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Deplano, Rossana. "Fragmentation and constitutionalisation of international law : a teleological inquiry." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6976.
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This dissertation examines the idea of constitutionalisation of international law in light of concerns of fragmentation. It focuses on the dynamic of fragmentation in the international legal system. It shows that arguments about constitutionalism do not represent a remedy to the phenomenon of fragmentation. Consequently, the dissertation advances arguments of integrity of international law. Further, the dissertation examines new developments in constitutionalisation practices that support a normative, teleological approach to constitutionalisation in the international legal system. The dissertation offers insights on both the autonomy of the concept of international constitutionalism and the idea of fragmentation as a universally recognised characteristic of modern international law. It offers recommendations on how to address charges of fragmentation in international law in light of the dominant conception of modern international law.
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Barberot, Martin. "La libéralisation du transport aérien international et la fragmentation du droit international." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103679.
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L'évolution rapide et les bouleversements successifs sont des traits caractéristiques du transport international aérien. Près de soixante-dix ans après la signature de la Convention de Chicago relative à l'aviation civile internationale, un constat s'impose : l'importance économique du transport aérien a considérablement augmenté. Qu'il s'agisse de transporter des marchandises, au soutien du commerce international, ou des individus, de plus en plus nombreux à avoir accès à ce mode de transport, une véritable prise de conscience de la part des Etats a révolutionné les paradigmes traditionnels du droit aérien ; ce dernier, initialement tourné vers les aspects de sécurité et sûreté des transports, ne peux plus délaisser la dimension économique du secteur. Parallèlement, la société internationale a connu un phénomène de complexification croissante. Cette évolution ne résulte pas seulement de l'apparition progressive, dans la période d'après guerre froide, d'un monde multipolaire, mais également d'un développement matériel du droit international aujourd'hui divisé en de multiples régimes juridiques indépendants aux légitimités politiques et juridiques égales. Ainsi a-t-on assisté au développement d'un droit international de l'environnement, d'un droit international du commerce, ou encore d'un droit international du développement. La présente étude a pour objet l'étude de l'évolution du droit international du transport aérien, historiquement associé à l'Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI) et « ses » diverses conventions internationales, dans le contexte de la fragmentation du droit international. A travers cette démarche, l'évolution factuelle et juridique du droit associé au système de l'OACI sera mis en perspective dans ses rapprochement au système traditionnellement associé à la libéralisation du commerce international, celui de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Sera notamment souligné la « crise identitaire » actuellement traversée par le droit du transport aérien et les diverses pistes qui pourraient être explorées par les Etats pour favoriser le développement harmonieux du transport international aérien.Fast evolution and successive dislocations are well known attributes of international air transportation. Nearly seventy years after the Chicago Convention has been signed, one must acknowledge the economic importance of international transportation has grown considerably. Focusing both on transportation of goods, supporting the development of international trade, and transportation of individuals, whose access to air transportation has constantly grown, States and their governments began to modernize, and thereby revolutionize air law's traditional paradigms; air law, initially focusing exclusively on safety and security aspects of transportation, must now integrate the economical dimensions of air transportation. At the same time, international society has become more and more complex in two different ways: firstly, in the Post-Cold War Area, a multi-polarized world began to emerge. Secondly, material developments of international law have resulted in the apparition of numerous independent legal systems of the same value such as environmental international law, international trade law or international development law. The main purpose of the following thesis is to study the recent evolutions of international air transportation law, historically based on the creation and development of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and associated international conventions, within the framework of the fragmentation of international law. Through this study, both the legal and factual evolutions of IACO Law will be addressed in the perspective of its joined application with the World trade Organization (WTO) law. Particular attention will be given to the question of an "identity crisis" the air transportation law is said to suffer from, and to the different ways of thoughts that could be followed to support a healthy economic development on international air transportation.
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Moundounga, Ntsigou Serge. "La fragmentation du droit international public : l'oeuvre de codification à la lumière de la fragmentation du droit international." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA005.
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Le phénomène de fragmentation reste assez complexe et se trouve mêlé à celui d’internormativité en ce sens qu’il englobe l’étude de la relation entre droit et société et, notamment, le droit international en tant que système juridique. La présente étude constitue, de manière générale, un essai sur l’œuvre de codification et de développement du droit international, en prenant en compte les récentes évolutions du droit international symbolisés dans ce que l’on qualifie, de plus en plus, de fragmentation du droit international. L’hypothèse gravite autour de l’extraordinaire expansion que connait cette discipline depuis près de cinquante ans et des changements survenus au niveau de ce qu’on appelle communément la « Communauté internationale ». L’intérêt est suscité par l’évolution des méthodes d’élaboration des normes du droit international, notamment du fait de la multiplication des organes compétents de l’ONU et le besoin de trouver des solutions pratiques au phénomène des conflits normatifs au niveau international. Ce sont là les deux conséquences (législative et institutionnelle) du phénomène de fragmentation qui menacent aujourd’hui l’ordre juridique international et l’unité du droit international. Il semble donc normal, compte tenu de cette situation, que se produise un nouvel essor de l’idée de codification du droit internationalThe phenomenon of fragmentation is quite complex and is involved in the phenomenon of internormativity in so much as it includes the study of the relationship between law and society and, in particular, international law as a legal system. This study is, as a general, an essay on the work of codification and progressive development of international law as embodied in the practice of the International Law Commission, taking into account recent developments in international law symbolized in what is termed, increasingly, fragmentation of international law. The case revolves around the extraordinary expansion that this discipline has being knowing for nearly fifty years now and around the changes affecting what is commonly called the ‘international community’. The interest is generated by the evolution of methods for the development of international law, owing in particular to the multiplication of the competent organs of the UN and the need to find practical solutions to the phenomenon of normative conflicts at the international level. These are two consequences (legal and institutional) of the phenomenon of fragmentation that now has come to threaten the international legal order and the unity of international law. Therefore, given this situation, the need for a strengthening of the concept of codification of international
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Delacour, Thibaut. "Les difficultés liées à la fragmentation du droit international : l'exemple de l'agriculture." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010297.
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Comme toute discipline, le droit international public utilise son « vocabulaire propre ». Si les termes « agression », « ambassade », ou « annexion » figurent parmi les nombreux thèmes de prédilection de la discipline, et sont couramment répertoriés dans les index des ouvrages de droit international, ils n’y côtoient que très rarement le terme « agriculture ». L’agriculture demeure effectivement « un sujet relativement peu étudié en droit international ». Un tel constat peut apparaître paradoxal, dans la mesure où la coopération internationale en matière d’agriculture n’a cessé de croître – non sans difficulté – depuis maintenant plus d’un siècle. L’agriculture qui a toujours figuré parmi les préoccupations essentielles des États ne pouvait être ignorée en droit international. À cet égard, le droit international relatif à l’agriculture n’a cessé de se développer. L’agriculture demeure aujourd’hui une préoccupation de tout premier ordre à l’échelle internationale. Or, la population agricole et rurale qui constitue le socle de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale est extrêmement vulnérable. Cette situation de précarité entretient des cercles vicieux dont les premières victimes sont les femmes et les enfants et explique en partie la situation de crise alimentaire mondiale chronique. La question du développement économique et social – qui est depuis 1945 au cœur du projet des Nations Unies – apparaît étroitement liée à celle du développement de l’agriculture. À l’échelle internationale, les écarts en matière de développement agricole demeurent considérables et les perspectives d’évolution de l’économie agricole apparaissent pour le moins incertaines. Après des décennies de baisse tendancielle des prix , les marchés agricoles se caractérisent depuis quelques années par leur volatilité, et par une tendance à la hausse des prix. Cette évolution – dont les causes et les conséquences sont encore la source de vifs débats entre économistes – survient alors que le processus de libéralisation des échanges agricoles, engagé depuis deux décennies, peine à trouver un nouveau souffle à l’échelle multilatérale. Le développement de l’agriculture est également étroitement lié aux grands enjeux environnementaux internationaux, tels que la préservation de la biodiversité, la gestion des ressources naturelles et les changements climatiques [...]No English summary available
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Al, Askar Mohammed Hussain. "Alliance formation and political fragmentation in the Arab world." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185949.
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This research showed that data and events involving alliance formation and political fragmentation in the Arab world and particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) from 1945-1990 were not treated sufficiently in the general theoretical works surveyed. A host of new propositions dealing with the dichotomy of alliances and their fragmentation are contributed herein to the body of general knowledge regarding alliance formation. The eleven categories of hypotheses, from the most represented in the literature to the least, dealt with national attributes, war and alliances, economic systems, political fragmentation, balance of power, foreign aid, bandwagoning strategy, integrative process, gaming and alliances, balance of threats, and chain-gang and buck-passing strategies. Using the GCC as a case study, a total of 145 propositions were examined; 45 (31%) were operationalized. The national attributes category was the most applicable followed by balancing strategies, indicating that commonality among states and expediency are essential to GCC alliance formation. Whereas war and alliances is the next important category in the literature, balance of threats is more applicable because GCC members are disadvantaged in their military capabilities. A balancer was required to protect the status quo, a role which was fulfilled by the United States. Economic variables are fairly represented in the theoretical operationalization, indicating that the Arab Gulf states were utility maximizers. They employed oil, their sole significant collective good, to fulfill national objectives, internally as well as externally. In addition, the six states were among the leading countries in their gifts of economic aid. But the relationship between aid and alliance formation in the Gulf exhibits a stronger association with other states in the world, not among themselves. The GCC is an elitist undertaking, as measured by the high level of summits and ministerial meetings, with little popular participation and a lack of citizen contribution to the progress of the organization. This, in effect, slowed down the integrative process, which was the ultimate objective behind the creation of the Council. While political feuds and territorial claims have threatened to fragment the Council, the framers' overriding concerns about security and self-preservation have acted as unifying factors, guaranteeing the endurance of the GCC alliance to date.
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Martineau, Anne-Charlotte. "Une analyse critique du débat sur la fragmentation du droit international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010336/document.
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Cette thèse cherche à analyser de manière critique le débat sur la fragmentation du droit international tel qu'il est apparu à la fin des années 1990. Débattre de la fragmentation, c'est débattre du sort réservé au droit international en raison de la prolifération des institutions et des modes de pensée spécialisés. De l'extérieur, le droit international public semble dépassé par les structures dynamiques et informelles de gouvernance privée tandis que de l'intérieur, la croissance continue de ses branches spécialisées pose la question de savoir s'il existe encore un tronc commun ou un noyau dur autour duquel la discipline serait unifiée. Du point de vue interne, donc, la multiplication des règles et des institutions spécialisées l'ont perçue comme un danger qui doit -et qui peut- être évité, tant et aussi longtemps que l'on assure la cohérence ou l'unité d'interprétation du droit international général et de ses branches spécialisées, travail qui incombe à la dogmatique juridique ainsi qu'à la pratique juridictionnelle. Du point de vue externe, l'apparition des régimes de régulation fonctionnels témoigne plus simplement de l'impact de la mondialisation sur le droit (international) et de la façon dont celui-ci s'adapte à celle-là au travers de nouveaux processus déformalisés de juridisation. L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer qu'aucune des positions ne peut l'emporter de manière décisive sur les autres, de comprendre pourquoi et d'analyser les conséquences de cette indéterminationThe aim of this PhD is to critically analyse the debate on the fragmentation of internationallaw as it émerged in the late 1990s. This debate is a debate about the fate of international law in light of the proliferation of specialised institutions and multiple modes of thinking. From the outside, public international law seems sidelined by the informaI structures of private governance while, from the inside, its functional differentiation raises the question of whether there is a centre around which the discipline would still be unified. From an internaI viewpoint, thus, the multiplication of specialised mIes and institutions looks like a dangerous evolution that should -and can- be avoided, as long as international lawyers ensure a consistency in the interpretation ofboth general internationallaw and specialised regimes. From an external viewpoint, the growth of regulatory regimes seems to reflect the impact of globalisation on (international) law and the way law responds to the functional difTerentiation of global society. The objective of this the sis is to show that none of the positions can prevail decisively over the others, to understand why, and to analyse the consequences of such an indetermination
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Young, Margaret Anne. "Trade related aspects of fisheries : fragmentation and regime interaction in international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612483.
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Mawar, Deepak. "Peace and justice development in international law : from a Victorian tradition to fragmentation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/peace-and-justice-development-in-international-law-from-a-victorian-tradition-to-fragmentation(5f5330cb-9598-45b0-add8-f2e450946f06).html.
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Prost, Mario. "Unitas multiplex - les unités du droit international et la politique de la fragmentation." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32357.
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Law and a fortiori lawyers despise emptiness and multiplicity, as evidenced by the present-day debate on the so-called « fragmentation » of international law. Surrounded by uncertainty, paradox and contradiction, international law scholars show a somewhat artificial and quasi-compulsive attachment to the unity of their law. Although it seems to be accepted all round as evident, however, the idea of unity calls for a critical examination and a theoretical elaboration. What does it mean for international law to be « One » ? Is there only one way to conceive of international law's unity ? Is unity only about norms, or does it also involve juridical forms and values ? Is unity monocausational or does it rest on a complex nexus of different dynamics – whether deontic, hermeneutic, ethical or cultural ? While fragmentation is becoming something of a canonical question in the international law discipline, the present study is an invitation to suspend the mainstream discourse on fragmentation and to put the postulate of unity on hold. To put unity on hold does not mean to rebut or refute it indefinitely. Rather, it means questioning the way in which it is accepted as an undisputed assumption, disquieting the usage of this taken-for-granted concept, showing that it is not self-explanatory and that unity might not necessarily be what we thought in the first place. The argument revolves around one central claim about the unity of international law : behind a seemingly simple and elementary concept lies a complex and multidimensional problematic. The modern « technicians of unity » cut unity down to the binary laws of conflicts of norms and jurisprudence. Against this, theLe droit, et a fortiori les juristes, ont horreur du vide et du multiple. Le débat contemporain sur la « fragmentation » du droit international en offre une illustration saillante. Cerné par les incertitudes, les paradoxes et les contradictions de son droit, l'internationaliste fait montre d'un attachement quelque peu artificiel et quasiment compulsif à l'idée d'unité de l'ordre juridique international. Acceptée partout, ou presque, comme une évidence, cette idée-là mérite pourtant un examen critique et réclame une élaboration théorique. Que signifie en effet, pour le droit international, le fait d'être « Un » ? N'y a-t-il qu'une seule façon de concevoir l'unité de l'ordre juridique international ? L'unité du droit international est-elle simplement une affaire de normes, ou bien se joue-t-elle également du côté des formes et des valeurs juridiques ? Cette unité est-elle monocausale ou repose-t-elle sur un entrelacs complexe de dynamiques variées – dynamiques déontiques, herméneutiques, éthiques ou culturelles ? A l'heure où la fragmentation est en train de se constituer en question canonique de la discipline du droit international, cette étude appelle à suspendre un temps le discours doctrinal conventionnel et à tenir en suspicion le postulat d'unité. Tenir en suspicion ne veut pas dire le récuser définitivement, mais simplement secouer la quiétude avec laquelle on l'accepte, l'arracher à sa quasi-évidence, montrer qu'il ne va pas de soi et qu'il n'est pas nécessairement ce qu'on croyait au premier regard. L'argument s'articule autour d'une proposition centrale : le concept d'unité du droit, masqué par une simplicité trompeu
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Guntrip, Edward John. "The 'de-fragmentation' of international investment law and international human rights law : a procedural basis for a host state human rights defence in ICSID arbitration." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13855.
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This thesis considers the intersection of international investment law and international human rights law in ICSID arbitration by reference to the ‘fragmentation’ of public international law. More specifically, it argues that it is possible to establish a procedural basis for a host state human rights defence in ICSID arbitration. Utilising a systemic conception of public international law driven by state consent, it is posited that regime conflict between international investment law and international human rights law in ICSID arbitration justifies the introduction of a host state human rights defence. By reference to the ICSID Arbitral Rules, this thesis establishes a viable basis for the introduction of international human rights law into ICSID arbitration by a host state. Finally, it is argued that a procedural basis for a host state human rights defence in ICSID arbitration has the ability to ‘de-fragment’ international investment law and international human rights law.
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Nmaju, Mba Chidi. "Multiple fora and the implementation of international criminal law : issues of fragmentation and divergence in the development of the law." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542049.
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Eriksson, Maria. "Defining rape emerging obligations for states under international law? /." Doctoral thesis, Kållared : Örebro Universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-10590.
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Rachovitsa, Adamantia. "'Fragmentation or unity of public international law' revisited : analysing the European Convention on Human Rights when the European Court takes cognisance of public international law norms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13023/.
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This thesis addresses the legal challenges arising in the context of the ‘fragmentation or unity of public international law’. The question of the so-called fragmentation of public international law mainly refers to the phenomenon of diversification and expansion of public international law. In recent years, the proliferation of international bodies entrusted with the task of monitoring States’ compliance with their international obligations has increased the possibility of conflicting interpretations of similar or identical rules of international law. In this context, it is claimed that international courts with limited ratione materiae and personae jurisdiction fragment international law and threaten its unity. This thesis examines the question of the fragmentation of public international law from the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). In the view of the present author, the European Court has developed the autonomous interpretative principle of taking cognisance of public international law norms when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The ECtHR employs this interpretative principle in a fashion that is distinct from other seminal interpretative principles, namely the so-called comparative interpretation, the dynamic interpretation and the principle of effectiveness. Furthermore, this thesis provides in depth analysis of the ECtHR’s legal reasoning. It reaches conclusions on the type of public international law norms that the ECtHR takes into account and the conditions a norm must satisfy to qualify as ‘relevant’ and ‘applicable in the relations between the parties’. This thesis also provides an overall assessment of the different uses of public international law norms in the ECtHR’s reasoning, when expanding or restricting the scope of the rights and freedoms of the ECHR. It stresses the importance of the ECtHR’s practice of relying upon public international law norms in order to (re-)interpret the ECHR and overrule its previous case-law. Finally, this thesis explores the boundaries that should be set to restrict the impact of other relevant public international law norms on the construction of the ECHR. The study concludes that, in principle, the ECtHR does not threaten the unity of international law, but reads the ECHR harmoniously to public international law. The findings of this thesis also furnish evidence that the ECtHR has competence to pronounce on questions relating to international law and that, on certain occasions, it develops and enriches the scope and content of international law.
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Kredel, Nicolas [Verfasser]. "Operation "Enduring Freedom" and the Fragmentation of International Legal Culture. : Comparing US Common Law and Civil Law Perspectives on the International Use of Force. / Nicolas Kredel." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1238351743/34.
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Okafor, Obiora Chinedu. "Re-defining legitimacy : international law, multilateral institutions and the problem of socio-cultural fragmentation within established African states." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0010/NQ34602.pdf.
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Claeys-Broutin, Odile. "Le pluralisme juridique international : contribution des juges internationaux à la mise en cohérence du droit international." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100175.
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Le droit international évolue et se traduit par une augmentation des normes, des organisations et des juridictions internationales, faisant craindre une fragmentation du droit international au sein de l’ordre juridique international. L’ordre juridique international s’entend, au sens large, comme le droit international régissant la société internationale. Celui-ci englobe les ordres juridiques internationaux spécialisés, composés des organisations internationales. Chacune d’entre elles comprend une juridiction ou un tribunal arbitral. La problématique de cette thèse est de déterminer, par l’étude du pluralisme juridique international, si ce risque de fragmentation du droit international est avéré ou non. Elle se fonde, pour ce faire, sur une analyse systémique des ordres juridiques internationaux, pour établir si ceux-ci établissent des rapports de droit entre eux, ainsi que sur une analyse normative des ordres juridiques, afin de déterminer si chacun d’entre eux a une cohérence propre. Dans une première partie, il est démontré que le pluralisme juridique international semble désordonné, induisant un risque de fragmentation du droit international, en raison, d’une part, de la multiplication des ordres juridiques internationaux et, d’autre part, de leur carence institutionnelle. Il est démontré ensuite, dans une seconde partie, que le pluralisme juridique international s’ordonne grâce à la mise en cohérence du droit international par les juges internationaux. Ceux-ci coordonnent la jurisprudence internationale grâce à leur jurisdictio (dire le droit) et érigent un véritable pouvoir juridictionnel international à travers leur imperium (rendre une décision obligatoire)International law evolves at a rapid pace, and results in a strong increase in norms, organizations and international courts, raising increasing fears about a fragmentation of international law within the international legal order itself. The international legal order is defined, in the broadest sense of the term, as international law aimed at governing international society. This includes specialized international legal systems, made up of a number of international organizations ; each one including a court or an arbitral tribunal. The aim of this thesis is to determine, through the study of international legal pluralism, weather this foreseen risk of a possible fragmentation of the international law is, in the end, proven or not. In order to fulfill this aim, our work is based, on the one hand, on a systemic analysis of international legal orders, this in order to determine whether these bodies establish legal relationships between themselves, and on the other hand, on a normative analysis of legal systems, to determine this time whether each one sets up, or not, its proper inner coherence.In the first part, we show that the international legal pluralism seems to be uncoordinated, inducing a risk of fragmentation of international law, this due, in part, to the proliferation of international legal orders and, and in other part, to their lack of institutional ground. In the second part, we aim at proving that the international legal pluralism finds best its balance when international law is put into practice by international judges. They coordinate international jurisprudence through their jurisdictio (apply the law) and set out the boundaries of a true international judicial power through their imperium (to pronounce a binding decision)
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Sene, Fatou. "A la recherche de l'unité de l'ordre juridique international : essai sur l'actualité de la pensée de Hans Kelsen." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0755.
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Cette thèse se donne pour objectif de mesurer la portée actuelle des principales conceptualisations de Hans Kelsen dans la doctrine et le droit positif international. Pour ce faire, cette étude envisage une reconstruction de la pensée du juriste viennois dans la discipline spécifique de droit international placée à la lumière du contexte de l'évolution normative, institutionnelle et politique de l'ordre juridique international. L'ambition est ainsi de faire ressortir l'originalité de son approche du phénomène international et sa portée actuelle. Il s'agira aussi d'en mesurer les limites et les possibilités de dépassementHis thesis has the objective of measuring the current scope of the main conceptualizations of Hans Kelsen in the doctrine of international law and international positive law. The study envisages a reconstruction of the thought of the Viennese lawyer in international law placed in the light of the context of the evolving normative, institutional and politic of the international legal order. This is the gift of bringing out the originality of his thought, to measure the presence of the positivist approach in debate of the unity of international law
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Connolly, Rebecca Leanne. "The fragmentation of international law has given rise to a conflict of jurisdiction for trade disputes involving agricultural biotechnology products." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13744.
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The proliferation of international agreements has raised the challenge of resolving disputes that simultaneously fall under different specialised regimes within international law. The emergence of specialised regimes, and the establishment of independent judicial institutions to oversee them, has contributed to the ‘fragmentation’ of international law. Furthermore, recent agreements negotiated within a particular specialised regime have included provisions that address subject matters outside of their ‘specialised’ mandate. The potential for jurisdictional conflict is seen in the tension between the international environmental and trade regimes, where environmental agreements have increasingly included trade-related measures that operate outside of the World Trade Organization framework. Agricultural biotechnology provides a pertinent example following the negotiation of the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity to govern the trans-boundary movement of living modified organisms. This thesis explores the potential for overlapping jurisdiction between the specialised regimes of international environmental and trade law, with a particular focus on trade disputes involving agricultural biotechnology. This thesis initially considers the concept of fragmentation of international law and the consequences of the proliferation of judicial institutions. Next, the historical development of international environmental law and international trade law is explored, which has laid the foundation for potential parallel dispute proceedings before multiple judicial institutions. The thesis then analyses the principles of conflict of jurisdiction that may assist to resolve these disputes, and applies them to the case study of trade disputes involving agricultural biotechnology. The thesis concludes by considering the options available for addressing conflict of jurisdiction between the international trade and international environmental law regimes.
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Popa, Liliana E. "An exploration of fragmentation in international law vis-à-vis the practice of the ICJ, ECtHR and WTO on treaty interpretation." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702117.
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This thesis examines whether the practice of treaty interpretation of two specialised courts: the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and World Trade Organisation (WTO), often perceived as 'self contained' regimes, could lead to fragmentation of international law. In this purpose the ICJ's practice on treaty interpretation will be taken as the comparator, as the ICJ has mostly contributed to the development and clarification of the rules and principles of international law , The two underlying assumptions followed in this study are: first that the general methodology of treaty interpretation formulated by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties (VCLT) in Articles 31, 32 and 33 provides a unifying framework for analysing' the problem of fragmentation due to the interpretative activity of specialised courts and tribunals. And second, that it is necessary to investigate the extent to which the international courts or tribunals are using the precedent created by other international courts and tribunals. ,Since the 1969 VCLT is considered to provide the unifying framework for analysing the 'fragmentation' issue, the thesis examines in detail cases interpreting treaties at the ICJ, ECtHR and GATT/ WTO, prior to, and after the VCLT's adoption. This examination aims to discover whether significant divergences in treaty interpretation exist between these courts. The general argument developed in this thesis is that while the specialised international courts (WTO and ECtHR) deviate sometimes from their own previous interpretative practice, and they do so on the basis of the interpretative rules provided by the VCLT, there is evidence that the ,treaty interpretation practice these two specialised bodies develop in similar patterns to those used by the ICJ on the same matter. Thus, seen in the light of the ECtHR and WTO (GATT) practice on treaty interpretation, both the VCLT's general rules of interpretation and the ICJ's interpretative practice could.constitute an anti fragmentation tool.
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Cuq, Marie. "L'alimentation en droit international." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100128.
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En 2015, la FAO estimait qu’environ 795 millions de personnes sont sous-alimentées dans le monde. Les Nations Unies ont régulièrement qualifié cette situation « d’atteinte à la dignité humaine ». La coopération internationale est légitimement devenue dans ce contexte un moyen privilégié de lutter contre la malnutrition. Cependant, l’alimentation est au carrefour de nombreuses problématiques. Certains Etats sont soucieux d’affirmer leur autosuffisance alimentaire tandis que d’autres rencontrent des difficultés à gérer leurs surplus. Les enjeux de qualité sanitaire ou nutritionnelle côtoient les inquiétudes liées à la diminution accélérée de la diversité génétique. Face à ces préoccupations diverses, les aliments ont fait l’objet de nombreuses règles internationales. Certaines favorisent la libéralisation de leur production et de leur commerce, au détriment parfois d’une prise en compte du niveau de développement des pays, de la diversité biologique ou de la qualité des aliments. D’autres tiennent compte de ces questions mais leur articulation paraît délicate avec les règles de la libéralisation économique. Pourtant, les Etats ont érigé l’accès à l’alimentation comme un objectif mondial et la cohérence du droit international semble indispensable pour sa réalisation. La présente étude vise ainsi à déterminer dans quelle mesure le droit international, caractérisé par la fragmentation de ses règles, contribue à l’amélioration des conditions d’accès à une alimentation adéquate au niveau mondialIn 2015, FAO estimated that approximately 795 million people are undernourished in the world. The United Nations has regularly qualified this situation as “a violation of human dignity”. In this context, the international cooperation legitimately became a privileged means to fight against malnutrition. However, the access to food is at the crossroads of numerous problems. Some States are eager to assert their self-sufficiency while others meet difficulties managing their surpluses. Health or nutritional quality issues join concerns about the accelerated loss of genetic diversity. Responding to these various concerns, food has been the subject of many international rules. Some promote the liberalization of their production and trade, sometimes to the detriment of a consideration of the level of development of countries, of the biological diversity or the quality of food. Some take account of these issues but their coordination seems difficult with the rules of economic liberalization. Nevertheless, States set up the access to food as a global goal and the coherence of international law seems essential for its achievement. The present study aims to determine to what extent international law, characterized by the fragmentation of its rules, contributes to improving the conditions of access to adequate food at the world level
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Silva, Elaini Cristina Gonzaga da. "A expansão do direito internacional: uma questão de valores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-02052012-092109/.
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A presente tese, de natureza analítica, defende, a partir da análise dos elementos subjacentes à ideia de direito como sistema por trás da discussão sobre a fragmentação do direito internacional, que a expansão do direito internacional no século XX foi acompanhada de uma mudança do conceito de legitimidade, que não se restringe mais apenas ao reconhecimento do Estado como produtor das normas internacionais, mas requer parâmetros substantivos que orientam a solução dos conflitos entre normas que são produzidas em diferentes esferas normativas. No entanto, ao contrário do que ocorre no ordenamento interno, cujo sistema jurídico estabelece uma hierarquia de normas neutralizada pela ideologia do regime existente, nas relações internacionais, a horizontalidade das normas do direito internacional reflete a inexistência de uma cadeia tal de valores; e nem mesmo a proliferação de normas secundárias na segunda metade do século XX logrou alterar os fundamentos da jurisdição internacional, a qual ainda encontra diversas restrições associadas às características do direito internacional de coexistência. Estes problemas serão evidenciados pela análise do que ocorre no âmbito da OMC e, dentre as diversas disputas que envolvem normas produzidas em diferentes esferas normativas, do caso Brazil Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres (União Européia v. Brasil) [doravante Brazil Retreaded Tyres].From analysis of the factors underlying the idea of law as a system behind the discussion of the \"fragmentation\" of international law, this thesis, analytical in nature, argues, that the expansion of international law in the twentieth century was accompanied by a change in the concept of legitimacy, which is no longer restricted only to the State as a producer of international standards, but requires substantive parameters to guide the resolution of conflicts between rules from different normative spheres. However, unlike domestic domains, where the legal system establishes a hierarchy of norms neutralized by the ideology of the existing regime, in international relations, the horizontality of the norms of international law reflects the absence of such a chain of values, nor even the proliferation of secondary standards in the second half of the twentieth century managed to change the fundamentals of international jurisdiction, which still faces several constraints associated with the characteristics of the international law of coexistence. These problems will be highlighted by the analysis of what occurs in the WTO and, among the several disputes involving standards from different normative spheres, the case of Brazil Measures Affecting Imports of retreaded Tyres (European Union v. Brazil) [hereinafter Brazil - retreaded Tyres].
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Vasconcelos, Raphael Carvalho de. "Teoria geral do estado aplicada à unidade sistêmica do direito internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-11022015-125147/.
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Ultrapassado o debate em torno de seu caráter jurídico, impõem-se ao direito das gentes, na atualidade, perspectivas desafiadoras de seus contornos sistêmicos. Como ponto de partida teórico deste estudo, adotou-se a verificação da natureza dos conceitos utilizados pelas teorias fragmentárias do direito internacional que tendem a desestabilizar sua característica de unicidade. Política e direito conformam preceitos que não apenas interagem, mas muitas vezes se identificam. Propõe-se investigar, para tanto, em que medida o resgate de estruturas jurídico-políticas tradicionais como aquelas da teoria geral do estado poderia contribuir à institucionalização da ordem mundial. O trabalho se realiza sob o método dedutivo-indutivo de pesquisa. A partir das referências teóricas estabelecidas pela teoria geral do estado e de sua aplicação ao direito internacional e às propostas doutrinárias fragmentárias, estabelecem-se marcos particulares, os quais são analisados na busca de constatações mais abrangentes e gerais quanto à relação existente entre política e direito. O trabalho divide-se em três partes distintas. Na seção inicial, apresentam-se os elementos teóricos que embasam a pesquisa. Busca-se fixar na primeira parte do capítulo inaugural a perspectiva do direito como um sistema e, em seguida, apresentam-se as premissas iniciais da relação existente entre o político e o jurídico. Logo, procede-se à delimitação de conteúdos a conceitos fundamentais ao estudo. No capítulo segundo, concentram-se os esforços no delineamento das idéias de estado e de soberania e em sua importância para o direito das gentes. Propõe-se, no capítulo seguinte, a aplicação das teorias estudadas à compreensão do direito internacional. No mesmo capítulo terceiro, inicia-se a vinculação das teorias da organização do estado à idéia de poder. A questão do poder pauta a parte seguinte do trabalho, que desenvolve o conceito à luz dos exercícios de concreção e de extração de normatividade para, logo, estabelecer paralelos com as funções exercidas pelo estado internamente e, então, aplicar os mesmos conceitos ao contexto internacional. A função jurisdicional merece, finalmente, atenção especial na última parte do capítulo. A pesquisa segue, em sua quinta divisão, à análise das organizações internacionais. A personalidade e a capacidade dos atores da ordem internacional são, então, estudadas e, em uma segunda parte, a importância dos sistemas de solução de controvérsias no exercício de poder por tais estruturas orienta a investigação. Apresenta-se, finalmente, uma nova proposta de classificação para as organizações internacionais no sexto capítulo com base na existência de sistema institucionalizado de solução de litígios. Inaugurando a segunda seção do trabalho, estabelecem-se, no capítulo sétimo, as linhas gerais da relação existente entre as teorizações fragmentárias do direito das gentes e a política para, em seguida, buscar-se, no capítulo oitavo, elementos empíricos que comprovem o que se defende em experiências regionais, das quais o Brasil faz parte. A nona parte do trabalho se dedica à análise de como a teoria geral do estado se aplicaria à compreensão do direito das gentes de forma propositiva e, em seguida, de como a função jurisdicional identificada na ordem mundial poderia servir à preservação da unidade do direito internacional. No décimo e último capítulo, apresentam-se argumentos já de caráter conclusivo que sustentam ser a percepção fragmentada do direito internacional mero retrato estático de um processo evolutivo.Considering the debate on its legal character overcome, international law is nowadays confronted with perspectives challenging its systemic character. The examination of the nature of concepts used by the fragmentary theories of international law which tend to destabilize its unity was adopted as a theoretical starting point of this study. Politics and law conform concepts that not only interact, but often equal themselves. It is proposed to investigate to what extent traditional legal structures as those of the general theory of the state could contribute to the institutionalization of international law. The work is performed under the deductive-inductive method of research. From the theoretical frameworks established by the general theory of the state and its use on international law and on the fragmentary doctrinal proposals, particular landmarks are settled, which are analyzed in search of more comprehensive and general conclusions about the relationship between politics and law. The work is divided into three distinct parts. In the initial section, the theoretical elements that outline the research are presented. In the first part of the opening chapter the perspective of law as a system is established and the preliminarily assumptions about the relationship between politics and law are presented. Afterwards, the fundamental contents of important concepts for the study are assigned. In the second chapter, the efforts are concentrated in the concepts of state and sovereignty and its importance to the law of nations. In the following section, the application of the theories studied is proposed to the comprehension of international law. At the same third chapter, the theories concerned with the organization of the state are connected to the idea of power. The questions related to the power compose the main issue of the following part of the work, which develops the concept in light of the legislative and judiciary functions to draw, than, parallels with the functions performed by the state internally and internationally. Jurisdiction deserves, finally, special attention in the last part of the chapter. In the fifth chapter, the research is concentrated on the analysis of international organizations. The personality and the capacity of the actors of the international order are then analyzed, and in a second part, the importance of dispute settlement systems in the exercise of power by such structures is researched. Finally, in the sixth chapter, a new classification of international organizations is proposed based on the existence of institutionalized systems of dispute resolution. Opening the second section of the work, the general lines of the relationship between the fragmentary theories of international law and politics are settled in the seventh chapter and then, in the eighth chapter, evidences of the conclusions established are searched in empirical evidences of regional experiences, of which Brazil is part. The ninth part of the work is dedicated to the analysis of how the general theory of the state applies to the understanding of international law and how the judicial function identified in the world order could preserve the unity of international law. In the tenth and final chapter, arguments already of conclusive character sustain that the fragmented perception of international law conforms a mere static picture of an evolutionary process.
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Llano, Franco Andrea. "Etude comparée du droit du commerce international des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) et du droit européen." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020047.
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La régulation du commerce international des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM), plus spécifiquement le Protocole de Carthagène est, de manière générale, bien articulée avec le droit européen des OGM. Celle-ci fait cependant apparaître des conflits vis-à-vis du droit de l’OMC. Une série de divergences s’observe entre ces espaces normatifs par rapport aux principes de précaution et du libre-échange, ainsi qu’aux mécanismes de mise en œuvre relatifs au Protocole de Carthagène. Malgré l’existence de divergences, une série de convergences existe. Ces éléments de rencontre tiennent principalement aux objectifs qui, dans une plus ou moins grande mesure, sont présents dans ces espaces juridiques. Ces objectifs sont principalement la protection de la santé et l’environnement, le développement durable et la protection du libre-échange. Ceci nous amène à nous demander si ces convergences peuvent constituer des « passerelles » dans le cadre d’une démarche d’articulation des espaces juridiques. Cette articulation devient essentielle à l’heure où le droit est de plus en plus fragmenté et qu’un souci de cohérence s’impose. Les clauses de conflit prévues dans le préambule du Protocole de Carthagène ainsi que le principe du soutien mutuel sont les mécanismes qui permettent une mise en cohérence entre ces espaces juridiques. Cependant, cette articulation ne sera jamais véritablement mise en place si aucune ouverture de l’OMC n’est effectuée. Une évolution de l’OMC apparaît ainsi impérative et sous-tend de la part de ses États membres un effort politique. Outre cet effort politique, le juge de l’OMC devra lui aussi faire une interprétation évolutive du droit de l’OMCComparative study between the international trade law of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and the European law.The international trade regulation concerning genetically modified organisms (GMO), more specifically the Cartagena protocol, is in general, well-articulated with the European GMO law. This regulation is however in conflict with the WTO law. Between these regulatory systems, divergences are observed involving the precautionary principle and the principle of free trade, as well as with the implementation of mechanisms provided by the Cartagena Protocol. Despite the divergences there are important convergences within the common objectives of health and environmental protection, sustainable development and free trade protection. These convergences let us reflect upon the possibility of creating bridges to allow the articulation between these regulatory systems. This articulation becomes very important in a time where the law is strongly fragmented, and consistency becomes imperative. The conflict clauses established in the preamble of the Cartagena protocol and the mutual supportiveness principle are the mechanisms which allow the possibility of consistency between these regulatory systems, however, an articulation will never be possible before the WTO is open to consider other regulations. For a successful opening of the WTO, its Members States should make a political effort to evolve the WTO; furthermore, the WTO judge should consider an evolutionary interpretation of the WTO law
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Vasalou, Evangelia. "Les conflits d’obligations internationales devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0005.
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Ayant comme axe principal la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH, la présente thèse est centrée sur les conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales incombant aux États parties. L’approche de la Cour EDH témoigne de la nécessité de cohérence en droit et de l’harmonisation des conflits d’obligations. Visant à harmoniser les éventuelles contrariétés la Cour de Strasbourg ne s’est pas interrogée sur les causes de ces conflits. L’objet de cette thèse consiste ainsi à rechercher s’il y a des règles juridiques aptes à aménager les conflictualités en amont en générant pour les États l’obligation d’élaborer des normes créant des obligations concordantes. En outre, l’étude se fixe pour objectif de systématiser les cas des conflits entre la CEDH et les autres obligations internationales dans les affaires portées devant la Cour EDH, afin de mettre en relief les conditions d’émergence de ces conflits et de s’interroger sur les moyens de leur gestion. Une grande partie de la réflexion va au-delà de la critique de l’efficacité des moyens d’harmonisation employés par la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise pour proposer des solutions permettant d’éviter les conflits. L’analyse de l’applicabilité des moyens de résolution des conflits s’inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion des conflits dans lesquels sont impliquées les obligations issues de la CEDH. Dans ce contexte, la thèse met l’accent sur les moyens de résolution des conflits qui pourraient être appliqués dans le futur, dans l’hypothèse où la Cour EDH reconnaitrait explicitement une situation de conflit entre la CEDH et une autre obligation internationaleThis thesis explores the question of conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations for State parties by focusing on the case law of the ECtHR. The ECtHR's approach reflects the need for consistency in law and harmonisation of conflicting obligations. Setting the objective of harmonising potential conflicts, the Court of Strasbourg did not raise the question about the causes of those conflicts. This thesis seeks to examine whether there are any legal rules that could prevent conflicts by obliging States to establish norms that createcompatible obligations. In addition, the study aims to systematise conflicts between the ECHR and other international obligations in cases which were lodged with the ECtHR, in order to highlight the conditions of emergence of these conflicts and to examine the means of their coordination. The overarching theme of the study goes beyond the criticism of the effectiveness of the means of harmonisation applied by the case-law of the Court of Strasbourg, proposing solutions for the avoidance of conflicts. The analysis of the applicability of the means of conflict resolution is part of the management of conflicts in which the obligations of the ECHRare involved. In this context, the thesis delves into the means of conflict resolution that could be applied in the future, should the ECtHR explicitly recognise a situation of conflict between the ECHR and another international obligation
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Leclerc, Thomas. "Les mesures correctives des émissions aériennes de gaz à effet de serre : Contribution à l'étude des interactions entre les ordres juridiques en droit international public." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0751/document.
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La recherche d'une mesure mondiale et corrective des émissions de gaz à effet de serreafin de réduire l'impact de l'activité aérienne internationale sur les changements climatiques a étéconfrontée à l'émergence d'obstacles, sous forme de conflits de normes, liés au défi général del'interaction entre le droit international de l'aviation civile, le droit international des changementsclimatiques et le droit de l'Union européenne. La conciliation des normes matérielles etinstitutionnelles concernées, sur la base d'une interprétation évolutive de la convention de Chicago,est alors apparue comme l'unique solution pour remédier aux situations conflictuelles constatées.Le recours à cette démarche interprétative maintient néanmoins un climat d'insécurité juridique etpose la question des limites à l'adaptation du droit international de l'aviation civile au défi d'uneprotection du climat mondial. Ce travail d'analyse vise alors à démontrer qu'un recours à cettedémarche interprétative n'est pas toujours nécessaire et qu'une application rigoureuse de ladistinction intrinsèque au droit international de l'aviation civile séparant le domaine de lanavigation aérienne du domaine du transport aérien international est la clef du problème. Ellepermet en effet de proposer une solution corrective respectueuse des ordres juridiques fonctionnelsconcernés tout en rétablissant un climat de sécurité juridique indispensable au développementsoutenable de l'aviation civile internationaleLooking for a global and corrective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions frominternational civil aviation has been facing legal obstacles. These obstacles took the form ofconflicts of norms linked to the general challenge of the interactions between international aviationlaw, climate change law and the law of the European Union. Using evolutionary interpretation ofthe Chicago Convention in order to reconcile norms of substantive and institutional nature emergedas the best solution. However, this method perpetuates legal uncertainty and poses the generalchallenge of flexibly and elasticity of the Chicago Convention in response to the climate changechallenge. This study examines the above mentioned issues of interactions between legal ordersand provides recommendations to restore legal certainty needed to ensure sustainable developmentof international civil aviation. More specifically, this study reveals the underestimated relevance ofthe ongoing distinction between the legal regimes of air navigation and air transport, which is a keylegal element in the search for a global and corrective solution to the impact of international civilaviation on climate change
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Daumal, Marie. "Commerce international, fédéralisme et fragmentation politique." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090054.
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Cette thèse tente de déterminer s'il existe des liens entre le commerce international et la fragmentation politique des pays qui sont deux phénomènes majeurs observés depuis les années 1980. Les résultats économétriques de la première étude montrent que le fédéralisme et le séparatisme ont un effet positif sur l'ouverture commerciale des pays. Ensuite, la thèse porte sur les cas du Brésil et de l'Inde. La deuxième étude estime le degré de fragmentation du marché brésilien et montre que la décentralisation du pays aggrave la fragmentation du marché intérieur et réduit l'insertion du Brésil dans le commerce international. Les troisième et quatrième études regardent si l'ouverture commerciale de l'Inde et du Brésil a entraîné une aggravation de leurs inégalités régionales. La libéralisation commerciale de l'Inde a considérablement renforcé les inégalités régionales du pays lesquelles, à leur tour, menacent la grande fédération indienne de désintégration politique. Au contraire, l'ouverture commerciale du Brésil a diminué les inégalités existant entre les Etats brésiliensThis work aims to find the links between international trade and political fragmentation of nations-states that have been universal phenomena since the eighties. The results of the first econometric study show that federal systems and separatist movements reinforce the trade globalization process. The second study calculates the degree of fragmentation of the Brazilian market and finds that the decentralization process aggravates this fragmentation and also reduces Brazilian states' insertion into the global market. The third and fourth studies investigate the impact of trade openness on regional inequalities in India and in Brazil. I find that India's trade liberalization reinforces greatly income inequalities among Indian states, which currently pose a threat to India's political unity. On the contrary, Brazil's trade openness reduces regional inequalities
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Leromain, Elsa. "Essays in international trade : international fragmentation of production and trade costs." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E041/document.
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La présente thèse contribue au renouveau de la littérature empirique en commerce international en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à la fragmentation internationale de la production et aux coûts au commerce non-traditionnels. Dans le chapitre 1, je quantifie les conséquences de l'évolution de l’utilisation d’inputs étrangers sur le contenu factoriel du commerce en tirant profit des nouvelles caractéristiques des tableaux entrées-sorties mondiaux. Les variations du contenu factoriel du commerce sont conditionnées par la place des pays dans les chaînes de production mondiales. Le chapitre 2 analyse les liens entre les relations diplomatiques et le commerce à la lumière de l'interdépendance croissante entre pays découlant de l’internationalisation des chaînes de production. Conjointement avec Julian Hinz, nous montrons, grâce à une nouvelle mesure d’un choc diplomatique, que l’impact de ce choc sur le commerce dépend crucialement du type de bien considéré. Enfin, dans le chapitre 3 co-écrit avec Julian Hinz, nous introduisons une nouvelle mesure empirique des langues parlées à l’aide des données de Twitter. Nous l’utilisons ensuite pour évaluer l’incidence de la diversité des langues sur le commerce et le revenu réel en EuropeIn this dissertation, I contribute to the thriving empirical literature in international trade by looking specifically at the international fragmentation of production and non-traditional trade costs. In chapter 1, using the new features of global input-output tables, I quantify the impact of the recent changes in foreign input use on the factor content of trade. I found that the changes in the factor content of trade are driven by each country position in the global supply chains. The chapter 2 analyzes the links between political relations and trade in light of the growing interdependency between countries. In this joint work with Julian Hinz, using a new proxy fora negative shock to political relations between countries, we show that the impact of such a negative shock is crucially heterogeneous across traded goods. Finally, in chapter 3 co-authored with Julian Hinz, we introduce a new measure for spoken languages based on Twitter data. We then use this measure to evaluate the effect of changes in language diversity on trade and real income in different locations in Europe
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Laurence, Marquis. "The Role of the European Union in the Systemic Reform of Investor-State Dispute Settlement in International and Regional Trade Agreements: The impact of the ISDS Reform on the Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11385/222718.
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Navigating the complex frameworks of ISDS Reform. The historical framework: the backlash against investor-state dispute Settlement. The methodological and conceptual frameworks. The European legal framework for ISDS Reform. The ISDS and EU Reform frameworks on independence and impartiality of adjudicators. The impact of the ISDS and the ICS frameworks on the independence and impartiality of adjudicators. Assessing the conformity of the reforms proposals of working group III with the rule of law. Conclusion : in favor of a pro-ISDS Reform.
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Roberts, Anthea Elizabeth. "Is International Law International?" Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/124611.
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International lawyers are familiar with the question:
“Is international law law?” But this thesis instead asks the
question: “Is international law international?” Using a
variety of methods, this work sheds light on some of the ways in
which international law as a transnational legal field is
constructed by international law academics, and is conceptualized
in international law textbooks, in the five permanent members of
the Security Council: the People’s Republic of China, the
French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of
America. It explores how different national communities of
international lawyers construct and pass on their understandings
of “international law” in ways that belie the field’s claim
to universality, perpetuating certain forms of difference and
dominance. By adopting a comparative approach, it aims to make
international lawyers more aware of the frames that shape their
own understandings of and approaches to the field, as well as how
these might be similar to or different from the frames adopted by
those coming from other states, regions or geopolitical
groupings. It also examines how some of these patterns might be
disrupted as a result of shifts in geopolitical power, such as
the movement from unipolar power toward greater multipolarity and
the growing confrontations between Western liberal democratic
states (like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France)
and non-Western authoritarian states (like China and Russia).
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Godoy, Wilson Magdalena Sofia. "Sexual violence in armed conflict under international law: The interplay between international humanitarian law human rights law and international criminal law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/56998.
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Fuentes, Carlos. "Normative plurality in international law: the impact of international human rights law in the doctrine of sources of international law." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123029.
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This dissertation attempts to provide a theoretical framework for explaining the choices made by international decisions-makers as to what constitutes law. It is proposed that the practice of international human rights courts recognises that different normative instruments coexist in an un-ordered space, and that meaning can be produced by the free interaction of those instruments around a problem. Based on such practice, the author advances his normative plurality hypothesis, which states that decision-makers must survey the acquis of international law in order to identify all the instruments containing relevant normative information for a particular situation. The set of rules of law applicable to the situation must then be complemented with other instruments containing specific normative information relevant to the situation, resulting in a complete system of norms advancing a common purpose.Cette thèse vise à fournir un cadre théorique pour expliquer les choix effectués par les décideurs internationaux sur ce qui constitue la loi. Il est proposé que la pratique des tribunaux internationaux des droits de l'homme reconnaît que différents instruments normatifs coexistent dans un espace non-ordonné, et que le sens peut être produit par le libre jeu de ces instruments autour d'un problème. Sur la base de cette pratique, l'auteur avance son hypothèse de la pluralité normative qui stipule que les décideurs doivent étudier l'acquis du droit international afin d'identifier tous les instruments contenant des informations normatives pertinents pour une situation particulière. L'ensemble des règles de droit applicables à la situation doit ensuite être complété par d'autres instruments contenant des informations normatives spécifiques relatives à la situation, résultant en un système complet de normes avançant un objectif commun.
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Owuor, Elijah. "Theory of International Law: Basic Human Rights Conception of the International Law." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_hontheses/3.
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The incidents of human rights violations have increasingly captured the international attention. I think that part of the reasons for human rights violations is because of the foundational theories of the current international law. In this thesis project, I argue that basic human rights should be the moral foundation of the international law. I achieved my goal in several steps. In the first section, I introduced the thesis project; I also outline my objectives. In the second section, I briefly define human rights, basic human rights, and provided the scope of basic human rights. In the third section, I provided my argument that basic human rights should be the moral foundations of the international law; provide criterion of state legitimacy; I critiqued the United Nations in the context of my arguments. Finally, I concluded by formulating the international basic human rights law.
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Owuor, Elijah Medego. "Theory of international law basic human rights conception of the international law /." restricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05192008-125514/.
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Thesis (B.A. Honors)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Robert Sattelmeyer, Andrew Jason Cohen, committee members. Electronic text (34 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed October 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34).
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Degrazia, Carlos Biavaschi. "Política e direito nas contramedidas no direito internacional geral e na Organização Mundial do Comércio." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6460.
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Esta dissertação concentra suas investigações nas contramedidas do direito internacional geral e da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). No âmbito do direito internacional, estudou-se a essência política da sociedade internacional descentralizada, bem como a tendência do processo de fragmentação do direito internacional em direção a regimes mais regulados pelo direito. Além disso, investigou-se a tentativa de ampliação da normatização das contramedidas por meio do Projeto de Artigos sobre Responsabilidade Internacional do Estado de 2001. No âmbito do regime especial da OMC, analisou-se o maior adensamento jurídico das contramedidas como ponto culminante na fase de implementação das decisões no sistema de solução de controvérsias da OMC. Com base na avaliação sobre a necessidade de reforma do instituto das contramedidas da OMC, foram pesquisadas as principais propostas para sua modificação, buscando-se identificar a tentativa de redução do espaço político. A hipótese deste trabalho partiu da afirmação sobre a existência de uma tendência evolutiva no direito internacional geral e na OMC no que tange ao aumento da juridicidade do instituto das contramedidas. Entretanto, essa hipótese confirmou-se apenas parcialmente, pois a tentativa de aprimorar a regulamentação jurídica do instituto das contramedidas ocorre em meio à permanência de elementos políticos.This thesis focused on countermeasures in general International Law and in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Regarding International Law, the thesis studied the political foundation of the decentralized international society, as well as the trend of fragmentation of International Law towards law-based regimes. Moreover, this thesis researched the attempt to regulate countermeasures through the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Regarding the WTO special regime, the thesis analyzed its more law-based countermeasure as the last stage in the implementation of decisions in the WTO dispute settlement system. Based on the necessity of WTO countermeasures reform, the thesis investigated the main reform proposals, seeking to identify the attempt to reduce the political interference. The hypothesis of this research is the tendency towards a more law-based countermeasure in general International Law and in the WTO. However, this hypothesis has only been partially confirmed because political elements do not disappear despite the attempt to increase the legality of countermeasures.
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Neuwirth, Rostam Josef. "International law and the publicprivate law distinction." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30320.
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Traditionally, public international law and private international law were perceived as two different categories of law; the former governing the international relations between states and the latter those between private individuals. Their relation is based upon an evolutionary development from private to public, and from municipal to international, law. In the modern world, this evolution has culminated in a dynamism reflected in numerous interactions between a wide range of different actors. As a result, the former boundaries between the public and private law, as well as the international and municipal law dichotomy, have become blurred. In an emerging global society, these four major categories have entered a dynamic dialogue that equally challenges both legal theory and practice. This dialogue is centred around a functioning global legal framework, in which public international law and private international law can---due to their distinct scopes of application---answer many unanswered questions, providing that they speak with one voice.
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Clados, Mirjam Sophia. "Bioethics in international law." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-152470.
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Jackson, Miles. "Complicity in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4f6db506-c5a7-43d6-af49-fec9ad2d7461.
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This thesis is concerned with the ways in which international law regulates state and individual complicity. Complicity is a derivative form of responsibility that links an accomplice to wrongdoing by a principal actor. Whenever complicity is prohibited, certain questions arise about the scope and structure of the complicity rule. To answer these questions, this thesis proposes an analytical framework in which complicity rules may be assessed, and defends a normative claim as to their optimal structure. This framework and normative claim anchor the thesis’ analysis of complicity in international law. The thesis shows that international criminal law regulates individual complicity in a comprehensive way, using the doctrines of instigation and aiding and abetting to inculpate complicit participants in international crimes. These doctrines are marked by the breadth of the complicit conduct prohibited, a standard of knowledge in the fault required of the accomplice, and an underused nexus requirement between the accomplice’s acts and the principal’s wrong. In contrast, international law’s regulation of state complicity was historically marked by an absence of complicity rules. In respect of state complicity in the wrongdoing of another state, international law now imposes both specific and general complicity obligations, the latter prohibiting states from aiding or assisting another state in the commission of any internationally wrongful act. In respect of the ways that states participate in harms caused by non-state actors, the traditional normative structure of international law, which imposed obligations only on states, foreclosed the possibility of regulating the state’s participation as a form of complicity. As that traditional normative structure has evolved, so the possibility of holding states responsible for complicity in the wrongdoing of non-state actors has emerged. More and more, both the wrongs that international actors commit, and the wrongs they help or encourage others to commit, matter.
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Manton, Ryan. "Necessity in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0ee2dd8e-6eac-4364-b538-21ae5eb932a2.
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This thesis examines the role of necessity, as a defence to State responsibility, in international law. Necessity provides a State with a defence to the responsibility that would otherwise arise from its breach of an international obligation where the only way that State can safeguard an essential interest from a grave and imminent peril is to breach an obligation owed to a less imperilled State. It is a defence that has generated a considerable body of jurisprudence in recent years and yet it continues to be plagued by a perception that States have abused it in the past and by fears that States will abuse it in the future - 'necessity', declared the German Chancellor on the eve of World War I, 'knows no law'. This thesis contends that this perception is flawed and these fears are unfounded. The main claim of this thesis is that necessity operates as a safety valve within the law of State responsibility that mediates between the binding quality of international obligations and the harsh consequences that may follow from requiring compliance with those obligations at all costs. This safety valve promotes the reasonable application of international law and it recognises that international law must sometimes bend so that it does not break. The thesis bears out this claim by contending that necessity has a stronger pedigree than is commonly appreciated and that it is solidly grounded in, and its contours are constrained by, customary international law. It charts those contours by first examining the scope of the obligations to which necessity may provide a defence, which includes examining how necessity relates to fields of law that contain their own safety valves regulating emergency situations. It then proceeds to examine the conditions that a State must satisfy in order to establish necessity and it finally examines the consequences of necessity, including for the stability of international law. The thesis concludes that any suggestion that 'necessity knows no law' has no place in international law today.
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Taylor, Owen. "International law and revolution." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2014. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20343/.
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This thesis aims to provide an investigation into how revolutionary transformation aimed to affect the international legal order itself, rather than what the international order might have to say about a revolution. This study also hopes to illuminate the potential limits that the legal form offers to revolutionary praxis. Revolutionary praxis is taken to constitute action taken in pursuit of the social aspirations first born in the modern era alongside the expansion of the capitalist mode of production that envisaged a world free of the exploitation of man by man and the relentless pursuit of profit. This thesis takes as a central concern the deep connection between the form of law and capitalism, which implies that law as it is currently recognised would not survive the demise of capitalism, and that therefore revolutionary legal praxis would have as its ultimate aim the overthrowing of the current system of international legal relations. Such practice would simultaneously aim to reveal the law as complicit in and constitutive of capitalist oppression, thereby disenchanting the liberal legalist aspirations of the progressively inclined members of the profession. In order to examine this basic thesis, Soviet and Third World relationships to international law are considered. The Soviet relationship was explicitly couched as revolutionary praxis, although it did not see law as the prime location of such activity. The Third World also aimed at radically overhauling international relations, but did so with a far greater investment in the form of law as a vehicle for this aim. The thesis concludes that although the prime reason for the failure of both Soviet and Third World's international legal engagement could be considered in some sense as 'force of arms', that this was entwined with and supported by the 'force of law'. The law's internal logic proved inimical to revolutionary praxis, which offers a substantial caution to any attempt to 'use' international law to pursue anti-capitalist activity.
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Zeffert, Henrietta. "Home and international law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3566/.
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International lawyers talk about housing but rarely about home. This is surprising when one considers that home is central to everyday life in the world. Home is the navel of our daily journeys and an arbiter of the transitions we make during our life course. The image of ‘home as haven’ conjures a place liberated from fear, emotionally noble and natural, a metaphor for comfort, solidarity and protection. Yet home throughout the world is far from this ideal. Home destruction, forced eviction, displacement, distress sales, dispossession, repossession, unaffordability and homelessness are also emblematic experiences of home. As the desire for home is twinned with increasing anxieties about it arising from the pressures and possibilities of globalisation and its attendant spatial transformations, economic crisis, political realignment and escalating social inequality, the need to ask how the intimate realm of home is linked to the norms, ambitions and contradictions of global phenomena and the international legal regimes that relate to them is extensive. While home is not a well-developed concept in international law, in this thesis I argue that international law is in fact already present at home. Through three studies of home set in different contexts, I illustrate some of the ways that international law gets involved in transformations of home. I suggest that international law’s ‘homemaking’ work can have devastating effects and that these effects are frequently ignored or elided by scholars and lawmakers in the field. Nonetheless, I also argue that the concept of home can be understood as an analytical tool which opens up a terrain of experience – of loss, suffering and struggle but also radical engagement and expanded agency – that is not captured or expressed in international law. Taking a global socio-legal perspective and a critical geographic approach to home, this thesis traces how international law reaches into, takes place in, and gives shape to everyday life in relation to home. While the main aim of the thesis is to draw international law scholars’ attention to home, it also contributes to methodological discussions among international law scholars working at the interface of the local and the global and especially those scholars interested in the everyday life of international law.
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Walsh, Karen. "Fragmentation and the European patent system : a substantive law perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:935909ac-0873-42ff-b21f-cb63334c4c6f.
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Over fifty years after its original inception, the idea for a European unitary patent system has not yet been realised. Each attempt to introduce such a system has been met with fierce criticism. For the most recent proposal, the so-called unitary patent package, this tradition has continued. One of the most significant issues at the core of a majority of criticisms is that the existing European patent system is fragmented and that the proposed system will further increase this fragmentation. The almost universal assumption of commentators has been that this is a shortcoming of the system. However, to date no proper consideration of the legitimacy of this assumption has been attempted. Commentators have not asked what might the consequences be for the European patent system if fragmentation is a significant feature of the proposed system. This thesis considers the legitimacy of the assumption regarding the dangers of fragmentation for the European patent system, including substantive patent law. The conclusion reached has been that while fragmentation is a central feature of the existing European patent system, and is moreover likely to be a central feature of the proposed European unitary patent system, this is cause for neither criticism nor concern. On the contrary, fragmentation is not only an inherent feature of any European patent system, but also a desirable one. It is an inherent feature because no system has replaced the last, and rather than unifying the area, indirect law making has ensured a level of fragmentation. It is a desirable feature because the goals of European harmonisation and integration are not pursued entirely at the expense of national diversity. The fragmentation that exists within the current and future European patent systems should not be perceived as a negative feature of those systems, but rather embraced as an inherent and positive feature of them.
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Loos, Clemens. "The convergence and divergence of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6236_1182745813.
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In this minithesis, I demonstrate that International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law are two distinct but related fields of law. First, the examination deals with the instance that the aim of both branches of law, the protection of human rights, is common, but the approach to reach this aim is different. In this regard, I show numerous points of divergence of both branches of law which have their origin in the fundamentally different historical developments of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law. I give the main attention to the application of both sets of law, whereby the contractions and legal gaps of the protection of human rights become apparent. The proposals dealing with the solution of these issues are discussed. I argue that a new legal instrument for a comprehensive and compatible protection of human rights is necessary, especially in times of internal strife. Regarding the question as to whether International Humanitarian Law or International Human Rights Law should apply if both branches are applicable, I take the view to apply the roman principle of law lex specialis derogat legi generali in such a way that the more specific rule whenever they have a specific justification for dealing with specific problems is applicable. Both branches of law do not merge to one, but they converge to a harmonious relationship, where they complement each other and provide the highest protection of human rights.
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Ochse, Aaron Richard. "Targeted Killing, Drones and International Law| How U.S. Practice is Shaping International Law." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1556566.
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Since 2002, the United States has been conducting drone strikes as an integral part of its war on terror against al Qaeda. This paper discusses the evolution of that practice and considers the legal implications of the targeted killing of alleged members of al Qaeda and its affiliate organizations in non-battlefield situations. It argues that the U.S. is negatively influencing international law at a time when the law is unsettled with regard to non-battlefield targeting of members of armed opposition groups. Further, some of the strikes conducted by the U.S. violate the principles of distinction, proportionality and military necessity. The paper suggests that the U.S. should alter its course of actions, support a more restrained view of the boundaries of targeted killing, and limit any targeted killings to high-level members of terrorist organizations.
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Fard, Shahrad Nasrolahi. "Is reciprocity a foundation of international law or whether international law creates reciprocity?" Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/d749591e-1f9b-4d7b-a43a-3dc7ef062b15.
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The absence of a powerful uniform legal authority, to enforce international law and international agreements, has placed reciprocity in a pivotal position in inter-State relations and the extent to which States rely on reciprocity. This thesis examines the significance of reciprocity and the extent to which reciprocity manifests itself in international law, more specifically is this manifestation a foundation of international law or whether international law creates reciprocity. The present work argues how reciprocity in international law is a multifaceted concept. On the one side it is a principal tool incentivising States away from wrongful acts, and to abide by their obligations; alternatively it is a tool for establishing the right to a reciprocal response. Thus the study sets out to explore how international law shapes the international community’s interactions and how, in turn, these interactions shape international law. Considering the important role that the rule of law plays in the context of international law, the thesis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the rule of law particularly in its relationship with international law. This analysis will provide a useful discussion on the interactions between the rule of law and reciprocity. The United Nations was established to enhance co-operation amongst the international community with the goal of maintaining international peace and security. This thesis will explore the role of reciprocity in international law on enhancing international commitment and international co-operation. The significance of this lies in reciprocal and ‘remedial’ options in international law that maintain States’ commitment to international obligations which in turn develops friendly relations and international co-operation. This thesis will aim to contribute to scholarly works to bridge the existing gap in interdisciplinary studies exploring the connection between reciprocity, co-operation and the rule of law in the realm of international law.
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Weatherall, Thomas Christopher. "Peremptory norms of general international law (Jus Cogens) : international law and social contract." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607751.
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Lu, Angela Cheng-Jui. "International airline alliances : EC competition law-US antitrust law and international air transport /." Leiden, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41007115m.
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Neuwirth, Rostam Josef. "International law and the public/private law distinction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64296.pdf.
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Dang, Hop Xuan. "International law as governing law of state contracts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496437.
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Las, Heras Horacio Raúl. "International Labor Law Standards and Argentine Domestic Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117309.
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The following article attempts to address the problem, from the point of view of the labour law, which arises on the interpretation of standards on the basis of an analysis of sources, both internal sources such as international. Whereupon, the author advocates maintain the essence of the protective principle of labour law which will lead to combining rules from different sources to protect both the worker as the structure institutional and legal of the domestic law of each country.El presente artículo intenta abordar la problemática, desde el punto de vista del derecho laboral, que se presenta en torno a la interpretación de normas laborales partiendo de un análisis de fuentes, ya sea tanto fuente interna como internacional. Con lo cual, el autor aboga por mantener la esencia del principio protector del derecho laboral lo cual llevará a conjugar normas de las diferentes fuentes para proteger tanto al trabajador como a la estructura institucional y legal del derecho interno de cada país.
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BARRA, MATTEO. "Investment protection between international law and EU law." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4053897.
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