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Journal articles on the topic 'Fragmented population'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2021

Last updated: 21 June 2025

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Smith, James N. M., and Jessica J. Hellmann. "Population persistence in fragmented landscapes." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, no. 9 (2002): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02576-4.

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Zheng, S., Z. Cao, K. Wang, et al. "Effect of habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii Reshov. in an agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 5 (2009): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08231.

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Native grassland in China have been fragmented due to the introduction of agriculture, which has the potential to reduce genetic diversity. In order to understand the potential effects of fragmentation, we conducted a study to examine the genetic diversity between two populations of Stipa krylovii in a typical steppe ecoregion, in northern China. One population was fragmented by farmland (PF) while the second was continuous steppe (PS). The populations were 30 km apart. Genetic diversity was assessed by sampling plants in four geographically similar subpopulations in each population and analyzed for their DNA using the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Of 50 primers tested, 7 produced 122 amplified bands from 120 individuals, of which 92% (112) were polymorphic. According to the UPGMA dendogram, the four PF subpopulations were grouped separately from the four PS subpopulations. However, AMOVA analysis indicated that habitat fragmentation over the past 50 yr had not changed genetic diversity and variation among S. krylovii populations in an agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China. Therefore, the genetic diversity of this species can be maintained if agriculture disturbance is not increased. Key words: Genetic variation, gene flow, ISSR, fragmented population, non-fragmented population

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Fraser, Dylan J., Paul V. Debes, Louis Bernatchez, and Jeffrey A. Hutchings. "Population size, habitat fragmentation, and the nature of adaptive variation in a stream fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1790 (2014): 20140370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0370.

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Whether and how habitat fragmentation and population size jointly affect adaptive genetic variation and adaptive population differentiation are largely unexplored. Owing to pronounced genetic drift, small, fragmented populations are thought to exhibit reduced adaptive genetic variation relative to large populations. Yet fragmentation is known to increase variability within and among habitats as population size decreases. Such variability might instead favour the maintenance of adaptive polymorphisms and/or generate more variability in adaptive differentiation at smaller population size. We investigated these alternative hypotheses by analysing coding-gene, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with different biological functions in fragmented brook trout populations of variable sizes. Putative adaptive differentiation was greater between small and large populations or among small populations than among large populations. These trends were stronger for genetic population size measures than demographic ones and were present despite pronounced drift in small populations. Our results suggest that fragmentation affects natural selection and that the changes elicited in the adaptive genetic composition and differentiation of fragmented populations vary with population size. By generating more variable evolutionary responses, the alteration of selective pressures during habitat fragmentation may affect future population persistence independently of, and perhaps long before, the effects of demographic and genetic stochasticity are manifest.

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Gruntfest, Yana, Roger Arditi, and Yuri Dombrovsky. "A Fragmented Population in a Varying Environment." Journal of Theoretical Biology 185, no. 4 (1997): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1996.0358.

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Škute, Natalja, Jelena Oreha, Baiba Krivmane, and Arina Evarte. "Genetic Structure of Perch Perca Fluviatilis (L.) Populations in Latvian Rivers that are Fragmented (Daugava) and Non-Fragmented (Lielupe) By Hydroelectric Dams." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 75, no. 3 (2021): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2021-0031.

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Abstract Water ecosystems have an important role in maintenance of biological diversity and environmental quality in Latvia. Fish resources are one of the most valuable biological resources in Latvia. To evaluate the influence of economic activity (anthropogenic influence of cities, hydroelectric power stations) on freshwater ecosystems, the genetic structure of perch Perca fluviatilis (L.) populations in Daugava River and Lielupe River was studied. The genetic structure of the perch populations from Daugava River and Lielupe River was investigated using 9 DNA microsatellites (Pfla L4, Pfla L10, Pfla L2, Pfla L6, YP111, YP78, YP60, Svi L10, Svi L7), and by genetic diversity, the level of polymorphism, means of alleles per locus, observed and expected heterozygosity, and population structuring. It was shown that the perch population in the Daugava River in the territory of Riga was significantly different from the other populations and there was a lower level of heterozygosity in this population. In the Daugava River, genetic differentiation was significant for fish populations between Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) and Riga HPP reservoirs due to the fragmentation of population by HPP dams.

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Pickup, M., D. L. Field, D. M. Rowell, and A. G. Young. "Source population characteristics affect heterosis following genetic rescue of fragmented plant populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (2013): 20122058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2058.

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Understanding the relative importance of heterosis and outbreeding depression over multiple generations is a key question in evolutionary biology and is essential for identifying appropriate genetic sources for population and ecosystem restoration. Here we use 2455 experimental crosses between 12 population pairs of the rare perennial plant Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides (Asteraceae) to investigate the multi-generational (F 1 , F 2 , F 3 ) fitness outcomes of inter-population hybridization. We detected no evidence of outbreeding depression, with inter-population hybrids and backcrosses showing either similar fitness or significant heterosis for fitness components across the three generations. Variation in heterosis among population pairs was best explained by characteristics of the foreign source or home population, and was greatest when the source population was large, with high genetic diversity and low inbreeding, and the home population was small and inbred. Our results indicate that the primary consideration for maximizing progeny fitness following population augmentation or restoration is the use of seed from large, genetically diverse populations.

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Bennett, A. M., M. Keevil, and J. D. Litzgus. "Demographic differences among populations of Northern Map Turtles (Graptemys geographica) in intact and fragmented sites." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 12 (2009): 1147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-105.

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Habitat fragmentation is a leading cause of reptile declines worldwide. We examined demographic differences between populations of Northern Map Turtles, Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur, 1817), inhabiting intact and fragmented sites along the Trent–Severn Waterway (TSW) in Ontario over two field seasons. We examined population densities, sex ratios, body size, and growth rates in two control sites and two fragmented sites (where the waterway is disrupted by dams). We predicted that population density would be higher in control sites, and that sex ratios would differ among sites. Abundance was greater than expected, but densities could not be compared owing to a lack of recaptures. Sex ratios in control sites were slightly male-biased and were significantly female-biased in fragmented sites. Turtles in fragmented habitats were significantly smaller than those in control habitats. Estimated growth rates of juveniles and males were significantly reduced in fragmented populations compared with controls. We hypothesize that habitat alterations in fragmented sites are differentially affecting demographic classes because of the intersexual niche divergence observed in Map Turtles. We emphasize the need for further research to examine the interactions between habitat alteration and invasive species and the effects they are having on Northern Map Turtle populations.

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Barrowclough, George F., Jeff G. Groth, Lisa A. Mertz, and R. J. Gutiérrez. "Genetic Structure of Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Lucida) Populations in a Fragmented Landscape." Auk 123, no. 4 (2006): 1090–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.4.1090.

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Abstract We used mitochondrial DNA control-region sequences to investigate the genetic structure of Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) populations in the southwestern United States. This subspecies is federally listed as threatened, and its preferred habitat is naturally fragmented. We found that intrapopulation genetic diversity was high in all but the southeastern Arizona “sky island” populations, where it was variable. Genetic variance partitioning indicated that ≈17% of the variation was distributed among populations and 7.5% was distributed among physiographic regions. Patterns of genetic correlation with geographic distance indicated that gene flow was substantial among populations within the relatively continuous habitat zone of the Mogollon Rim-Upper Gila Mountains in central Arizona and west-central New Mexico. However, there was significant isolation-by-distance elsewhere, and estimates of genetic divergence increased exponentially with geographic distance among fragmented populations on the scale of a few hundreds of kilometers; this implies that gene flow is restricted among those habitat fragments. Genetic heterogeneity among southeastern Arizona populations suggest that they have regularly received immigrants from the central Arizona populations. The Colorado population either was larger than thought or, more likely, has continuously received immigrants from elsewhere and is not a self-sustaining population. Estructura Genética de las Poblaciones de Strix occidentalis lucida en un Paisaje Fragmentado

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Lazaro, Christine, and Benjamin Edwards. "The Fragmented Regulation of Investment Advice: A Call for Harmonization." Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review, no. 4.1 (2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.4.1.fragmented.

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Decades of short-term thinking and regulatory fixes created the bewilderingly complex statutory and regulatory structures governing the giving of personalized investment advice to retail customers. Although deeply flawed, the current systems remain entrenched because of the difficulties inherent in making radical alterations. Importantly, the current patchwork systems do not seem to serve retail customers particularly well. Retail customers tend to make predictable and costly mistakes in allocating their assets. Some of this occurs because many investors lack basic financial literacy. A recent study released by the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on financial literacy among investors (the “Literacy Study”) highlights some frightening findings. The Literacy Study documents that many investors struggle to protect themselves against fraud and do not understand basic concepts such as diversification, investment costs, inflation, or compound interest. Certain subgroups, “including women, African-Americans, Hispanics, the oldest segment of the elderly population, and those who are poorly educated, have an even greater lack of investment knowledge than the general population.” Much has been said about the role of financial literacy in protecting investors. Investors may also be protected through legislation and regulation. Following the Great Depression, the federal securities laws were enacted for precisely this purpose. But over time, the distinctions that once existed between the different professionals offering different forms of investment advice have disappeared, blurring the lines between existing regulatory structures.

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M Davlatov, Abdulaziz. "Assessment of the Population Status of Zegris Fausti Christoph, 1877 (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) in Tajikistan." Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR 6, no. 2 (2025): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.54026/esecr/10114.

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This paper describes the monitoring of the current population status of Zegris fausti Christoph, 1877 in Tajikistan. Ther results show that this species has a fragmented distribution and its populations occupy only small areas. The number of adults within each population varies, but is generally not low. The densest populations are found within the Tabakchi Ridge. The results of the study indicate a stable state of the Z. fausti population in Tajikistan. Based on these data, additional conservation measures are not required to protect this species. Given the fragmented distribution of Z. fausti in Tajikistan, further monitoring of the population status of this species seems necessary.

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Krauss, Siegfried L., Luise Hermanutz, Stephen D. Hopper, and David J. Coates. "Population-size effects on seeds and seedlings from fragmented eucalypt populations: implications for seed sourcing for ecological restoration." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06141.

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Ecological restoration of degraded habitats is a major conservation activity requiring the collection of large amounts of native seed. Seed production and the genetic quality of seed may be influenced by properties of the source population, such as population size and fragmentation, potentially having an impact on restoration goals. We assessed the population-size effects on seed production and seedling performance in two Western Australian wheatbelt eucalypts, Eucalyptus salmonophloia F.Muell. and E. salubris F.Muell. Both species were historically widespread and dominant, but, as a consequence of land-clearing for agriculture, now exist as small, highly fragmented populations throughout the western half of their range. Given their former importance in the landscape, these species will be critical in ecological restoration of the region. We assessed small (n = 6–12) and large (n > 200) remnant populations in a highly fragmented landscape and compared these to large unfragmented populations. Seed number per capsule was dependent on population size and fragmentation for E. salubris, but not for E. salmonophloia. Large, unfragmented populations of E. salubris produced more than twice the number of seeds per capsule (mean = 2.95) than small and/or fragmented populations. However, seed germination, seed weight, seedling survival and seedling vigour to 1 year were independent of population size or fragmentation in both species. Our results suggest that reduced population size and increased fragmentation can negatively affect pollen quantity and/or quality, thereby limiting seed production, although no fitness effects were observed post-seed maturation. We suggest that the relative absence of post-seed maturation fitness effects in these small fragmented populations are a consequence of (1) wide outcrossing resulting from long-distance dispersal of pollen by highly mobile birds among fragmented populations and/or (2) efficient pre- or post-zygotic selection against more homozygous zygotes within fruits so that only relatively outbred seeds mature. The consequences on seed collection for ecological restoration of reduced population size and increased fragmentation for these eucalypts may be fewer seeds for the same collecting effort, but no apparent fitness effects of mature seeds. However, caution should be exercised when harvesting seed from these smaller populations, as over-harvesting may have an impact on recruitment and hence long-term persistence.

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W. Luck, Gary. "The dynamics and conservation of a spatially subdivided avian population in a fragmented landscape." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 3 (2002): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020159.

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Many bird species have declined in abundance in the agricultural regions of southern Australia, The mechanisms underlying these declines and the viability of the remaining populations are largely unknown, A number of species exist as spatially subdivided populations in heavily fragmented landscapes. Metapopulation and source-sink theory have influenced thinking on the dynamics of subdivided populations, but the general applicability of these theories is uncertain. I examined the dynamics of a subdivided population of the Rufous Treecreeper Climacteris ruta, a declining woodland passerine, occupying a fragmented, agricultural landscape in southwestern Australia. I determined if local populations could replace themselves without immigration and estimated population growth rates for the periods 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. I also examined the influence of movement between local populations on the viability of the entire subdivided population. Out of four geographically defined local populations, only one was above replacement, and only in one year of the study. Fledgling productivity and recruitment in the remainder were not sufficient to compensate for breeding female mortality. Long-term population growth estimates were <1 for all local populations, but variability in demographic rates suggested that the status of these populations may fluctuate over time. Also, there appeared to be sufficient movement between local populations, and into the study area from nearby habitat remnants, to slow or halt any decline in local population size, Within- and between-local-population processes appeared to be important to the viability of the treecreeper population during the two years of the study, and this is consistent with the general principles of metapopulation theory. I compared the dynamics of the treecreeper population occupying the fragmented landscape with one occupying a continuously wooded landscape and found that the latter had population growth rates >1, suggesting it may be an important population source and vital to the regional viability of the species.

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K.-P. Leung, Luke, Chris R. Dickman, and Leslie A. Moore. "Genetic variation in fragmented populations of an Australian rainforest rodent, Melomys cervinipes." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 1 (1994): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc930058.

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Small, isolated populations of an Australian rodent, Melomys cervinipes, occur in rainforest fragments on the Atherton Tableland in northeastern Queensland. We studied the genetic structure of four of these populations: one island (4.3 ha; isolated in 1960), three fragments (2.5, 7.5, 97.5 ha; isolated between 1920 and 1930) and a control population in continuous rainforest. The relative density of M. cervinipes did not differ among the populations, hence population size was approximately proportional to the forest area. Electrophoresis was performed on blood samples taken from the populations. Average heterozygosity (H) was estimated from the allelic distribution of 24 loci for each population and varied from 0.01 to 0.05. The island population had reduced heterozygosity compared to the control population, but the fragment populations were not significantly less heterozygous than the control. Although the fragment populations were markedly different in size, they did not differ in heterozygosity among themselves. The ability of fragment populations to maintain genetic viability is probably due to migration. The rainforest fragments exist in an extensive grassland containing a variety of habitat corridors which could facilitate movement and gene flow. Following the electrophoretic work, spool-and-line and radio tracking and live-trapping were carried out in the corridors; the presence of M. cervinipes in the corridors and its use of the corridors for movement was confirmed. The island population appears to be substantially more isolated than the fragment populations as water is likely to be a much more effective barrier to movement in M. cervinipes than is heterogeneous grassland. The genetic viability of the island population has probably been reduced through drift, leading to fixation of alleles: six of eight polymorphic loci being fixed in the island population. We therefore suggest that retention or establishment of habitat corridors is an important means of sustaining the genetic variability of populations in fragmented systems.

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Payette, Serge, Ann Delwaide, Pierre-Luc Couillard, and Vanessa Pilon. "Disjunct jack pine (Pinus banksiana) populations of the boreal forest in eastern Canada: expanding, declining, or stable?" Botany 95, no. 7 (2017): 697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0319.

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Plant species are unique in their biological traits and biogeographical history, resulting in distinctive species distributions. Continuous and fragmented ranges of varying size and shape have captured the interest of biogeographers. Fragmented distribution into isolated populations is a common pattern of temperate and boreal species caused by contraction and expansion processes. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), a North American tree species, is among a multitude of species showing range distributions fragmented to isolated populations. Whether disjunct jack pine forests are remnants of larger Holocene populations or newly established populations due to long-distance transport remains unanswered. We used a retrospective approach based on soil macrocharcoal analysis to address the question of residency of a disjunct population in the boreal forest. The studied forest forms a disjunct population of a former regional population that has contracted since the mid-Holocene. Short to moderately long fire intervals occurred over the last 6000 years to maintain the species in a fire-prone, sandy environment assuring its regeneration and survival. Disjunct distributions similar to the studied pine population are often caused by regional extirpation of populations in which environmental contraction produces small ecological refugia where local conditions remain suitable through time for a species to complete its life cycle.

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Coates, David J., Jane F. Sampson, and Colin J. Yates. "Plant mating systems and assessing population persistence in fragmented landscapes." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06142.

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Population size and habitat disturbance are key factors likely to shape the mating system of populations in disturbed and fragmented landscapes. They would be expected to influence the availability and behaviour of the pollinator, the ability to find mates in self-incompatible species, inbreeding in self-compatible species and the size of the pollen pool. These in turn might be expected to influence key variables critical for population persistence such as seed production, seed germination and seedling fitness. Here we investigate mating-system variation in six rare species, i.e. Banksia cuneata, B. oligantha, Lambertia orbifolia (Proteaceae), Verticordia fimbrilepis subsp. fimbrilepis, Eucalyptus rameliana (Myrtaceae), Acacia sciophanes (Mimosaceae), and two common species, i.e. Calothamnus quadrifidus (Myrtaceae) and Acacia anfractuosa. All seven species are animal-pollinated relatively long-lived woody shrubs with mixed-mating systems. Population variation in mating-system parameters was investigated in relation to population size and habitat disturbance. We show that although the mating system will vary depending on pollination biology and life-history, as populations get smaller and habitat disturbance increases there is a trend towards increased inbreeding, smaller effective sizes of paternal pollen pools and greater variation in outcrossing among plants. From the species investigated in this study we have found that changes in the mating system can be useful indicators of population processes and can give valuable insight into the development of conservation strategies for the persistence of plant species following anthropogenic disturbance and landscape fragmentation.

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Tomimatsu, Hiroshi, and Masashi Ohara. "Genetic diversity and local population structure of fragmented populations of Trillium camschatcense (Trilliaceae)." Biological Conservation 109, no. 2 (2003): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00153-2.

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Lu, Qiu, and Lu. "Effects of Landscape Fragmentation on Genetic Diversity of Male-Biased Dioecious Plant Pistacia chinensis Bunge Populations." Forests 10, no. 9 (2019): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090792.

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Pistacia chinensis Bunge (Anacardiaceae) is a dioecious woody plant of significant economic values that is used in traditional Chinese Medicine as well as for wood production. More importantly, it is one of the ideal tree species for bio-diesel production because of the high oil content in its seeds. In this study, we aim to reveal the effects of landscape fragmentation on the genetic diversity (GD) of the dioecious plant Pistacia chinensis populations. A total of nine microsatellites were used to genotype 180 P. chinensis individuals from six populations to estimate the differences in GD between different populations. The study revealed that genetic diversity of the P. chinensis population as a whole is relatively high in the Thousand-Island Lake (TIL) region, but its fragmented landscape still led to the loss of rare alleles, especially in a fragmented small population, a post-fragmented population, and a male population. The partitioning of a large continuous population into small isolated remnant patches led to the direct loss of genetic diversity and, subsequently, because of the mediated gene flow of seeds and pollen, genetic drift, and the spatial distribution of existing plants, the GD gradually decreased. The restricted gene flow and the increase in self-pollination and inbreeding impaired the population’s long-term development. Therefore, the wild P. chinensis populations in the TIL region needs effective protective measures, including foreign artificial pollination and seedling transplantations.

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Hol, Felix J. H., Or Rotem, Edouard Jurkevitch, Cees Dekker, and Daniel A. Koster. "Bacterial predator–prey dynamics in microscale patchy landscapes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1824 (2016): 20152154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2154.

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Soil is a microenvironment with a fragmented (patchy) spatial structure in which many bacterial species interact. Here, we explore the interaction between the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and its prey Escherichia coli in microfabricated landscapes. We ask how fragmentation influences the prey dynamics at the microscale and compare two landscape geometries: a patchy landscape and a continuous landscape. By following the dynamics of prey populations with high spatial and temporal resolution for many generations, we found that the variation in predation rates was twice as large in the patchy landscape and the dynamics was correlated over shorter length scales. We also found that while the prey population in the continuous landscape was almost entirely driven to extinction, a significant part of the prey population in the fragmented landscape persisted over time. We observed significant surface-associated growth, especially in the fragmented landscape and we surmise that this sub-population is more resistant to predation. Our results thus show that microscale fragmentation can significantly influence bacterial interactions.

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Mosseler, A. "Life history and genetic diversity in red pine: implications for gene conservation in forestry." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 6 (1992): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68701-6.

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Red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., is a suffusively rare species throughout its geographical range, occurring as small, highly fragmented populations. Such species are particularly vulnerable to the genetic and demographic stochasticity that can lead to local extinction and losses of genetic variation. Red pine illustrates the difficulty that species with long generation times have in recovering genetic diversity once it has been lost. Tree species that lose their genetic diversity may not recover the genetic variation required for effective adaptive responses to environmental challenges. Population declines in rare tree species should be viewed with greater concern by forest managers because the loss of a tree species threatens ecological stability and future economic potential in areas of limited biodiversity. Newfoundland's red pine population provides an example for a broader discussion of concepts in population ecology and genetics useful in developing gene conservation efforts for tree populations characterized by fragmented distributions, small population sizes, and declining population numbers. Key words: population ecology, genetic diversity, gene conservation, metapopulation, reproductive success

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McCulloch, Eve S., Tello J. Sebastián, Andrew Whitehead, Claudia M. J. Rolón‐Mendoza, Mario C. D. Maldonado‐Rodríguez, and Richard D. Stevens. "Fragmentation of Atlantic Forest has not affected gene flow of a widespread seed-dispersing bat." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 18 (2013): 4619–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14821994.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Habitat loss and resultant fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity, particularly in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. It is increasingly urgent to understand fragmentation effects, which are often complex and vary across taxa, time and space. We determined whether recent fragmentation of Atlantic forest is causing population subdivision in a widespread and important Neotropical seed disperser: Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Genetic structure within highly fragmented forest in Paraguay was compared to that in mostly contiguous forest in neighbouring Misiones, Argentina. Further, observed genetic structure across the fragmented landscape was compared with expected levels of structure for similar time spans in realistic simulated landscapes under different degrees of reduction in gene flow. If fragmentation significantly reduced successful dispersal, greater population differentiation and stronger isolation by distance would be expected in the fragmented than in the continuous landscape, and genetic structure in the fragmented landscape should be similar to structure for simulated landscapes where dispersal had been substantially reduced. Instead, little genetic differentiation was observed, and no significant correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance in fragmented or continuous landscapes. Furthermore, comparison of empirical and simulated landscapes indicated empirical results were consistent with regular long-distance dispersal and high migration rates. Our results suggest maintenance of high gene flow for this relatively mobile and generalist species, which could be preventing or significantly delaying reduction in population connectivity in fragmented habitat. Our conclusions apply to A. lituratus in Interior Atlantic Forest, and do not contradict broad evidence that habitat fragmentation is contributing to extinction of populations and species, and poses a threat to biodiversity worldwide.

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Hanski, Ilkka. "AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE ON POPULATION VIABILITY IN FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES1." Evolution 55, no. 12 (2001): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2623:aapopv]2.0.co;2.

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Meagher, T. R. "Plant population biology: Paternity analysis in a fragmented landscape." Heredity 99, no. 6 (2007): 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6801041.

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Hanski, Ilkka. "AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE ON POPULATION VIABILITY IN FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES." Evolution 55, no. 12 (2001): 2623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00776.x.

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Breyne, Peter, Joachim Mergeay, and Jim Casaer. "Roe deer population structure in a highly fragmented landscape." European Journal of Wildlife Research 60, no. 6 (2014): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-014-0859-3.

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Scott, Jason L., Fidel Hernández, Leonard A. Brennan, Bart M. Ballard, Michael Janis, and N. David Forrester. "Population demographics of translocated northern bobwhites on fragmented habitat." Wildlife Society Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2012): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.239.

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Monroy-Vilchis, Octavio, Rosa-Laura Heredia-Bobadilla, Martha M. Zarco-González, Víctor Ávila-Akerberg, and Armando Sunny. "Genetic diversity and structure of two endangered mole salamander species of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt." Herpetozoa 32 (October 8, 2019): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38023.

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The most important factor leading to amphibian population declines and extinctions is habitat degradation and destruction. To help prevent further extinctions, studies are needed to make appropriate conservation decisions in small and fragmented populations. The goal of this study was to provide data from the population genetics of two micro-endemic mole salamanders from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Nine microsatellite markers were used to study the population genetics of 152 individuals from two Ambystoma species. We sampled 38 individuals in two localities for A. altamirani and A. rivualre. We found medium to high levels of genetic diversity expressed as heterozygosity in the populations. However, all the populations presented few alleles per locus and genotypes. We found strong genetic structure between populations for each species. Effective population size was small but similar to that of the studies from other mole salamanders with restricted distributions or with recently fragmented habitats. Despite the medium to high levels of genetic diversity expressed as heterozygosity, we found few alleles, evidence of a genetic bottleneck and that the effective population size is small in all populations. Therefore, this study is important to propose better management plans and conservation efforts for these species.

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Monroy-Vilchis, Octavio, Rosa-Laura Heredia-Bobadilla, Martha M. Zarco-González, Víctor Ávila-Akerberg, and Armando Sunny. "Genetic diversity and structure of two endangered mole salamander species of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt." Herpetozoa 32, no. () (2019): 237–48. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38023.

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The most important factor leading to amphibian population declines and extinctions is habitat degradation and destruction. To help prevent further extinctions, studies are needed to make appropriate conservation decisions in small and fragmented populations. The goal of this study was to provide data from the population genetics of two micro-endemic mole salamanders from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Nine microsatellite markers were used to study the population genetics of 152 individuals from two Ambystoma species. We sampled 38 individuals in two localities for A. altamirani and A. rivulare. We found medium to high levels of genetic diversity expressed as heterozygosity in the populations. However, all the populations presented few alleles per locus and genotypes. We found strong genetic structure between populations for each species. Effective population size was small but similar to that of the studies from other mole salamanders with restricted distributions or with recently fragmented habitats. Despite the medium to high levels of genetic diversity expressed as heterozygosity, we found few alleles, evidence of a genetic bottleneck and that the effective population size is small in all populations. Therefore, this study is important to propose better management plans and conservation efforts for these species.

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Mlynarek, Julia J., Chandra E. Moffat, Sara Edwards, et al. "Enemy escape: A general phenomenon in a fragmented literature?" FACETS 2, no. 2 (2017): 1015–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0041.

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Many populations are thought to be regulated, in part, by their natural enemies. If so, disruption of this regulation should allow rapid population growth. Such “enemy escape” may occur in a variety of circumstances, including invasion, natural range expansion, range edges, suppression of enemy populations, host shifting, phenological changes, and defensive innovation. Periods of relaxed enemy pressure also occur in, and may drive, population oscillations and outbreaks. We draw attention to similarities among circumstances of enemy escape and build a general conceptual framework for the phenomenon. Although these circumstances share common mechanisms and depend on common assumptions, enemy escape can involve dynamics operating on very different temporal and spatial scales. In particular, the duration of enemy escape is rarely considered but will likely vary among circumstances. Enemy escape can have important evolutionary consequences including increasing competitive ability, spurring diversification, or triggering enemy counteradaptation. These evolutionary consequences have been considered for plant–herbivore interactions and invasions but largely neglected for other circumstances of enemy escape. We aim to unite the fragmented literature, which we argue has impeded progress in building a broader understanding of the eco-evolutionary dynamics of enemy escape.

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Barañano, Carlota, Emilio Fernández, Paloma Morán, Pablo Urbieta, and Gonzalo Méndez. "Population dynamics of a fragmented subtidal Zostera marina population affected by shell fishing." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 269 (May 2022): 107818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2022.107818.

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Krug, Astrid, and Heike Pröhl. "Population genetics in a fragmented population of the European tree frog (Hyla arborea)." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 1 (2013): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002875.

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Habitat degradation and fragmentation are known to be major threats for population persistence in European amphibians. The European tree frog Hyla arborea has suffered from dramatic population declines in the last decades and has therefore been categorised as threatened in many Red Data lists. In the region of Hannover (Germany), the European tree frog has a fragmented distribution. The aim of our study was to infer the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation in this area by examining genetic variation and population structure. DNA samples from 193 individuals from 11 sampling sites (10 sampling sites located 2 to 32 km apart from each other near Hannover and for comparison one sampling site 140 km northeast) were analysed with eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. Bayesian analyses indicated that the tree frog occurrences near Hannover were fragmented into four genetically distinct clusters according to their geographical distribution. Pairwise genetic distances between sampling sites varied between 0 and 0.23 (FST) and 0 and 0.48 (Dest) and indicated high to moderate gene flow within genetic clusters and nearly absent gene flow among genetic clusters. Moreover, we identified a potential source population within the region for an introduced population in the southwest of Hannover. Our data suggest that the genetic structure is influenced in part by isolation by distance and in part by lack of habitat or migration barriers. Habitat fragmentation should by counteracted by targeted conservation measures in areas where gaps in distribution and genetic fragmentation have been revealed.

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Steinicke, Ernst, Igor Jelen, Gerhard Karl Lieb, Roland Löffler, and Peter Čede. "Slovenes in Italy: A Fragmented Minority." European Countryside 8, no. 1 (2016): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/euco-2016-0004.

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Abstract The study examines the Slovenian-speaking minority in the northern Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It explores the spatial fragmentation in the Slovenian settlement area in Italy and analyzes the socio-economic and demographic processes that exert influence on the minority. The work is based on the critical evaluation of the current status of research, of statistical data from the state censuses and results of own research on site. The Slovenian-language population in the entire region is currently estimated at about 46,000 people. The main settlement area is the eastern border region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, which is characterized by different cultural and regional identities. While the Slovenian-speaking population of Friuli focuses more on its cultural and regional distinctions, the majority of the Slovenian-language group in Venezia Giulia considers itself a “national minority.”

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Nair, Abhilash, Toby Fountain, Suvi Ikonen, Sami P. Ojanen, and Saskya van Nouhuys. "Spatial and temporal genetic structure at the fourth trophic level in a fragmented landscape." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1831 (2016): 20160668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0668.

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A fragmented habitat becomes increasingly fragmented for species at higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids. To persist, these species are expected to possess life-history traits, such as high dispersal, that facilitate their ability to use resources that become scarce in fragmented landscapes. If a specialized parasitoid disperses widely to take advantage of a sparse host, then the parasitoid population should have lower genetic structure than the host. We investigated the temporal and spatial genetic structure of a hyperparasitoid (fourth trophic level) in a fragmented landscape over 50 × 70 km, using microsatellite markers, and compared it with the known structures of its host parasitoid, and the butterfly host which lives as a classic metapopulation. We found that population genetic structure decreases with increasing trophic level. The hyperparasitoid has fewer genetic clusters ( K = 4), than its host parasitoid ( K = 15), which in turn is less structured than the host butterfly ( K = 27). The genetic structure of the hyperparasitoid also shows temporal variation, with genetic differentiation increasing due to reduction of the population size, which reduces the effective population size. Overall, our study confirms the idea that specialized species must be dispersive to use a fragmented host resource, but that this adaptation has limits.

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Broadhurst, Linda M. "Genetic diversity and population genetic structure in fragmented Allocasuarina verticillata (Allocasuarinaceae) – implications for restoration." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 8 (2011): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11253.

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Vegetation restoration in fragmented regions is constrained by limited supplies of high quality seed and an understanding of the scale over which seed can be moved without causing negative outcomes. ‘Local’ seed is often prescribed for restoration but in fragmented landscapes this restricts collecting to small, inbred populations. Six polymorphic microsatellites were used to examine genetic diversity and population genetic structure in seed collected from 18 fragmented natural populations and three restored populations of the wind-pollinated and dispersed tree Allocasuarina verticillata, a key restoration species. Smaller populations produced seed crops with significantly fewer alleles, lower allelic richness and less gene diversity. Most of the populations assessed, including the restored sites, produce genetically diverse seed crops suitable for restoration but smaller populations (<30 plants) should be augmented with seed from larger populations. Principal coordinate analysis, graph-theory and Bayesian analyses found little evidence of spatially predictable genetic structure across the study region, which probably reflects long distance gene dispersal preventing the development of strong spatial structure. The absence of strong spatial patterns suggests that seed can be moved beyond current 5–50-km limits while being mindful of strong selection gradients or conditions that might indicate locally adapted populations.

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Vögeli, Matthias, Paola Laiolo, David Serrano, and José L. Tella. "Predation of experimental nests is linked to local population dynamics in a fragmented bird population." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (2011): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0241.

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Artificial nest experiments (ANEs) are widely used to obtain proxies of natural nest predation for testing a variety of hypotheses, from those dealing with variation in life-history strategies to those assessing the effects of habitat fragmentation on the persistence of bird populations. However, their applicability to real-world scenarios has been criticized owing to the many potential biases in comparing predation rates of artificial and natural nests. Here, we aimed to test the validity of estimates of ANEs using a novel approach. We related predation rates on artificial nests to population viability analyses in a songbird metapopulation as a way of predicting the real impact of predation events on the local populations studied. Predation intensity on artificial nests was negatively related to the species' annual population growth rate in small local populations, whereas the viability of large local populations did not seem to be influenced, even by high nest predation rates. The potential of extrapolation from ANEs to real-world scenarios is discussed, as these results suggest that artificial nest predation estimates may predict demographic processes in small structured populations.

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Keith, Lloyd B., Sara E. M. Bloomer, and Tomas Willebrand. "Dynamics of a snow shoe hare population in fragmented habitat." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 7 (1993): 1385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-191.

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During November 1988 – December 1991 we livetrapped, radio-collared, and monitored the survival, reproduction, and movements of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in highly fragmented habitat near the species' geographic limit in central Wisconsin. Our 7 study areas centered on 5- to 28-ha patches of prime habitat: dense stands of willow (Salix), alder (Alnus), and regenerating aspen (Populus) on poorly drained soils. Maximum hare densities averaged 1.6 – 0.8/ha, and were unrelated to patch size. Rapid declines to extinction occurred on 3 of the 5 smallest study areas; on another, where extinction seemed imminent, juvenile ingress restored the population. On the 2 largest areas (23 – 28 ha of prime habitat) hare populations were stationary during the first 2 years, but declined by 50 – 70% in the third as mean annual (September – August) survival of radio-collared hares fell from 0.27 (1988 – 1990) to 0.07 (1990 – 1991). Annual survival on the 3 extinction sites averaged just 0.015 compared with 0.179 elsewhere. Reproduction did not differ between small (5 – 7 ha) vs. larger (23 – 28 ha) patches nor between years. Estimated dispersal of adult and juvenile hares from the 5 small study areas was twice as high as from the 2 larger, viz. 16 vs. 35% annually. Dispersers appeared to have markedly lower survival. Predation, chiefly by coyotes (Canis latrans), was the proximate cause of 96% (117 of 122) of natural deaths among radio-collared hares, and was therefore the overwhelming determinant of survival and thus population trend. Results of this study suggest that probabilities of extinction in such fragmented habitat depend importantly on patch size and attendant hare numbers; i.e., fall populations of < 10 hares frequenting patches of prime habitat ≤ 5 ha are not likely to persist long without ingress.

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Rypel, Andrew L., and Craig A. Layman. "Degree of aquatic ecosystem fragmentation predicts population characteristics of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) in Caribbean tidal creeks." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 3 (2008): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-192.

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Ecosystem fragmentation is one of the most damaging anthropogenic impacts to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we analyzed population-level characteristics of a resilient top predator, the gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), across a gradient of fragmentation in Bahamian tidal creeks. Analysis of hydrologic connectivity (the inverse of fragmentation) and site-specific population parameters revealed that varying degrees of connectivity translated into predictable characteristics in fish populations. Less-fragmented systems produced fast-growing snapper with high condition factors, whereas more fragmented tidal creeks yielded slow-growing snapper with low condition factors. Underlying reasons for growth rate differences likely originated from structural and functional shifts in tidal creek ecosystems following fragmentation. Such ecosystem-level shifts were reflected by low per-individual volumes of consumed prey, as well as increased parasite infestations. Results indicated that aquatic ecosystem fragmentation may affect long-term fitness and viability of resilient species capable of persisting in fragmented habitats. Our results from estuarine tidal creeks compare well with studies on fragmentation of freshwater streams by dams and suggest that population-level consequences following ecosystem fragmentation may be generalizable between seemingly disparate aquatic environments.

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Reid, Scott M., Chris C. Wilson, Leon M. Carl, and Troy G. Zorn. "Species traits influence the genetic consequences of river fragmentation on two co-occurring redhorse (Moxostoma) species." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 9 (2008): 1892–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-093.

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We used microsatellite DNA markers to test whether fragmentation of the Trent River (Ontario, Canada) has reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation among populations of river redhorse ( Moxostoma carinatum ) and shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum). Allelic richness of both species was significantly greater along the free-flowing Muskegon River (Michigan, USA) than along the fragmented Trent River. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence of a fragment length effect on genetic diversity, recent population bottlenecks, or increased relatedness among individuals in fragmented populations. High levels of linkage disequilibrium indicate extinction–recolonization population dynamics along the Trent River. For both species, pairwise FST tests identified weak but statistically significant population differentiation. In the Trent River, differentiation was significantly greater for river redhorse than for shorthead redhorse and, for both species, greater than in the Muskegon River. Moderate fragmentation effects likely reflect the permeability of the dam-lock system to redhorse movement. Differences between species indicate that as a result of smaller effective population sizes, habitat specialists and species at the periphery of their geographic range are more sensitive to river fragmentation.

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Jha, A., and K. Vasudevan. "Demographic history of the fragmented yellowthroated bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus) population in the Deccan Peninsula, India." Endangered Species Research 43 (October 8, 2020): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01062.

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The yellow-throated bulbul (YTB) is an endemic passerine restricted to scrub forests along hill slopes with exposed rocky outcrops in the Deccan Peninsula, India. It is found in small, discontinuous populations and is vulnerable to extinction due to ongoing habitat loss and subsequent population decline. To assess the genetic connectivity and past demography, we sequenced 1050 nucleotide base pairs of the mitochondrial control region of 60 individuals that represent distinct populations in the geographic range of the species. We recovered 39 haplotypes defined by 81 variable sites. Haplotype diversity was high with low nucleotide diversity, suggesting rapid population growth from a founder population with a small effective population size. The negative values of Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs and small positive value of Ramos-Onsins and Rozas’ R2 suggest deviation from neutrality and population expansion. The haplotype network and demographic expansion parameters further suggest historical population expansion. Mismatch analysis statistics and Bayesian skyline plots estimate population expansion during the late Pleistocene. Although the species presently occurs in small, disconnected we found no structuring of the population. Dispersal events are the most likely explanation for the absence of genetic structuring in the YTB population. These results represent important data for the design of a conservation plan for this endemic and globally threatened species.

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Zhi, Yingbiao, Zhonglou Sun, Ping Sun, et al. "How much genetic variation is stored in the endangered and fragmented shrub Tetraena mongolica Maxim?" PeerJ 6 (September 21, 2018): e5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5645.

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Tetraena mongolica Maxim (Zygophyllaceae) is an endangered species endemic to western Inner Mongolia and China, and is currently threatened by habitat loss and human over-exploitation. We explored the genetic background, its genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history, based on 12 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. Our results indicated high genetic diversity in extant populations, but no distinguishable gene cluster corresponding with a specific biogeography. Population demography analysis using a MSVAR indicated a strong, recent population decline approximately 5,455 years ago. These results suggest that the Yellow River and Zhuozi Mountain range may not prevent pollination between populations. Finally, we surmised that the population demography of T. mongolica was likely to have been affected by early mankind activities.

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Kunin, William E., Philippine Vergeer, Tanaka Kenta, et al. "Variation at range margins across multiple spatial scales: environmental temperature, population genetics and metabolomic phenotype." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1661 (2009): 1495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1767.

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Range margins are spatially complex, with environmental, genetic and phenotypic variations occurring across a range of spatial scales. We examine variation in temperature, genes and metabolomic profiles within and between populations of the subalpine perennial plant Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea from across its northwest European range. Our surveys cover a gradient of fragmentation from largely continuous populations in Iceland, through more fragmented Scandinavian populations, to increasingly widely scattered populations at the range margin in Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Temperature regimes vary substantially within some populations, but within-population variation represents a larger fraction of genetic and especially metabolomic variances. Both physical distance and temperature differences between sites are found to be associated with genetic profiles, but not metabolomic profiles, and no relationship was found between genetic and metabolomic population structures in any region. Genetic similarity between plants within populations is the highest in the fragmented populations at the range margin, but differentiation across space is the highest there as well, suggesting that regional patterns of genetic diversity may be scale dependent.

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González Negrín, Rocío, Victoria Eugenia Martín Osorio, Pedro A. Sosa, and Priscila Rodríguez-Rodríguez. "Endangered with High Dispersal Abilities: Conservation Genetics of Himantoglossum metlesicsianum (Teschner) P. Delforge (Orchidaceae) in the Canary Islands." Plants 14, no. 12 (2025): 1862. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121862.

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Himantoglossum metlesicsianum is a threatened orchid with low population numbers and fragmented distribution, present in four of the Canary Islands. This study focused on assessing the genetic variability and population genetic structure of the natural populations known to date, identifying those characteristics of the species that condition the flow and genetic variation. For that purpose, we collected samples from eight sites in its distribution range and developed 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Despite its rarity, this orchid presents high levels of genetic diversity and a homogeneous population structure, characterised by a low degree of genetic differentiation and patterns consistent with high genetic connectivity among populations. Our results suggest that the species might show dichotomy in seed dispersal, combining long- and short-distance events. In addition, it is possible that pollen cross-pollination (pollinia) between adjacent sites may also be involved. In conclusion, these findings reveal unexpectedly high genetic diversity and connectivity among populations, despite the species’ rarity and fragmented distribution, highlighting key biological traits that should be considered in future conservation and recovery plans.

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Mawdsley, Nick A., Stephen G. Compton, and Robert J. Whittaker. "Population Persistence, Pollination Mutualisms, and Figs in Fragmented Tropical Landscapes." Conservation Biology 12, no. 6 (1998): 1416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97243.x.

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Anthony, Thomas G., David J. Conway, Janet Cox‐Singh, et al. "Fragmented Population Structure ofPlasmodium falciparumin a Region of Declining Endemicity." Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, no. 9 (2005): 1558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429338.

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Slavov, G. T., S. Leonardi, W. T. Adams, S. H. Strauss, and S. P. DiFazio. "Population substructure in continuous and fragmented stands of Populus trichocarpa." Heredity 105, no. 4 (2010): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2010.73.

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Williams, Jennifer L., Bruce E. Kendall, and Jonathan M. Levine. "Rapid evolution accelerates plant population spread in fragmented experimental landscapes." Science 353, no. 6298 (2016): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6268.

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Kawata, Masakado. "Loss of genetic variability in a fragmented continuously distributed population." Researches on Population Ecology 39, no. 2 (1997): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02765269.

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White, G. M., D. H. Boshier, and W. Powell. "Genetic variation within a fragmented population of Swietenia humilis Zucc." Molecular Ecology 8, no. 11 (1999): 1899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00790.x.

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Suni, Sevan S., and Berry J. Brosi. "Population genetics of orchid bees in a fragmented tropical landscape." Conservation Genetics 13, no. 2 (2011): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-011-0284-z.

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Heffernan, Emily, Amanda Markee, Mary R. Truglio, Megan Barkdull, Sarah Steele Cabrera, and Jaret Daniels. "Population Genetic Structure of a Rare Butterfly in a Fragmented South Florida Ecosystem." Insects 14, no. 4 (2023): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14040321.

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We investigated the genetic structure and diversity between populations of a rare butterfly, the Florida duskywing (Ephyriades brunnea floridensis E. Bell and W. Comstock, 1948) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) across a network of South Florida pine rockland habitat fragments. Based on 81 individuals from seven populations and using multiple polymorphic microsatellite loci, our analyses support the presence of mainland Florida (peninsular) and Florida Keys (island) population groupings, with a moderate, asymmetrical gene flow connecting them, and the presence of private alleles providing unique identities to each. We additionally found that despite a prevalence in many Lepidoptera, the presence of Wolbachia was not identified in any of the samples screened. Our findings can be used to inform conservation and recovery decisions, including population monitoring, organism translocation, and priority areas for management, restoration or stepping-stone creation to help maintain the complex genetic structure of separate populations.

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