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Journal articles on the topic 'France World War, 1939-1945'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Siegel, Mona, and Kirsten Harjes. "Disarming Hatred: History Education, National Memories, and Franco-German Reconciliation from World War I to the Cold War." History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 3 (2012): 370–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2012.00404.x.

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On May 4, 2006, French and German cultural ministers announced the publication of Histoire/Geschichte, the world's first secondary school history textbook produced jointly by two countries. Authored by a team of French and German historians and published simultaneously in both languages, the book's release drew considerable public attention. French and German heads-of-state readily pointed to the joint history textbook as a shining example of the close and positive relations between their two countries, while their governments heralded the book for “symbolically sealing Franco-German reconcili

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Echenberg, Myron. "‘Morts Pour La France’; The African Soldier in France during the Second World War." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (1985): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028796.

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The involvement of African combatants in France from 1939 to 1945 probably surpassed the large mobilization of an earlier generation during the First World War. Carefully prepared ideologically and well received by the French public, Africans nevertheless paid a heavy price in lives and suffering as soldiers during the Battle of France and as prisoners of the Germans. Liberation brought a new set of tribulations, including discriminatory treatment from French authorities. These hardships culminated in a wave of African soldiers' protests in 1944–5, mainly in France, but including the most seri

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LYNCH, FRANCES M. B. "FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (2006): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005371.

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Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the

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Harviainen, Tapani. "The Jews in Finland and World War II." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (2000): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69575.

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In the years 1989–1944 two different wars against the Soviet Union were imposed upon Finland. During the Winter War of 1989–1940 Germany remained strictly neutral on the basis of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&&Great Britain and France planned intervention in favour of Finland. When the second, so-called Continuation War broke out in the summer of 1041, Finland was co-belligerent of Germany, and Great Britain declared war on Finland in December 1941. De jure, however, Finland was never an ally of Germany, and at the end of the war, in the winter 1944–1945, the Finnish armed forces expelle

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SPÄTH, JENS. "The Unifying Element? European Socialism and Anti-Fascism, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 25, no. 4 (2016): 687–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000400.

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Far too often studies in contemporary history have concentrated on national stories. By contrast, this article analyses wartime discourses about and practices against fascism in France, Germany and Italy in a comparative and – as far as possible – transnational perspective. By looking at individual biographies some general aspects of socialist anti-fascism, as well as similarities and differences within anti-fascism, shall be identified and start to fill the gap which Jacques Droz left in 1985 when he ended hisHistoire de l'antifascisme en Europewith the outbreak of the Second World War. To vi

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Andrews, Naomi J., Simon Jackson, Jessica Wardhaugh, et al. "Book Reviews." French Politics, Culture & Society 37, no. 3 (2019): 123–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2019.370307.

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Silyane Larcher, L’Autre Citoyen: L’idéal républicain et les Antilles après l’esclavage (Paris: Armand Colin, 2014).Elizabeth Heath, Wine, Sugar, and the Making of Modern France: Global Economic Crisis and the Racialization of French Citizenship, 1870–1910 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Rebecca Scales, Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).Claire Zalc, Dénaturalisés: Les retraits de nationalité sous Vichy (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2016).Bertram M. Gordon, War Tourism: Second World War France from Defeat and O

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Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. "Africans Had No Business Fighting in Either the 1914–1918 War or the 1939–1945 War." Journal of Asian and African Studies 57, no. 1 (2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219096211054907.

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The wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945 are without parallel in the expansive stretch of decades of the pan-European conquest and occupation of Africa in creating such profound opportunity to study the very entrenched desire by the European conqueror-states in Africa to perpetuate their control on the continent and its peoples indefinitely. The two principal protagonists in each conflict, Britain and Germany, were the lead powers of these conqueror-states that had formally occupied Africa since 1885. Against this cataclysmic background of history, Africans found themselves conscripted by both side

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Kornat, Marek. "Stolica Apostolska w polskiej polityce zagranicznej na uchodźstwie (Wrzesień 1939 – czerwiec 1940)." Polski Przegląd Stosunków Miedzynarodowych, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ppsm.2015.05.02.

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The Holy See In Polish Foreign Policy of the Government on exile (September 1939 — June 1940) The article is devoted to the reexamining of the policy of Polish Government on exile toward the Holy See after Poland’s defeat in September 1939 and the reestablishment of the legal authorities of Poland in France, under President Raczkiewicz and General Sikorski as Prime Minister. Terminus ad quem of the narration is the collapse of France and transfer of the Government of Poland to London in June 1940. Problems of Vatican’s perception of Polish Question is discussed on the basis of Polish archival

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Le Bris, David. "Wars, inflation and stock market returns in France, 1870–1945." Financial History Review 19, no. 3 (2012): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565012000170.

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This article undertakes a comparative study of the effects of three wars upon the French stock market. Periods of war are highly turbulent financial times and trigger multiple factors to act upon stock prices. The article presents evidence suggesting that stock price behaviour is influenced by the specific way each war is financed. Financed solely by regular long-term debt, the Franco-Prussian War exhibited stock prices that only reflected real activity. On the other hand, both world wars were partially financed by monetary creation but differed with regard to the extent of financial repressio

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Kitson, Simon, and Hanna Diamond. "Women and the Second World War in France (1939-1948)." Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, no. 69 (January 2001): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3772398.

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Pagès, Maria. "The shift to national Catholicism and the Falange in the Second World War: The case of Garbancito de la Mancha (1945)." Journal of Visual Political Communication 6, no. 1 (2020): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jvpc_00004_1.

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This article analyses the political undercurrents running through the first European hand-drawn animated feature-length film, which was made in Barcelona in 1945. It was titled Garbancito de la Mancha and will be analysed at discursive, iconic and visual levels. The goal is to establish whether political events during the Second World War years as well as the early years (1939‐45) of the Franco dictatorship are reflected in the film. After the Spanish Civil War (1936‐39), two main political parties struggled to control the nation. One of them was the Spanish version of fascism (the Falange); t

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Jannette, Lauren. "From Horrors Past to Horrors Future: Pacifist War Art (1919–1939)." Arts 9, no. 3 (2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9030080.

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In this paper, I argue that interwar pacifists working in France presented an evolving narrative of what the First World War represented in order to maintain support for their movement and a continued peace in Europe. Utilizing posters, photographs, pamphlets, and art instillations created by pacifist organizations, I interject in ongoing debates over the First World War as a moment of rupture in art and pacifism in France, arguing that the moment of rupture occurred a decade after the conflict had ended with the failure of the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932–1

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Caplow, Theodore. "The Political Geometry of the Gulf War." Tocqueville Review 13, no. 1 (1992): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.13.1.201.

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In the course of World War II, the seven great powers of 1939 – Germany, the Soviet Union. Britain. France, Italy, Japan and the United States – were temporarily reduced to two. each commanding awesome strength, and each posing a realistic threat of world domination. The huge forces of the Soviet Union at the edge of western Europe were positioned to move all the way to the Atlantic, thus achieving the control of the Eurasian heartland that, according to geopolitical doctrine, would confer world domination. There were fifth columns prepared to assist them within most European and Asiatic natio

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BRYDAN, DAVID. "Axis Internationalism: Spanish Health Experts and the Nazi ‘New Europe’, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (2016): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000084.

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AbstractMany of the forms and practices of interwar internationalism were recreated under the auspices of the Nazi ‘New Europe’. This article will examine these forms of ‘Axis internationalism’ by looking at Spanish health experts' involvement with Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Despite the ambiguous relationship between the Franco regime and the Axis powers, a wide range of Spanish health experts formed close ties with colleagues from Nazi Germany and across Axis and occupied Europe. Many of those involved were relatively conservative figures who also worked with liberal internatio

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Pachocka, Marta. "Zagadnienie mocarstwowości Francji w dobie V Republiki (do 2007 roku)." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (December 5, 2012): 233–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.1.9.

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During World War II and the postwar years, France’s international position has been weakened. The seizure of power by Charles de Gaulle in 1958 contributed to a stabilization of the political situation in the country and to a redefinition of French foreign policy. The article analyzes the international position of France from the end of World War II until 2007, when Nicolas Sarkozy won the presidential election. Thus, the article covers the period of the existence of two French republics: the Fourth Republic in the years 1946–1958 and the Fifth Republic, which remains Hexagone’s contemporary p

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Myagkov, M. Yu. "USSR in World War II." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (2020): 7–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-7-51.

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The article offers an overview of modern historical data on the origins, causes of World War II, the decisive role of the USSR in its victorious end, and also records the main results and lessons of World War II.Hitler's Germany was the main cause of World War II. Nazism, racial theory, mixed with far-reaching geopolitical designs, became the combustible mixture that ignited the fire of global conflict. The war with the Soviet Union was planned to be waged with particular cruelty.The preconditions for the outbreak of World War II were the humiliating provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty

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Rodionov, Konstantin S. "About the beginning of World War II: historical and legal research. Part two." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 8 (2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520015048-3.

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This article is a continuation of the one that was published in the journal “State and Law” in 2020 (No. 8). It examines the circumstances of Hitler&apos;s decision to attack Poland on September 1, 1939, which began the Second World War. The author decides what influenced his acceptance more - the policy of appeasement, which Britain and France adhered to in relation to Hitler, or the signing by the Soviet Union of an additional secret protocol to the Non-Aggression Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) signed by its parties on August 23, 1939?

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Wilkin, Bernard, and Maude Williams. "German Wartime Anglophobic Propaganda in France, 1914–1945." War in History 24, no. 1 (2017): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344515602916.

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This article explores Anglophobia as a topic in German wartime propaganda aimed at military and civilian communities of France. Anti-British topics were at the centre of a large campaign of propaganda designed to undermine French morale during the two world wars. This study will investigate the goals, the content, and the effects of Anglophobia in France to determine the relation between these two campaigns of psychological warfare. It will be argued that the Nazis and the Vichy regime almost entirely replicated the original production of Anglophobic propaganda in the occupied territories of F

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Kasprzycki, Remigiusz. "Pacyfizm i antymilitaryzm w Europie Zachodniej w latach 1918–1939." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 3 (2021): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.036.14012.

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Pacifism and anti-militarism in Western Europe, 1918–1939 As the consequence of the events of 1914–1918, the pacifism was on the rise in Western Europe. Societies of England, France and Germany as well as other Western European countries, set themselves the goal of preventing another war from breaking out. International congresses and conventions were organized. They were attended by peace advocates representing various social and political views, which made cooperation difficult. These meetings did not prevent the Spanish Civil War, the aggression against Abyssinia and the outbreak of World W

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Celaya, Diego Gaspar. "«Premature Resisters». Spanish Contribution to the French National Defence Campaignin 1939/1940." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 2 (2018): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-2-203.

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«Premature Resisters». Spanish Contribution to the French National Defence Campaign in 1939/1940 Thousands of Spaniards actively contributed to the defence of France in 1939/1940, whether as military contractors, legionnaires or soldiers of the Regiment de Marche de Volontaires Étrangers (RMVE). This paper focuses on three elements of their contributions. First, it investigates the importance of French internment camps for Spanish refugees’ that became key recruitment grounds for soldiers and labourers. Secondly, it will analyse the importance of the French General Staff's decision to veto the

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Artizov, A. N., and S. V. Kudryashov. "French Documents on the Beginning of the World War II." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(66) (July 28, 2019): 202–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-3-66-202-246.

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The Federal archival agency, the Russian Ministry of foreign affairs and the Russian Historical Society organized in 2018 a large-scale historical documentary project (an exhibition and online publication) on the background and consequences of the Munich Agreement (November 1937 – March 1938)11 This year marked by the 80th anniversary of the beginning of Second World War the project is to be continued in the form of an exhibition and an online publication of archival documents. We offer our readers some French documents. They are stored at the Russian State Military Archive in the fund «The Mi

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Adler, K. H. "Vichy Specificities: Repositioning the French Past." Contemporary European History 9, no. 3 (2000): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003106.

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Michèle and Jean-Paul Cointet, eds., Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'Occupation (Paris: Tallandier, 2000), 732pp., FF 290, ISBN 2-235-02234-0. Hanna Diamond, Women and the Second World War in France 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints (Harlow: Longman, 1999), 231pp., £45.00 (hb), £14.99 (pb), ISBN 0-582-29909-8. Sarah Fishman, Laura Lee Downs, Ioannis Sinanoglou, Leonard V. Smith, Robert Zaretsky, eds., France at War: Vichy and the Historians (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000), 336pp., £45.00, ISBN 1-859-73299-2. Bertram M. Gordon, ed., Historical Dictionary of World War II France: T

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Creswell, Michael, and Marc Trachtenberg. "France and the German Question, 1945–1955." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 3 (2003): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703322286746.

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This article challenges the traditional view that France was “obsessed” with the German threat in the decade after World War II and that French leaders only grudgingly accepted the policy that the United States and Britain had decided to pursue. The official rhetoric of the postwar period should not to be taken at face value. In reality, French leaders understood the logic of the “western strategy” for Germany and at a basic level endorsed it. Even on the question of West German rearmament—a critical issue in 1950—the French government was not nearly as opposed to moving ahead as many scholars

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Didion, Philipp. "Zwischen Erinnerung und Verständigung: Der Racing Club de Strasbourg und die Wiederaufnahme der deutsch-französischen Fußballbeziehungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg." STADION 45, no. 1 (2021): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2021-1-32.

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This article aims to analyse the role of the Alsatian football club Racing Club de Strasbourg throughout the re-establishment process of the French-German football relations after the Second World War. Because of its geographical location between France and Germany and due to the double annexation of the Alsace by the German Reich the club held a special position in the French football landscape. To examine the difficulties and conflicts that came along with the attempt to restore international sport relations between West Germany and France, the paper focuses on three aspects: German prisoner

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Malia, Alban. "Strong Disagreements West-Moscow on the Future of the World After World War II." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/839ndo92u.

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The European continent after the end of World War II was completely destroyed. A destruction of such proportions was not even done in the 30-year War three hundred years ago, not even in the Napoleonic wars of the 19th century. Now the victors had to prepare the treaties. This did not turn out to be a simple task. For the first time the Council of Foreign Ministers of the victorious countries met in London from September 11 until October 2, 1945. The first problem faced by this council was the opposition of Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov to accept France and China as allies. France

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Kaninskaya, Galina N., and Natalya N. Naumova. "The Soviet Press of the Great Patriotic War about the French Squadron “Normandie-Niemen“." Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki 15, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1996-5648-2021-1-6-19.

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The article is devoted to the participation of French pilots of the Normandy squadron in battles on the Soviet-German front as part of the Red Army in 1943-1945. After the defeat of France at the first stage of World War II (1940), the occupation of its territory by Germany and the organization of the Resistance movement “Fighting France” in London by General Charles de Gaulle, the pilots joined him expressed a burning desire to fight the enemy in the skies over Soviet soil. Their participation in the ranks of the Soviet Air Force was a unique event in the history of the Great Patriotic War of

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Braganca, Manuel. "Framing Narratives of the Second World War and Occupation in France, 1939–2009." Modern & Contemporary France 21, no. 3 (2013): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2013.790355.

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REYNOLDS, DAVID. "FROM WORLD WAR TO COLD WAR: THE WARTIME ALLIANCE AND POST-WAR TRANSITIONS, 1941–1947." Historical Journal 45, no. 1 (2002): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01002291.

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This review examines some of the recent British, American, and Russian scholarship on a series of important international transitions that occurred in the years around 1945. One is the shift of global leadership from Great Britain to the United States, in which, it is argued, the decisive moment was the fall of France in 1940. Another transition is the emergence of a wartime alliance between Britain and America, on the one hand, and the Soviet Union, on the other, followed by its disintegration into the Cold War. Here the opening of Soviet sources during the 1990s has provided new evidence, th

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Bikše, Ginta Ieva. "Spanish Civil War participants in the internment camps in France: Latvian case (1939–1941)." Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls 116 (July 2022): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lviz.116.06.

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In early 1939, after retreat from Catalonia, more than 50 Latvians, former participants of the Spanish Civil War, crossed Spanish–French border and ended up in internment camps in France. The aim of the current article is to give an overview and analyse the experience of Latvian men in internment camps. The article focuses on social activities and mutual relations, living conditions and their differences in internment camps in Saint-Cyprien, Argelès-sur-Mer, Gurs, Le Vernet etc., considering the beginning of the Second World War and the establishment of Vichy regime. Furthermore, the attitude

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FISCHER, CONAN. "Scoundrels without a Fatherland? Heavy Industry and Transnationalism in Post-First World War Germany." Contemporary European History 14, no. 4 (2005): 441–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002717.

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Germany's heavy industrial sector played a definitive role from 1870 onwards in the formation and subsequent shaping of the young German national polity. As such it has been identified with the aggressive, imperialistic tendencies that characterised so much of German history between 1870 and 1945. That said, industrial and national interests could diverge markedly, with heavy industry sometimes exhibiting a marked preference for transnational strategies, particularly during 1923 and 1924, when France and Belgium occupied Germany's industrial heartland – the Ruhr District. Resulting efforts to

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Ganin, Andrey V. "The former chief of P. N. Wrangel’ staff P. S. Makhrov on the Red Army campaign to Western Ukraine and Western Belarus in 1939." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.5.01.

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The memoirs of general P. S. Makhrov are devoted to the events of 1939 and the campaign of the Red army in Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Pyotr Semyonovich Makhrov was a General staff officer, participant of the Russian-Japanese war, World War I, and the Russian Civil war. In 1918, Makhrov lived in Ukraine, and in 1919-1920 he took part in the White movement in Southern Russia, after which he emigrated. In exile he lived in France, where he wrote his extensive memoirs. The events of September 1939 could not pass past his attention. At that time, the Red army committed approach in Western

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Żabierek, Krzysztof. "Stanisław Sztuba (1916-1942). Z wielkopolskiej ziemi ku brytyjskiemu przeznaczeniu." Polonia Maior Orientalis 2 (2015): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.15.011.16918.

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II wojna światowa wyrwała z domów wiele tysięcy młodych mężczyzn rozrzucając ich po całym świecie. Jedną z takich osób był Stanisław Sztuba. Po przegranej wojnie obronnej w 1939 roku, przez Rumunię, dotarł najpierw do Francji, skąd po klęsce tego państwa, udał się do Wielkiej Brytanii trafiając ostatecznie w skład 301 dywizjonu bombowego. Jako mechanik uległ śmiertelnemu wypadkowi. Został pochowany w Newark (Anglia). STANISŁAW SZTUBA (1916-1942) FROM GREATER POLAND‘S TERRITORY TOWARDS THE BRITISH DESTINY World War II wrenched many thousands of young men from homes and threw them all over the w

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Schretter, Lukas. "Making Friends, Making Families: Post-World War II Marriages between Austrian Women and British Soldiers, 1945–1955." Genealogy 6, no. 3 (2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6030074.

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Between 1945 and 1955, Austria, like Germany, was divided into four zones under the control of the Soviet Union, the United States of America, Britain, and France. This article discusses marriages between British “occupiers” and Austrian “occupied” between 1945 and 1955, examining the policies for contact from the enactment of the non-fraternisation order until the lifting of the marriage ban. It shows how marriages were concluded despite bureaucratic and legal obstacles and discusses the experiences of Austrian “war brides” upon their arrival and settlement in Britain. The analysis draws upon

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Dmytryshyn, Basil. "The Legal Framework for the Sovietization of Czechoslovakia 1941–1945." Nationalities Papers 25, no. 02 (1997): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999708408502.

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Literature in many languages (documentary, monographic, memoir-like and periodical) is abundant on the sovietization of Czechoslovakia, as are the reasons advanced for it. Some observers have argued that the Soviet takeover of the country stemmed from an excessive preoccupation with Panslavism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by a few Czech and Slovak intellectuals, politicians, writers and poets and their uncritical affection and fascination for everything Russian and Soviet. Others have attributed the drawing of Czechoslovakia into the Soviet orbit to Franco-British appeasement of H

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Gmurczyk-Wrońska, Małgorzata. "France in International Relations of the Second Half of the 20th Century and the Early 21st Century – Priorities in Foreign Policy." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 4, no. 44 (2014): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2014.44.03.

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After the Second World War France lost temporarily her position as a decision-maker in international relations. Soon enough, though, her diplomacy adapted to a bipolar system. Her foreign policy was to manoeuvre between the USSR, the United States and Great Britain, and to jointly create the structures of future European Union. It was in the EU that France has found the place to strengthen her role of mediator and arbiter. Nowadays, the foreign policy of France has numerous continuities originating from the 19th century and the years of 1918 – 1939, but also some modifications related to new d

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Olukoju, Ayodeji. "‘King of West Africa’? Bernard Bourdillon and the Politics of the West African Governors' Conference, 1940–1942." Itinerario 30, no. 1 (2006): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300012511.

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The outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 and the collapse of French resistance to the German onslaught a year later were momentous events which had far-reaching implications for France, Britain, and their colonies. In West Africa, the war affected existing patterns of inter-state relations within and across the French/British imperial divides, which were further complicated for the British by the emergence of two blocs in the French colonial empire – Vichy and Free French. It was in this context that the West African Governors' Conference was created in 1940 to coordinate the war

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Gemie, Sharif. "Book Review: Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1949: Choices and Constraints." European History Quarterly 30, no. 4 (2000): 602–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569140003000409.

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Hurcombe, M. "Framing Narratives of the Second World War and Occupation in France, 1939-2009: New Readings." French Studies 68, no. 4 (2014): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knu168.

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Frader, Laura Levine. "From Muscles to Nerves: Gender, “Race” and the Body at Work in France 1919–1939." International Review of Social History 44, S7 (1999): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115226.

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In the years before and immediately after World War I, gendered and racialized bodies at work became the focus of debate and discussion in France amongst an informal alliance of engineers, doctors, scientists, employers, workers, and the state. Seduced by the promise of “modernity”, and the seemingly endless possibilities of science and mechanization, the state attempted to modernize public services and employers sought new ways to discipline labor for greater productivity. Both mobilized rationalization – Taylorism and work science – in the service of greater efficiency and in an effort to id

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Bourdieu, Jérôme, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann. "Aging Women and Family Wealth." Social Science History 32, no. 2 (2008): 143–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010737.

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Population aging in France in the nineteenth century concerned mainly women, as men's life spans increased only after World War I. The article assesses the impact of this gender-differentiated aging process on wealth distribution, using individual data on bequests collected for the period 1800-1939. Over time, more women died without assets. But those who owned assets were richer. As a result, women's aging contributed both to a more unequal wealth distribution and to narrowing the gender gap between asset owners.

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Carswell, Richard. "France in the Second World War: Collaboration, Resistance, Holocaust, EmpireLa France à l’envers: La guerre de Vichy (1940–1945)." French History 35, no. 1 (2021): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crab011.

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Schumann, Abel. "Persistence of Population Shocks: Evidence from the Occupation of West Germany after World War II." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (2014): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.3.189.

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In the immediate aftermath of World War II, millions of German expellees were resettled into the new borders of Germany, but not into the parts of Germany that were occupied by France. Using a spatial regression discontinuity framework, I estimate the persistence of the population shock over a 20-year-period. Between 1945 and 1950, the inflow of people increased the population in municipalities where expellees could settle by 21.6 percent. The difference in population levels is highly persistent and remained 17.8 percent in 1970. The results suggest that population patterns in the region that

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Pacheco, José M. "Mobility and Migration of Spanish Mathematicians during the Years around the Spanish Civil War and World War II." Science in Context 27, no. 1 (2014): 109–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889713000409.

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ArgumentThis paper considers some aspects of the reception and development of contemporary mathematics in Spain during the first half of the twentieth century, more specifically between 1910 and 1950. It analyzes the possible influence of scientists’ mobility in the adoption of newer views or theories. A short overview of key points of the social and scientific background in nineteenth-century Spain locates the expounded facts in an appropriate context. Three leading threads are followed. First is the consideration of the mobility of some Spanish mathematicians during a period including World

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Savelli, Mat. "‘Peace and happiness await us’: Psychotherapy in Yugoslavia, 1945–85." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 4 (2018): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118773951.

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Previous accounts of psychiatry within Communist Europe have emphasized the dominance of biological approaches to mental health treatment. Psychotherapy was thus framed as a taboo or marginal component of East European psychiatric care. In more recent years, this interpretation has been re-examined as historians are beginning to delve deeper into the diversity of mental healthcare within the Communist world, noting many instances in which psychotherapeutic techniques and theory entered into clinical practice. Despite their excellent work uncovering these hitherto neglected histories, however,

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BOHLING, JOSEPH. "Colonial or Continental Power? The Debate over Economic Expansion in Interwar France, 1925–1932." Contemporary European History 26, no. 2 (2017): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777317000066.

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In the 1920s various French elites argued that the nation state was not viable in an increasingly interdependent world economy dominated by ‘continental blocs’ such as the United States and the Soviet Union; instead, they hoped to expand French economic power through larger political structures, whether France's existing empire or a federal Europe. French foreign minister Aristide Briand called for the organisation of Europe at the same time that other elites advocated the consolidation of the French empire. Although imperial rivalry would trump European cooperation in the interwar years, the

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Wambach, Julia. "Vichy in Baden-Baden – The Personnel of the French Occupation in Germany after 1945." Contemporary European History 28, no. 3 (2018): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000462.

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This article examines the contested presence of Vichy administrators in high positions of the French administration of occupied Germany after the Second World War. In occupied Germany, where many of Pétain’s officials pursued their careers, resisters and collaborators negotiated their new positions in the wake of the German occupation of France. Key to understanding this settlement are the notions of expertise and merit as well as the role of the inherited French social order untouched by the collaboration.

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ALEXANDER, MARTIN S. "War and its Bestiality: Animals and their Fate during the Fighting in France, 1940." Rural History 25, no. 1 (2014): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793313000216.

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AbstractThe fighting in France and Belgium in May-June 1940 has generated a large literature. Mostly, however, this has concerned itself with military strategy, the triumph of the German operational methods popularly termed ‘Blitzkrieg’, the British evacuation at Dunkirk and the political consequences of defeat for the French. This article re-evaluates the mobilisation of 1939 and the conduct of combat operations in 1940 from a less conventional perspective: that of the animals in France. It explores what happened to the many domestic pets swept up, or left behind, in the flight of Belgian and

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Capdevila, Luc. "The Quest for Masculinity in a Defeated France, 1940–1945." Contemporary European History 10, no. 3 (2001): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301003058.

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This article provides a detailed analysis of the individuals who enrolled in Vichy fighting units at the end of the German occupation. Those groups were mostly created in late 1943 and early 1944, and acted as effective subsidiaries to German troops, treating civilians and partisans with extreme violence. The enrolment of those men was a consequence of their political beliefs, notably strong anti-communism. But the fact that their behaviour seems born of desperation (some were recruited after D-Day) is a hint that it was shaped according to other cultural patterns, especially an image of mascu

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Young, Robert J. "French Military Intelligence and the Franco-Italian Alliance, 1933–1939." Historical Journal 28, no. 1 (1985): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00002259.

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‘Watersheds’ and ‘turning points’ are two standard literary devices for addressing the question of direction in history. Once that direction is determined, one is able to survey the roads not taken, sorting out the possible and the probable from the unavoidable. This paper forswears the vocabulary of turning points, but it owes something to the idea such language expresses. Put cryptically, our discussions of the origins of the Second World War could afford to pay closer attention to Franco-Italian relations in the 1930s. Next to the Manchurian, Rhenish, Spanish, Austrian, Czech and Polish cri

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Machniak, Arkadiusz. "Dyplomata. Żołnierz. Literat. Hrabia Franciszek Xawery Pusłowski w świetle dokumentów komunistycznego aparatu represji." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20, no. 3 (2021): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.3.5.

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Count Franciszek Xawery Pusłowski was born in France on June 16, 1875. He studied law, philosophy and art history. He was fluent in six languages. During World War I, he was arrested in Russia. As a result of efforts made by influential friends in 1918, he was released from captivity after the personal decision of Feliks Dzerzhinsky, the head of the Cheka. After the end of World War I, he participated in the Versailles peace conference. Until 1923, he served in the diplomatic corps. He was an opponent of Józef Piłsudski and his political camp. After being released from military and diplomatic

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