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Journal articles on the topic 'Franz Josef Glacier'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Anderson, Brian, Wendy Lawson, Ian Owens, and Becky Goodsell. "Past and future mass balance of ‘Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere’ Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Journal of Glaciology 52, no. 179 (2006): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828449.

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AbstractDespite their relatively small total ice volume, mid-latitude valley glaciers are expected to make a significant contribution to global sea-level rise over the next century due to the sensitivity of their mass-balance systems to small changes in climate. Here we use a degree-day model to reconstruct the past century of mass-balance variation at ‘Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere’ Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, and to predict how mass balance may change over the next century. Analysis of the relationship between temperature, precipitation and mass balance indicates that temperature is a str

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2

Dowdeswell, Julian A., and Meredith Williams. "Surge-type glaciers in the Russian High Arctic identified from digital satellite imagery." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 145 (1997): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000035097.

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AbstractLandsat digital imagery was used to search the island archipelagos of Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic, for the presence of looped moraines characteristic of past glacier surges. The imagery provides almost complete summer-time coverage of the 60 000 km2of ice in these islands. very few surge-type glaciers are identified: none in Franz Josef Land, three in Novaya Zemlya and two on Severnaya Zemlya. This contrasts greatly with Svalbard (ice-covered area 36 600 km2), to the west, where 36% of glaciers and ice-cap drainage basins are inferred to su

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3

Dowdeswell, Julian A., and Meredith Williams. "Surge-type glaciers in the Russian High Arctic identified from digital satellite imagery." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 145 (1997): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000035097.

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AbstractLandsat digital imagery was used to search the island archipelagos of Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic, for the presence of looped moraines characteristic of past glacier surges. The imagery provides almost complete summer-time coverage of the 60 000 km2 of ice in these islands. very few surge-type glaciers are identified: none in Franz Josef Land, three in Novaya Zemlya and two on Severnaya Zemlya. This contrasts greatly with Svalbard (ice-covered area 36 600 km2), to the west, where 36% of glaciers and ice-cap drainage basins are inferred to s

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4

Kehrl, Laura M., Huw J. Horgan, Brian M. Anderson, Ruzica Dadic, and Andrew N. Mackintosh. "Glacier velocity and water input variability in a maritime environment: Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 228 (2015): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j228.

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AbstractShort-term glacier velocity variations typically occur when a water input is accommodated by an increase in the subglacial water pressure. Although these velocity variations have been well documented on many glaciers, few studies have considered them on glaciers where heavy rain and glacier melt occur year-round. This study investigates the relationship between water inputs and glacier velocity on Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand. We installed six GNSS stations across the lower glacier during austral summer 2010/11 and one station during summer 2012/13. Glacier velocity remained elevat

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5

Alexander, David, James Shulmeister, and Tim Davies. "High basal melting rates within high-precipitation temperate glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 205 (2011): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311798043726.

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AbstractThe role of basal melting within high-precipitation temperate glaciers represents a significant gap in understanding glacier melting processes. We use a basal melt equation to calculate geothermal and frictional heat-induced basal melt and develop an equation to calculate the rainfall-induced basal melt for Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, a high-precipitation, temperate glacier. Additionally, we calculate basal melt due to heat dissipation within water and ice. Data collated from published information on glacier dynamics and climate station readings show that total basal melt contrib

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6

Oerlemans, J. "Holocene glacier fluctuations: is the current rate of retreat exceptional?" Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820246.

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AbstractMost glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere reached their postglacial maximum in recent times, that is, after the medieval period. During the last 100 or 150 years a significant retreat has taken place, and there is little sign that this is coming to an end. The current worldwide shrinkage of glaciers is considered to be a strong indication of global warming. However, glacier retreat should be judged against the natural variability of glacier systems. Numerical glacier models can be used to quantify this variability. I have studied the natural variability of three glaciers for which long

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7

Kotlyakov, V. M., and Yu Ya Macheret. "Fifty years of geophysical researches of glaciers in Institute of Geography, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1966–2016." Ice and Snow 56, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2016-4-561-574.

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In 1967‑2015, Institute of Geography of the USSR/Russian Academy of Sciences together with other organizations carried out field expeditions in different areas of mountain and polar glaciations in many regions: the Polar Urals, Caucasus, Pamir, Zailiysky and Jungar Alatau, Tien‑Shan, Pamir‑Alai, the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Pyrenees, the Arctic – Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef and Severnaya Zemlya, and Antarctica – on the ice flow B, and in the sub‑Antarctic – Islands King George, Galindez, and Livingston. The gravimetric and ground and aerial radar observations were made in these exp

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8

Gjermundsen, E. F., R. Mathieu, A. Kääb, T. Chinn, B. Fitzharris, and J. O. Hagen. "Assessment of multispectral glacier mapping methods and derivation of glacier area changes, 1978–2002, in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, from ASTER satellite data, field survey and existing inventory data." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 204 (2011): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311797409749.

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AbstractWe have measured the glacier area changes in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, between 1978 and 2002 and have compiled the 2002 glacier outlines using an image scene from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Three automated classification methods were tested: (1) band ratio, (2) normalized-difference snow index and (3) supervised classification. The results were compared with the glacier outlines photo-interpreted from the ASTER data, and were further validated using GPS-aided field mapping of selected test glaciers. The ASTER 3/4 band ratio

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9

Oerlemans, J., and B. K. Reichert. "Relating glacier mass balance to meteorological data by using a seasonal sensitivity characteristic." Journal of Glaciology 46, no. 152 (2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833269.

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AbstractWe propose to quantify the climate sensitivity of the mean specific balance B of a glacier by a seasonal sensitivity characteristic (SSC). The SSC gives the dependence of B on monthly anomalies in temperature and precipitation. It is calculated from a mass-balance model. We show and discuss examples for Franz-Josef Glacier (New Zealand), Nigardsbreen (Norway), Hintereisferner (Austria), Peyto Glacier (Canadian Rockies), Abramov Glacier (Kirghizstan) and White Glacier (Canadian Arctic). With regard to the climate sensitivity of B, the SSCs clearly show that summer temperature is the mos

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10

Zheng, Whyjay, Matthew E. Pritchard, Michael J. Willis, Paul Tepes, Noel Gourmelen, Toby J. Benham, and Julian A. Dowdeswell. "Accelerating glacier mass loss on Franz Josef Land, Russian Arctic." Remote Sensing of Environment 211 (June 2018): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.04.004.

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11

Goodsell, B., B. Anderson, W. J. Lawson, and I. F. Owens. "Outburst flooding at Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48, no. 1 (March 2005): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2005.9515101.

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12

Grapes, Rodney, and Teruo Watanabe. "Paragenesis of titanite in metagreywackes of the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area, Southern Alps, New Zealand." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 3 (June 11, 1992): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/3/0547.

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13

Davies, Timothy R. H., Chris C. Smart, and Jill M. Turnbull. "Water and sediment outbursts from advanced Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, no. 10 (2003): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.515.

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14

Herman, Frédéric, Brian Anderson, and Sébastien Leprince. "Mountain glacier velocity variation during a retreat/advance cycle quantified using sub-pixel analysis of ASTER images." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 202 (2011): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796405942.

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AbstractCoverage of ice velocities in the central part of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, is obtained from feature tracking using repeat optical imagery in 2002 and 2006. Precise orthorectification, co-registration and correlation is carried out using the freely available software COSI-Corr. This analysis, combined with short times between image acquisitions, has enabled velocities to be captured even in the accumulation areas, where velocities are lowest and surface features ephemeral. The results indicate large velocities for mountain glaciers (i.e. up to ∼5 m d−1) as well as dynamic changes

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15

Ziaja, Wieslaw, and Krzysztof Ostafin. "Morphogenesis of New Straits and Islands Originated in the European Arctic Since the 1980s." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110476.

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Several new islands and many islets have appeared in the European Arctic since the end of the 20th century due to glacial recession under climate warming. The specificity of the formation of each individual strait and island is shown in the paper (apart from its location and timing of its origin). Analysis of available maps and satellite images of all three European Arctic archipelagos, from different times since 1909–1910, was the main research method. There are three pathways of the morphogenesis of the new islands: (1) simultaneous recession of glaciers from both sides of a depression in be

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16

Mercer, J. H. "The age of the Waiho Loop terminal moraine, Franz Josef Glacier, Westland." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 31, no. 1 (January 1988): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1988.10417813.

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17

Currie, D. R. "The age of the Waiho Loop terminal moraine, Franz Josef Glacier, Westland." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 32, no. 2 (April 1989): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1989.10427592.

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18

Brook, MS, W. Hagg, and S. Winkler. "Debris cover and surface melt at a temperate maritime alpine glacier: Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 56, no. 1 (March 2013): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2012.736391.

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19

Goodsell, Becky, Brian Anderson, and Wendy Lawson. "Supraglacial routing of subglacial water at Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 166 (2003): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830566.

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20

Lubinski, David J., Steven L. Forman, and Gifford H. Miller. "Holocene glacier and climate fluctuations on Franz Josef Land, Arctic Russia, 80°N." Quaternary Science Reviews 18, no. 1 (January 1999): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(97)00105-4.

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21

Oerlemans, J. "Climate Sensitivity of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, as Revealed by Numerical Modeling." Arctic and Alpine Research 29, no. 2 (May 1997): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1552052.

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22

Anderson, Brian, Wendy Lawson, and Ian Owens. "Response of Franz Josef Glacier Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere to climate change." Global and Planetary Change 63, no. 1 (August 2008): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.04.003.

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23

Oerlemans, J. "A note on the water budget of temperate glaciers." Cryosphere 7, no. 5 (September 27, 2013): 1557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1557-2013.

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Abstract. In this note, the total dissipative melting in temperate glaciers is studied. The analysis is based on the notion that the dissipation is determined by the loss of potential energy due to the downward motion of mass (ice, snow, meltwater and rain). A mathematical formulation of the dissipation is developed and applied to a simple glacier geometry. In the next step, meltwater production resulting from enhanced ice motion during a glacier surge is calculated. The amount of melt energy available follows directly from the lowering of the centre of gravity of the glacier. To illustrate th

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24

Oerlemans, J. "A note on the water budget of temperate glaciers." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2013): 2679–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2679-2013.

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Abstract. In this note the total dissipative melting in temperate glaciers is studied. The analysis is based on the notion that the dissipation is determined by the loss of potential energy, due to the downward motion of mass (ice, snow, meltwater and rain). A mathematical formulation of the dissipation is developed and applied to a simple glacier geometry. In a next step, meltwater production resulting from enhanced ice motion during a glacier surge is calculated. The amount of melt energy available follows directly from the lowering of the centre of gravity of the glacier. To illustrate the

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25

Woo, Ming-ko, and B. B. Fitzharris. "Reconstruction of Mass Balance Variations for Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, 1913 to 1989." Arctic and Alpine Research 24, no. 4 (November 1992): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551283.

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26

McKinzey, Krista M., Wendy Lawson, Dave Kelly, and Alun Hubbard. "A revised Little Ice Age chronology of the Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 34, no. 4 (December 2004): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2004.9517774.

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27

Carrivick, Jonathan L., and E. Lucy Rushmer. "Inter- and Intra-Catchment Variations in Proglacial Geomorphology: An Example From Franz Josef Glacier and Fox Glacier, New Zealand." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430-41.1.18.

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28

Carrivick, Jonathan L., and E. Lucy Rushmer. "Inter- and Intra-Catchment Variations in Proglacial Geomorphology: An Example From Franz Josef Glacier and Fox Glacier, New Zealand." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246(07-099)[carrivick]2.0.co;2.

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29

Carr, J. Rachel, Chris R. Stokes, and Andreas Vieli. "Threefold increase in marine-terminating outlet glacier retreat rates across the Atlantic Arctic: 1992–2010." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 74 (April 2017): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.3.

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ABSTRACTAccelerated discharge through marine-terminating outlet glaciers has been a key component of the rapid mass loss from Arctic glaciers since the 1990s. However, glacier retreat and its climatic controls have not been assessed at the pan-Arctic scale. Consequently, the spatial and temporal variability in the magnitude of retreat, and the possible drivers are uncertain. Here we use remotely sensed data acquired over 273 outlet glaciers, located across the entire Atlantic Arctic (i.e. areas potentially influenced by North Atlantic climate and/or ocean conditions, specifically: Greenland, N

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30

Purdie, Heather, Nancy Bertler, Andrew Mackintosh, Joel Baker, and Rachael Rhodes. "Isotopic and Elemental Changes in Winter Snow Accumulation on Glaciers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand." Journal of Climate 23, no. 18 (September 15, 2010): 4737–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3701.1.

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Abstract The authors present stable water isotope and trace element data for fresh winter snow from two temperate maritime glaciers located on opposite sides of the New Zealand Southern Alps. The isotopes δ18O and δD were more depleted at the eastern Tasman Glacier site because of prevailing westerly flow and preferential rainout of heavy isotopes as air masses crossed the Alps. The deuterium excess provided some indication of moisture provenance, with the Tasman Sea contributing ∼70% of the moisture received at Franz Josef and Tasman Glaciers. This source signal was also evident in trace elem

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31

Denton, G. H., and C. H. Hendy. "Younger Dryas Age Advance of Franz Josef Glacier in the Southern Alps of New Zealand." Science 264, no. 5164 (June 3, 1994): 1434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5164.1434.

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32

Gagaev, S. Y., S. D. Grebelny, B. I. Sirenko, V. V. Potin, and O. V. Savinkin. "Benthic habitats in the Tikhaya Bight (the Hooker Island, Franz Josef Land)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 323, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.1.3.

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Benthic habitats of Tikhaya Bight (Hooker Island, Franz Josef Land, High Arctic) were studied by using SCUBA equipment (diving quantitative method) and Van Veen grabs. Three main communities have been described. A Gammarus setosus-macroalgae community, probably seasonal, developed above 5 meters depth, had a relatively low diversity with biomass 7.6±0.9 g/m2 and abundance 135±40 ind/m2; a mixed bivalves-amphipods-bryozoan community (Serripes groenlandicus, Mya truncata, Haploops laevis, Alcyonidium disciforme) occured in muddy bottoms with some interspersed boulders between 7 and 30 m depth; i

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33

Hooker, B. L., and B. B. Fitzharris. "The correlation between climatic parameters and the retreat and advance of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand." Global and Planetary Change 22, no. 1-4 (October 1999): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(99)00023-5.

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34

Doblas-Miranda, Enrique, David A. Wardle, Duane A. Peltzer, and Gregor W. Yeates. "Changes in the community structure and diversity of soil invertebrates across the Franz Josef Glacier chronosequence." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 5 (May 2008): 1069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.11.026.

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35

Alexander, David J., Tim R. Davies, and James Shulmeister. "A steady‐state mass‐balance model for the franz josef glacier, new zealand: testing and application." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 93, no. 1 (March 2011): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00003.x.

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36

Gao, Jay. "Modelling the Spatial Extent of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand from Environmental Variables Using Remote Sensing and GIS." Geocarto International 19, no. 1 (March 2004): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040408542295.

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37

GRAPES, R., and T. WATANABE. "Metamorphism and uplift of Alpine schist in the Franz Josef?Fox Glacier area of the Southern Alps, New Zealand." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 10, no. 2 (March 1992): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00077.x.

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38

Turney, C. S. M., R. G. Roberts, N. de Jonge, C. Prior, J. M. Wilmshurst, M. S. McGlone, and J. Cooper. "Redating the advance of the New Zealand Franz Josef Glacier during the Last Termination: evidence for asynchronous climate change." Quaternary Science Reviews 26, no. 25-28 (December 2007): 3037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.09.014.

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39

Ishikawa, N., I. F. Owens, and A. P. Sturman. "Heat balance characteristics during fine periods on the lower parts of the Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." International Journal of Climatology 12, no. 4 (May 1992): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370120407.

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40

Marcus, M. G., R. D. Moore, and I. F. Owens. "Short-term estimates of surface energy transfers and ablation on the lower Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1985.10421208.

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41

Anderson, Brian, Ian Willis, Becky Goodsell, Alison Banwell, Ian Owens, Andrew Mackintosh, and Wendy Lawson. "Annual to Daily Ice Velocity and Water Pressure Variations on Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere (Franz Josef Glacier), New Zealand." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 46, no. 4 (November 2014): 919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-46.4.919.

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42

Dowdeswell, Julian A., and Evelyn K. Dowdeswell. "Chapter 22 Modern glaciers and climate change." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 17, no. 1 (1997): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.22.

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By the start of the Holocene, the decay of the large ice sheet over Svalbard and the Barents Sea region was nearing completion, and glacier ice was approaching its present distribution (Elverhøi et al. 1993; Siegert & Dowdeswell 1995). Throughout most of the last 10 000 years, the extent of glaciers and ice caps over the archipelago has been no greater than that observed today, with the exception of minor readvances in the relatively cold 'Little Ice Age', which terminated at the beginning of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, ice today covers about 62% of the 62 000 km2 Svalbard archipel

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43

Burrows, Colin J., David Bell, and Helen Grant. "Two new radiocarbon ages for mid‐ and late‐Aranui age valley‐train deposits of the Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32, no. 3 (September 2002): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9517701.

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44

Matveyeva, N. V. "Vegetation of the southern part of Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 8 (2006): 3–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2006.08.3.

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Bolshevik Isl. is the one of the largest islands within the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. It is situated in the southern part of the polar desert zone. In the course of three field work trips in 1997, 1998 and 2000 years 252 relevees were made in its southern part on three geomorphologic surfaces: coastal plain, inner upland close to glacier and ancient high river terraces. As the result 27 syntaxonomical units of different rank (15 associations, 2 subassociations, 2 variants, and 8 community types) were described using Braun-Blanquet approach. All syntaxa, except one, are new and mostly simil

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45

Solomina, O., G. Wiles, T. Shiraiwa, and R. D'Arrigo. "Multiproxy records of climate variability for Kamchatka for the past 400 years." Climate of the Past 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2007): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-119-2007.

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Abstract. Tree ring, ice core and glacial geologic histories for the past several centuries offer an opportunity to characterize climate variability and to identify the key climate parameters forcing glacier expansion in Kamchatka over the past 400 years. A newly developed larch ring-width chronology (AD 1632–2004) is presented that is sensitive to past summer temperature variability. Individual low growth years in the larch record are associated with several known and proposed volcanic events from the Northern Hemisphere. The comparison of ring width minima and those of Melt Feature Index of

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46

Purdie, Heather, Brian Anderson, Trevor Chinn, Ian Owens, Andrew Mackintosh, and Wendy Lawson. "Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers, New Zealand: Historic length records." Global and Planetary Change 121 (October 2014): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.06.008.

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47

Nikiforov, S. L., R. A. Ananiev, N. V. Libina, N. N. Dmitrevskiy, and L. I. Lobkovskii. "Ice gouging on the arctic shelf of Russia." Океанология 59, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0030-1574593466-468.

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The results of recent geological and geophysical expeditions indicate the activation of hazardous natural phenomena associated with ice gouging and represent geohazard for almost all activities, including operation of the Northern Sea Route. Within the Barents Sea and the western part of the Kara Sea, the modern ice gouging is mainly associated with icebergs which are formed as a result of the destruction of the glaciers of Novaya Zemlya, the Spitsbergen archipelago and Franz Josef Land, while on the eastern shelf it is caused by the destruction of seasonal or perennial ice fields. Fixed furro

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48

Brook, Martin, Wilfried Hagg, and Stefan Winkler. "Contrasting medial moraine development at adjacent temperate, maritime glaciers: Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, South Westland, New Zealand." Geomorphology 290 (August 2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.04.015.

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Hanson, Carl R., Richard J. Norris, and Alan F. Cooper. "Regional fracture patterns east of the Alpine Fault between the Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, Westland, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33, no. 4 (October 1990): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1990.10421379.

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Ruikka, Mattiina, and Kari Strand. "Clay minerals in response to the Pleistocene climate change on the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean (ODP, Site 911)." Polar Record 38, no. 206 (July 2002): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017770.

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Abstract:

AbstractThe Arctic plays an important role in controlling the Earth's climate and ocean circulation. Studies of past climate conditions in high latitudes are important to understand this role more precisely. Clay mineralogy of sediments was detected to be comparative with cyclic changes in climatic conditions during the past 0.8 Ma in the northernmost Atlantic-Arctic gateway (Ocean Drilling Program, Site 911). Clay minerals are transported by sea ice, icebergs, glaciofluvially, or by ocean currents. Smectite is assumed to be transported predominantly during interglacial periods. Its content de

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