Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Frame material'

It is in human nature to preserve things and objects from the past, study, enjoy and cherish our history. This need to learn from and cherish the objects from the past has resulted in the development and evolution of spaces such as museums where people can come and see these objects, either to know or learn something or out of personal interest and curiosity. Somewhere in all this, is architecture from the past taken for granted? A lot of the prominent historic buildings have been well preserved and are known to people. But at the same time there are numerous historic structures, story tellers from the past, being ignored and even trampled upon. Should we not look at these also as valuable objects that have to say so much about our social, cultural and technological past? Do they need a museum space as well? Can architecture be housed and preserved in a museum? Or maybe become a museum, displaying itself, allowing people to experience it from outside and within. Watsonâ s Hotel is one such historical building that lies today unnoticed, uncared for, decaying and falling apart. My thesis is an intervention into this urban situation. The goal of the design has not been just preservation but rather an elevation or celebration of the structure, bringing forth its true nature that lies in its structural framework, a cast iron grid of columns and beams. It aims to highlight this essential core of the building by revealing the grid in different spatial conditions. There is also a constant wish to tie the structure back to its surroundings, to bring back the dialogue that the building shared with its surroundings in the past. The structural framework is revealed and experienced in different spatial conditions achieved with the help of geometry, light and material, surfaces added in and around it, and the grid runs through all these elements bold, undisturbed and uninterrupted.
Master of Architecture

Potential synergy effects and conflicts, so-called interactions, between a climate action that aims to mitigate the climate impact and five targets of the Sustainable Development Goals are identified in this study. The climate action is Conscious material choices for the frame, and the materials assessed are climate improved concrete and domestic wood. Standard concrete is used as the business as usual scenario. A pre-school building is used as an example building to demonstrate the difference in the climate impact of a frame made from the two materials assessed in the study. Life cycle assessments (LCA) of the frames shows that the domestic wood frame has a lower climate impact than the climate improved concrete frame.Two methods are used in this study. The first method is making an LCA for transportation of the materials assessed to see the environmental impact, and there is one scenario for each material where the transportation method is by a truck and one that is by train. The second method used for the study is a goal interaction scoring-method from “A draft framework for understanding SDG interactions” by Nilsson et al. (2016) that gives the interactions a score based on specific criteria. The scores are visualised in a colour coordinated matrix. The interactions generate synergies if the sums of the scores in the matrix are positive and will likely help accomplish the target. If the sums of the scores in the matrix are negative, it indicates that there are conflicts that could endanger the possibilities to reach the target.LCA of the transport scenarios shows that when the transportation distance is long, the climate impact is lowest when transporting as much as possible of the materials by train. Transporting the domestic wood for the frame by train (for longer distances) has a lower climate impact than transporting the climate improved concrete. For shorter distances, there is not a significant difference between transportation by truck or by train. The climate improved concrete gets score 0, meaning that there are neither positive nor negative interactions for the chosen material for the frame. The domestic wood gets the score +8, which indicates that there are synergies. Both the climate improved concrete and the domestic wood should not interfere with the accomplishment of the Sustainable Development Goal’s targets. However, the domestic wood for the frame generates more synergies and by choosing the domestic wooden frame for a building using a train as a transportation of the material when possible has the lowest environmental impact of the assessed materials for the frame.

2020-06-08

[EN] ABSTRACT Nicholas Brent Taylor: The Feasibility of Wood and its Derivatives as a Bicycle Frame Building Material The bicycle is often considered as one of the most important inventions of all time. In addition, it is the most efficient form of human transport in the world. It is non pollutant, uses no fuel other than human power and its carbon footprint is neutralised in a short time. Today, faced with the threat of global warming brought about by fossil fuels, countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Columbia actually encourage the use of the bicycle as a viable means of urban transport, and in the city of Paris there are financial incentives for cycling commuters. In China alone there are 450 Million bicycles. The form of the bicycle is universally recognisable, it is easy to use and simple to maintain. However, in spite of its apparent simplicity, the bicycle is made up of numerous components and sub-assemblies. Over the years these components and sub-assemblies have undergone a succession of changes and modifications. As with the evolution, development, and life cycle of any product, some of the modifications were relatively short lived. Others for various reasons have been adopted almost universally, such as steel ball bearings, the roller chain, pneumatic tires, tension spoked wheels, etc. In order to more fully understand the bicycle, its advantages, its shortcomings, and its place in the modern world, the first part of this study aims to address the various criteria which apply to bicycle typology, differentiation, use and construction. However, although numerous types of Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs) exist, the initial part of this research is constrained to the evolution and development of the "Safety" type bicycle - attributed to J. K. Starley of Coventry in 1895 - up to the present day, taking into account such factors as; design, material selection, manufacturing technology, and diversity. The first part of the study is a comprehensive overview of the bicycle which identifies crucial technological aspects and categorises bicycle by type and intended use. Due to the huge quantities and types of bicycles produced worldwide this research identifies generic types of each category irrespective of origin or manufacturer. The second part of this dissertation is devoted to the study of wooden bicycles and the specific requirements of this type of bicycle such as the use of wood and its derivatives e.g. engineered wood, as a bicycle frame construction material and some of the solutions arrived at and the special parts or components required. Contemporary and historical bicycles made from wood, other organic material and its derivatives have been investigated and conclusions drawn regarding their functionality and purpose. Part three is dedicated to the Design, Development, and Evaluation of a Wooden Bicycle prototype undertaken by the Author with the assistance of three Industrial Design Students. Part four describes the design, construction and testing of subsequent prototypes in detail including the fabrication of pre-production bicycles and proposals for manufacture on a commercial level. Parts five and six outline the empirical findings from the previous section and attempt to define strategies for marketing bicycles manufactured from wood and its derivatives as an alternative to conventional materials with a view to reanimating small local industries which have a strong base of expertise and knowhow working with wood, such as producers of furniture and similar products (broom handles, tool handles, boxes etc.). Part seven is devoted to the potential diversification of wooden framed bicycles which are electrically assisted. The fabrication of a prototype is discussed but no conclusions were made due to constraints beyond my control. Keywords: Design, Product, Frame, Bicycle
[ES] RESUMEN Nicholas Brent Taylor: La Viabilidad de la Madera y sus Derivados como Material de Fabricación de Cuadros de Bicicletas La bicicleta es frecuentemente considerada como una de las invenciones más importantes de todos los tiempos. Es también una de las formas de transporte humano más eficiente en el mundo. Hoy en día, por la amenaza del calentamiento global provocado por las fuentes de energía no renovables, países como Dinamarca, Holanda y Colombia animan a usar la bicicleta como un medio de transporte urbano. La figura de la bicicleta es universalmente reconocida, es fácil de usar y su mantenimiento es simple. A pesar de su aparente simplicidad, la bicicleta está compuesta de numerosos componentes y subconjuntos. A lo largo de los años, los subconjuntos sufrieron una serie de cambios y transformaciones. Como en cualquier evolución y desarrollo, los cambios influyen en el ciclo de vida de cualquier producto, a pesar que algunas de estas aportaciones tuvieron una vida efímera. Otras, por razones varias, fueron adoptadas casi universalmente. Entre estas podemos citar los rodamientos de esferas de azor, la cadena, los neumáticos, etc. Para comprender mejor el producto bicicleta, se ha considerado como objetivo en la primera parte de este estudio, abordar varios criterios que se aplican de acuerdo con la tipología, diferenciación, uso y construcción de la bicicleta. A pesar de existir numerosos tipos de Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs), la primera parte de esta investigación se limita al estudio de la evaluación y desenvolvimiento de la bicicleta "Safety" atribuida A J.K. Starley de Coventry UK.1895, desde su aparición hasta nuestros días, tomando en consideración la selección de materiales, las tecnologías de fabricación, el diseño, y el estatus de la bicicleta en la sociedad. La segunda parte de esta tesis está dedicada por completo al estudio de la madera y sus derivados como material de construcción de la bicicleta. Bicicletas contemporáneas e históricas de madera y sus derivados, que han sido investigados y se han presentado los resultados en relación a su funcionalidad y propósito. La tercera parte describe con detalle el diseño, desarrollo y evaluación de una bicicleta prototipo de madera, los prototipos posteriores y las bicicletas prototipo o de pre-producción de madera y sus derivados fabricados por el autor con la ayuda de los Estudiantes finalistas del grado de Diseño Industrial (ESTGAD CR, Portugal) En la cuarta parte se describe el diseño, construcción y prueba de prototipos posteriores en detalle, incluyendo la fabricación de bicicletas de pre-producción y propuestas para la fabricación a nivel comercial. La quinta y sexto partes resume los resultados empíricos de la sección anterior y trata de definir estrategias de marketing, para bicicletas fabricadas a partir de la madera y sus derivados como una alternativa a los materiales convencionales, con el fin de animar a producción industrial a las pequeñas industrias locales, que poseen una base sólida de experiencia en el trabajo con la madera, como productores de muebles y productos similares. En la última parte, se ha dedicado a la diversificación potencial de cuadros de bicicletas en madera que están asistidas eléctricamente. La fabricación de un prototipo forma parte de la discusión y pretende ser una proyección de futuro. Palabras Clave: Diseño, Producto, Madera, Bicicleta.
[CAT] RESUM Nicholas Brent Taylor: La Viabilitat de la Fusta i els seus Derivats com Material de Fabricacio de Quadros de Bicicletes La bicicleta es freqüentment considerada com una de les invencions mes importants de tots els temps. Es tambe una de les formes de transport huma mes eficient en el mon. Hui en dia, per l'amenaça del calfament global provocat per les fonts d'energia no renovellables, països com Dinamarca, Holanda i Colombia animen a usar la bicicleta com un mig de transport urba. La figura de la bicicleta es universalment reconeguda, es facil d'usar i el seu manteniment es simple. A pesar de la seua aparent simplicitat, la bicicleta està composta de numerosos components i subconjuntos. A lo llarc dels anys, els subconjuntos patiren una serie de canvis i transformacions. Com en qualsevol evolucio i desenroll, els canvis influixen en el cicle de vida de qualsevol producte, a pesar que algunes d'estos aportaments tingueren una vida efimera. Atres, per raons varies, foren adoptades casi universalment. Entre estes podem citar els rodaments d'esferes d'azor, la cadena, els neumatics, etc. Per a comprendre millor el producte bicicleta, s'ha considerat com objectiu en la primera part d'este estudi, abordar varis criteris que s'apliquen d'acort en la tipología, diferenciacio, us i construccio de la bicicleta. A pesar d'existir numerosos tipos d'Human Powered Vehicles (HPVS), la primera part d'esta investigacio se llimita a l'estudi de l'evaluacio i desenvolupament de la bicicleta "Safety" atribuida A J.K. Starley de Coventry UK. 1895, des de la seua aparicio fins nostres dies, prenent en consideracio la seleccio de materials, les tecnologies de fabricacio, el disseny, i l'estat de la bicicleta en la societat. La segona part d'esta tesis està dedicada per complet a l'estudi de la fusta i els seus derivats com material de construccio de la bicicleta. Bicicletes contemporanees i historiques de fusta i els seus derivats, que han segut investigats i s'han presentat els resultats en relacio a la seua funcionalitat i proposit. La tercera part descriu en detall el disseny, desenroll i evaluacio d'una bicicleta prototip de fusta, els prototips posteriors i les bicicletes prototip o de PRE-produccio de fusta i els seus derivats fabricats per l'autor en l'ajuda dels Estudiants finalistes del grau de Disseny Industrial (ESTGAD CR, Portugal) En la quarta part se descriu el disseny, construccio i prova de prototips posteriors en detall, incloent la fabricacio de bicicletes de pre-produccio i propostes per a la fabricacio a nivell comercial. La quinta i sisè parts resumix els resultats empirics de la seccio anterior i tracta de definir estrategies de marketing, per a bicicletes fabricades a partir de la fusta i els seus derivats com una alternativa als materials convencionals, en el fi d'animar a produccio industrial a les menudes industries locals, que posseixen una base solida d'experiencia en el treball en la fusta, com productors de mobles i productes similars. En l'ultima part, s'ha dedicat a la diversificacio potencial de quadros de bicicletes en fusta que estan assistides electricament. La fabricacio d'un prototip forma part de la discussio i preten ser una proyeccio de futur. Paraules Clau: Disseny, Producte, Fusta, Bicicleta.
Brent Taylor, N. (2016). The Feasibility of Wood and its Derivatives as a Bicycle Frame Building Material [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63663
TESIS

There are many forces at work in a design process. Each element of a design sketch reacts to ones before and after it. As a designer, one must be able to look at each individually and as part of the whole. In addition, the ideals and experiences brought to a project works its magic as well. It is the tension and the balance between the elements and ideals that create architecture. With a Bed and Breakfast as a project vehicle, the connection to the site, the relationship between public and private areas, and how the materials and structure form spaces were studied. These considerations led to a process of discovery and the challenge to weave the site, structure, and materials in a cohesive design.
Master of Architecture

Deliberate and accidental explosions along with the heightened risk of loss of life and property damage during such events have highlighted the need for research in the behaviour of materials under high strain rates. Where an extensive body of research is available on steel and concrete structures, little to no details on how to address the design or retrofitting of wood structures subjected to a blast threat are available. Studies reported in the literature that focused on full scale light-frame wood structures did not quantify the increase in capacity due to the dynamic loading while the studies that did quantify the increase mostly stems from small clear specimens that are not representative of the behaviour of structural size members with defects. Tests on larger-scale specimens have mostly focused on the material properties and not the structural behaviour of subsystems. Advancements in design and construction techniques have greatly contributed to the emergence of taller and safer wood structures which increase potential for blast threat. This thesis presents results on the flexural behaviour of light-frame wood stud walls subjected to shock wave loading using the University of Ottawa shock tube. The emphasis is on the overall behaviour of the wall subsystem, especially the interaction between the sheathing and the studs through the nailed connection. The approach employed in this experimental program was holistic, where the specimens were investigated at the component and the subsystem levels. Twenty walls consisting of 38 mm x 140 mm machine stress-rated (MSR) studs spaced 406 mm on center and sheathed with two different types and sheathing thicknesses were tested to failure under static and dynamic loads. The experimental results were used to determine dynamic increase factors (DIFs) and a material predictive model was validated using experimental data. The implications of the code are also discussed and compared to the experimental data. Once validated, an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model incorporating partial composite action was used to evaluate current analysis and design assumptions. The results showed that a shock tube can effectively be used to generate high strain-rate flexural response in wood members and that the material predictive model was found suitable to effectively predict the displacement resulting from shock wave loading. Furthermore, it was found that current analysis and design approaches overestimated the wall displacements.

Continuous improvements are an integral part for the development of everyday life. These improvements do not only ascertain financial gain but also lessening the environmental impact. The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the design process and the decisions required to achieve an optimal design with respect to weight reduction, while retaining the required strength. The study will also investigate the choice of material. This will be done through material and design studies, along with strength calculations of the product in question. The conclusion from this study is that it is possible to save a certain percentage of the material used, while keeping the strength, form, fit and function intact. The material study provided with a recommendation of the zinc alloy ZA-8. It is an alloy with a good combination of great strength, low density and price.

Warehouse automation is a measure E-commerce companies can take to get a more streamlined flow through their warehouse. Order picking is the most labor intensive task in a warehouse. By automating the order picking process companies can lower their costs and improve their response times. This thesis studies the A-frame, an automated order picking system, at a large online pharmacy, Apotea AB. An A-frame has dispensing channels on its side and a conveyor belt that runs through the entire machine. Products for an order are ejected from the channels onto the conveyor belt and at the end of the machine they are dropped into a box. The box is then sealed, labeled and sent to the customer. For the automatic flow to function correctly, all orders picked by the A-frame need to be complete orders. Complete orders are orders where there are no products missing. To maximize the throughput of the A-frame, an appropriate product allocation will be required. Due to the vast number of combinations, it is extremely difficult to identify an optimal product allocation. This study has examined three different approaches to the product allocation problem for an A-frame. The first two methods are based on ranking the products depending on their quantities sold. The last method uses association rule learning, which is a machine learning technique for finding interesting patterns in a data set. Association rule learning was used to find which products were associated to each other. These associations were then placed in a graph structure and solved using a heuristic. To evaluate the different allocation methods, a simulation model was created. The A-frame was simulated using a discrete event simulation, which meant all methods could be tested on the same data to correctly compare the performance of each allocation. The study showed that the heuristic using association rules gave the highest number of picks for the tested period. However, it was only marginally better than the method that first removed orders that could not be picked from the A-frame and then ranked all products by their quantities sold. The study's conclusion is that while association rule learning resulted in the highest number of picked orders, the gain of using it does not motivate its complexity. Instead a more simple approach by ranking products by their quantities sold should be used. Warehousing in the era of E-commerce has to be fast, correct and cheap.

This diploma thesis is focused on the design and analysis of road bike frame made of composite material. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, there is a research focused on the usage of composite materials in relation to making bike frames. The main emphasis is placed on fiber composites, which are most common in cycling. Manufacturing process and production technology are discussed. The aim of the second part is design and the numerical simulation of frame in relation to stand-ard, which is used for the testing of frames. Rigidity and strength are evaluated. The final frame is obtained from the initial design due to several iterations. In conclusion, results are evaluated and recommendations for future work are given.

A non-linear finite element program to simulate the behaviour of infilled frames and plane stress reinforced concrete members under the action of monotonic and cyclic loading has been developed. Steel is modelled as a strain hardening plastic material, and in the concrete model cracking, yielding and crushing are considered. The separation, sliding, and opening and closing of initial gaps at the interfaces between the frame and the infill panels are accounted for by adjusting the properties of interface elements. The non-linear equations of equilibrium are solved using an incremental-iterative technique performed under load or displacement control. The iterative techniques use the standard and modified Newton-Raphson method or the secant Newton method. An automatic load incrementation scheme, line searches, and restart facilities are included. The capabilities of the program have been examined and demonstrated by analysing five reinforced concrete panels, a deep beam, a shear wall, and eight infilled frames. The accuracy of the analytical results was assessed by comparing them with the experimental results and those obtained analytically by other workers and shown to be good. A study of the effects of some material and numerical parameters on the results of analyses of reinforced concrete deep beam has been carried out. Two techniques have been proposed and used to overcome numerical problems associated with local strain concentrations which occur with the displacement control, when path dependent incremental iterative procedures are used for inelastic materials. The displacement control provided with these modifications has been shown to be more efficient than the load control.

In this study, structural vulnerability of reinforced concrete frame structures by considering the country&ndash
specific characteristics is investigated to manage the earthquake risk and to develop strategies for disaster mitigation. Low&ndash
rise and mid&ndash
rise reinforced concrete structures, which constitute approximately 75% of the total building stock in Turkey, are focused in this fragility&ndash
based assessment. The seismic design of 3, 5, 7 and 9&ndash
story reinforced concrete frame structures are carried out according to the current earthquake codes and two dimensional analytical models are formed accordingly. The uncertainty in material variability is taken into account in the formation of structural simulations. Frame structures are categorized as poor, typical or superior according to the specific characteristics of construction practice and the observed seismic performance after major earthquakes in Turkey. The demand statistics in terms of maximum interstory drift ratio are obtained for different sets of ground motion records. The capacity is determined in terms of limit states and the corresponding fragility curves are obtained from the probability of exceeding each limit state for different levels of ground shaking. The results are promising in the sense that the inherent structural deficiencies are reflected in the final fragility functions. Consequently, this study provides a reliable fragility&ndash
based database for earthquake damage and loss estimation of reinforced concrete building stock in urban areas of Turkey.

Syfte: Att bygga i ett högt tempo med hänsyn till Sveriges klimatmål är en utmaning och det krävs åtgärder i byggsektorn för att uppnå målen. Material som stål och betong har en energikrävande tillverkningsprocess och släpper ut en stor del av de totala växthusgaser som byggsektorn orsakar. Enligt forskning har tillverkningsprocessen för KL-trä en betydligt mindre påverkan på klimatet och anses som ett hållbart material i jämförelse med stål och betong. Rapporten syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna för en ökad användning av korslimmat trä (KL-trä) som stommaterial i Sverige. Metod: För att uppnå studiens mål har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts. Metoder som har använts är en litteraturstudie för att kartlägga forskningsfronten inom området, vilket bidrar till datainsamling. Semistrukturerade intervjuer bidrar till primärdata, där respondenternas erfarenheter, värderingar, kunskap och tillvägagångssätt inom området beaktas för att besvara studiens frågeställningar.   Resultat: KL-trä har i jämförelse med Prefabricerad betong ett 34–86 procent mindre koldioxidutsläpp under hela sin livscykelanalys (LCA). Materialkostnaderna skiljer inte mellan stommaterialen, däremot blir riskpåslaget större för KL-trä vid kalkylering och anbud på grund av bristande erfarenhet och kunskap. Kompetens om KL-trä behöver utvecklas inom företag genom utbildningar samt genom samarbete och nära dialog med olika aktörer under hela processen, där beställare behöver sätta tydliga mål och krav. Kunskapen behöver öka för att förbättra processer, planering och kostnad under projekteringsskedet, där hjälpmedel behöver utvecklas för att underlätta stomval.För att skapa lönsamhet och konkurrensfördel bör företag ligga i framkant i utvecklingen av klimatfrågan där kunskapen om KL-träs förutsättningar kan bidra till komplexa projekt med hybridlösningar där materials förutsättningar utnyttjas.  Konsekvenser: För att öka användandet av KL-trä som stommaterial kan utbildningar om KL-trä införas för medarbetare, vilket ökar den interna kompetensen gällande materialet. För att möjliggöra ökad användning av KL-trä kan en alternativ kalkyl och LCA presenteras för kund. Det kan även uppnås genom utveckling av hjälpmedel för att underlätta val av stomme. Byggföretag måste våga satsa på KL-trä för att skapa referenser och kompetens, vilket kan ske genom att implementera KL-trä i små steg genom hybridlösningar. Begränsningar: Studien fokuserar på den svenska byggsektorn, där aspekterna klimatpåverkan och kostnad studeras mellan KL-trä, platsgjuten betong och prefabricerad betong. Resultatet är generellt giltigt.
Purpose: To build at a high pace with regards to Sweden’s climate goals is a challenge and actions are required in the construction sector to achieve the goal. Materials such as steel and concrete have an energy-intense manufacturing process and emit a large part of the total greenhouse gases caused by the construction sector. According to research, the manufacturing process for CLT has a significantly small impact on the climate and is considered a more sustainable material compared to steel and concrete. This report aims to explore the possibilities of an increased use of cross laminated wood (CLT) asload-bearing material in buildings in Sweden a frame material in Sweden.  Method: To achieve the goals of the study, a qualitative case study has been conducted. Methods that have been used are a literature study to map the research front which contributes with data. Semi-structured interviews contribute with primary data where the respondents’ experiences, values, knowledge and approaches are analysed to answer the research questions of the study.  Findings: CLT has a 34-86 percent lower climate impact compared to prefabricated concrete during the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The material cost does not differ between the load-bearing frame materials. However, the risk premium is higher for CLT due to the lack of experience and knowledge. The competence needs to be developed within the companies through educations and close collaboration and discussions with actors during the whole process where customers need to set clear goals and requirements. The knowledge needs to increase in order to improve processes, planning, costs and tools to facilitate the choice of load-bearingframe material. To achieve profitability and a competitive advantage, companies need to be at the forefront of the development of the climate issue, where knowledge of CLT contribute to complex projects with hybrid solutions where material conditions are utilized.         Implications: To increase the use of CLT as a load-bearing frame material, educations can be introduced about CLT for employees. To enable increased use of CLT, an alternative calculation and LCA can be presented to the costumer. It can also be achieved by developing tools to facilitate the choice of load-bearing frame materials. Construction companies needs to invest in CLT to create new references and more competence. Companies can achieve it by implementing CLT in small steps and use hybrid solutions.  Limitations: The study focuses on the Swedish construction sector where the aspects of climate impact and cost are studied between CLT, cast-in-place concrete and prefabricated concrete. The result is generally valid.

The topic of this diploma thesis is compare materials in machine tool structures. The introduction part is about literature retrieval in field of constructional components in machine frames. There are discribe the indiviual parts of machine structures their properties and influence, witch affect their static toughness, stabilty and accuracy of the whole milling machine. The most important part is focused to the materials witch constructions of machine are made from. The main of this thesis is a practical part, where is designed the own model of milling machine solved on the basis of experiences gain. The important choose was appropriate topology and materials witch the machine frame was made.

There are many important environmental issues involved in the construction and use of buildings which are either undergoing or require further research. The lack of detailed embodied energy assessments models has been identified and limits possible environmental analysis. This study examines the current state of research into the environmental impact of frame materials, assesses the quality and range of data available, sets up a new framework for evaluation of materials and uses several example structures to assess the environmental impact This has been achieved by, firstly, studying the environment related literature available concerning the frame of the building, separate from other considerations, to provide a clear understanding of the processes involved. Second, data is extracted from the literature and processed to provide a homogenous approach and level field from which frame analysis can take place. Gaps in the available data are identified. Third, the identified gaps are filled using data derived from sources ranging from manufacturers' literature to direct analysis of on site activities. Fourth, a model has been created to assess the environmental impact of the building frame. The factors assessed within the remit of environmental impact are: embodied energy, embodied CO2 and transportation hours. The embodied energy includes the primary energy for all raw materials, transportation, office overheads and contractor operations. These are calculated from the winning of raw materials, through manufacture, to demolition and recycling. Embodied CO2 encompasses the same range of data, but with respect to the CO2 transportation hours estimate the time spend on the road by vehicles involved in the embodied energy and CO2 calculations. Finally data from several buildings has been used, to evaluated the environmental merits of each with respect to each other and to other buildings for which calculations have been performed. Conclusions have been draw and. further work suggested.

I Sverige släpper byggbranschen ut cirka 10 Mton koloxid varje år, vilket motsvarar 17% av Sveriges totala utsläpp av koldioxid. När det kommer till energianvändningen står byggindustrin för cirka 99 TWh, den energianvändningen motsvarar 32 procent av den totala energianvändningen i Sverige.På grund av den stora miljöpåverkan som byggbranschen bidrar med ville vi i detta arbete jämföra olika material som används i byggnadskonstruktioner för att skapa en uppfattning om vilket material som har lägst miljöpåverkan. För att kunna göra detta inom en rimlig tidsram begränsade vi oss till att studera två stommaterial, betong och trä, i två befintliga byggnader. För att göra denna jämförelse av dessa två stommaterial utfördes en livscykelanalys.De miljöpåverkanskategorier som har studerats är klimatpåverkan och resursanvändning i form av utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter och energianvändning. Arbetet har avgränsats till att endast undersöka de ingående materialen från utvinning av råmaterial och fram till leverans av material på byggarbetsplatsen. I studien har endast de material som krävs för att stommarna skall uppfylla samma brand- och hållfasthetskrav studerats.Resultatet visade att betongstommen hade lägre energiförbrukning och utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter än trästommen. För att stommarna skulle uppfylla samma brand- och hållfasthetskrav krävdes enbart tre material i betongstommen, dessa var plattbärlag, betong och armering. För trästommen krävdes däremot sju olika material, dessa var limträ, kerto-Q, stål, brandgips och normalgips, flytspackel och armering. Detta är något som påverkade resultatet avsevärt, då fler tillverkningsprocesser och transporter togs i beaktning.
The environmental impact caused by companies is a major topic that affects all kind of industries. One big industrial sector which contributes to the environmental impact is the construction industry. In Sweden, the construction industry releases approximately 10 Mton of carbon dioxide every year, which is 17 % of Sweden’s total emission of carbon dioxide. When it comes to the energy use, the construction industry accounts for approximately 99 TWh, this use of energy is 32 % of Sweden’s total use of energy.Because of the big environmental impact that the construction industry contributes with, we wanted to compare different materials used in the construction of houses, to see which material that have the lowest impact on the environment. Due to the time limit we investigated two different houses made from two different framing material, wood and concrete. To be able to evaluate which framing material of the two that have the lowest environmental impact we have made a life cycle analysis.We have chosen to compare the two different framing materials by investigating how much carbon dioxide that are released and how much energy that are used for both concrete and wood when using them as a framing material. The report is limited to only investigate the environmental impact that the two materials contributes with, from the raw material extraction to the delivery of the material to the construction site. In this report we have only, except the framing material itself, looked at the additional material that are needed for the two different framing materials to fulfil the fire and strength demands.The result of the report showed that the concrete construction had both lower use of energy and release of carbon dioxide compared to the wood construction. The wood construction had seven additional materials, when the concrete construction only had three additional materials. This did of course have an impact on the result, since there was more manufacturing processes and transportations to consider in the analysis for the wood construction.Keywords:

This practice-based PhD is located in the field of live art practice and looks at the relationship between the camera and artworks that are critical of phallocentrism. It proposes a radical address to maternal methodology, using a series of performance-to-camera works where the focus is on the matrilineal and mother-daughter relationships. It focuses on maternal theorising, which is prevalent in contemporary feminist theory, and the renascent maternal aesthetic that forms the subject matter of the performance and art-making reviewed here. I include collaborative practice with photographer, Alan Duncan, and my eldest daughter, Matilda. I argue that power imbalances and representational autonomy cannot be challenged effectively by performance-to-camera per se, however, when aligned with maternal aesthetics, in this instance, mother-daughter and matrilineal performance, the critique is re-invigorated because aesthetic distance and the latent influence of binary thought are not pre-supposed or engaged with uncritically. The first chapter locates the practice-based research within a context of feminist theory; artists Ana Mendieta and Jemima Stehli, and the philosophy of Luce Irigaray, underpin my subsequent performance interventions as inherently resistant to phallocentric objectification. The second chapter discusses how critiques are re-ignited, via Alison Stone, when mother-daughter relationships are explored in women s performance and how combining this with Derrida's Parergon acts on the distancing effect of the frame. The establishment of a maternal aesthetic is supported by primary interviews, presented as oral histories in the form of recordings, with artists Shirley Cameron, Evelyn Silver, Tracey Kershaw and Sam Rose. Finally, the third chapter considers maternal aesthetics, both as an art practice and a practice of care, to establish it as a radical approach that differs widely from traditional Western aesthetics. I draw on Jessica Benjamin's intersubjective theory to demonstrate a relational approach to the maternal, and I emphasise the role of play as having nurturing qualities and, simultaneously, as material within my practice. This research has been crucial to the burgeoning area of maternal aesthetics because it makes work visible that has previously been absent in mainstream art criticism and canonisation. Original artworks have been produced, that interrogate the relationship between Derrida, Irigaray, the frame and the maternal.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Dr. Leroy Z. Emkin; Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Abdul-Hamid Zureick; Committee Member: Dr. Dewey H. Hodges; Committee Member: Dr. Kenneth M. Will; Committee Member: Dr. Rami M. Haj-ali. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

This research investigates the application of the AISC Direct Analysis Method for stability bracing design of columns, beams, beam-columns and frames. Emphasis is placed on out-of-plane flange bracing design in metal building frame systems. Potential improvements and extensions to the 2005 AISC Appendix 6 stability bracing provisions are studied and evaluated. The structural attributes considered include various general conditions encountered in practical metal building design: unequal brace spacing, unequal brace stiffness, nonprismatic member geometry, variable axial load or bending moment along the member length, cross-section double or single symmetry, combined bending and axial load, combined torsional and lateral bracing from girts/purlins with or without diagonal braces from these components to the inside flanges, load height, cross-section distortion, and non-rigid end boundary conditions. The research addresses both the simplification to basic bracing design rules as well as direct computation for more complex cases. The primary goal is improved assessment of the demands on flange bracing systems in metal building frames.

Esta Dissertação de Mestrado trata da pesquisa e do estudo das esquadrias de alumínio para a construção civil de edifícios, nas diversas categorias de uso. Considera os aspectos referentes ao histórico do metal, aos processos de produção do alumínio e dos perfis para fabricação de esquadrias, à especificação técnica das esquadrias com suas diferentes tipologias, multiplicidade de usos e aplicações e desempenho técnico-construtivo do material. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver literatura didática a respeito do sistema de vãos janelas de alumínio, de modo a orientar os profissionais da construção civil, particularmente os arquitetos, no emprego do material, aliando adequação técnica, estética e demais pormenores, além de promover a otimização de custos numa relação de custo-benefício. O produto resultante da pesquisa inserida nesta Dissertação poderá contribuir e auxiliar na elaboração do projeto e na especificação técnica das esquadrias de alumínio nos edifícios, sempre de maneira responsável e consciente.
This Masters Degree Dissertation is about the research and the study of the aluminum building products for doors and windows, considering the following aspects: the metals historic; the production process of aluminum and profiles for the windows fabrication; the technical specification of the windows, its typologies, its multiplicity of uses and applications and the performance technical constructive of the material. The objective of this job is to develop teaching literature about space systems aluminum windows, in order to orientate the professionals of civil construction, particularly the architects, to use material with the best possible way, allying technical adaptation, aesthetics, and others details, and to promote the cost optimization. The resulting of the research inside this Dissertation could contribute and helps in the technical specification, responsible and conscious, of the aluminum windows and doors for buildings.

Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att studera hur lärare ser på möjligheter att lyfta fram matematiken i undervisningen med laborativt material. Vi har valt att göra en kvalitativ undersökning med intervjuer av lärare. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att de flesta lärare ansåg att eleverna ska komma på matematiken själva. De menade att lärarna ska vara tydliga med syftet och ha en genomtänkt tanke vid användning av spel och laborationer. De ansåg också att det var viktigt att vara positiv och entusiastisk gentemot spel och laborationer. De flesta lärarna tyckte att matematiken kommer automatiskt om eleverna är mogna för det som ska läras in. Lärarna hade olika uppfattningar om vilka förkunskaper de ansåg en lärare bör ha när de använder sig av laborativt material. De flesta ansåg att ett stort intresse och förståelse för matematik kan räcka. I diskussion kommer vi att diskutera det som fann intressant i slutsatsen och diskutera inledningen.

The racking performance of light-frame shear walls subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading is the focus of this thesis. The sheathing materials investigated are oriented strandboard (OSB), hardboard, fiberboard, and gypsum wallboard. The objectives of this study were to (1) obtain and compare performance characteristics of each sheathing material; (2) compare the effects of monotonic loading versus the cyclic loading response; (3) investigate the contribution of gypsum in walls with dissimilar sheathing materials on opposite sides of the wall; and (4) study the effects of using overturning anchors. The monotonic tests, which incorporated the use of hold-downs, were performed according to ASTM E564. Half of the cyclic tests were performed with hold-downs, and half were performed without hold-downs. The cyclic tests were performed according to the recently adopted cyclic testing procedure ASTM E2126.

A total of forty-five walls were tested with various configurations. The size of the walls was 1.2 x 2.4m (4 x 8ft). Two tests were performed with each sheathing material subjected to each type of loading: monotonic, cyclic with hold-downs, and cyclic without hold-downs. Two tests were then performed with OSB, hardboard, or fiberboard on one side of the wall and gypsum on the other side of the wall to study the effects of using dissimilar sheathing materials on the shear walls. The OSB and hardboard exhibited similar performance, and were the strongest of the four sheathing materials. Fiberboard performed better than gypsum, but worse than OSB and hardboard. In general, the performance indicators decreased when the walls were subjected to cyclic loading. The contribution of gypsum to walls with hold-downs was significant, but was not linearly additive. The use of hold-downs had a large effect on the performance of the walls. All shear wall performance indicators decreased when hold-downs were not included, with an average reduction of 66% in the peak load.
Master of Science

The structural engineer should not only be able to perform design calculations but also findmore efficient solutions for building parts. The purpose of this thesis is to redesign a concreteframe for a house (an apartment building) into a light frame with steel columns andcompartment walls, as well as perform a life cycle analysis for materials on both frames anddetermine the frame with the lowest environmental impact.The result shows that the lightweight frame with steel columns and compartment walls is amuch better choice for the environment as it stands only for 60 000 kg CO2e compared toconcrete frame which stands for 163 000 kg / CO2e. The steel frame emits about 60% lessemissions than the concrete frame.By optimizing steel columns in the upper floors and choosing smaller columns led to ten tonsless mass of steel and less emissions by 15 000 kg / CO2e.The selected compartment wall has a thickness of 309 mm which is 6 mm thicker than theexisting wall which results in a reduction of the area of house by 6 square meters throughoutthe house which can be expensive depending on the location of the house.In conclusion, the material concrete is good when it is needed due to requirements on fire,noise, and durability but also less suitable when not needed. In this case, it is useless with thematerial concrete as the outer wall and can therefore be replaced by a steel columns andcompartment wall instead.
Konstruktören ska inte endast kunna utföra beräkningar utan även hitta effektivare lösningar till byggnadsdelar. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att dimensionera om en betongstomme för ett flerbostadshus till en lättstomme med stålpelare och utfackningsväggar samt även utföra en livscykelanalys för material på stommar och bestämma stommen med lägst miljöpåverkan.Resultatet visar att lättstomme med stålpelare och utfackningsvägg är ett mycket bättre val för miljön då står den för 60 000 kg/CO2e jämfört med betongstomme som står för 163 000 kg/CO2e. Stålstommen släpper ut ungefär 60 % mindre utsläpp än betongstommen.Optimering av stålpelare i övre plan och att välja mindre pelare ledde till tio ton mindre massa stål och även mindre utsläpp på 15 000 kg/CO2e.Den valda utfackningsväggen har tjocklek 309 mm vilket är 6 mm tjockare än den befintliga väggen som i sin tur resulterar i en areaförlust med 6 kvadratmeter i hela huset vilket kan vara dyrt beroende på husets läge.Som slutsats är att materialet betong är bra när det behövs på grund av till exempel brand, ljud och beständighet men även mindre lämpligt när det inte behövs. I detta fall är det mindre lämpligt med materialet betong som yttervägg och man kan därför använda utfackningsvägg med stålpelare istället.

Con questa tesi di ricerca si indagano le potenzialità di processi mereologici digitali applicati all’ architettura, generando sistemi complessi differenziati.L’obiettivo è quello di creare un sistema tettonico articolato, formato da elementi discreti e caratterizzati da una determinata morfologia e finite potenzialità di sviluppo e aggregazione. Si vuole indagare come un tale organismo può essere soggetto a logiche di auto-organizzazione e differenziazione sulla base di feedback esterni, coerentemente con vincoli di tipo costruttivo e materiale.Partendo da singole componenti orientate, dotate di limitate ma specifiche possibilità di movimento, il sistema ha capacità di organizzarsi e ordinarsi secondo logiche esclusivamente basate su interazioni locali e regole di allineamento, coesione e continuità strutturale, correlate agli altri elementi presenti nel network. Il sistema, ispirato e guidato da un algoritmo che simula processi morfogenetici in diversi fenomeni biologici (Reaction-Diffusion Algorithm), è dotato di alta ridondanza e gerarchizzazione strutturale e ha la capacità di differenziarsi generando macro elementi, che, caratterizzati da prevalente sviluppo volumetrico o di superficie, permettono l’integrazione di elementi costruttivi standard in una possibile declinazione architettonica. L’assemblaggio che ne risulta, complesso ed eterogeneo, costituito da elementi lamellari in legno, è capace di performance spaziali e strutturali, dispiegando le sue qualità nella capacità di auto-organizzarsi. Le strutture di cui è composto e i pattern che emergono sono frutto di regole locali, essendo stato deliberatamente scelto un approccio di tipo bottom-up per l’organizzazione del sistema.

The United Kingdom published a legally binding document to reduce national greenhouse gas emissions by year 2020 up to 34% against the 1990 levels. This target also fulfils the Europe 2020 strategy of 20% carbon emission reductions by year 2020 (EC, 2010). Emissions due to space heating count for around 60% of the total domestic emissions (DCLG, 2012). The report “Rethinking Construction” published in 1998 emphasised the opportunities to improve the quality and efficiency of the UK construction sector (Egan, 1998). More recently, a framework has been published by the Government to tackle fuel poverty by building more energy efficient homes (DECC, 2015). In terms of energy performance, Passivhaus is recognised as one of the most energy efficient and researched construction standards which requires an exceptionally high-level of insulation and airtightness. Closed-panel timber frames are a relatively new system in UK with an opportunity for growth. These advanced panels are pre-fitted in the factory, reducing the on-site work. However, closed-panel systems present a more complex sole plate fixing detail which can have an undesirable long-term impact on the structural and thermal performance of the building. The work presented in this thesis investigates the structural considerations, racking performance, of timber frame closed panel systems for future building regulations. The thesis underlines the significance of structural stability, serviceability and detailing in relationship with long-term thermal efficiency and airtightness, according to Passivhaus standard. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the structural racking performance of advanced closed panel systems. A comparison was made between the behaviour of the timber frame panels and the analytical PD 6693-1. A set of different wall panel built-ups is presented for optimised Passivhaus design, including thermal bridge-free sole plate details. A timber frame racking software application was developed to optimise the structural design of shear walls. A parametric study was carried out with this tool to generate efficient timber frame wall design tables for different applied racking loads and U-values. The software application also allows for direct specification of robust sole plate base fixings and thermal bridge free details.

The primary goals of this project were to examine the amount of lateral force resisted by a single-bay mortise-tenon connected timber moment frame, and to introduce ductile behavior into the mortise-tenon connections by adding a steel sleeve around a traditional wood peg. This research aimed to provide proof that traditional timber frames are capable of ductile racking while reliably complying with ASCE 7-10 building code drift speci! cations, implying an increase in the ASCE 7-10 ductility factor (R) for wood frames when used as lateral force resisting elements. A secondary goal was to promote traditional heavy timber framing as a main structural system. Modern structural framing is dominated by light-wood, steel, and concrete framing. The exploration in this project aspires to demonstrate that heavy timber frames can achieve comparable lateral performance and frame behavior to other current lateral systems, reassuring the reliability of traditional timber frames.

With the greatly increased rate of social and economic change in North America since World War II, the flexible/adaptable house has become an alternative to the conventional single-family, detached housing that both exceeds the needs and means of many non-traditional households. Theories and experience worldwide have shown that housing flexibility that is based on user participation allows decision-makers to adapt housing projects to meet the changing general needs. However, technological bottlenecks in the invention of new materials and techniques can restrict flexibility. This study examines construction products that contribute to increased flexibility in wood-frame low-rise housing.
Prefabrication has been the construction industry's approach to achieving housing flexibility. The strategy has been to incorporate flexibility into each subsystem or component through the use of new materials and techniques, in order to create overall building flexibility. The research presented in this thesis shows that different products offer different levels of flexibility, and that combining them does not necessarily produce greater overall flexibility. By examining the positive and negative aspects of these products, the author is able to suggest new directions for the development of future innovations in housing flexibility.

A new structural system for multi-storey timber buildings has been developed over the last seven years at the University of Canterbury. The system incorporates large timber structural frames, whereby semi-rigid beam-column connections are created using post-tensioning steel tendons. This system can create large open floor plans required for office and commercial buildings. Several material properties of the engineered timber used were determined based on small-scale experimental testing. Full-scale testing of beams, connections and frames resulted in a more comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of such systems. Numerical, analytical and framework models also led to the development of design equations and procedures which were validated with the acquired experimental data.

The effects of thin silver films (15-210 angstroms) on the oxidation of copper alloy lead frames has been characterized. Silver films were deposited onto copper lead frames by immersion plating in a bath containing potassium silver cyanide, potassium cyanide, and a mercaptan inhibitor. The thickness of films was measured by microfocus x-ray fluorescence and cross-checked by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Lead frames coated with silver films were oxidized at 150 to 200°C in a controlled humidity oven. The amount of oxide formed was measured by an electrolytic reduction technique and cross-checked with weight gain measurements. Auger, ESCA, and SEM analysis were also performed on the films. A tape test was performed to obtain qualitative information on the adhesion of the films.

This dissertation constitutes a material study of the four-voice motet prints published in Venice by Ottaviano Petrucci between 1502 and 1505. These prints, Motetti A, Motetti de passione de cruce de sacramento de beata virgine et huiusmodi, Motetti C and Motetti Libro Quarto, coincided with a burgeoning silent reading culture that was interested in and attuned to devotional reading—particularly as it was made available through books of hours (horae)—and thus, represented a new opportunity for early sixteenth-century singers, readers, and collectors. This dissertation considers how the relationship between motet print, reader and horae might have encouraged a devotional attitude from readers and singers of these volumes.

Chapter 1 considers horae, late medieval reading practice, and the intertwined relationship between reading and prayer. Many of the material aspects of the prints—especially size and mise-en-page ("page layout")—are similar to those of contemporaneous books of hours (horae) and their likeness might have encouraged a reading posture that resonated with devotional reading. Additionally, pictorial evidence is presented that suggests that by the mid-sixteenth century at least one family may have considered printed music in this manner.

Chapter 2 takes the page as a formal starting point and, building upon the work of Gérard Genette and Bonnie Mak, extends the discussion of materiality to considerations of paratexts. Here, a nuanced reading of the mise-en-page, which considers the page layout, typeface, musical font, and table of contents (tavolae), reveals a web of intellectual and devotional associations available to a contemporary reader of Petrucci's four-voice Venetian motet prints.

Chapter 3 explores the relationship between the page and the music-making that the page enabled and considers these through a study of a uniquely musical paratext—the fermata. Analytic apparatus advanced by both Robert Hatten and Bonnie Blackburn reveals that the concept of markedness as it relates to the visual, oral, and aural aspects of the page allows for all the elements of the page to coalesce in a manner uniquely familiar and meaningful to the devotionally attuned reader/singer of Petrucci's prints.

In analyzing the material and paratextual features of Petrucci's motet prints, this dissertation engages with an array of theoretical, analytical, and historical frameworks. It simultaneously positions Petrucci's prints within a multivalent world of reading, printing, publishing, and singing and ultimately situates the prints within the realm of devotional activities.

This study looks at the feasibility of using structural optimization techniques to address the problem of designing composite fuselage frames for crashworthiness. A key feature of any optimization strategy for increasing structural crashworthiness is a progressive failure analysis. Currently, the most widely used analysis methods for progressive failure of composite structures are considered too expensive computationally for practical optimization in today's computing environment. Developing an efficient analysis method for progressive failure of composite frames is a first step in the optimization for crashworthiness. In the current work a progressive failure analysis for thin-walled open cross-section curved composite frames is developed using a Vlasov type beam theory. A curved thin-walled composite beam theory is developed and a finite element implementation of the beam theory is used for progressive failure analysis. The accuracy and limitations of this analysis method are discussed. A model for progressive failure of the composite fuselage frame is developed from an extension of the laminate progressive failure analysis of Tsai-Wu. Comparisons based on a limited amount of available experimental data are encouraging. The first major failure event is captured by the theory, and the prediction of total energy absorbed follows the trend of the experimental data. It is believed that this accuracy is sufficient for preliminary design and optimization for crashworthiness. This progressive failure analysis is then incorporated into a frame optimization for crashworthiness based on the genetic algorithm method. The optimization methodology is demonstrated analytically to obtain frame designs with substantially increased crashworthlness. Laminate stacking sequence and cross-section shape are design variables for optimization
Ph. D.

This thesis investigates the performance of composite frame structures with smart partially-restrained (PR) concrete filled tube (CFT) column connections through simplified 2D and advanced 3D computational simulations. It also provides a design methodology for new types of innovative connections based on achieving a beam hinging mechanism. These types of connections intend to utilize the recentering properties of super-elastic SMA tension bars, the energy dissipation capacity of low-carbon steel bars, and the robustness of CFT columns. In the first part of this study, three different PR-CFT connection prototypes were designed based on a hierarchy of strength models for each connection component. Numerical simulations with refined three dimensional (3D) solid elements were conducted on full scale PR-CFT connection models in order to verify the strength models and evaluate the system performance under static loading. Based on system information obtained from these analyses, simplified connection models were formulated by replacing the individual connection components with spring elements and condensing their contributions. Connection behavior under cyclic loads was extrapolated and then compared with the monotonic behavior. In the second part of this study, the application of these connections to low-rise composite frames was illustrated by designing both 2D and 3D, 4 and 6 story buildings for the Los Angeles region. A total of 36 frames were studied. Pushover curves plotted as the normalized shear force versus inter story drift ratio (ISDR) showed significant transition points: elastic range or proportional limit, full yielding of the cross-section, strength hardening, ultimate strength, and strength degradation or stability limit. Based on the transition points in the monotonic pushover curves, three performance levels were defined: Design Point, Yield Point, and Ultimate Point. All frames were stable up to the yield point level. For all fames, after reaching the ultimate point, plastic rotation increased significantly and concentrated on the lower levels. These observations were quantified through the use of elastic strength ratios and inelastic curvature ductility ratios. The composite frames showed superior performance over traditional welded ones in terms of ductility and stability, and validated the premises of this research.

Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the applications of multifunctional compos- ite (MFC) technology to nano-satellite structures and to produce a working concept design, which can be implemented on future Cube-Satellites (CubeSats). MFC tech- nologies can be used to optimise the performance of the satellite structure in terms of mass, volume and the protection it provides. The optimisation of the structure will allow further room for other sub-systems to be expanded and greater payload allowance. An extensive literature view of existing applications of MFC materials has been conducted, along with the analysis of a MFC CubeSat structural design account- ing for the environmental conditions in space and well-known design practices used in the space industry. Numerical analysis data has been supported by empirical analysis that was done where possible on the concept material and structure. The ndings indicate that the MFC technology shows an improvement over the conventional alu- minium structures that are currently being used. Improvements in rigidity, mass and internal volume were observed. Additional functions that the MFC structure o ers include electrical circuitry and connections through the material itself, as well as an increase electromagnetic shielding capability through the use of carbon- bre composite materials. Empirical data collected on the MFC samples also show good support for the numerical analysis results. The main conclusion to be drawn from this work is that multifunctional composite materials can indeed be used for nano-satellite structures and in the same light, can be tailor-made to the speci c mission requirements of the satellite. The technology is in its infancy still and has vast room for improvement and technological development beyond this work and well into the future. Further improvements and additional functions can be added through the inclusion of various other materials.

During propped construction the steel-concrete composite action resists dead as well as imposed loads. Conversely, the steel section alone resists the floor self-weight in unpropped beams. The major difference between propped and unpropped composite beams lies in the ductility requirements rather than in the strength requirements. Relatively few studies have been carried out to assess the rotation requirements for unpropped semi-continuous composite beams. The outstanding critical factor in the case of unpropped construction is the dead load stress that must be carried by the steel beam alone prior to hardening of the concrete. This research overcomes the difficulties involved in modelling the composite and noncomposite stages by using a numerical integration technique developed from the basic principles of structural mechanics. The method incorporates the fully non-linear material properties and requires very little assumption. The technique was initially validated using the experimental results from plain steel beam bending tests. The subsequent comparison between the model predictions and the results from the large-scale frame test carried out for this research purpose, showed that the method is capable of predicting non-elastic load vs. end rotation behaviour within a high degree of accuracy. Thus the model can be used with confidence in order to predict the connection rotation requirements for a wider range of loading configurations than is practically possible from experimental testing alone. A parametric study is carried out using the numerical integration technique developed for the semi-continuous composite beam on a total of 2160 different beam configurations, utilising different steel grades and loading conditions. In this study the influence of dead load stress on the connection rotation requirement has been thoroughly evaluated along with several other factors including span to depth ratio, location within the building frame, ratio between the support (connection) moment capacity and span (beam) moment capacity, loading type, steel grade and percentage of the beam strength utilised during design. The connection rotation capacity requirements resulting from this study are assessed to establish the scope for extending the use of composite connections to unpropped beams. The large-scale experiment that has been carried out provided an opportunity to investigate the behaviour of a modified form of composite connection detail for use at perimeter columns (single-sided composite connections) with improved rebar anchorage. Additionally, another extensive parametric study is carried out using the numerical integration technique developed for the steel beam to establish the influence of strainhardening on elastic-plastic frame instability design.

Cette enquête archéologique et historique vise à mettre en relief les rapports entre matériaux et immeubles au travers de l’histoire du bâti ancien bruxellois.

Des trois matériaux qui marquent le bâti bruxellois, deux seront étudiés :le bois et la céramique architecturale. Un troisième volet sera consacré à l’étude des remplois, recyclages et remaniements. Dans le temps imparti à ce travail, compte tenu des impératifs méthodologiques, des contraintes factuelles, il n’était pas possible de traiter de manière approfondie et novatrice des trois types de matériau. La pierre domine symboliquement (mais certainement pas quantitativement) le paysage bruxellois :son emploi caractérise en effet la production architecturale des grands ensembles monumentaux tels que l’Aula Magna, l’hôtel de Ville de Bruxelles ou encore la collégiale Saints-Michel-et-Gudule, pour ne citer que ces exemples. D’une manière générale pour l’ancien duché de Brabant, dans sa partie couvrant l’espace belge actuel, c’est le matériau le mieux étudié dans ses aspects divers (extraction, façonnage des blocs, mise en œuvre…). La pierre sera abordée indirectement, lorsque son emploi a des implications directes dans la mise en œuvre des matériaux étudiés. Une approche de l’ensemble des matériaux lithiques ainsi qu’une réflexion sur certaines mises en œuvre et le développement de futures pistes de recherche seront en outre proposées en conclusion.

Le choix s’est porté sur le bois et la brique, car leur emploi est, de manière générale, moins bien apprécié et moins connu en région bruxelloise par rapport à la pierre. Il fallait en fonder solidement l’étude. L’objectif est donc de pallier à cette lacune en proposant une lecture nouvelle de l’habitat selon des champs d’investigations spécifiques à l’histoire de la construction. La construction de typochronologies pour les planchers, les revêtements de sol, et la brique a pour but d’apporter aux archéologues des marqueurs chronologiques fiables pour l’interprétation et la construction de l’évolution des structures rencontrées. Mais pas seulement. La mise en place de ces typochronologies va de pair avec l’élaboration d’une réflexion sur l’ensemble des chaînes opératoires de la fabrication ou du façonnage des matériaux. Cette production n’est pas uniquement matérielle mais répond à des critères environnementaux, économiques, techniques et sociétaux. Il s’agit donc de comprendre ou d’ouvrir des pistes de réflexion pour appréhender les mécanismes qui ont permis aux bâtisseurs d’utiliser à Bruxelles une large gamme de matériaux et qui par ce biais a façonné le visage urbain bruxellois. L’apport de cette recherche, bien que se focalisant pour l’essentiel sur Bruxelles, a pour objectif de renouveler l’approche des matériaux de construction en apportant une base de références solides dans leur étude pour Bruxelles mais également pour les autres villes et de dépasser ainsi les méthodes traditionnelles d’histoire des formes pour développer une relation dialectique entre matériau, forme, usage et caractérisation sociale de la ville, de son habitat et de ses populations.

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur förskolepersonal arbetar med språkutvecklandemiljöer, hur de upplever att olika miljöer kan ge olika förutsättningar när det gällerspråkundervisningen i förskolan. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och utgår från halvstrukturerade intervjuer med förskolepersonal, vilket innefattar barnskötare och förskollärare. Studien tar stöd i det sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultatet visar att informanterna var överens om att språkutvecklande miljöer är en viktig aspekt inför barnsspråkutveckling. Även att förskolepersonals förhållningssätt och arbetssätt kan ha eninverkan på barns vidare språkutveckling. Det framkom även att förskolepersonalsnärvaro utgjorde en stor betydelse för barns språkutveckling. Slutsatsen är att miljönoch dess utformning utgör en viktig del av den didaktiska planeringen i språkundervisningen i förskolans utbildning.

The objective of this research was to analyse and investigate the behaviour of a composite space frame. The space frame is assembled from individual inverted square-based pyramids. Each pyramid consists of a steelangle section top-tray and diagonals. When the top trays are connected together, they form the top-chord members of a double-angle section connected back to back. The investigation is primarily concerned with the composite section within the space frame system which comprises the top chord members, profiled steel sheeting and a concrete slab. This composite section is also assumed to work as a system of intersecting composite Tbeams. Each composite T-beam comprises of a top chord member, a certain width of profiled steel sheet and a concrete slab. The composite action is ensured by a series of self-tapping screws. The experimental work is based on two-unit space frame specimens. Each specimen represents two adjacent units with their top chord member which carries the highest compressive axial load in the real structure. Each unit is tested in a situation which simulates its position and loading within the real structure. In addition to the composite T-beams being tested, steel struts composed of the top chord member double-angles were tested. In the theoretical section, the real structure is analysed as composite beam elements and thin steel plate elements which all represent the top composite T-beams. The diagonals and the ties were considered as truss elements. A successful method of analysis was developed using matrix and finite element methods resulting in the force distribution and deformations for a full composite space frame. Additionally, the experimental work yielded useful information on the behaviour of composite struts of this type. Recommendations for future work are made. The investigation of the behaviour of the composite T-beams with different locations and numbers of shear connectors together with the analysis of the structure comprise the main part of this work.

Mechanical properties of concrete are most commonly determined using destructive tests including: compression, flexure, and fracture notch specimen tests. However, nondestructive tests exist for evaluating the properties of concrete such as ultrasonic pulse velocity and impact echo tests. One of major issues with concrete (which has cement as its prime ingredient) is that unlike steel it is quasi-brittle material. It tends to want to crack when tensile stresses develop. Fibres have been added to concrete for many years to reduce the amount of and size of cracks cause by temperature changes or shrinkage. In more recent years, significant research has been carried out into the effect of the addition of basalt fibres to cement has on its mechanical strength. As well, developing concrete that is more durable, flexible, stronger, and less permeable than traditional concrete has been explored. It has become important to test and verify improvements that are made to the cement by basalt fibres as well as testing the general strength of concrete to stand up to constant pressure at varied strengths.