Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'France. Constitution (1791)'
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Glénard, Guillaume. "L'exécutif et la Constitution de 1791." Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020094.
Full textAberdam, Serge. "L'élargissement du droit de vote entre 1792 et 1795 au travers du dénombrement du comité de division et des votes populaires sur les constitutions de 1793 et 1795." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010530.
Full textDendena, Francesco. "« Nos places maudites » : le mouvement feuillant entre la fuite de Varennes et la chute de la monarchie (1791-1792)." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0152.
Full textThis research aims to study the political transition which led to the marginalisation and defeat of the moderate movement during the French Revolution. This will be achieved by focusing on the Feuillant movement at the Legislative Assembly, believing it to be an essential component in understanding the collapse of the new regime, which had been created by the Constituent Assembly. This research aims to outline an interpretation of the revolutionary dynamics during the Constitutional Monarchy in order to understand why the constitutional and moderate movement lost its own revolutionary legitimacy and was overtaken by the revolutionary evolution, The theory I would Iike to put forward is that, convinced that the 1791 Constitution marked the end of the Revolution, the Feuillant movement failed to translate the defence of legality into thought and action coherent enough to unite them with the revolutionary legitimacy, which was being gradually won over by the Jacobin movement
Anselme, Isabelle. "L'invocation de la déclaration des droits de l'homme et de la constitution dans les débats de l'Assemblée législative (1791-1792)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32035.
Full textBy means of significant examples, the present study highlights the uneven achievement of the invocation of the Constitution of 1791 based on the Declaration of the Human Rights and of the Citizen had been implemented within the Parliament debates. This analysis emphasizes the significant effects as for the invocation of these constitutional measures in the normative creation. This invocation showed its limitations in times of crisis. The Declaration of 1789 and the Constitution have repeatedly been used. The main domains in which they have been referred to, are the principle of the separation of powers, the rights and liberties (the liberties, equality and the right of possession). The members of the Assembly have initiated a new civil legislation based on this Constitution. The disappearing of the traditional paternal will, the secularisation of the Civil State, the distinction between religious and civil marriage, all are measures that show this novelty. The modernity of the very text of the Constitution and its application is noticeable in many respects: raising the Declaration to the rank of positive legal rules, planning the new legal system as a hierarchical system at the top of which is the Declaration of the Human Rights and the Constitution. The work of the members of the “Legislative” marks a turning point in the way to lay down the law
Saint-Victor, Jacques de. "Droits historiques et constitution à la fin du XVIIIe siècle : Le programme noir (1788-1791)." Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020100.
Full textFrom boulainvilliers to montesquieu, from saint-simon to 18th century "parlementaires", many aristocrats tried to curb the growth of absolutism. What was their justification ? the so-called "german antique constitution" that would have enable aristocracy to remain in power. The "historical right" trend - also known as the aristocratic liberalism or aristocratic constitutionalism - has given birth to a liberal theory of manarchy. It is little known that this trend has greatly influenced a majority of the "assemblee constituante" 300 deputies, "noirs" or "aristocrates". The aim of this thesis is to study the deputies program, torn between their fear of the crown and their fear of the crowd
Frélaut, Bertrand. "Les Bleus de Vannes : portraits de clubistes bretons 1791-1796." Rennes 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN20025.
Full textThough the area around vannes is known to have been royalist and Chouan, the city of Vannes, county town of the Morbihan, remained republican during the Revolution and gave birth to a club run by moderate Jacobins whose ideas were shared by few but actively defended. Not to mention the numerous members from the army and a few important temporary residents. Over 300 people from vannes took part in the club from 1791 to 1794. Between the two peaks periods when the terror was established by Prieur de la Marne and the Quiberon affair in 1795 the republicans in Vannes tried to face the situation. From that association bundred members emerge, belonging to the lower middle-class. The administration and the revolutionary committees and, the sans-culottes being almost absent. We must add some 30 notables and local town officials. They usually are connected by a complex network of relations and alliances and, from regime to regime, their families ruled the history of the Vannes area for over a century, which leads us to question ourselves about the real nature of their political ideas, as far as it is possible
Tissot, Dupont Jérôme. "Le comité ecclésiastique de l'Assemblée nationale Constituante 1789-1791." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0037.
Full textThe "Comité ecclésiastique" was founded on the 12th of August 1789. The initial members were nominated on the 20th of August. They are fifteen and the majority of them is made of barristers. On the 7th of February 1790, fifteen new members are elected and half of them are reforming ecclesiastics. Defeated, the opponents resign in May 1790. The committee skills are so wide that is delegates to the "Comité des Dîmes" and to united Committees. The latter creates the "Comité des savants" or "Commission des monuments". The work by the committee concerns alienation, administration and sale of the ecclesiastical property, but also its preserving, the abolition of the religious orders, the civil constitution of clergy, the civil status and the marriage and finally the religion and the liturgy
Aberdam, Serge. "L'élargissement du droit de vote entre 1792 et 1795 au travers du dénombrement du comité de division et des votes populaires sur les constitutions de 1793 et 1795." Villeneuve-d'Ascq : Presses universitaires du septentrion, 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51744860.html.
Full textAckroyd, Marcus Lowell. "Constitution and revolution : political debate in France, 1795-1800." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319055.
Full textBosc, Yannick. "Le conflit des libertés : Thomas Paine et le débat sur la déclaration et la constitution de l'an III." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX10023.
Full textTaroni, Martine. "Souvenirs d'un nonagénaire : François-Yves Besnard (1752-1842) : un curé aux prises avec la Révolution." Le Mans, 2010. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2010/2010LEMA3009.pdf.
Full textOllivier, Nathalie. "Les projets constitutionnels de 1793." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020044.
Full textBlanc, Félix. "L’organisation des pouvoirs de guerre et de paix aux origines du gouvernement représentatif : enquête sur l’invention du concours des pouvoirs en Angleterre, en France et aux Etats-Unis." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0119.
Full textOur representative democracies rely on principles such as citizens’ consent and separation of powers, whose original horizon was modern republics. But institutional implementation and historical trials have sometimes led to their denaturation and toning down. For instance, the role such principles could play within the organization of war powers was strongly discussed among the founding fathers of representative governments in England, France and United-States, but also between their first thinkers – especially Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau. To end the discussion, they mostly proposed to vest such powers in the very same hands. Diplomatic and military offices allegedly fall within the scope of governmental functions usually fulfilled by the “small number” that Weber and Machiavelli praised in different times? This inquiry reveals the limits of such proposals and explains how some American and French revolutionaries strove to go beyond them. Therefore, they built a genuine political system with several powers concurring in times of war. With such system, they wanted to preserve moderation in government by restricting concentrations of power in war times, and avoid any risk of confusion between civilian and military authorities. They seek to foster an external unity in sovereign states where several branches of government are supposed to remain distinct. Finally, they looked for an optimized number of citizens able to share the collective burden of the decisions that could either jeopardize or secure international peace
Chavanette, Loris. "Repenser le pouvoir après la Terreur : justice, répression et réparation dans la France thermidorienne (1794-1797)." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0024.
Full textThe work here is a problematisation of the history of the revolution of Thermidor and more specifically its political justice. The research on the promises and realisations of thermodorien justice, and particularily the political repression, will drive us from the coup d'etat against Robespierre, the 9 thermidor year 2 (27th July 1794) to the military coup d'etat of 18 fructidor year 4 (4th september 1797). These three years are quite an "homogeneus" ensemble. The reason of this choice of laps of time is that the functioning of justice was reforged and rethought by the Thermidorians but was shattered by the coup d'etat of the 18th fructidor. The work here will be to seize the main lines of the thermidorian period through profound comprehension of the judicial and military procedures that structured the political repression. The reinforcement of the rights of the defense after thermidor shows a certain liberalization of the Republic. Thanks to the study of a series of importants trials, the conclusion is that the thermidorian regim had a certain respect for the rights of defense. The trials against the “terrorists” Carrier or Fouquier-Tinville in front of the revolutionary Tribunal in year III were the occasion for the regime to prove his respect for the defense. In the same way, the repression of the insurgents of prairial, the rebels of vendemiaire and the royal agency of Paris, by a military justice, reveals, more or less as the case, a procedural and moderate mind, surprising for such an extraordinary repression. Those points help us to understand how the government of year III succeeded in finishing the Terror. But the emergence of new rights destabilizes the government. This paradox complicates the ending of the revolution. The dilemma of the Thermidorians will be to give a stable government whilst staying faithful to the principles of the revolution of 1789 and keeping this balance is a tender subject. Through the study of different forms of political repression under the thermidorian republic, will be analysed the difficulties for the leaders to put an end to the revolution by establishing a constitutionnal state
Trimoreau, Thierry. "Les prêtres réfractaires pendant la Révolution française : l'exemple du Haut-Maine." Le Mans, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA3002.pdf.
Full textConstantini, Laurent. "Les Constitutions des Républiques soeurs, illustration d’un modèle français pour l’Europe ?" Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2002.
Full textThe Sister Republics were created in Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands through military intervention, during the French Revolution, and their constitutions are very much alike that of the Directoire. Of these ten Constitutions, adopted between 1796 and 1799, some were simply granted by France while others were passed on a more autonomous basis.At a time when the European powers were unable to contain the expansion of the Great nation, the latter wanted to surround itself with Republics built in its image, allied, even docile so as to surround itself in a protective glacis. These Constitutions were, thus, set up thanks to the French army's action, although they were meant to enforce the freedom of these revolutionized peoples. Freed from foreign dominion or from a non-equalitarian regime, they would experience emancipation through the republican ideal expressed in their constitutions. However, the Constitution de l'an III, upon which they were designed, was itself the expression of a dilemma. Thermidorians wanted to put an end to the Jacobin episode, while maintaining the gains of the republican regime. The Sister Republics are, hence, often described as the place of the constitutional experiments which could not be done in France. It is then question, through constitutional analysis, to compare the various translations of the republican ideal found in those texts, and to show the differences between them and the French model of 1795, so as to find out how adaptable they are. This investigation into the originality of the Constitutions of the Sister Republics in front of the republican ideal, will deal with the themes which are constitutive of this idea : equality, rights, liberties, protection of rights, citizenship, sovereignty, political representation and separation of powers
Pelletier, Gérard. "La théologie et la politique du Saint-Siège devant la Révolution française, 1789-1799." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA040289.
Full textGouault, Thierry. "Le "collège-séminaire" de l'Oratoire du Mans sous l'Ancien Régime (1599-1792)." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA3001/document.
Full textLe Mans owned one of the most Oratorian schools in France after the one of Juilly. The Oratorians settled in Le Mans in 1624 under the episcopal authority of Mgr Charles Beaumanoir de Lavardin, wich implemented one of the most essentials aspects of the Tridentine Reform : raise youths ! This thesis aims at grasping the numerous difficulties met by seniors, prefects and regents until 1792. The issues bore upon the novelty of their teachings, upon their relationship with Jansenism, upon their spiritual Christ-centered practices and the financial hardships hich triggered in some people’s minds the willingness to make the institution part of the city. The school was a relay of Port-Royal with the « Grand Arnauld » who instructed few years. The long period before the Revolution was affected by two theological affairs with came to blur the image of the Le Mans Institution. The civil Constitution of the clergy, in 1790, marked a definitive breaking off between the « Sacedotem » teachers and the non-religious teachers
Deblock, Michel. "Le clergé constitutionnel du département du Doubs pendant la Révolution ou l'utopie d'une religion républicaine." Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA1020.
Full textThis study concerns the reactions of a relatively little group of the clergy in the Doubs diocese, who, in 1791, chose to accept the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Up to now the historiography of these priests has been ecclesiastical, and often reactionary, stigmatizing those who swore the oath of november 1790, and in particular the former monks, who, as intrus, that is priests not recognised as canonical appointments, became the parish priests in the absence of the original incumbents. A wealth of documentation has enabled the writer to put the conflicting forces operating at the time back into their context, emphasising the religious and political actions of the clergy, as they attempted to reconcile their pastoral duties with certain revolutionary ideals. After the wave of resignations (abdications) of Year II we witness, in 1795, the birth of the National Church of Doubs, which tried to organise itself at the instigation of the “United Bishops in Paris”, ( les Evêques Réunis à Paris). This involved the setting up of a church council or presbytère, the election of a bishop and the reestablishment of a Church practice based on councils and diocesan synods. The Concordat of 1801 saw a new chapter of this adventure begin, with the authorities and archbishop Le Coz trying to bring the opposing clergies together. The project failed, as the constitutional clergy, under the pressure of an ultramontane hierarchy closely tied to the Bourbons, was forced to retract their oath of 1790. The utopia of a rapprochement between the religious sphere and the republican state was to disappear for a long time. We have associated the community of Quatre Terres to our study, as this area, of largely Lutheran persuasion, formed part of the territory of the Doubs. This study of a cohort of 823 individuals also lends itself to a prosopographical approach, permitting investigations in numerous fields and a statistical treatment of the issues involved. This naturally leads to a repertoire, which forms the second volume of the thesis
Lecoq-Pujade, Benjamin. "La naissance de l'autorité de la représentation nationale en droit constitutionnel français (1789-1794)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://scd-rproxy.u-strasbg.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D5442%26nu%3D238%26selfsize%3D1.
Full textThe place and the contemporary role of Parliament in French institutions lead to question the nature of the traditionally recognized authority of national representation. The objective of this research is to analyze the revolutionary origins of French constitutional principle which consists in seeing, in the assembly of representatives of the Nation, the heart of a politicial authority whose source is the representative expression of the general will. The French Revolution has long appeared as the matrix moment of modern constitutional law and constitutionalism in France. However, unlike its predecessors in England and North America, it was less intended to limit power than to regenerate both its foundation and exercise. In this respect, it presents itself to constitutional law as a revolution of authority, that is to say as a total upheaval of the foundations of political existence tending to replace the old monarchy, traditional and sacral, with a modern constitutional order based on the equal freedom of citizens and the natural autonomy of national community. The great work of the French revolutionaries was, therefore, to redefine the relation of command to obedience by substituting the transcendent authority of the monarch, by the immanent authority of a Nation, which materializes itself through its representatives. It is in fact through the lens of representation that the Revolution undertook to reconcile authority and freedom. The advent of the national rpresentation, destined for a long time to become the center of gravity of French political life, finds its origin in this desire to refound the obligation of obedience through the conjunction of individual autonomy and collective autonomy. This liberal and emancipatory project, which consists in realizing the nation’s grip on itself through representation, nevertheless suffers from a congenital ambivalence due to the contradictory aspirations of revolutionary constitutionalism. It is divided between the need to justify the subversion of the old order, and the desire to establish for the future a liberal and temperate government, tending to rationalize and depersonalize public authority. The institution of national representation, produced and generated by the Revolution, crystalized this tension. The work of the Constituent Assembly and the National Convention reveals that the revolutionary constituents have constantly oscillated between two conceptions of representation and constitutionalism. One, modern, relies on the otherness of the Nation and its representatives to place the Constitution and the guarantee of rights above the authority of the latter. On the contrary, the older one tends to symbiosis with it by basing the authority of national representation on an existential imperative: to give life to this sovereign nation which can only come to legal existence by the expression of a common will. Revolutionary constitutionalism therefore remains in the middle, stuck between the organicist tradition of the Old Regime, in which it has its roots, and the outline of a modern constitutionalism tending instead to dissociate the state and the society, as well as authority and freedom
Rondat, Jacques. "La correspondance maçonnique échangée entre 1786 et 1810 par Jean-Baptiste Willermoz et Claude-François Achard : thèmes ésotériques dans la constitution du Régime Ecossais Rectifié (avec édition de la correspondance)." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE5102.
Full textThe scope of this work has been to complete and transcribe, then edit the masonic correspondence, from various archives collections, between Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, founder of the Rectified Scottish Order, and Claude-François Achard, Master of the “Triple Union de Marseille” Lodge. A particular attention has been given to their exchange of ideas, while focusing on JB Willermoz’s way of reasoning, in order to enlighten the major streams of this correspondence, among which its esoterical themes
Leroyer, Séverine. "L'apport du Conseil d’État au droit constitutionnel de la Ve République : essai sur une théorie de l'État." Caen, 2010. http://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D5442%26nu%3D81.
Full textThe French Conseil d’État was created by Napoleon in 1799, then went trough all of the different political regimes: monarchies, republics, empires. In 1958, he contributes for the first time to the writing of the new constitution. This is unusual : to him, the written constitution is an unstable rule, unlike administrative law that he built throughout centuries, contributing to the stability and the continuity of the State, despite political and constitutional instability. His contribution to the 1958 Constitution, which synthesis the different French heritages tends to look like an outcome. The theory of the constitutional basis of administrative law has to be re-examined: in 1958, the French Conseil d’État tend to feed constitutional law with his fundamental end which is the continuity of the State, for the first time explicitly written in the 1958 Constitution. He then interprets the constitution in a parliamentary way, before accepting the presidential reading. His constitutional jurisprudence must be seen like a renouncement to the rousseauiste conception of Law, as the general will’s expression, and the promotion of the written constitution, which is seen as the last expression of national sovereignty, especially to face European law. The French Conseil d’État went from a traditional indifference to the constitution, to writing and defending it
Hou, François. "Chapitres et société en Révolution : les chanoines en France de l'Ancien Régime à la monarchie de Juillet." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H104.
Full textThe Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12th July 1790) was a brutal rupture in French canonial life and is therefore often taken as an end date for studies of the history of the ordo canonicus. This dissertation, however, proposes to examine the reconstruction of the old canonial chapters under the Concordat until the disappearance of the old clergy in the middle of the 19th century. Indeed, studying the intermediary clergy as represented by the canonical chapters, allows us to gain a better understanding of the evolutions of clerical society from the end of the beneficiary system, at the close of the Ancien Régime, to the rise of the "notables" society. The dissertations follows a twin methodological axis. The first approach is that of ecclesiology: this approach will aim to explain the significance of the revolutionary suppression of cathedral chapters and their reorganisation under the Concordat. Heir to the ancient presbyterium, senate of the diocesan Church and endowed with the episcopal jurisdiction when the see is vacant, the cathedral chapter can be regarded as an ecclesiological locus in which to study the relationships between bishops and priests, universal and local Church, at a time when the movement towards Rome in French Catholicism is picking up speed. The second approach resides in the prosopographical study of French canons from 1789 to 1848, on the basis of a sample of twelve dioceses. The thesis will endeavour to reconstruct both the revolutionary experience of the Ancien Régime canons, who make up the core of the new chapters after 1802, and the careers of the canons of the Concordat, who, despite their subordination to episcopal authority, came to constitute an intermediary élite integrated within a new system of clerical notability
Busaall, Jean-Baptiste. "La réception du constitutionnalisme français dans la formation du premier libéralisme espagnol : (1808-1820)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX32001.
Full textDuring the Peninsular war, two Constitutions had been promulgated for Spain. The first one done in Bayonne in1808 and directly redacted on the model of the Consulate and Empire's constitutional bloc had been the juridical basis of the regime called afrancesado. The second one had been promulgated in Cadiz in 1812 at the end of a difficult political debate opened inside the camp of armed resistance to the French by the advocates of a Spanish revolution that was supposed to be limited to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The analysis of both constitutional process and political and juridical discourse demonstrate that a Napoleonic Constitution participated in the formation of the doctrinaire liberalism that dominated the governmental ideology of the nineteenth century and that the liberalism of the Cadiz's Constitution was the result of a double deformation, the one of a republican reading of medieval institutions and the other of the principles of the modern science of constitutional government
Catta, Jean-Régis. "Le cabinet ministériel : essai d’analyse constitutionnelle." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020063.
Full textSince more than a century, the ministerial cabinet is an essential organ of the French political system. This team appointed by the Minister gathers his immediate staff. It is connected to administrations, to Parliament, to lobbies, to Medias, and sometimes to citizens. There are very few legal studies on this subject, which interests especially the political sciences and the sociology. With few exceptions, constitutional doctrine has always regarded the cabinet as an institution legally inseparable from the person of the Minister. Given the magnitude of this practice, the almost unanimous silence of doctrine is rather surprising. This doctrinal indifference finds an explanation in the history of constitutional representations. The emergence and development of ministerial cabinets since the monarchy’s Restoration in 1814 are related to the alterations undergone by the Napoleonic Council of State throughout the nineteenth century. Beyond the vicissitudes of political history, they express the persisting of a customary principle stemming from French revolutionary constitutionalism, according to which the governmental function must be organically separated from the administrative function. These two functions – merged at the Minister's level in accordance with the logic of the parliamentary system – will remain separated inside the ministry, by means of cabinets. The conventional reluctance of the French constitutional doctrine with regard to the notion of "governmental function" largely explains the novelty of such a reading of constitutional history
Faye, Antoine. "Les bases administratives du droit constitutionnel français." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020009/document.
Full textThe distinguishing feature of the French constitutional law is the fact that it uses extensively the administrative law. The Constitutional Council acquire notions, tools and ways of thinking from administrative law, whereas constitutional rules make use of administrative institutions or constructs. Meanwhile, the Council of State has both formal and material constitutional abilities. Councillors of State are ubiquitous in rules redaction, notably about the laws, where they perform a constitutional pre-control. Finally, constitutional authors, instructed in administrative law, study the constitutional rulings with administrative litigation concepts. Thus, inquiring into the administrative foundations of constitutional law involve reflecting on the existence of an administrative culture in this field. This culture comes from the singular history of French public law, which required a strong jurisprudence to compensate the constitutional unsteadiness of the 19th century. Also, it comes from the unusual building of the State and nation since absolute monarchy. French administrative law then appears especially like the first and primary source of constitutional law effectiveness until 1958. This permanence brings up questions about the relation between State and citizen, or liberalism and democracy, in an atypical French legal order
Jagot, Hélène. "La peinture néo-grecque (1847-1874) : réflexions sur la constitution d’une catégorie stylistique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100017/document.
Full textAt the Salon of 1847, Théophile Gautier is enthusiast about the work of art of a young artist, The Cock Fight by Jean-Léon Gérôme, a pupil of Delaroche and Gleyre. This piece of art, an "Antique" genre scene, is a work of elegance, grace and freshness, very different from the cold and formal painting of the Davidian tradition's followers. This artwork is also the starting point of the on coming fame of a small group of painters called "The neo-Greeks" - Jean-Louis Hamon, Henri-Pierre Picou, Gustave-Rodolphe Boulanger, Felix Jobbé-Duval, Auguste Toulmouche, Isambert and Alphonse Louis-Frédéric Schützenberger - all born around 1825. From 1846 to 1863, as students of Paul Delaroche and Charles Gleyre, they all set themselves in a community of artists at the Chalet and the Boite à Thé which one calls a “phalanstère ».From 1848 until the 1860s, all along the Salons, most critics write about the artistic evolutions of these people. The many articles written about the neo-Greeks’works at that time reveales the growing influence of art-critics in the making of artistic schools and the evolution of artists's careers. Their aesthetic will provoke an argument about the renewal of antique theme painting as they introduce the concepts of local color and picturesque, coming from Romanticism, which will become the characteristics of the historical genre as a slight and sensitive declination of the ancient painting of history. The first neo-Greek paintings will gain the support of critics, eager about the latest developments of the French scene. They see in this new stream a way to counteract Realism by giving the public an easy access to art and moralizing the codes of the genre scene by using a formal and graceful classicism with Antique themes. However, though a classical form, their deliberately anti-academic painting soon make the critics wonder about the artistic goals of these artists.In addition to the original group, the critics will soon associate other artists, from very different backgrounds who temporarily adopt the Neo Greek aesthetics's codes, blurring even more the differences between the painting of history and the historical genre. This will also confirm the new ideological conception of Antique model in art, that the painters from the following generation of the 1870’s will claim themselves
Cretin, Sombardier Marie. "Deux pensées constitutionnelles révolutionnaires : Robespierre et Condorcet." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA017.
Full textLike many French revolutionaries, Robespierre and Condorcet wish to break with the Ancien Régime (Old Regime) by acknowledging the natural sovereignty of the people and the natural rights of men. However, as asserted and consistent democrats, they stand out by presenting the need of a representative government, not as an end, but as a provisional step to men’s achievement of freedom and happiness. Convinced of a perfectible human nature, empowering man to become free and happy, the two revolutionaries are led to promote the idea of a perfectible right and a transitional constitution which can connect sovereignty of the people and government to progressive naturalization of institutions and men. The progress in self-constitution of popular sovereignty, supported by its temporary representatives, sets the conditions of society’s empowerment and paves the way to that of the individual by reconciling the State and the society
Charité, Maxime. "Excès de pouvoir législatif et excès de pouvoir administratif : Etude comparée de l'office des juges constitutionnel et administratif français." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE0001.
Full textIn France, general norms litigation is nowadays divided into two main groups, the actions for abuse of power directed against the normative acts and the control of constitutionality of the laws. Sharing a certain number of similarities, they are analyzed not only as "objective litigation", but also as "cancellation litigation". Thus, in order to fulfill their role, French constitutional and administrative judges must both, first, establish a norm-to-norm report and, if necessary, cancel the general legal act contrary to a superior legal norm. These similarities contrast with the different conditions in which the two judges of the Palais-Royal are called to judge. This permanent tension between the similarities they share and the different conditions in which they are called to judge makes the relationships between the role of the Constitutional Council and that of the abuse of power’s judge oscillate between unity and duality. Precisely, the present comparative study, named "Abuse of legislative power and abuse of administrative power" after the study of Dean Vedel in the first numbers of Constitutional Council Review, aims to demonstrate that, as the stages of litigation progress, the approach of the Constitutional Council and that of the administrative judge get closer to the point of identifying. The inscription of this comparison in the framework of a theory of legal constraints allows us to show that if, in the search for abuse of power, the role of French constitutional and administrative judges is dominated by duality, it is, in the sanction of abuse of power, marked by a deep unity
Morin, Asli. "La convergence des jurisprudences de la Cour de cassation et du Conseil d'Etat : contribution au dialogue des juges en droit du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020065.
Full textThis dissertation aims at describing how the two Supreme Institutions — the Board of State and the Court of Cassation —, despite their respective traditions and status were able to make their Jurisprudences convergent. Beginning with an historical Introduction, the study goes in details into the reciprocal attraction of the the Board of State and of the Court of Cassation based on shared goals (Part I). This convergent movement is discussed according to both Jurisprudences (Title 1), then in relation with the Jurisprudences of the Disputes Tribunal of the Constitutional Council and of the European Courts (Title 2). Part II offers a methodological approach explaining how the sources of these Jurisprudences are selected in order to solve normative conflicts (Title 1). A cross-movement consisting in loans and exchanges of technics between both Institutions occurs for the sake of Law unity and in defense of the public and individual Rights (Title 2)