Relevant bibliographies by topics / France - 19th century

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'France - 19th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "France - 19th century"

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Barron, Géraldine. "Revealing maritimity in 19th century France." Artefact, no. 14 (October 7, 2021): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/artefact.10175.

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Hart, Sue. "Women and education in 19th‐century France." Modern & Contemporary France 5, no. 1 (1997): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489708456360.

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Mahendra, B. "SUBNORMALITY REVISITED IN EARLY 19TH CENTURY FRANCE." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 29, no. 4 (2008): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1985.tb00365.x.

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Lallement, Michel. "Living in Utopia in the 19th Century." Comparative Sociology 20, no. 1 (2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10026.

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Abstract Concrete utopias have received little international comparison. In order to contribute to a comparative sociology of such social experiments, this article is interested in the case of France and the United States in the 19th century. To mirror concerns that were important at that time in both of these countries (the “social question” and the “question of women”), attention is focused on local experiments where work and gender were the subject of some notable innovations. After highlighting the form, importance and dynamics of abstract and concrete utopias in France and the United States, two communities inspired by C. Fourier are compared: the Familistère de Guise (France), and the Oneida Association (United States). If both learn about the Fourierist utopia, they put it into practice differently, in particular because of issues specific to each of the two countries.
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Butler, Gary R., and Ruth King. "The French Discourse Marker Mais Dame: Past and Present Functions." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 53, no. 1 (2008): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310000089x.

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AbstractWe examine the evolution and current use of the French discourse marker mais dame, whose usage was first attested in Metropolitan French early in the 19th century. This expression has since fallen into disuse, to the point that many present-day Metropolitan French speakers do not even know it. We first determine the discourse functions of mais dame in literary texts (comedies and farces) from the 19th century. We then consider the use of mais dame in naturally occurring discourse, from conversational and narrative discourse with Newfoundland Franco-Acadians—descendants in part of 19th-century immigrants from France who speak a conservative variety of the language — who use the marker frequently. We find that the 19th-century literary usages anticipate the use of mais dame in Newfoundland French. Moreover, we show that mais dame plays an important role as an evaluative marker in oral narration.
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Martineau, France. "Perspectives sur le changement linguistique : aux sources du français canadien." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 50, no. 1-4 (2005): 173–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003704.

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AbstractThis article examines the origins of Canadian French, focusing on it morphosyntax. This approach compares written sources, both literary and non-literary, for the 19th century, to oral sources, for the middle and end of the 20th century. While it is still possible to use oral sources from the 20th century as a baseline for written sources from the end of the 19th century, this approach is more problematic for earlier centuries. The negative adverbs pas et point are examined on the basis of a corpus of old Canadian French, and it is shown that the progression of pas with respect to point was more rapid in the context of verbal negation than in the context of argument negation in France, in New France, and in Canada. During the 18th century, even though the progression of pas, as compared to point, is parallel in France and in New France, it is nevertheless the case that certain regions of France that served as sources of immigration to Canada as well as certain social groups in New France use point more frequently. The 19th century sees a progression and a uniformization of the variant pas across all social classes in Quebec. In Ontario, the variant point was conserved until a later date in its southern border region.
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Bechtold, B. "Infanticide in 19th century France: a quantitative interpretation⋆." Review of Radical Political Economics 33, no. 2 (2001): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0486-6134(01)00071-7.

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Perdicoyianni-Paleologou, Helen. "The officier de santé in 19th-century France." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 30, no. 9 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000522140.98940.ad.

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BONNEUIL, NOËL. "Morphological Transition of Schooling in 19th-Century France." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 38, no. 2 (2014): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.2011.629066.

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Bechtold, Brigitte H. "Infanticide in 19th century France: A quantitative interpretation." Review of Radical Political Economics 33, no. 2 (2001): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661340103300202.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "France - 19th century"

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Bloom, Kelly. "Orientalism in French 19th Century Art." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/477.

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Thesis advisor: Jeffery Howe<br>The Orient has been a mythical, looming presence since the foundation of Islam in the 7th century. It has always been the “Other” that Edward Said wrote about in his 1979 book Orientalism. The gulf of misunderstanding between the myth and the reality of the Near East still exists today in the 21st century. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 and the subsequent colonization of the Near East is perhaps the defining moment in the Western perception of the Near East. At the beginning of modern colonization, Napoleon and his companions arrived in the Near East convinced of their own superiority and authority; they were Orientalists. The supposed superiority of Europeans justified the colonization of Islamic lands. Said never specifically wrote about art; however, his theories on colonialism and Orientalism still apply. Linda Nochlin first made use of them in her article “The Imaginary Orient” from 1983. Artists such as Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Léon Gérôme demonstrate Said's idea of representing the Islamic “Other” as a culturally inferior and backward people, especially in their portrayal of women. The development of photography in the late 19th century added another dimension to this view of the Orient, with its seemingly objective viewpoint<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Fine Arts<br>Discipline: College Honors Program
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Couton, Philippe. "The institutional participation of French and immigrant workers in 19th-century France /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36901.

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Recent theories of the social consequences of institutions point to aspects of class and ethnic relations that are not fully captured by conventional institutional perspectives. Using some of these recent theoretical contributions, this thesis analyzes the influence of institutional conditions on the mobilization of French and immigrant workers in late 19th-century northern France. Two main institutional structures are discussed: France's unique network of labour courts, and the socialist cooperatives created by Flemish workers in the 1880s. The empirical, chiefly archival evidence suggests two main conclusions: labour movements emerged and evolved strongly influenced by the judicial framing of labour relations, which they in turn sought to use and modify to their advantage; the institutional innovation of Flemish immigrant workers had a durable influence on the organization of labour politics in northern France, and contributed to their integration as active social and political participants.
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Mayo, James Oliver 1984. "Images of Corsica in France : travel memoirs and 19th century writers /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3041.pdf.

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Mayo, James Oliver. "Images of Corsica in France: Travel Memoirs and 19th Century Writers." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1764.

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Considered an integral part of Metropolitan France, the island of Corsica is situated nonetheless on the very periphery of the modern state that claims it. Actually situated geographically closer to Italy than to any part of France, its culture and its people are likewise more closely related to their Italians neighbors than to the rest of what Corsicans term "Continental France." Following the acquisition of Corsica, both government officials and bourgeois travelers would seek to visit the island, often recording their findings and publishing these memoirs for others to know of their travels. This concept of travel memoirs, specifically those regarding Corsica, had already been a fairly common practice among the British, as they had often placed interest in the island itself. From this group of French and British travel memoirs would come the writings of James Boswell, P. P. Pompéi, and the Baron de Beaumont, among others. Corsica becomes a place of unique setting for novels and short stories throughout the century, with tales of banditry, vendetta, and violence from the island. For those authors seeking to place their stories in Corsica, inspiration was drawn from the very travel memoirs they had read regarding the island, although often they chose to ignore them in favor of stereotypes. I have chosen three specific 19th century authors in relation to the images created by the travel memoirs of Corsica: Prosper Mérimée, Honoré de Balzac, and Guy de Maupassant. The purpose behind each author's use of the images of Corsica was very different and shows different ways that these images were used. Mérimée directly used Corsica to question the triumph of the civilized over the uncivilized, Balzac used Corsica to represent France itself, and Maupassant used Corsica to show that "reality" is really nothing more than a personal illusion. Though when publishing their travel memoirs the authors might not have expected much to come of them, they have actually influence an entire century of writers, and possibly an entire nation, with their images of Corsica.
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Szabo, Jason. ""Suffering, shame and the search for succour" : incurable illness in nineteenth-century France." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84870.

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Abstract not available.<br>Until now, historians have devoted relatively little attention to the rich field of patients' struggles with chronic progressive disease. This study proposes to begin to fill this lacuna by examining in detail the meaning and implications of one central principle of nineteenth-century clinical medicine: incurability. Though the judgement of incurability is the product of a medical encounter, its significance extended well beyond the clinic. For being incurable in nineteenth-century France was a social event in the broadest sense, putting the individual at the centre of a complex web of people with different expectations and duties. Patients and their farnilies sought relief and solace within the confines of their homes and, frequently enough, in hospital. The physician was expected to prognosticate and to heal, while women, usually members of the immediate family or a religious order, carried out the duties of daily care. Either by choice or institutional diktat, many incurably ill individuals were visited by a priest or some other representative of the Church. Finally, their lives were deeply influenced by the decisions of local and, to an ever increasing degree, national politicians mandated to tackle questions of charity and social policy. Each chapter of this thesis will examine facets of the experience of incurability within the context of existing social structures: medical, religious, economic, and political.
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Schuman, Samuel A. "Representation, Narrative, and “Truth”: Literary and Historical Epistemology in 19th-Century France." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1621948796558803.

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Bouagada, Habib. "Orientalism in translation: The one thousand and one nights in 18th century France and 19th century England." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26857.

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The objective of this study is to show how translation contributes to the "Orientalist" project and to the past and present knowledge of the Orient as it has been shaped by different disciplines such as anthropology, history and literature. In order to demonstrate this, I have decided to compare the Arabic text Alf Leyla wa Leyla (The One Thousand and One Nights) with the French translation by Antoine Galland (1704-1706) and the English translation by Sir Richard Burton (1885). According to Edward Said, the Orientalist project or Orientalism is mainly a French and British cultural enterprise that has produced a wide-ranging wealth of knowledge about an Orient that has been represented as an undifferenciated entity with despotism, splendour, cruelty, or even sensuality being its main attributes. I have chosen these translations because they come from places with a long Orientalist tradition. In 18th century France, the age of the Belles infideles, Galland is a man of the Enlightenment who appears to be a precursor of Orientalism as embodied in Montesquieu's Lettres persanes and Votaire's zadig. A century later, Burton's The Arabian Nights, backed by a deep knowledge of Islam, is published. Burton is an official in the service of the British Empire---an empire that takes pride in having the highest number of Muslim subjects. The evolution of Alf Leyla wa Leyla and its translations is followed by an analysis of the shifts applied to the representations of Oriental elements found in it (social and religious practices). These shifts as well as the annotations that refer to Arabo-Islamic culture are related to Galland and Burton's intellectual development and to the socio-historical context of their respective translations.
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Brick, Michael 1984. "The proffered pen: Saint-Simonianism and the public sphere in 19th century France." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11270.

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viii, 157 p.<br>The French "utopian socialist" movement known as Saint-Simonianism has long been recognized for its influence among 19th century engineers. An examination of the early Saint-Simonian journal, Le Producteur , however, reveals the articulation of an appeal to contemporary men of letters. A survey of the life and career of Hippolyte Carnot, a prominent Saint-Simonian man of letters, confirms and illustrates the nature of this appeal as it developed alongside Saint-Simonian ideology. Central to this appeal was the Saint-Simonians' attributing to the "artist" the role of moral educator. In their conceptualization of this function, the Saint-Simonians essentially presented a model of what Jürgen Habermas has termed the "public sphere" in strong contrast to that of classical liberalism. In the final analysis, however, the Saint-Simonians can be read as arguing not for the totalitarian domination of public life (as some have suggested) but rather the necessity of what Antonio Gramsci described as "hegemony."<br>Committee in charge: Dr. George Sheridan, Chair; Dr. David Luebke, Member; Dr. Daniel Pope, Member
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Rogachevsky, Neil Simon. "The French army and the plebiscite of 1870." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708409.

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Boucher, François-Emmanuël. "L'Héritage du christianisme en France 1750-1848." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38465.

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From the Enlightenment to the Romantic period, many writers transformed Christianity into a religion of temporal salvation. Whether they manifest, in their writings, a will to destroy it (Voltaire, Helvetius, d'Holbach, etc.) or to surpass it (Leroux, Lamennais, Hugo, etc.), all refer to its dogmas as a paradigm of argumentation from which they suggest a new explanation of the world and, most important, they all propose a transformation of the society. The goal of my thesis is to offer a new analysis of this period that spreads from 1750 to 1848. In my hypothesis, I stipulate that before 1789, the philosophers of the Enlightenment never undertook a real "de-Christianisation" and that at the turn of the century, the writers did not return exactly to Christianity. Far from taking the position that the argumentation had transformed itself in a manner that radically differed during this historical period that preceded and followed the French Revolution, my goal is to show that a same will to ameliorate the human condition on earth was manifested in comparable ways throughout these different discourses. The thought of these authors is rather a testimony of a new "sacralisation" of which finality is now on a temporal level: sin is not necessary and, more importantly, it is possible to abolish it through social reformations. This desire of a better world is the most important message that Christianity passed on to the thinkers of this period. By viewing human existence in this way, modernity could be defined not as the end, but rather as the inheritance of Christianity or, to say it all, as its humanization.
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Books on the topic "France - 19th century"

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(Sweden), Nationalmuseum, ed. Modern life: France in the 19th century. Nationalmuseum, 2012.

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André, Corvisier, Delmas Jean, and Blanchard Anne, eds. Histoire militaire de la France. Presses Universitaires de France, 1992.

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Anatole France avant l'oubli. Publibook, 2006.

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Leduc, Edouard. Anatole France avant l'oubli. Publibook, 2006.

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19th century French art, 1848-1905. Chambers, 2004.

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The courtesans: The demi-monde in 19th century France. Phoenix, 2000.

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The Impressionists' table: Gastronomy & recipes of 19th-century France. Rizzoli, 1994.

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The courtesans: The demi-monde in 19th century France. Phoenix, 2000.

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Nobles in nineteenth-century France: The practice of inegalitarianism. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.

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A social history of nineteenth-century France. Holmes & Meier, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "France - 19th century"

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DiCristina, Bruce. "Criminology in 19th-Century France." In The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119011385.ch4.

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McCoy, Marsha B. "Vercingetorix and national identity in 19th-century France." In Academia and Trade. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003128229-14.

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Mauskopf, Seymour H. "Molecular Geometry in 19th-Century France: Shifts in Guiding Assumptions." In Scrutinizing Science. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2855-8_6.

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Crépel, Pierre. "Italian Mathematicians as Seen by French Biographical Dictionaries in the 19th Century." In Images of Italian Mathematics in France. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40082-2_3.

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de Falguerolles, Antoine. "Some Examples of Statistical Computing in France During the 19th Century." In Proceedings of COMPSTAT'2010. Physica-Verlag HD, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2604-3_47.

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Lay, Maxwell, Metcalf John, and Sharp Kieran. "The first asphalt pavements, produced in 19th-century France and England." In Paving Our Ways. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003056300-13.

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Brechenmacher, Frédéric. "Knowing by Drawing: Geometric Material Models in Nineteenth Century France." In Model and Mathematics: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97833-4_2.

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Tickner, Leïla, Karine Jardel, Armin Schmidt, and Roger Sala. "19th century excavations, research program, geophysical survey and archaeological investigation: converge, complete and reinterpret." In Advances in On- and Offshore Archaeological Prospection. Universitätsverlag Kiel | Kiel University Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.38072/978-3-928794-83-1/p54.

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We used GPR to delineate a building excavated in the 19th century. Data from old excavations and geophysical surveys are incorporated in the methodology applied to developer-led archaeology in France. The case study exemplifies the benefits of a cross-disciplinary approach as to allow a better interpretation of archaeological data.
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Gallo, Emmanuelle. "Two Early Examples of Central Heating Systems in France During the 19th Century." In Addressing the Climate in Modern Age's Construction History. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04465-7_4.

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Brentjes, Sonja. "Practicing History of Mathematics in Islamicate Societies in 19th-Century Germany and France." In Trends in the History of Science. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39649-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "France - 19th century"

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Marinković, Milica. "ZAŠTITA ŽIGA U FRANCUSKOM PRAVU XIX VEKA." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.543m.

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The author presents an overview of the origin and development of trademark protection in France, with special reference to the 19th century. Industrial property, and within it, the trademark, is the fruit of the modern age. The need for trademark protection in France appeared at the beginning of the civil revolution, and since then this institute has been constantly developing, following the needs of the economy. The author gives a brief analysis of the most important provisions of legal acts that have regulated the matter of trademarks since the beginning of the 19th century. In the last decades of the 19th century, multilateral conventions for the protection of industrial property joined the domestic French legislation, led by the famous Paris Convention.
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Salvarani, Luana. "Collaborate to Question: 19th Century Educational Reports From France on Issues of Citizenship and Moral Education." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1587609.

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Marinković, Milica. "NASTANAK I RAZVOJ TURIZMA U FRANCUSKOJ." In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xixmajsko.209m.

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The author gives an overview of the origin and development of tourism as a cultural and economic phenomenon. Tourism in France was created not only by internal factors, but also by external factors. English travelers from high society were pioneers of pleasure travel, and their favorite destination was precisely France. The first part of the paper concerns the very beginnings of tourism in the 18th century. The tourism of that time did not resemble today's neither in terms of numbers nor in terms of the main tourist attractions. The goal of tourist trips was either to use the beneficial effects of spa and sea waters or to spend the winter in a warmer climate. The second part of the paper deals with the further development of tourism in the 19th century. Thanks to the synergy of romantic ideals of nature and the development of the transport network, France is becoming an increasingly important tourist destination for travelers from both Europe and America. The final part of the paper gives a brief overview of the massification of tourism in France in the 20th century.
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Marinković, Milica. "NASTANAK I RAZVOJ TURIZMA U FRANCUSKOJ." In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvixmajsko.209m.

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The author gives an overview of the origin and development of tourism as a cultural and economic phenomenon. Tourism in France was created not only by internal factors, but also by external factors. English travelers from high society were pioneers of pleasure travel, and their favorite destination was precisely France. The first part of the paper concerns the very beginnings of tourism in the 18th century. The tourism of that time did not resemble today's neither in terms of numbers nor in terms of the main tourist attractions. The goal of tourist trips was either to use the beneficial effects of spa and sea waters or to spend the winter in a warmer climate. The second part of the paper deals with the further development of tourism in the 19th century. Thanks to the synergy of romantic ideals of nature and the development of the transport network, France is becoming an increasingly important tourist destination for travelers from both Europe and America. The final part of the paper gives a brief overview of the massification of tourism in France in the 20th century.
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Polonskiy, V. "WAR AND THE FATE OF MODERNISM: “THE FALL OF PARIS” BY ILYA EHRENBOURG IN CULTURAL CONTEXT OF HIS EPOCH." In VIII International Conference “Russian Literature of the 20th-21st Centuries as a Whole Process (Issues of Theoretical and Methodological Research)”. LCC MAKS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3685.rus_lit_20-21/15-23.

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The paper analyzes Ilya Ehrenbourg’s novel “The Fall of Parisˮ (1942) against the background of synchronic and diachronic cultural contexts. The author pays special attention to the mythologization of Paris from the middle of the 19th century and to the ideological consequences of the country’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The work shows the connection of the writer’s novel with the cultural background of France “between two warsˮ. The novelist’s polemical dialogue with Jean Giraudoux on the Franco-German value-cultural collisions is demonstrated. It is concluded that for Ehrenbourg, as for a number of his Western brethren and recent researchers, the fall of Paris in 1940 was a sign of the end of the entire traditional West of Modern Times, and more specifically, the era of Modernism.
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BAYA, Abdelaziz. "Reformation literature in Morocco during the era of the French protectorate - Synthetic attempt -." In V. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress5-8.

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This paper will attempt to shed light on the reformist aspects that characterized the writings of the period from the second half of the 19th century to the end of the first half of the 20th century in the Kingdom of Morocco. These aspects, which became clear after the occupation of Algeria by France and the defeat of Morocco at the Battle of Asli and Tetouan, constituted a kind of call to organize the army and to structure it according to the European system. Then they expanded to include most areas
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Themelis, Nickolas J. "Changes in Public Perception of Role of Waste-to-Energy for Sustainable Waste Management of MSW." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5439.

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In the last ten years, public and government perceptions of waste-to-energy have changed considerably. Most people who bothered to visit waste management facilities recognize that landfilling can only be replaced by a combination of recycling and thermal treatment with energy recovery. During the same period, the Earth Engineering Center (EEC) of Columbia University research and public information programs have concentrated on advancing all means of sustainable waste management in the U.S. and abroad. The results of EEC research are exemplified in the graphs of the Hierarchy of Waste Management and the Ladder of Sustainable Waste Management of nations; in this paper, the latter has also been used to compare the waste management status of the fifty states of the Union. This paper also describes how the European Union has directed that thermally efficient treatment of MSW is equivalent to recycling. The rapid growth of WTE in this century is exemplified by the hundreds of new WTE plants that have been built or are under construction, most with, government assistance as in the case of other essential infrastucture. The need for concerted action by concerned scientists and engineers around the world has led to the formation of the Global WTERT Council. By now there are sister organizations of EEC and WTERT in Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Greece (SYNERGIA) and Japan. Others are being formed in other countries.
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Marinković, Milica. "RAZVITAK FRANCUSKE ADVOKATURE U XIX VEKU." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.1067m.

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The paper is dedicated to the development of advocacy in France throughout history, and special attention is paid to the struggle of lawyers to repair the damage caused to their position by the Bourgeois Revolution. The goals of the legal struggle were fully achieved in the period of the Third Republic, rightly called the "Republic of Lawyers", when they took over the legislative and executive power. French lawyers, especially in the 19th century, were often real political dissidents. With their work as a politival opposition, they redefined the relationship between the state and society and set a clear border of state power, all of which enabled the easier emergence of a liberal constitutional monarchy, and then a republic. Due to the constant opposition activities in the courtroom, the lawyers demonstrated in the best possible way how closely law and politics stand in each state. In the introductory chapter of the paper, the author gives an overview of the historical development of advocacy from the Frankish period to the Revolution itself. During the Old Regime, lawyers enjoyed the status of "secular clergy" and, although members of the Third Class, were an unavoidable political factor in absolutist France. The second chapter contains an analysis of the devastating impact of the Revolution on the legal profession and timid attempts to improve the position of the legal profession with the advent of the Restoration. The third chapter provides an overview of the period from 1830 to 1870, which was characterized by the increasingly serious interference of lawyers in politics in order to fight for the advancement of the profession. The chapter on the Third Republic talks about the successful outcome of the lawyer's fight for their own rights, and the final chapter talks about the tendencies in the French legal profession in the 20th century.
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Domenech Rodríguez, Marta, David López López, and Còssima Cornadó Bardón. "The role of cultural heritage in urban reuse." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14392.

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Cities face the challenge of transforming existing buildings to be reused, particularly those that are underused or not used at all. Tackling this issue, the European Commission approved in 2014 a package of measures to promote a circular economy. According to this agreement, our cities can be more sustainable and resilient by transforming these underused existing buildings with proposals for their adaptive temporary reuse, favoring the citizens’ well-being and quality of life and promoting social inclusion and economic growth with respect for the environment. This paper studies the role of heritage education in adaptive urban reuse, exploring the possibilities and methodologies for the reprogramming of existing buildings for different types of activities to offer citizens and communities the opportunity to participate in the life of the city, favouring their social inclusion. In contrast to the common new-builds or refurbishment commissions, reuse offers a greater possibility of disseminating, transforming and reinventing architectural methodologies and approaches to integrate in the design process forms of citizen participation, favouring the transition towards a model of a circular economy and more sustainable consumption. The paper analyses the possibilities of urban reuse applied to five major public heritage buildings in Barcelona: the Post Office Building, the Old Customs House, the France Train Station, the Martorell Museum and the Castle of the Three Dragons. Each of them has a particular condition regarding current uses and its public owning institution and presents specific characteristics regarding building typology, heritage protection, conservation and construction materials and techniques. The buildings date either from the late 19th century or the early 20th century and are grouped along a 1 km axis on the threshold between the historic center and the port of the city. This unique location represents a great strategic potential for the regeneration and urban reactivation of the city.
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LATAPY, Alexa, Arnaud HEQUETTE, Nicolas POUVREAU, and Nicolas WEBER. "Evolution du rivage et des petits-fonds du littoral du Nord de la France depuis le 19ème siècle (Coastline and shoreface evolution of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais coastal zone since the 19th century)." In Journées Nationales Génie Côtier - Génie Civil. Editions Paralia, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/jngcgc.2018.028.

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Reports on the topic "France - 19th century"

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Banerjee, Abhijit, Esther Duflo, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Timothy Watts. Long Run Health Impacts of Income Shocks: Wine and Phylloxera in 19th Century France. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12895.

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