments remains elusive, which hinders direct comparisons among different selections of fragments. Building upon structural fingerprints that are commonly utilised in cheminformatics, we herein introduced quantitative measures for the structural diversity of fragment libraries. Structures of commercially available fragments were retrieved from the ZINC database and filtered by physicochemical properties, after which they were subject to selections with library sizes ranging from 100 to 100,000 compounds. The selected libraries were evaluated and compared quantitatively, resulting in interesting size-diversity relationships. Our results suggested the existence of an optimal size for structural diversity and demonstrated that such quantitative measures can guide the design of diverse fragment libraries under various circumstances
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Kostia, Silja, Jukka Palo, and Sirkka-Liisa Varvio. "DNA sequences of RAPD fragments in artiodactyls." Genome 39, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-057.

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A bovine RAPD profile, generated by a 10-mer primer, was analysed by sequencing the major fragments. Three of four different fragments showed homologies to previously characterized mammalian sequences. One was 61–66% identical to LINE sequences and another was 78.5% identical to a human chromosome 2 sequence tagged site. The third fragment was 93.1% identical to the human type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor gene. This fragment had counterparts in white-tailed deer and reindeer; fragments of slightly different size in these species showed high sequence similarity and the size differences were due to varying numbers of dinucleotide microsatellite repeats inside the fragment. Key words : RAPD, artiodactyls, sequence similarity, microsatellites, type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor.
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Fernández-Juricic, Esteban. "Local and Regional Effects of Pedestrians on Forest Birds in a Fragmented Landscape." Condor 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.247.

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Abstract I assessed the effects of pedestrians on the distribution of forest bird species in wooded parks in the city of Madrid within and between fragments. Within fragments, increasing levels of pedestrians reduced species richness and overall abundance of individuals within circular plots. The abundance of foraging individuals of four species (Magpies Pica pica, Blackbirds Turdus merula, Starlings Sturnus unicolor, and Woodpigeon Columba palumbus) diminished when pedestrians walked near sampling plots, as well as their breeding densities in relation to increasing disturbance levels. Between fragments, after controlling for fragment size effects, pedestrian rate was negatively related to species richness in two breeding seasons. Species turnover was positively associated to mean pedestrian rate and inter-annual variability in pedestrian rate. At the species level, pedestrian rate negatively affected the probabilities of fragment occupation of 16 species beyond the effects of fragment size and isolation. Locally, the short-term behavioral responses to visitors may reduce the suitability of highly disturbed parks in such a way as to decrease breeding densities and the probabilities of fragment occupation and persistence. The effects of human disturbance in fragmented landscapes should be incorporated into management decisions as another relevant factor that may reduce habitat quality.
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Messick, Joanne B., Geoffrey Smith, Linda Berent, and Sandra Cooper. "Genome size ofEperythrozoon suisand hybridization with 16S rRNA gene." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-088.

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The genome size of Eperythrozoon suis, an unculturable haemotropic mycoplasma, was estimated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Gamma irradiation was used to introduce one (on the average) double-strand break in the E. suis Illinois chromosome. Restriction enzymes that cut infrequently were also used to analyze genome size. The size estimate for the full-length genome was 745 kilobases (kb), whereas the size estimates based on the summation of restriction fragments ranged from 730 to 770 kb. The 16S rRNA gene was located on the 120-kb MluI fragment, 128-kb NruI fragment, 25-kb SacII fragment, and 217-kb SalI fragment by Southern blotting.Key words: Eperythrozoon suis, 16S rRNA, Mycoplasma pneumoniae group, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, genome size.
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Vinnikov, Vladimir, Maria Gritsevich, and Leonid Turchak. "Shape estimation for Košice, Almahata Sitta and Bassikounou meteoroids." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, S306 (May 2014): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314013519.

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AbstractThis paper is concerned with a meteoroid shape estimation technique based on statistical laws of distribution for fragment masses. The idea is derived from the experiments that show that brittle fracturing produces multiple fragments of size lesser than or equal to the least dimension of the body. The number of fragments depends on fragment masses as a power law with exponential cutoff. The scaling exponent essentially indicates the initial form of the fragmented body. We apply the technique of scaling analysis to the empirical data on the mass distributions for Košice, Almahata Sitta and Bassikounou meteorites.
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Cho, Sang Ho, Masaaki Nishi, Masaaki Yamamoto, and Katsuhiko Kaneko. "Fragment Size Distribution in Blasting." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 44, no. 5 (2003): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.44.951.

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Mouliere, Florent, Dineika Chandrananda, Anna M. Piskorz, Elizabeth K. Moore, James Morris, Lise Barlebo Ahlborn, Richard Mair, et al. "Enhanced detection of circulating tumor DNA by fragment size analysis." Science Translational Medicine 10, no. 466 (November 7, 2018): eaat4921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aat4921.

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Existing methods to improve detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) have focused on genomic alterations but have rarely considered the biological properties of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA). We hypothesized that differences in fragment lengths of circulating DNA could be exploited to enhance sensitivity for detecting the presence of ctDNA and for noninvasive genomic analysis of cancer. We surveyed ctDNA fragment sizes in 344 plasma samples from 200 patients with cancer using low-pass whole-genome sequencing (0.4×). To establish the size distribution of mutant ctDNA, tumor-guided personalized deep sequencing was performed in 19 patients. We detected enrichment of ctDNA in fragment sizes between 90 and 150 bp and developed methods for in vitro and in silico size selection of these fragments. Selecting fragments between 90 and 150 bp improved detection of tumor DNA, with more than twofold median enrichment in >95% of cases and more than fourfold enrichment in >10% of cases. Analysis of size-selected cfDNA identified clinically actionable mutations and copy number alterations that were otherwise not detected. Identification of plasma samples from patients with advanced cancer was improved by predictive models integrating fragment length and copy number analysis of cfDNA, with area under the curve (AUC) >0.99 compared to AUC <0.80 without fragmentation features. Increased identification of cfDNA from patients with glioma, renal, and pancreatic cancer was achieved with AUC > 0.91 compared to AUC < 0.5 without fragmentation features. Fragment size analysis and selective sequencing of specific fragment sizes can boost ctDNA detection and could complement or provide an alternative to deeper sequencing of cfDNA.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fragment size"

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Annavarapu, Srikant. "Estimating Primary Fragment Size Distributions from Drill Hole Data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293750.

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The assessment of fragmentation is an important aspect of the design and planning of any excavation. The distribution of fragment sizes in situ helps assess the requirement of explosive energy to excavate the rock material. In addition, the information can also be used to evaluate the ground water flow, leaching characteristics and the requirement of additional rock handling equipment in construction projects. In the block cave mining method, the assessment of in situ and secondary fragmentation is an integral part of the design of the excavations at the extraction level and the selection of material handling systems for transporting the ore to the processing stations. Secondary blasting requirements can also be estimated based on the fragment size distributions developed for the block cave. Methods of estimating fragment size distributions in block cave mines have been based on joint set parameters estimated from structural mapping in available excavations or outcrops. While this is acceptable in the absence of any other means of assessing the fragmentation, the results can often be misleading since the structural mapping is often carried out in limited areas and the results applied uniformly to the entire deposit. This new study proposes to use the core piece lengths information gathered from the boreholes to develop in situ and primary fragmentation estimates for block cave operations. Under this proposed study, drill core piece lengths from an exploration program in Indonesia will be used along with structural mapping data to develop estimates for in situ and primary fragment size distributions. Methods for estimating secondary fragmentation from primary fragmentation will be evaluated and the estimates of secondary fragmentation from the different methods will be compared with the actual fragmentation characteristics observed at the drawpoints. The primary assumption in the development of primary fragment size distributions from drill core data is that each drill hole piece represents one in situ rock block. The relationships between the joint spacings and lengths of the different joint sets, evaluated from the joint set characteristics gathered from available excavations, outcrops or oriented core drilling programs, can be utilized for estimating the shape of the rock blocks.
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Hardy, Andrew John 1965. "Fragment size distribution of in situ rock masses from drill core." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278324.

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The success of rock fragmentation by blasting and subsurface fluid flow depends on many variables, including in-situ fragmentation. This study presents select data from a review of over 13000 feet of core samples drilled at seven different mine properties in the United States and Chile. Two-dimensional computer simulations of fractures can be used to quantify the volume of rock required to calculate a stable estimate of mean fragment size. Spatial periodicity of fragment size measurements is indicated through vertical variograms and is used as the basis for a statistical analysis for the zoning of rock masses. A more reliable quantitative method to characterize the size distribution of in-situ rock using digital image processing of drill core photographs is also included. Furthermore, a complete experimental analysis is provided for the comparison of currently used correction methods used to develop the full volumetric fragment size distribution curve.
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ISHIHARA, OSAMU, KENJI IKEBUCHI, CHIAKI SATO, ATSUO ITAKURA, MASAAKI HARA, and MACHIKO KIMURA. "FRAGMENT SIZE ANALYSIS OF FREE FETAL DNA IN MATERNAL PLASMA USING Y-STR LOCI AND SRY GENE AMPLIFICATION." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15355.

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Gunter, Stephanie Kay. "Can the one true bug be the one true answer? The influence of prairie restoration on Hemiptera composition." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1625830515993631.

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Dupuy, Delphine. "Fragments d'images, images de fragments : la statuaire gravettienne, du geste au symbole." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646870.

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Ce travail pose la question du sens et de la fonction des statuettes féminines gravettiennes. L'hypothèse d'une utilisation en contexte rituel menant à la fragmentation intentionnelle des sculptures, centrale dans la recherche européenne, est testée dans cette étude. La recherche est appliquée à la série de statuettes animales et féminines de Kostienki 1.1, site gravettien de la plaine russe daté des environs de 23 000 ans avant notre ère, une des plus riches du Paléolithique supérieur avec 297 pièces sculptées dont 289 en calcaire et 8 en ivoire. La classification des pièces selon leur place dans la chaîne de fabrication (support, ébauche, pièce achevée) et leur intégrité (entière, fragmentaire, fragment), étape préalable indispensable à l'inventaire des représentations, a nécessité de développer une approche technique. Trois outils principaux ont été utilisés à cette fin : l'observation de récurrences morphologiques et techniques, la reconstitution par défaut et l'expérimentation. L'étude a permis de caractériser un système technique peu connu auparavant (la sculpture en ronde-bosse gravettienne), d'identifier de nouveaux codes de représentation distants du réalisme visuel et de remettre en question la nature fragmentaire de la majorité des représentations. Ainsi, il ne s'agit pas de la fragmentation des représentations mais de la représentation du corps féminin fragmenté. Outre le thème de la fragmentation du corps, le thème de la gestation caractérise également les représentations féminines du site. L'interprétation iconographique de ces thèmes, jointe à l'analyse des indices témoins de l'usage matériel des statuettes, mène à proposer de nouvelles hypothèses fonctionnelles pour ces pièces.
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Mazerolle, Marc J. "Amphibians in fragmented peat bogs, abundance, activity, movements and size." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ49408.pdf.

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Goffe, Renan Fischer. "Determinação de tamanhos de parcelas para otimização amostral em remanescentes de florestas nativas em Itatinga-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-29092015-112027/.

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Devido a atual situação de degradação da vegetação remanescente do estado de São Paulo, existe com relativa urgência uma grande necessidade de estudos que apoiem práticas de monitoramento e conservação dos fragmentos florestais para melhor gerenciá-los. Parte destas demandas é referente ao campo de amostragem, um conjunto de técnicas específicas para pesquisas ecológicas, onde a unidade amostral (parcela) é um dos fatores determinantes de sua eficiência. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir e propor o tamanho ideal de parcelas para otimizar o inventário florestal de áreas remanescentes de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) e de Cerrado (CER), assim como também de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em processo de regeneração (FESreg). O trabalho foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga - SP (EECFI/ESALQ/USP), visando à otimização da amostragem para as variáveis diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), altura total, densidade populacional, área basal, volume total, volume de fuste, volume de galho, biomassa e índices de Shannon, de Simpson e de Riqueza. O delineamento experimental foi realizado com o auxílio de uma grade amostral, na qual foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 15 parcelas de 1.000 m2 cada, sendo cinco repetições em cada uma das três fisionomias florestais estudadas, onde todos os indivíduos com circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) acima de 16 cm foram mensurados e identificados. Cada unidade amostral foi divida em 10 subparcelas, permitindo assim avaliar os tamanhos de 100 m2 (10X10 m), 200 m2 (10x20 m), 300 m2 (10x30 m), 400 m2 (10x40 m e 20x20 m), 500 m2 (10x50 m), 600 m2 (20x30 m), 800 m2 (20x40 m) e 1.000 m2 (20x50 m). Os tratamentos (tamanhos) foram analisados através de análise de variância, métodos da curvatura máxima e esforço amostral. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se respectivamente para Cerrado, Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em regeneração o uso de parcelas de 200 m2, 200 m2 e 600 m2 para estimar qualquer uma das variáveis dendrométricas ou parcelas de 200 m2 para estimativas apenas de diversidade. Esses resultados são bastante úteis por embasarem uma série de pesquisas ambientais, deste modo, aperfeiçoando operações de inventário florestal para que o processo de amostragem não tenha esforço amostral desnecessário sem prejuízo da precisão.
Because of advanced status of degradation of the natural forest of the state of São Paulo, there is a relatively urgent need for the conduction of studies to support monitoring and conservation practices of forest fragments for their better management. Of these needs refers to sampling, with the use specific techniques for ecological research, in which characteristics of the sampling unit is of outmost importance. The objective of this study was to define and propose optimal plot sizes for inventories remnant areas of Semideciduous Forest (FES) and Cerrado (CER), as well as of Semideciduous forest in regeneration process (FESreg). The study was conducted at Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga - SP (EECFI/ESALQ/USP), aiming to optimize the sampling for the variables diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, density, basal area, wood volume, volume of stem, branch volume, biomass as well as Shannon, Simpson and Richness indexes. The experiment was carried out with the aid of a sampling grid, in which 15 sampling units of 1,000 m2 each were randomly determined, with five replicates in each type of forest five. In each unit, all trees with circumference (girth) at breast height (GBH) above 16 cm were measured and identified. Each unit was divided into 10 subplots, so as to allow the evaluation in areas of 100 m2 (10x10 m), 200 m2 (10x20 m), 300 m2 (10x30 m), 400 m2 (10x40 and 20x20 m), 500 m2 (10x50 m), 600 m2 (20x30 m), 800 m2 (20x40 m) and 1,000 m2 (20x50 m). Treatments (sizes) were analyzed by analysis of variance, maximum curvature methods and sampling effort. The results indicated that for areas of Cerrado, Semideciduous Forest and Semideciduous Forest in regeneration plot sizes of 200 m2, 200 m2 and 600 m2 respectively should be used to estimate any of the dendrometric variables or plot size of 200 m2 should be used for estimates of diversity only. These results are very useful for a number of environmental researches, improving forest inventory operations by preventing unnecessary sampling effort without jeopardizing accuracy.
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Timm, Anne Louise. "Brook Trout Population Genetic Tools for Natural Barriers in Fragmented Subwatersheds." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77044.

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Barriers to fish movement can cause aquatic habitat fragmentation by reducing the amount of available habitat. The primary goal of my research was to investigate applications of population genetic analysis tools as indicators of barrier effects on brook trout populations in fragmented subwatersheds. In chapter1, I tested the hypothesis that brook trout population genetic differentiation (FST) above and below barriers will differ in relation to barrier height and gradient. I also tested the hypothesis that average gene diversity per locus (H) and the numbers of alleles (A) differed between samples below and above each barrier. There was no significant difference in average number of alleles (A) or average gene diversity per locus (H) between the above- and below-barrier samples, but linear regression identified a statistically significant relationship between barrier height and FST values. Unrooted neighbor-joining consensus trees of Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards (1967) chord distances provided evidence of genetic differentiation between samples of resident brook trout above and below natural barriers. Additionally, average total allelic diversity (A), average gene diversity per locus (H), average number of private alleles per locus per sample, and total alleles per sample differed between Level III Ecoregions. In chapter 2 I tested the hypothesis that the presence of a barrier, total habitat potentially isolated above a barrier (km), road density, and percent forest cover within a subwatershed (USGS 6th-level Hydrologic Units) were significant habitat fragmentation factors affecting the effective population size (Ne) of brook trout in the Blue Ridge Level III Ecoregion. Multivariable linear regression indicated that total habitat above the barrier (km) and road density were significant variables retained in the model to predict Ne. In chapter 3, the objective of the study was to infer relationships between barriers and family structure in brook trout populations. Maximum likelihood analysis of pairwise kinship relationships between above- and below-barrier individuals indicated the presence of parent-offspring relationships between above- and below-barrier individuals at six sites in the Blue Ridge Level III Ecoregion and five sites in the Northern Lakes and Forests Level III Ecoregion, which indicated movement of individuals between the above- and below-barrier locations.
Ph. D.
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Sivado, Eva. "New bacterial transglutaminase Q-tag substrate for the development of site-specific Antibody Drug Conjugates." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1261/document.

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Es ADCs (Antibody-Drug Conjugates) correspondent à une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique anti-tumorale particulièrement prometteuse. Néanmoins, les ADCs actuellement utilisés en clinique sont obtenus par conjugaisons chimiques, resultant en des mixtures hétérogènes impactant négativement leurs pharmacocinétiques et leurs performances in vivo.Récemment, différentes strategies de couplage site-spécifique ont été développées afin de réduire cette hétérogénéité. Dans cette thèse, nous rapportons le développement d’une nouvelle technologie CovIsoLink™ (Covalently Isopeptide Crosslinking) permettant la génération d’ADCs par utilisation de nouveaux peptides glutamine Q-Tag présentant des affinités optimisées par rapport à des peptides disponibles (ZQG, LLQG) pour une enzyme bactérienne la transglutaminase (mTG).La preuve de concept de cette technologie a été réalisée par insertion de ces peptides Q-Tag en C-ter de la région codant pour la chaine lourde des anticorps anti-HER2 (Trastuzumab). Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer la conjugaison homogène et reproductible de différentes drogues sans contamination par des chaines d’anticorps non conjuguées. Nous avons pu montrer que l’immunoréactivité et la capacité d’internalisation de ces ADCs n’étaient pas altérées par la conjugaison et qu’ils présentaient in vitro et in vivo, des propriétés de lyse de cellules tumorales similaires au Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®), actuellement en clinique. Par ailleurs, afin de généraliser notre technologie à différents formats d’anticorps nous avons générés des fragments Fab et scFv et évalué leur fonctionnalité. Ainsi, nous avons pu prouver que l’utilisation de nouveaux peptides optimisés Q-Tag substrat de la transglutaminase permettait une stratégie de couplage alternative plus homogène par couplage de différentes molécules sans espèce contaminante non couplée
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a powerful class of therapeutic agents, demonstrating success in the treatment of several malignancies. The currently approved ADCs are produced by chemical conjugations and exist as heterogeneous mixtures that negatively influence the pharmacokinetics and in vivo performance. Recently many of site-specific conjugation technologies have been developed to reduce heterogeneity and batch-to batch variability. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) has been demonstrated as efficient tool for site-specific conjugation. In this thesis we report the development CovIsoLink™ (Covalently Isopeptide Crosslinking) technology for the generation of homogenous immunoconjugates using a novel glutamine donor peptides (Q-tag) with improved affinity compared to the known peptides (ZQG, LLQG). As a proof of concept, the peptides sequences were engineered into the heavy chain C-terminal of Trastuzumab antibody. We demonstrated the reproducible and homogeneous conjugation of Q-tagged Trastuzumab with different payloads, without any unconjugated species. The ADCs were evaluated in series of in vitro and in vivo assays. We confirmed that the immunoreactivity and internalisation are not altered by the conjugation. Furthermore similar in vitro and in vivo tumor cell killing potency was demonstrated than Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®), which is already used in the clinic. Morover we extend our site-specific conjugation technology to antibody fragments (Fab and scFv), evaluating their functionality by conjugation with AlexaFluor488-cadaverine and in antigen binding assays. Thus, using novel glutamine donor peptides, our technology provides an alternative enzymatic conjugation strategy for the engrafment of different payloads resulting in homogeneous batches, without unconjugated species
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Barberousse, Véronique. "Synthèse de fragments d'héparine application à l'étude du site de liaison avec l'antithrombine III /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611481r.

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Books on the topic "Fragment size"

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Duindam, David. Fragments of the Holocaust. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986886.

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Why do we attach so much value to sites of Holocaust memory, if all we ever encounter are fragments of a past that can never be fully comprehended? David Duindam examines how the Hollandsche Schouwburg, a former theater in Amsterdam used for the registration and deportation of nearly 50,000 Jews, fell into disrepair after World War II before it became the first Holocaust memorial museum of the Netherlands. Fragments of the Holocaust: The Amsterdam Hollandsche Schouwburg as a Site of Memory combines a detailed historical study of the postwar period of this site with a critical analysis of its contemporary presentation by placing it within international debates concerning memory, emotionally fraught heritage and museum studies. A case is made for the continued importance of the Hollandsche Schouwburg and other comparable sites, arguing that these will remain important in the future as indexical fragments where new generations can engage with the memory of the Holocaust on a personal and affective level.
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Drakulić, Slavenka. Balkan Express: Fragments from the other side of war. London: Hutchinson, 1993.

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Drakulić, Slavenka. The Balkan express: Fragments from the other side of war. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1993.

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Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art., ed. Hope Sandrow: Fragments : self/history : January 21-April 2, 1995. Winston-Salem, N.C: Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art, 1995.

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J, Norton Gerard, Hardin Carmen, and Origen, eds. Frederick Field's prolegomena to Origenis hexaplorum quae supersunt, sive veterum interpretum Graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum fragmenta. Paris: J. Gabalda, 2005.

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Mazzoni, Stefania, and Franca Pecchioli, eds. The Uşaklı Höyük Survey Project (2008-2012). Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-902-3.

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This book presents the results of the survey conducted by the University of Florence, in the years 2008-2012, at the site and in the surrounding territory of U&#351;akl&#305; Höyük on the central Anatolian plateau in Turkey. Geological, geomorphological, topographic and geophysical research have provided new information and data relating to the environment and the settlement landscape, as well as producing new maps of the area and indicating the presence of large buried buildings on the site. Analysis of the rich corpus of pottery collected from the surface indicates that the site and its territory were continuously settled from the late Early Bronze Age through the Iron Age and down to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. A few fragments of cuneiform tablets with Hittite texts, a sealing with two impressions of a stamp seal, and pottery stamps illustrate the importance of U&#351;akl&#305; Höyük and support the hypothesis of its identification with the town of Zippalanda, known from the Hittite sources as a seat of the cult of the Storm God.
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Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Michele R. Dudash, Charles B. Fenster, Robert C. Lacy, and Paul Sunnucks. Population fragmentation causes inadequate gene flow and increases extinction risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0005.

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Most species now have fragmented distributions, often with adverse genetic consequences. The genetic impacts of population fragmentation depend critically upon gene flow among fragments and their effective sizes. Fragmentation with cessation of gene flow is highly harmful in the long term, leading to greater inbreeding, increased loss of genetic diversity, decreased likelihood of evolutionary adaptation and elevated extinction risk, when compared to a single population of the same total size. The consequences of fragmentation with limited gene flow typically lie between those for a large population with random mating and isolated population fragments with no gene flow.
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Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Michele R. Dudash, Charles B. Fenster, Robert C. Lacy, and Paul Sunnucks. Evolutionary genetics of small populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0002.

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Genetic management of fragmented populations involves the application of evolutionary genetic theory and knowledge to alleviate problems due to inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in small population fragments. Populations evolve through the effects of mutation, natural selection, chance (genetic drift) and gene flow (migration). Large outbreeding, sexually reproducing populations typically contain substantial genetic diversity, while small populations typically contain reduced levels. Genetic impacts of small population size on inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity and population differentiation are determined by the genetically effective population size, which is usually much smaller than the number of individuals.
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Hughes, Jessica. Tiny and Fragmented Votive Offerings from Classical Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.003.0003.

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This chapter addresses tiny and fragmented votive offerings from the ancient Greco-Roman world. The first half of the chapter surveys different kinds of votive fragmentation, ranging from objects that were physically ruptured before dedication, to conceptually ‘partial’ offerings like tithes and first fruits. I argue that the deliberate or accidental breakage of votives often paradoxically increased the value and meaning of the offering in the eyes of the community and recipient deity. I also introduce the possibility that all votives might be seen as fragments, insofar as they constitute part of a worshiper’s property or converted wealth (an idea inherent in the ancient concepts of dekatē and aparchē). The second half of the chapter then focuses on one particular type of fragmented votive—the model body part. Tiny body parts made in clay and metal began to be dedicated in the Middle Minoan and then the Archaic Greek periods, and continued to appear alongside the life-sized (or near life-sized) anatomical votives that were a feature of later Hellenistic and Roman ritual. I explore some of the possible resonances of these votives’ tiny sizes, emphasizing how far these miniature objects facilitate (or even demand) intimate touch and handling. Finally, I explore the possibility that the miniature votives in Hellenistic and Roman times may have harkened back to the diminutive offerings of earlier periods, thus functioning as symbols of cultural memory, and tiny generators of nostalgia.
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Martin, S. Rebecca, and Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper, eds. The Tiny and the Fragmented. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.001.0001.

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Miniature and fragmentary objects are both remarkably fascinating and easily dismissed. Tiny scale entices users with visions of Lilliputian worlds. The ambiguity of fragments intrigues us, offering vivid reminders of the transitory nature of reality. Yet, the standard scholarly approach to such objects has been to see them as secondary, incomplete things, designed primarily to refer to a complete and often life-sized whole. This volume offers a series of fresh perspectives on the familiar concepts of the tiny and the fragmented, in chapters ranging in focus from Neolithic Europe to Pre-Columbian Honduras to the Classical Mediterranean and Ancient Near East. Diverse in scope, the volume is united in considering the little and broken things of the past as objects in their own right. When a life-sized or whole thing is made in a scaled-down or partial form, deliberately broken as part of its use, or considered successful by ancient users only if it shows some signs of wear, it challenges our expectations of representation and wholeness. Overall, this volume demands a reconsideration of the social and contextual nature of miniaturization, fragmentation, and incompleteness. These were more than just ancient strategies for saving space, time, and resources. Rather, they offered new possibilities of representation, use, and engagement—possibilities unavailable with things that were life size or more conventionally “complete.” It was because of, rather than in spite of, their small or partial state that these objects were valued parts of the personal and social worlds they inhabited.
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Book chapters on the topic "Fragment size"

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Chomaz, Philippe, and Francesca Gulminelli. "Fragment Production in a Finite Size Lattice Gas Model." In Advances in Nuclear Dynamics 4, 69–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9089-4_8.

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Muche, M. "Computer-Aided Fragment Size Determination of Single Locus DNA Probes." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 153–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77324-2_44.

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Accomando, William P., and Karin B. Michels. "Multiplexed Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing with Magnetic Bead Fragment Size Selection." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 137–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7481-8_8.

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Thomson, J. A., T. Fedor, M. Gouldstone, P. J. Lincoln, C. P. Phillips, D. Syndercombe Court, V. Tate, and P. H. Watts. "Investigation of variation in fragment size determinations found when using single locus DNA probes." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 172–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77324-2_50.

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Anderson, Joseph C., David A. Burnett, Aurelio Matamoros, Bruce Peters, and Sandra Nelson. "In Vitro Gallstone Lithotripsy: Effect of Peripheral Calcification on Fragmentation and Sonographic Evaluation of Fragment Size." In Shock Wave Lithotripsy 2, 179–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2052-5_34.

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Holgersson, S., J. Karlsson, A. Kihlgren, B. Rosén, and P. Savolainen. "Fluorescent Based Typing of Two Short Tandem Repeat Loci in a Swedish Population Sample and Reproducibility of Fragment Size Estimates." In Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, 87–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78782-9_15.

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Vasyukhin, V. I., L. A. Lipskaya, A. G. Tsvetkov, and O. I. Podgornaya. "The Extracellular Lymphocyte and Blood Plasma DNAs Contain the Discrete Size Molecules Homologous to the Ck Fragment of the Ig Gene." In Nuclear Structure and Function, 37–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0667-2_8.

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Colonna-Romano, Sergio, Antonella Leone, and Bruno Maresca. "Size Separation of cDNA Fragments." In Differential-Display Reverse Transcription-PCR (DDRT-PCR), 46–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80454-0_4.

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Verrecchia, Eric P., and Luca Trombino. "The Organization of Soil Fragments." In A Visual Atlas for Soil Micromorphologists, 19–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67806-7_2.

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AbstractKubiëna (1938) was the first to introduce the concept of fabric in soil micromorphology, so this term has been used in soil micromorphology for a long time. The term “fabric” was initially applied to rocks by geologists and petrologists. This type of fabric is defined as the “factor of the texture of a crystalline rock which depends on the relative sizes, the shapes, and the arrangement of the component crystals” (Matthews and Boyer 1976). This definition has been adapted for soil micromorphology and its latest definition has been given by Bullock et al. (1985) as: “soil fabric deals with the total organization of a soil, expressed by the spatial arrangement of the soil constituents (solid, liquid, and gaseous), their shape, size, and frequency, considered from a configurational, functional and genetic view-point”. In conclusion, the soil micromorphologist should consider the fabric as an arrangement and∕or organization of soil constituents.
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Rettenmaier, T. Justin, Sean A. Hudson, and James A. Wells. "Site-Directed Fragment Discovery for Allostery." In Fragment-based Drug Discovery Lessons and Outlook, 247–66. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527683604.ch11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fragment size"

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Zhang, Lin, and Xiaogang Jin. "Predicting of fragment number and size distribution." In The tenth American Physical Society topical conference on shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55485.

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Tjon Joe Pin, R. M., and C. S. DeVine. "Modeling Formation Damage Based Upon Residual Polymeric Fragment Size Distribution." In SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/39209-ms.

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Vargas, Mario M., Charles R. Ruggeri, Mike Pereira, and Duane Revilock. "Fragment Size Distribution for Ice Particle Impacts on a Glass Plate." In 2018 Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-4225.

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Kim, Minho, and Chong-Ho Choi. "Joint rate and fragment size adaptation in IEEE 802.11n wireless LANs." In 2011 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc.2011.5766646.

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Farizon, M., B. Farizon, S. Ouaskit, T. D. Märk, Alessandro Campa, Andrea Giansanti, Giovanna Morigi, and Francesco Sylos Labini. "Fragment size distributions and caloric curve in collision induced cluster fragmentation." In DYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF SYSTEMS WITH LONG RANGE INTERACTIONS: Theory and Experiments. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839118.

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Niiya, K., P. Kostel, T. S. Zimmerman, and Z. M. Ruggeri. "CHARACTERIZATION OF A 40 kDa FRAGMENT OF VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR THAT CONTAINS THE GLYCOPROTEIN IIb/IIIa-BINDING DOMAIN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642874.

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We have isolated a 40 kDa fragment of von Willebrand factor (vWF) that contains the glycoprotein (GP) Ilb/IIIa-binding domain. The Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease-generated fragment II was digested with trypsin (1:50 enzyme:substrate ratio on a weight-to-weight basis). After addition of a 100fold molar excess of (p-amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride in order to inhibit any residual trypsin activity, the whole digest was subjected to ion-exchange and size-exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography. Two major fragments were separated. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) demonstrated that one of the two purified polypeptides had an apparent molecular weight of 40 kDa under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, suggesting that it was a single chain polypeptide. The other fragment had an apparent molecular weight of 22 kDa after reduction and 44 kDa unreduced, suggesting that it was a homodimer. Amino terminal sequence analysis of both fragments was performed by classical Edman degradation following electroelution from reduced SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The amino terminus of the 40 kDa fragment corresponded to residue Glu (1366) (as did the fragment II from which it was derived), while the amino terminus of the 22 kDa fragment corresponded to residue Val (1927) of the constituent 2050 residue subunit. The effect of both fragments on vWF binding to the platelet membrane GP IIb/IIIa complex was evaluated by measuring the residual binding of 125I-labeled vWF to thrombin-stimulated platelets in the presence of varying amounts of the unreduced fragments. The 40 kDa polypeptide inhibited 64 percent of vWF binding when tested at a concentration of 20 μK, whereas the 22kDa dimer was without effect. This study establishes that the GP IIb/IIIa-binding domain of vWF resides in a discrete, single-chain 40 kDa fragment derived from the 220 kDa, homodimeric fragment II generated by V8 protease. Moreover, we found evidence for the existence of inter-chain disulfide bonds within 22 kDa from the carboxyl terminus of the constituent subunit.
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Handa, M., K. Titani, K. Takio, and Z. M. Ruggeri. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR-BINDING DOMAIN OF PLATELET MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN Ib." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642925.

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We have previously obtained immunochemical evidence that the von Willebrand factor (vWF)-binding domain of the platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib is located near the amino terminus of the a subunit (Journal of Biological Chemistry 261: 12579-12585, 1986). We have now determined the complete amino acid sequence of the 45 kDa tryptic fragment of glycocalicin that contains this domain. Purified glycocalicin was subjected to limited digestion with trypsin and the proteolytic fragments were separated by size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography. Two fragments of 45 kDa and 84 kDa, respectively, were obtained under nonreducing conditions. After reduction and S-carboxymethylation, the 84 kDa fragment was unchanged, while the 45 kDa fragment yielded two new fragments, one of 35 kDa and the other of 7 kDa. This finding proves the existence of a trypsin cleavage site within a disulfide loop. Two primary sets of overlapping fragments were obtained by cleavage of the carboxymethylated protein at methionyl and lysyl bonds following treatment with cyanogen bromide and Achromobacter protease I, respectively. Additional fragments were obtained by treatment of glycocalicin with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and Serratia marcescens protease. Analysis of all these fragments provided data that allowed determination of the sequence of the amino terminal 299 residues of the GP Ib a-chain. This includes the 45 kDa tryptic fragment containing the vWF-binding domain. This 299-residue sequence, corresponding approximately to two thirds of the α-chain polypeptide, is largely hydrophobic and contains only two N-linked and one O-linked carbohydrate chains. A hydrophilic region exists between residues 215-299, with a cluster of ten negatively charged residues at 269-287. This area is likely to attract positively charged molecules. The hydrophilic, highly glycosylated (at Ser/Thr residues) region corresponding to the previously described "macroglycopeptide" begins at residue 292. The determined sequence of glycocalicin contains a region with seven repeats, indicative of gene duplication, and is highly homologous to human leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein.
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Mallick, Debjoy D., Daniel J. Magagnosc, and KT Ramesh. "Laser-Driven Micro-Flyers for Dynamic Fragmentation Statistics of Boron Carbide." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-023.

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Abstract Dynamic fragmentation through high-rate impact generates large numbers of fragments with various shapes and sizes. The fragmentation failure mode is an important part of the protection capacity of advanced ceramics which typically feature high strength and low density but fail in brittle modes. The penetration resistance of these brittle materials has been linked to the fragment size and shape created through impact in the literature [1]. Such studies have shown that particular fragment size and shape combinations can more effectively erode incoming projectiles, presenting a possible route to improve penetration resistance. These results stand in contrast to other studies that examine links between penetration resistance and material properties (e.g. fracture toughness or stiffness) which have sometimes resulted in contradictory correlations. Boron carbide has received a strong focus in the literature in recent years as an advanced ceramic with one of the highest specific strengths and lowest densities [2]. Yet boron carbide exhibits poor penetration resistance at higher loads, a phenomenon that some researchers attribute to a phase transformation termed “amorphization” [2]. To better understand the protection capacity of boron carbide under high rate loading, we use a laser-driven micro-flyer apparatus to impact boron carbide specimens.
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Bouchey, Stephanie N. Q., and Jeromy T. Hollenshead. "Mesoscale modeling and debris generation in hypervelocity impacts." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-017.

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Abstract Material fragmentation after a hypervelocity impact is of interest to predictive electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) modeling. Successful comparisons with data require that submicron fragments are generated in such impacts; however, experimental data has so far been unable to produce fragments of this scale [e.g., 1-3]. This effort investigated the generation of predicted debris from hypervelocity impact of a sphere on a flat, semi-infinite plate. It is hypothesized that explicit modeling of grains, especially in the presence of void and varying grain properties, may lead to differences in predicted strain rates (locally higher) associated with the grain boundaries. Such an effect may lead to smaller predicted fragments sizes than when using the traditional bulk modeling approach and may provide improved understanding of fragmentation modeling in hypervelocity impacts. Comparisons of predicted strain rates at failure (a proxy for fragment size) and material temperature were made between simulations run using a bulk modeling approach and a mesoscale grain modeling approach.
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Signor, L., T. de Rességuier, G. Roy, A. Dragon, F. Llorca, Mark Elert, Michael D. Furnish, Ricky Chau, Neil Holmes, and Jeffrey Nguyen. "FRAGMENT-SIZE PREDICTION DURING DYNAMIC FRAGMENTATION OF SHOCK-MELTED TIN: RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING ISSUES." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2007: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2833159.

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Reports on the topic "Fragment size"

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Laney, Culbert B. Transformation and Self-Similarity Properties of Gamma and Weibull Fragment Size Distributions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada624878.

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Dodd, Hope, David Peitz, Gareth Rowell, Janice Hinsey, David Bowles, Lloyd Morrison, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, and Jefrey Williams. Protocol for Monitoring Fish Communities in Small Streams in the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284726.

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Fish communities are an important component of aquatic systems and are good bioindicators of ecosystem health. Land use changes in the Midwest have caused sedimentation, erosion, and nutrient loading that degrades and fragments habitat and impairs water quality. Because most small wadeable streams in the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) have a relatively small area of their watersheds located within park boundaries, these streams are at risk of degradation due to adjacent land use practices and other anthropogenic disturbances. Shifts in the physical and chemical properties of aquatic systems have a dramatic effect on the biotic community. The federally endangered Topeka shiner (Notropis topeka) and other native fishes have declined in population size due to habitat degradation and fragmentation in Midwest streams. By protecting portions of streams on publicly owned lands, national parks may offer refuges for threatened or endangered species and species of conservation concern, as well as other native species. This protocol describes the background, history, justification, methodology, data analysis and data management for long-term fish community monitoring of wadeable streams within nine HTLN parks: Effigy Mounds National Monument (EFMO), George Washington Carver National Monument (GWCA), Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (HEHO), Homestead National Monument of America (HOME), Hot Springs National Park (HOSP), Pea Ridge National Military Park (PERI), Pipestone National Monument (PIPE), Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (TAPR), and Wilson's Creek national Battlefield (WICR). The objectives of this protocol are to determine the status and long-term trends in fish richness, diversity, abundance, and community composition in small wadeable streams within these nine parks and correlate the long-term community data to overall water quality and habitat condition (DeBacker et al. 2005).
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Wynia, Katie. The Spatial Distribution of Tobacco Pipe Fragments at the Hudson's Bay Company Fort Vancouver Village Site: Smoking as a Shared and Social Practice. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1085.

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