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Journal articles on the topic 'France - 19th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 May 2024

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1

Barron, Géraldine. "Revealing maritimity in 19th century France." Artefact, no. 14 (October 7, 2021): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/artefact.10175.

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2

Hart, Sue. "Women and education in 19th‐century France." Modern & Contemporary France 5, no. 1 (1997): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489708456360.

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3

Mahendra, B. "SUBNORMALITY REVISITED IN EARLY 19TH CENTURY FRANCE." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 29, no. 4 (2008): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1985.tb00365.x.

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4

Lallement, Michel. "Living in Utopia in the 19th Century." Comparative Sociology 20, no. 1 (2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10026.

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Abstract Concrete utopias have received little international comparison. In order to contribute to a comparative sociology of such social experiments, this article is interested in the case of France and the United States in the 19th century. To mirror concerns that were important at that time in both of these countries (the “social question” and the “question of women”), attention is focused on local experiments where work and gender were the subject of some notable innovations. After highlighting the form, importance and dynamics of abstract and concrete utopias in France and the United States, two communities inspired by C. Fourier are compared: the Familistère de Guise (France), and the Oneida Association (United States). If both learn about the Fourierist utopia, they put it into practice differently, in particular because of issues specific to each of the two countries.
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Butler, Gary R., and Ruth King. "The French Discourse Marker Mais Dame: Past and Present Functions." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 53, no. 1 (2008): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310000089x.

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AbstractWe examine the evolution and current use of the French discourse marker mais dame, whose usage was first attested in Metropolitan French early in the 19th century. This expression has since fallen into disuse, to the point that many present-day Metropolitan French speakers do not even know it. We first determine the discourse functions of mais dame in literary texts (comedies and farces) from the 19th century. We then consider the use of mais dame in naturally occurring discourse, from conversational and narrative discourse with Newfoundland Franco-Acadians—descendants in part of 19th-century immigrants from France who speak a conservative variety of the language — who use the marker frequently. We find that the 19th-century literary usages anticipate the use of mais dame in Newfoundland French. Moreover, we show that mais dame plays an important role as an evaluative marker in oral narration.
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Martineau, France. "Perspectives sur le changement linguistique : aux sources du français canadien." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 50, no. 1-4 (2005): 173–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003704.

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AbstractThis article examines the origins of Canadian French, focusing on it morphosyntax. This approach compares written sources, both literary and non-literary, for the 19th century, to oral sources, for the middle and end of the 20th century. While it is still possible to use oral sources from the 20th century as a baseline for written sources from the end of the 19th century, this approach is more problematic for earlier centuries. The negative adverbs pas et point are examined on the basis of a corpus of old Canadian French, and it is shown that the progression of pas with respect to point was more rapid in the context of verbal negation than in the context of argument negation in France, in New France, and in Canada. During the 18th century, even though the progression of pas, as compared to point, is parallel in France and in New France, it is nevertheless the case that certain regions of France that served as sources of immigration to Canada as well as certain social groups in New France use point more frequently. The 19th century sees a progression and a uniformization of the variant pas across all social classes in Quebec. In Ontario, the variant point was conserved until a later date in its southern border region.
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7

Bechtold, B. "Infanticide in 19th century France: a quantitative interpretation⋆." Review of Radical Political Economics 33, no. 2 (2001): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0486-6134(01)00071-7.

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8

Perdicoyianni-Paleologou, Helen. "The officier de santé in 19th-century France." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 30, no. 9 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000522140.98940.ad.

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9

BONNEUIL, NOËL. "Morphological Transition of Schooling in 19th-Century France." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 38, no. 2 (2014): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.2011.629066.

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10

Bechtold, Brigitte H. "Infanticide in 19th century France: A quantitative interpretation." Review of Radical Political Economics 33, no. 2 (2001): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661340103300202.

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11

Lu, Jialiang, Feng Zhao, and Liqing Zhang. "Technological Innovations of French Jacquard Silk Weaving in the 19th Century." Asian Social Science 19, no. 2 (2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v19n2p94.

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The emergence of the jacquard loom in the early 19th century was one of the most important mechanical inventions among the technological innovations of the French silk weaving industry. Since then, France continuously optimized and improve jacquard loom, resulting in many technological changes. Based on the technical principle of different types of jacquard looms in France in the 19th century, and by referring to literature and conducting field visits to France and other places, our study systematically analyzed and summarized the technological changes of jacquard in French silk weaving in the 19th century. These changes mainly included the modification of crochet shape, direction and thickness of placement, the change of the shape and material of pattern card, the size and arrangement of its holes, and the addition of harness cord and shaft monture, so as to promote the continuous, rapid and steady progress of the whole silk weaving industry.
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12

Zherlitsina, Natalia. "French and English Methods of Colonial Expansion in the Maghreb on the Example of the Franco-Moroccan Crisis of the Late 1840s — Early 1850s." ISTORIYA 14, S23 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025637-9.

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The article is devoted to the Franco-Moroccan crisis of the late 1840s — early 1850s, in which Great Britain was directly involved. This historical event is not covered at all in Russian/Soviet historiography and only in the few works of French and English scientists. The research is based on the study of published documents of archives and works of historians of France and Great Britain of the late 19th — early 20th centuries — the heyday of European colonial empires. The analysis of the causes, course and consequences of the crisis allows the author to compare the methods of colonial expansion used by France and Great Britain when creating their colonial empires in the 19th century. The article shows that both European empires were interested in subjugating the sultanate, but if France sought to include Morocco in its colonial empire, then Britain, using economic and political pressure, gradually turned the North African country into its obedient puppet. The author concludes that Morocco's loss of independence was only a matter of time — when France and Britain could agree on the terms of this seizure. Thus, the fact that the sultanate of Morocco remained independent throughout the 19th century was explained by the conflicting interests of European empires in this region, and not by the success of the policy of the authorities of this country.
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13

Pstrocki-Sehovic, Sabina, and Sabina Pstrocki-Sehovic. "Fiction as a Medium of Social Communication in 19th Century France." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 2, no. 1 (2014): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v2i1.104.

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This article will present the extent to which literature could be viewed as means of social communication – i.e. informing and influencing society – in 19thcentury France, by analysing the appearance of three authors at different points: the beginning, the middle and the end of the century. The first is the case of Balzac at the beginning of the 19th Century who becomes the most successful novelist of the century in France and who, in his prolific expression and rich vocabulary, portrays society from various angles in a huge opus of almost 100 works, 93 of them making his Comédie humaine. The second is the case of Gustave Flaubert whose famous novel Madame Bovary, which depicts a female character in a realist but also in a psychologically conscious manner, around the mid-19th century reaches French courts together with Les Fleurs du Mal by Charles Baudelaire and is exposed as being socially judged for its alleged immorality. The last is the political affair of Dreyfus and its defender Emile Zola, the father of naturalism. This case confirms the establishment of more intense relations between writer and politics and builds a solid way for a more conscious and everyday political engagement in the literary world from the end of the 19th century onwards. These three are the most important cases which illustrate how fiction functioned in relation to society, state and readership in 19th century France.
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14

Cryle, Peter, and Elizabeth Stephens. "Normality: A collection of essays." History of the Human Sciences 34, no. 2 (2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695120984074.

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This article introduces a collection of articles written in response to a recently published intellectual and cultural history of normality by Peter Cryle and Elizabeth Stephens. It points to the fact that this special issue considerably extends and enriches the topical range of the book. The articles that follow discuss, in order, schooling in France at the time of the Revolution, phrenology in Europe and the US from 1840 to 1940, relations between commercial practice and scientific craniometry in 19th-century Britain and France, psychology in late 19th-century France, case studies in sexology and psychoanalysis in Central Europe, and biotypology in Southern Europe and Latin America.
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15

Lee, Jeonghui. "Reception of Darwinism in France during the 19th Century." Journal of School Social Work 67 (August 31, 2017): 329–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37924/jssw.67.12.

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16

Halpern, Avner. "Freemasonry and party building in late 19th-Century France." Modern & Contemporary France 10, no. 2 (2002): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639480220126134.

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17

Eastwood, Jonathan. "Positivism and Nationalism in 19th Century France and Mexico." Journal of Historical Sociology 17, no. 4 (2004): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00236.x.

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18

Bourdieu, Jérôme, Lionel Kesztenbaum, Gilles Postel‐Vinay, and Akiko Suwa‐Eisenmann. "Intergenerational Wealth Mobility in France, 19th and 20th Century." Review of Income and Wealth 65, no. 1 (2017): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12336.

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19

Swanson, Jr., Ben Z., and Theodore P. Croll. "19th Century Deciduous Tooth Boxes from Belgium and France." Journal of the History of Dentistry 71, no. 3 (2023): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.58929/jhd.2023.071.03.191.

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20

Drost, Vincent. "Des érudits du XIXe siècle à Adrien Blanchet : la genèse des études de trésors monétaires en France." Revue numismatique 6, no. 178 (2021): 411–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/numi.2021.3532.

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Adrien Blanchet is generally considered as the founding father of coin hoard studies in France. However, Blanchet’s masterpiece, Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule (1900), relies on reports by 19th century local scholars. The latter’s works have been judged quite harshly by modern numismatists. Imperfect as they may be, early hoard studies have the merit of existing at a time when single collectible items were preferred over archaeological groups of objects. Also, they provide thoughtful insights on the way coin hoards were dealt with, physically as well as scientifically, in 19th century France.
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21

Lewuillon, Serge. "Archaeological illustrations: a new development in 19th century science." Antiquity 76, no. 291 (2002): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00090025.

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A museum on paperA recent colloquium on French archaeology in the second half of the 19th century drew attention to the work of a talented illustrator, Victor Caucheiné, several of whose watercolours may be seen at the niuseuni in Compiègne. Additional research, intended to place this painterarchaeologist in historical context, showed that his situation was not unique and that, during the same period, in France well as elsewhere in Europe, there was a surge of interest in reproductions of objects and of archaeological sites. This is not to be confused with the fashion for romantic landscapes, of which Baron Taylor's Voyuges dons l'ancienne France serves as a good example (Adhémar 1997), nor with the passion for monuments, as shown by the imposing collection of Laborde (Laborde 1816-1836). Rather, this activity was the doing of an archaeological school which, for three-quarters of a century, set out to explore the meaning of archaeological excavation and their associated finds.
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22

Paquet, Gilles, and Jean-Pierre Wallot. "Le système financier bas-canadien au tournant du XIXe siècle." Aspects financiers 59, no. 3 (2009): 456–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/601061ar.

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Abstract This paper examines the evolution of the Canadian financial system from its embryonic form in New France to its modern contours in the first half of the 19th century. It is argued that the financial sub-system as a social technology experienced a mutation at the turn of the 19th century, as the result of unintended consequence of a combination of external, internal, and policy forces.
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23

Kloc, Malgorzata, and Jacek Z. Kubiak. "The Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in Homeostasis and Disease and Novel Avenues for Putative Treatments." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (2021): 4927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094927.

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24

Gao, Hui. "Oriental Elements in Cezanne’s Art." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 18 (June 30, 2022): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v18i.994.

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Paul Cezanne is one of the representative artists of post-impressionism in France. In the early 19th century, Japanese paintings were famous and influenced by the second industrial revolution and respected Oriental works of art. Many Western artists initially increased Oriental elements to create but superficial. In the mid-19th century, with the emergence of Oriental art stores in the streets of France, the popularity of Oriental works has been further developed. Until the late 19th century, represented by Cezanne artists, art has been dared to explore and innovate on the road. Painting, especially in the late paintings of many potential injections of Oriental elements. Cezanne did not go to the East; a visible blend of Eastern and Western art exploration seems to have a hidden fusion very early. Therefore, this paper attempts to conduct a preliminary discussion on three aspects of composition, artistic temperament, and color, which helps us further explore the early integration of Eastern and Western art.
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25

Supady, Jerzy. "The beginnings of modern nursing in the 19th century." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 7, no. 2 (2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2654.

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The formation of modern nursing is associated with socio–political factors including the wars fought during the second half of the 19th century. The Crimean War resulted in reforms undertaken by Florence Nightingale in nursing care of the sick and the wounded. As a consequence of the military conflict between France and Austria in 1859 the Red Cross organization was founded.
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26

Moyon, Marc. "Binary Numeration: From Ancient Egypt to a 19th Century French Mathematical Recreation." REMATEC 19, no. 47 (2024): e2024005. http://dx.doi.org/10.37084/rematec.1980-3141.2024.n47.e2024005.id607.

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This article focuses on the use of base 2 in two historical contexts: ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and 19th-century France. In ancient Egypt, base 2 was central to the “duplation” algorithm to multiply two numbers. In 19th-century France, it featured in mathematical recreations by Charles-Ange Laisant and Édouard Lucas. Duplation in ancient Egypt involved doubling a number successively, leveraging the binary nature of the numbering system for rapid calculations. In France, Laisant and Lucas contributed to mathematical recreations rooted in base 2, popularizing mathematics and engaging the public. The article aims to present these historical resources, highlighting their educational potential. It suggests integrating these examples into mandatory education from age 9 onwards, offering students a practical understanding of mathematics and its history. However, specific teaching methods are left to the reader’s discretion.
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27

Blondel, Christine. "Electrical instruments in 19th century France, between makers and users." History and Technology 13, no. 3 (1997): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519708581904.

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28

Toubas, Paul L. "Dr. Pierre Budin: Promoter of Breastfeeding in 19th Century France." Breastfeeding Medicine 2, no. 1 (2007): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2006.0020.

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29

Matagne, Patrick. "The Politics of Conservation in France in the 19th Century." Environment and History 4, no. 3 (1998): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734098779555583.

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30

Gillis, A. R. "Literacy and the civilization of violence in 19th-century France." Sociological Forum 9, no. 3 (1994): 371–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01466315.

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31

Sicsic, Pierre. "Establishment Size and Economies of Scale in 19th-Century France." Explorations in Economic History 31, no. 4 (1994): 453–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1994.1019.

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32

Maver, Igor. "Slovenian 19TH Century literary responses to the Poetry of Lord Byron Byronism on the the Slovene Territory in the 19th century." Futhark. Revista de Investigación y Cultura, no. 6 (2011): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/futhark.2011.i06.09.

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The article examines the influence of lord Byron's poetry through the translations into the Slovenian language in the 19th century. Byron is analyzed through the translations and cultural mediation of the poets dr. France Prešeren, Jovan Vesel Koseski and Josip Stritar, who all, particularly Prešeren, contributed to the development of the Slovenian Romantic Revival movement and Slovenian literature in its own right within the Habsburg and later the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Lord Byron's poetry enabled Slovenian poets and translators to articulate their own national/political identification within the multinational empire.
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33

Ageeva, Natalia N. "THE HISTORY OF FRANCE OF THE XIX CENTURY IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLICISTIC HERITAGE OF S.F. FORTUNATOV." Historical Search 2, no. 1 (2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-1-39-46.

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The article is devoted to the study of the scientific and publicistic heritage of the little-studied Russian historian-novist Stepan Fedorovich Fortunatov (1850–1918). According of his political views, the historian was a consistent supporter of liberalism, which largely determined the scope of his scientific interests. History of France in the 19th century. S.F. Fortunatov considered in a special lecture course, which he read at Moscow University, at the Higher Courses for Women and at the University. A.L. Shanyavsky, and also addressed it’s in his articles and numerous reviews. The lithographed edition of his lecture course allows us to identify both the structure of the course itself and to determine the range of issues that the historian considered the most significant for the study of this period. An analysis of the lecture materials shows that, he strove to convey to his students the peculiarities of the political and legal development of France in different periods. At the same time, S.F. Fortunatov skillfully combined the eventful presentation of French history of the 19th century, so rich in political upheavals, a fairly detailed study of the development of political thought and an analysis of constitutional and legal legislation. In the lecture course, the author repeatedly turned to the analysis of the latest domestic and foreign researches on the history of France. In articles and reviews concerning the history of France in the 19th century, the historian also mainly dealt with issues related to the change of political regimes, the peculiarities of the country’s constitutional structure and the struggle for the establishment of fundamental human rights and freedoms. He repeatedly emphasized the importance of highlighting the main forms and methods of resistance to the despotism of power, undoubtedly keeping in mind the relevance of this issue for Russia. Thus, lectures and articles by S.F. Fortunatov on the history of France in the 19th century were aimed primarily at studying the struggle for the triumph of republican ideas and substantiating the inevitability of the country’s development along this path.
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Kuznetsova, Valeria. "HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF MIGRATION RELATIONS BETWEEN ALGERIA AND FRANCE IN THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE OF ALGERIA." Russia and the moslem world, no. 3 (2021): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rmw/2021.03.09.

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From the end of the 19th century to 1962, Algerian presence in France became part of more than a centenary history. The early and significant migration flow of Algerian colonists to the metropolis began in the second half of the 19th century. Until 1962, Algerians were not called foreigners, but first “aborigines,” then “French subjects,” and then “French Muslims of Algeria.” Close relationship between Algeria and France, the metropolis and the colony, oppressors and oppressed, can be traced in the culture of both states and the peculiarities of social structures throughout large-scale historical strata. The peculiarities of this close unity, manifested in migration relations, among other things, encourage the colony to fight for its independence.
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35

Smyk, Grzegorz. "Development of Administrative Sciences in the 19th Century." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 15, no. 1 (2022): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tkp.4474.

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The basic conditions for the development of modern administrative sciences arose with the emergence of the constitutional state with its guarantees of respect for the rights of the individual, the functional and organizational division of public authorities and the mechanisms for controlling the legality of the functioning of the state apparatus. The concept of the constitutional state was derived directly from the ideology of the Enlightenment, based on the social contract theory, the doctrine of the law of nature and the theory of the division and control of public authorities. It was implemented at the earliest in revolutionary France, and during the nineteenth century it was embraced by all – except Russia – European countries, which by the end of this century adopted the construct of a constitutional state of law.
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36

Bespalova, Ksenia. "“The Friendship of Our Two Peoples Never Ended”: Franco-Russian Cultural Contacts in the Late 19th Century — Middle 1930s." ISTORIYA 14, no. 12-2 (134) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019394-2.

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The article considers the Franco-Russian/French-Soviet cultural dialogue in the period between the conclusion of the Franco-Russian alliance in 1891 and the conclusion of the mutual assistance pact in 1935. Based on the sources involved in the study from the collections of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art and domestic and foreign historiography, the authors traced the development of cultural contacts between France and Russia in this period. Using the example of contacts in the field of literature, fine arts, theater and science, the authors conclude that the cultural dialogue between France and Russia, despite political differences, not only persisted, but also actively developed, which emphasizes the importance of dialogue for cultural figures and intellectuals. between these countries.
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Prusskaya, Evgeniya. "Islam in France and France in the Territory of Islam in the Late 18th — First Half of the 19th Century." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015936-8.

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In the first half of the 19th century France began an active colonial penetration into the region of the Middle East and North Africa, to the territories inhabited mainly by Muslims. Despite its rich colonial experience in the past and long-standing trade and diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire, France for the first time met Islam so closely and faced the necessity to govern the territories inhabited by a Muslim majority. This article provides an overview of the relationship between France and Islam at the end of the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries, analyzes the process of awakening interest in this religion among the French and examines the first political steps towards Islam, undertaken by the French authorities during this unstable period, which saw three revolutions in France.
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38

Walsh, Dermot. "The birth and death of a diagnosis: monomania in France, Britain and in Ireland." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 31, no. 1 (2014): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2013.65.

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ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to trace the origins and decline of the diagnostic entity monomania, which became prevalent in the early 19th century and to investigate its use in Irish psychiatry.MethodThe French psychiatric scientific writings of the early 19th century have been surveyed to identify and describe the clinical entity of monomania. The clinical description of monomania has been investigated and its cultural diffusion through literature and the arts has been reviewed. The increase in its use as a diagnosis and its ultimate decline has been documented in France, Britain and Ireland. The clinical characteristics leading to the diagnosis in Ireland have been investigated through the clinical symptoms recorded in patients accorded this diagnosis in the 19th century case books and committal documentation of the Richmond District Asylum and case books of the Central Mental Hospital.FindingsThe diagnostic entity of monomania first emerged in France in the 1820s and had disappeared from use in the hospitals of Paris by 1870. It first appeared in Ireland in the patients’ admission register of the Richmond District Asylum in 1833 and increased substantially before decreasing just as markedly with the last patient, given the diagnosis on admission being in 1878. However, the diagnosis of monomania was applied to admissions to the Central Mental Hospital as late as 1891. The Irish asylum case books have been of limited value in elucidating the clinical and symptomatological presentations leading to its use by 19th century Irish psychiatrists.ConclusionsMonomania, although enjoying a scientific and cultural success in France, both within and without psychiatric circles, was a tenuous clinical entity with an ill-defined and uncertain core and fragile boundaries, both in France and more particularly in Ireland. In pure form, rarely described, its closest modern equivalent would have been delusional disorder, but case descriptions only occasionally correspond to this concept as it is understood today. Its popularity dating from around 1830 declined and by the 1870s it was in terminal decline. The factors delineating its rise and fall are unclear.
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39

Banerjee, Suddhasattwa. "Wrong Train to Right Destination: Romantic Journey Motif in The Lunchbox." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 6 (2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.967.

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Purpose of the study: This paper attempts to analyze the theme of journey in The Lunchbox in the context of the varied strains of Romantic journey motifs present in 19th Century and early 20th Century Romanticisms prevalent in England, Germany, France, and America in the said period.
 Methodology: It is primarily a revisionist study. I have attempted to place The Lunchbox in the context of Romantic literature, predominantly of the 19th Century and early 20th Century and meticulous textual analysis is the basic procedure for this venture.
 Main Findings: The findings of this study indicate that the theme of the journey is a signature mark of Romanticism has been used in The Lunchbox for remapping geo-cultural imaginaries of contemporary Mumbai, one of the representative cities of South Asia. Journey to some exotic locale has always been considered as an added advantage to the fundamental narrative of a film.
 Applications of this study: This study will be really helpful to those who want to have a clear idea of the common theme of journey present in different kinds of Romanticisms (Lovejoy, 1924) prevalent in England, Germany, France, and America in the 19th Century and early 20th Century. However temporally and spatially specific, this theme can transcend all the boundaries of time, space, and art form and can be traced in The Lunchbox.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The way this paper has attempted to place The Lunchbox in the context of the Romantic literature, predominantly of the 19th Century and early 20th Century, is quite unique, in my opinion. I have not come by any such venture especially relating this movie and the flourish of different Romantic philosophies prevalent in the mentioned segments of the globe in the said period.
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40

Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst. "A Cultural Field in the Making: Gastronomy in 19th‐Century France." American Journal of Sociology 104, no. 3 (1998): 597–641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/210082.

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41

Semba, Richard D. "Théophile Roussel and the elimination of Pellagra from 19th century France." Nutrition 16, no. 3 (2000): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00273-7.

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42

Berrios, G. E. "Déjà vu in France during the 19th century: A conceptual history." Comprehensive Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (1995): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(95)90107-8.

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43

최유진 and 최정화. "Fashion Images of the France Posters of the Late 19th Century." Research Journal of the Costume Culture 16, no. 5 (2008): 812–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29049/rjcc.2008.16.5.812.

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44

Joseph, John E. "Language Pedagogy and Political-Cognitive Autonomy in Mid-19th Century Geneva." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 2-3 (2012): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.2-3.04jos.

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Summary Charles-Louis Longchamp (1802–1874) was the dominant figure in Latin studies in Geneva in the 1850s and 1860s and had a formative influence on the Latin teachers of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Longchamp’s work was in the grammaire générale tradition, which, on account of historical anomalies falling out from the Genevese Revolution of 1846 to 1848, was still being taught in Geneva up to the mid-1870s, despite having been put aside in France in the 1830s and 1840s. Longchamp succeeded briefly in getting his Latin grammars onto the school curriculum, replacing those imported from France, which Longchamp argued were making the Genevese mentally indistinguishable from the French, weakening their power to think for themselves and putting their political independence at risk. His own grammars offered “a sort of bulwark against invasion by the foreign mind, a guarantee against annexation”. Longchamp’s pedagogical approach had echoes in Saussure’s teaching of Germanic languages in Paris in the 1880s, and in the ‘stylistics’ of Saussure’s successor Charles Bally (1865–1947).
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45

Gmurczyk-Wrońska, Małgorzata. "France in International Relations of the Second Half of the 20th Century and the Early 21st Century – Priorities in Foreign Policy." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 4, no. 44 (2014): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2014.44.03.

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After the Second World War France lost temporarily her position as a decision-maker in international relations. Soon enough, though, her diplomacy adapted to a bipolar system. Her foreign policy was to manoeuvre between the USSR, the United States and Great Britain, and to jointly create the structures of future European Union. It was in the EU that France has found the place to strengthen her role of mediator and arbiter. Nowadays, the foreign policy of France has numerous continuities originating from the 19th century and the years of 1918 – 1939, but also some modifications related to new directions in French foreign policy and to the adaptation of its tactics to main purposes in order to secure France’s security, her strong position in the EU and in the world.
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46

Sedleryonok, Valeria D. "Venetian Cinquecento Pictures and France in the 1820s: Painting, Perception, Influence." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 1 (2022): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.104.

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This article deals with reassessing Venetian Cinquecento painting in France in the 1820s. This research is a series of case studies related to this problem and providing various types of historical analysis. It examines particular artworks, artistic, social, political contexts, and the influence of Venetian art on the formation of a new artistic language in France in the 1820s. Using an analysis of a wide range of both visual and verbal primary sources, I explore theoretical and practical aspects of the reassessment of Venetian Cinquecento painting in early nineteenth-century France. The paper presents a detailed examination of various French publications of that time regarding Venetian art, as well as a comparative analysis of artworks by Venetian and French artists, namely, Jacopo Robusti, Paolo Veronese, Andrea Schiavone, Eugène Delacroix, Xavier Sigalon, and Eugène Devéria. In this article, I address the following questions. What was the knowledge about Italian Renaissance art in France in the early 19th century? What place did the Venetian school take among the Italian schools of painting in the French consciousness at that time? How was Venetian painting perceived, revisited and presented? How did it influence the formation of a new artistic language in the 1820s? This study reveals the causes, specifics, aspects, and far-reaching consequences of the reconsideration of Venetian Cinquecento painting in the 1820s and its significance for the understanding of the patterns of art development in 19th-century France.
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Zhao, Jialin, and Rainer Feldbacher. "Reflection of Sexual Morality in Literature and Art." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.32.

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Tocqueville, in his book “Democracy in America”, talked about the concept of sexual morality, introduced it into his newpolitical science, and reflected on the situation of social morality before and after the French Revolution with the help of hisinvestigation of American social morality. From the end of the 19th century to late 20th century, the development of sexualmorality in the US and France has undergone different changes. In France before and after the Revolution, sexual ethicsshowed a very different picture, from palace porn culture and pornography before the Revolution to revolutionary moralethics during the revolutionary period and to sexual ethics after the revolution. The US turned from the Puritans' sexualmorality in the early 18th century to the sexual liberation movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. From the historicalexperience of the US and France, we can see three basic forms of sexual morality: the state of greed, the state of politics, andthe state of holy love. The revolutions were not only initiating the construction of democracy, but also changed the definitionof its most basic figure that is the individual. This paper places sexual morality in the three dimensions of reality, politics andreligion. Taking The United States and France as examples, with the help of textual analysis and comparison, thedevelopment course, different forms and contemporary values of sexual morality will be explored.
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Bonakdarian, Mansour. "Iranian Constitutional Exiles and British Foreign-Policy Dissenters, 1908–9." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 2 (1995): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800061870.

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In recent Middle Eastern history, the experience of political exile has become a prevalent theme, as large numbers of Palestinians, Kurds, Iranians, and Afghans, among others, have sought refuge in various countries. Although the earlier numbers would pale in comparison with the present size of the Middle Eastern diaspora scattered around the globe, it was in the 19th century that the first noticeable groups of exiles from the Middle East began taking sanctuary in European countries, among other locations. Perhaps the best known of these exile communities were the Young Ottomans in France in the late 19th century.
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Graus, Andrea. "Mysticism in the courtroom in 19th-century Europe." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118761499.

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This article examines how and why criminal proceedings were brought against alleged cases of Catholic mysticism in several European countries during modernity. In particular, it explores how criminal charges were derived from mystical experiences and shows how these charges were examined inside the courtroom. To bring a lawsuit against supposed mystics, justice systems had to reduce their mysticism to ‘facts’ or actions involving a breach of the law, usually fraud. Such accusations were not the main reason why alleged mystics were taken to court, however. Focusing on three representative examples, in Spain, France and Germany, I argue that ‘mystic trials’ had more to do with specific conflicts between the defendant and the ecclesiastical or secular authorities than with public concern regarding pretence of the supernatural. Criminal courts in Europe approached such cases in a similar way. Just as in ecclesiastical inquiries, during the trials, judges called upon expert testimony to debunk the allegedly supernatural. Once a mystic entered the courtroom, his or her reputation was profoundly affected. Criminal lawsuits had a certain ‘demystifying power’ and were effective in stifling the fervour surrounding the alleged mystics. All in all, mystic trials offer a rich example of the ways in which modern criminal justice dealt with increasing enthusiasm for the supernatural during the 19th century.
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Nesterova, T. P. "‘Tunisian Question’ in Franco-Italian Relations (1922—1928)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 8 (2022): 386–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-386-402.

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The article is devoted to the development of relations between France and Italy in the context of the status of the Italian population of Tunisia issue. Thanks to the agreements reached by the Italian states and the government of Tunisia, in the first half of the 19th century mass emigration of Italians began to Tunisia, as a result, by the end of the 19th century, a significant Italian diaspora had formed in Tunisia. The establishment of a French protectorate over Tunisia led to the question of the status of the Italian population of Tunisia, which was eventually settled by the Franco-Italian convention of 1896. After the First World War, France refused to comply with the decisions of 1896. The French government set itself the goal of naturalizing Italians in Tunisia. The Italian government strongly opposed such a policy. The negotiations did not lead to a settlement of the conflict. The place of the ‘Tunisian question’ in relations between Italy and France in the 1920s is analyzed, the numerous discussions of the problem of the status of Italians in Tunisia and Italy’s attempts at least to maintain the situation, that existed in accordance with the 1896 convention, are considered in the article. It is proved that Tunisia, with its large Italian diaspora, occupied a significant place in the African policy of Italy during the period of fascism. It is substantiated that the period of the 1920s was essentially the preparatory work for a more serious discussion of the colonial problems that arose between France and Italy, which resulted in the Laval-Mussolini agreement of 1935.
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