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1
ANDERSON, CHRISTOPHER J. "When in Doubt, Use Proxies." Comparative Political Studies 31, no. 5 (October 1998): 569–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031005002.
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This article argues that citizens employ proxies rooted in attitudes about domestic politics when responding to survey questions about the European integration process. It develops a model of public opinion toward European integration based on attitudes toward the political system, the incumbent government, and establishment parties. With the help of data from Eurobarometer 34.0, the study tests political and economic models of public support for membership in the European Union in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Portugal. The analyses show that system and establishment party support are the most powerful determinants of support for membership in the European Union. The results also suggest that the relationship between economic factors and support previously reported in research on public opinion toward European integration is likely to be mediated by domestic political attitudes.
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Pym, Anthony. "Doubts about Deconstruction as a General Theory of Translation." Tradterm 2 (December 18, 1995): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-9511.tradterm.1995.49911.
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<span>A comparação de quatro versões de uma frase de Derrida coloca a questão da redação da filosofia desconstrutivista com a teoria da tradução. Levantam-se dúvidas acerca da pertinência geral da desconstrução, da possibilidade de expandir o alcance de seus "insights" para além da análise do texto-fonte, e das razões de uma certa inferiorização residual da tradução. Sugere-se, no espírito de uma discordância pacífica, que a teoria da tradução não será seriamente abalada pelo fato dos textos-fonte constituírem pontos de partida semanticamente instáveis.</span>
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Rollet, Anne-Julia, Hervé Piégay, and Anne Citterio. "Impact des extractions de graviers dans le lit mineur sur la géométrie des zones aquatiques périfluviales du Doubs (France)." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 60, no. 3 (May 13, 2008): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017999ar.
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RésuméDurant la décennie 70, les extractions de sédiments en lit mineur ont connu une forte croissance dans les cours d’eau, notamment en France comme dans la plupart des pays développés. Si l’impact de ces activités extractives sur l’équilibre géomorphologique et biologique des cours d’eau a déjà été largement analysé, plus rares sont les études mettant en lumière l’effet des extractions sur les habitats écologiques des lits majeurs. L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer rétrospectivement les effets des extractions dans le lit mineur du Doubs, un affluent de la Saône (France), sur l’évolution des zones aquatiques périfluviales, à partir d’analyses d’archives, de données issues de levésin situet de photographies aériennes. L’incision du lit en relation avec les activités extractives en lit mineur est d’abord mise en lumière. À partir de l’étude détaillée de 12 zones aquatiques périfluviales, un lien chronologique a ensuite été établi entre l’incision du chenal et la réduction de la superficie des zones humides périfluviales. L’intensité de la réduction n’est pas liée à la proximité de la fosse, l’incision touchant tout le tronçon et à la géométrie des berges. La recherche de liens causaux s’appuie sur un faisceau de preuves convergentes suffisamment robustes pour valider l’hypothèse initiale sachant que les preuves sont souvent partielles et les conditions d’utilisation de certaines données dans un cadre diachronique rigoureux sont restreintes.
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Arrojo, Rosemary. "On perverse readings, Deconstruction, and translation theory: a few comments on Anthony Pym's doubts." Tradterm 3 (December 18, 1996): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-9511.tradterm.1996.49890.
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<span>Num ensaio publicado na edição de 1995 de TradTerm, Anthony Pym pretende fundamentar sua crítica às abordagens teóricas da tradução de ascendência desconstrutivista na "comparação de quatro versões de uma frase de Derrida" que encontra em textos de Barbara Johnson, Andrew Benjamin e Rosemary Arrojo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor alguns comentários à suposta "desconstrução" perpetrada por Anthony Pym com base, principalmente, em sua própria declaração de que as leituras que apresenta são "perversas" e "pequenas". Como pretendo argumentar, a "perversidade" e a "trivialidade" de sua crítica, sobretudo por sua falta de rigor e cuidado, são essencialmente inócuas e não chegam a abalar, como quer Pym, "a pertinência geral da desconstrução" para uma teoria da tradução.</span>
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Lester, David. "The Civilization of Violence." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1122.
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In France from 1853 to 1908, suicide rates were associated with lower birth rates and a higher percentage of illegitimate births, throwing doubt on the hypothesis of Gillis that suicide increases as nations become more “civilized.”
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Pilgrim, David, and Anne Rogers. "Mass Childhood Immunization: Some Ethical Doubts for Primary Health Care Workers." Nursing Ethics 2, no. 1 (March 1995): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309500200108.
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The mass childhood immunization programme has traditionally been viewed as a safe and effective preventative measure by health promoters, primary health care professionals and governments. This consensus has meant that immunization has rarely been viewed as ethically problematic. A number of recent changes in the context of the delivery of health care, particularly the emphasis on consumerism and the effect of the marketization of services, makes timely an examination of ethical, social and political issues. This article examines four main grounds for problematizing the mass childhood immunization programme. These are: clinical research evidence about the safety and efficacy of vaccines; the masking of wider social and political determinants of ill health; the contradictory strictures about collective and individual rights in relation to immunization; and the uniqueness of childhood immunization as a physical intrusion into a healthy body. The implications of these ethical issues are discussed in relation to informed consent and the need for a 'greenfield' review that includes the views of dissenting parents, lawyers and moral philosophers, as well as health professionals. Les promoteurs de santé, les soignants et les gouvernements ont tous traditionellement vu le programme d'immunisation globale des enfants comme sain et efficace. Cela voulait dire que l'immunisation a rarement posé un problème éthique. Pourtant, actuellement des changements dans les contextes de la distribution des soins, le consumérisme et de l'effet de la commercialisation des services de santé, exigent une revue des problèmes éthiques, sociaux et politiques. Cet article discute quatre éléments problématiques du programme d'immunisation globale: les données des recherches médicales sur la sûreté et l'efficacité des vaccins; la dissimulation des déterminatifs sociaux et politiques des maladies; les critiques contradictoires des droits individuels et collectifs concernant l'immunisation; et le caractère unique de l'immunisation des enfants comme une intrusion physique dans un corps sain. Les effets de ces questions éthiques sont repris en rapport du consentement informé et de la nécessité d'une revue 'verte' qui comprend les vues des parents dissidents, des juristes, des philsophes et des membres des professions soignantes. Das Massenimpfungsprogramm von Kindern wurde allgemein von Gesundheits behörden, medizinischem Fachpersonal und Regierungen als sichere und wirksame Vorbeugungsmassnahme betrachtet. Diese Uebereinstimmung bedeutete, dass Imp fungen selten ein ethisches Problem darstellten. Eine Anzahl von Aenderungen im Gesundheitswesen - besonders im Hinblickin auf Konsum und Marktwirtschaft im Dienstleistungsbereich - berechtigen jedoch zu einer Untersuchung der ethischen, sozialen und politischen Fragen. Dieser Artikel untersucht vier Hauptgründe, die das Massenimpfungsprogramm für Kinder in Frage stellen: Forschungsergebnisse über die Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der Impfstoffe; die Verschleierung von andern sozialen und politischen Krankheitsursachen; die widersprüchlichen Anordnungen über kollektive und individuelle Rechte mit Bezug auf die Impfungen; und die aussergewöhnliche Art der Impfung als physische Verletzung eines gesunden Körpers. Die Bedeutung dieser ethischen Fragen werden hier diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit der informierten Vereinstimmung und der Notwendigkeit eines 'grünen' Ueberblickes, der die Ansichten andersdenkender Eltern, Rechtsanwalte, Philosophen und Gesund heitsexperten einschliesst.
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GIRAUDOUX, P., P. S. CRAIG, P. DELATTRE, G. BAO, B. BARTHOLOMOT, S. HARRAGA, J. P. QUÉRÉ, et al. "Interactions between landscape changes and host communities can regulate Echinococcus multilocularis transmission." Parasitology 127, S1 (October 2003): S121—S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003512.
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An area close to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau region and subject to intensive deforestation contains a large focus of human alveolar echinococcosis while sporadic human cases occur in the Doubs region of eastern France. The current review analyses and compares epidemiological and ecological results obtained in both regions. Analysis of rodent species assemblages within quantified rural landscapes in central China and eastern France shows a significant association between host species for the pathogenic helminth Echinococcus multilocularis, with prevalences of human alveolar echinococcosis and with land area under shrubland or grassland. This suggests that at the regional scale landscape can affect human disease distribution through interaction with small mammal communities and their population dynamics. Lidicker's ROMPA hypothesis helps to explain this association and provides a novel explanation of how landscape changes may result in increased risk of a rodent-borne zoonotic disease.
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Biagi, P. F., L. Castellana, T. Maggipinto, D. Loiacono, L. Schiavulli, T. Ligonzo, M. Fiore, E. Suciu, and A. Ermini. "<i>Brief communication</i> "A pre seismic radio anomaly revealed in the area where the Abruzzo earthquake (<i>M</i>=6.3) occurred on 6 April 2009"." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2010): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-215-2010.
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Abstract. We report the information that in the days of the radio anomaly presented in the paper Biagi et al. (2009) an interruption of the broadcasting from the transmitter (RMC, France) happened. It remains unclear if the action resulted in a complete power off of the system, or in a reduction in the radiated power, and if this has affected France only, or every direction. Should a complete power off have occurred, the proposed pre-seismic defocusing is inexistent. Our doubts on this action are reported.
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Kajitani, Makoto. "Special Issue on Japanese-French Congress of Mechatronics." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 5, no. 5 (October 20, 1993): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1993.p0415.
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The lst Japanese-French Congress of Mechatronics was held at Besancon City in France from October 20 to 23, 1992. The congress was cosponsored by the Japan Society for Precision Engineering and 1'Institut des Microtechniques de Frenche-Comte. A total of 216 persons participated in the congress, 72 from Japan and 144 from France and other European countries. The total number of announced papers was 84, 49 from Japan and 35 from Europe. In addition, three special addresses were made each from Japan and Europe. The number of robotic addresses totalled 30, the largest number by field. Among these 30 addresses, 23 were made by Japanese participants. Studies in a wide range of mechatronics were also announced which were related to sensors and measurement system and machine vision. Besancon is the capital of Doubs and is an ancient city with a history of 2000 years. Doubs is bordered by Switzerland and has been active in the precision industry, such as watches, since old times. It is mostly industrialized and has been interested in mechatronics. Unique studies have been conducted by some research and educational institutes including Ecole Nationale Superieure de Mechanique et des Microtechniques. The congress received attention as being unique and attracted many participants for the following reasons: there was very little interaction between Japan and France in the field of precision engineering or mechatronics and the French industry, a specific existence in Europe, has recently taken a great interest in Japanese technology. The editorial committee of this periodical urged authors to contribute papers suitable for the periodical among those announced at the congress and contained their contributions in it. Technological interactions between Japan and Europe will become more important. In 1994, the 2nd Japanese-French Congress of Mechatronics (International) will be held at Takamatsu City in Japan. I hope that many researchers and engineers of mechatronics worldwide will join the congress and have discussions on mechatronics to stimulate its growth.
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Delattre, Pierre, Michel Pascal, Marie-Hélène Le Pesteur, Patrick Giraudoux, and Jean-Pierre Damange. "Caractéristiques écologiques et épidémiologiques de l'Echinococcus multilocularis au cours d'un cycle complet des populations d'un hôte intermédiaire (Microtus arvalis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-401.
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This study, carried out in a medium altitude mountain ecosystem (Doubs, France), was devoted to the analysis of spatial and temporal variations of the infestation rate of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart in a microtine secondary host (Microtus arvalis Pallas) during a complete population cycle of the rodent. This analysis, combined with a structural study of the landscape, showed that contaminated rodents were located only in or near ploughed fields. The age structure of the rodent population showed that infestation occurred only during winter (from October to April in the studied area). These results suggest new ways of research for elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the perenniality of the parasite.
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Schönfeld, K. M. "Rex, Lex et Judex." European Constitutional Law Review 4, no. 2 (June 2008): 274–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019608002745.
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Doubts about the traditional, positivistic interpretation of Montesquieu's ‘bouche de la loi’-text – Reading Montesquieu in his historical context – England and France: judge made law and parlementaire ideology – Natural law context – Lex animata, lex loquens: King versus judge – The Ciceronian and English background of the ‘bouche de la loi’ – The Fronde and les Mazarinades – George Buchanan, Sir Edward Coke and Calvin's Case
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Halliez, Guillaume, and Clémence Marie Lucie Becel. "A Case of Intraspecific Killing in Passerines: The House Sparrow (Passer Domesticus)." Ornis Hungarica 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2015): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2014-0020.
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Abstract Even if intraspecific conflict is a well-known behaviour in birds, intraspecific killing among passerines is very rare in the literature. Cases of intraspecific predation among passerines constitute a very small percentage of published reports, and many of the cases are based on circumstantial evidence. In March 2013, we witnessed a group of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) kill a conspecific male adult in the village of Gonsans (France, Doubs department). During the reproductive season three explanations of others studies (lack of food, weak condition and territorial behaviour during) could be relevant in our case. In conclusion, it appears that our observation is a very rare one and the second one for the House Sparrow.
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Esteva, Hugo. "La técnica de Mabit para la hidatidosis. Una revisión centenaria." Revista Argentina de Cirugía 111, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25132/raac.v111.n4.1416.es.
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The paper published by Sebastián Mabit in France describing what he called his technique for the surgical treatment of hydatid cysts, and the previous thesis of one of its trainees, share a group of patients operated by Mabit in the Hospital Francés of Buenos Aires at the end of the 19th century. There are some doubts about the origin of such technique due to differences in the description of the operations. These differences are described below.
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Huot-Daubremont, C., D. Bradshaw, and C. Grenot. "Temperature regulation in the tortoise Testudo hermanni, studied with indwelling probes." Amphibia-Reptilia 17, no. 2 (1996): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853896x00135.
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AbstractBehavioural thermoregulation has been studied in the terrestrial tortoise Testudo hermanni in south-eastern France by implanting temperature-sensitive probes in free-ranging individuals. Three tortoises were monitored over a period of nine months (July to March); they maintained body temperatures close to their preferendum for periods of several hours each day. These results are of interest as doubt has been expressed in the literature on the thermoregulatory capacities of Testudo hermanni in the northernmost part of its range.
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Britton, Andrew, Fiona Eastwood, and Robin Major. "Macroeconomic Policy in Italy and Britain." National Institute Economic Review 118 (November 1986): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018611800105.
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This is the third and last in a series of articles comparing macroeconomic policy in this country and in our largest European neighbours. A comparison with France was published in the Review in November 1984 and with Germany in November last year. The Italian economy is less well known in this country than that of either France or Germany. As a result its achievements may not be so widely appreciated. There have been no doubt, and remain, serious economic problems in Italy, but on balance it is the continued vitality of that country that needs to be better understood. In particular we are bound to ask how economic policy has contributed to economic development in Italy given the very difficult political environment in which it has had to operate for much of the past decade.
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Di Giovanni, Christian, Jean-Robert Disnar, Vincent Bichet, and Michael Campy. "Saisonnalite et effets de seuils de la sedimentation organique detritique en milieu lacustre; heterochronie de l'enregistrement organique et des fluctuations climatiques (bassin de Chaillexon, Doubs, France)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 171, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/171.5.533.
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Abstract Optical analysis (palynofacies) of the organic matter (OM), occurring in various compartments (soils, bedrock formations, lacustrine chalks) of the lacustrine basin of Chaillexon (Doubs, France) has led to the definition of organic markers. Their variable contributions were observed in suspended matters taken over a period of a year (annual scale) and in lacustrine sediments covering the last 12,000 years B.P. (millennial scale). Results obtained lead to three main conclusions. Firstly, there exists a seasonal variation in the detrital organic fluxes, directly linked to the autumnal litter production. This allows us to distinct the detrital OM loaded during autumn-winter organic floods and spring-summer ones. Secondly, the organic record in Boreal to modern sediments of the lake of Chaillexon, fed by autumn-winter fluxes, appears mainly controlled by the autumnal productivity of vegetal biomass. Thirdly, the organic record does not point out a progressive evolution of organic fluxes linked with successive climatic phases. It shows abrupt ruptures of the balance (threshold effects) corresponding with the passage of the tree line in the watershed. These ruptures are not necessarily synchronous with climatic fluctuations.
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Mayall, James. "1789 and the liberal theory of international society." Review of International Studies 15, no. 4 (October 1989): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500112719.
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Contemporaries who witnessed the fall of the Bastille did not doubt that an event of shocking significance had occurred. On 19 July 1789 the Ambassador of Saxony reported that so important and extraordinary a revolution ‘cannot fail to bring about a considerable change in the political system of France’. The Portuguese Ambassador wrote that if he had not witnessed it himself ‘he would not dare to describe it, for fear the truth should be considered a fable… A king of France in an army coach, surrounded by the bayonets and muskets of a large crowd, finally forced to display on his head the cockade of liberty.’ If it was not immediately clear that this attack on the legitimacy of the ancien régime would also involve an attack on the diplomatic practices and conventions of the European states-system, it quickly became so.
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Pitaud, Philippe. "Observations on Social Gerontology in France." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 26, no. 2 (March 1988): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/baf1-65q3-u1br-3mhf.
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In this article, the author attempts to make an assessment of some of the most important French contributions to social gerontology, isolating the main characteristics of the works encountered. We successively review some of the few studies concerning old women as well as studies dealing more generally with the social and economic aspects of aging. These lines show social gerontology in France as a forum for specialists from various disciplines; it is a specialty still in its infancy, but its multi-disciplinary approach will, no doubt contribute to its fruitfulness.
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Silva, Minelle E., José Milton de Sousa-Filho, Amanda Pruski Yamim, and Abílio Peixoto Diógenes. "Exploring nuances of green skepticism in different economies." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 38, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-10-2018-0435.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between consumers’ skepticism and green consumption in different economies by exploring antecedents and consequences of skepticism. Design/methodology/approach Using a cross-country approach, with data from Brazil and France, the relationships between green skepticism and downstream consequences (e.g. intention to purchase green products) were analyzed using the partial least squares path modeling with the results of 996 questionnaires. Findings Contradicting previous research, the authors found that in France, green skepticism represents consumers’ increased green advertising elaboration, not a disbelief in companies’ claims, and it is associated with greater intentions to make green purchases. Meanwhile, in Brazil, green skepticism represents consumers’ disbelief, which is associated to consumers greater suspicion toward (and distance from) companies’ claims in such country. This study shows that the role of skepticism and the valence of its effect on green attitudes depend on market relationships. Research limitations/implications The authors promote the importance of investigating the different meanings of skepticism across countries, what can spill over on research of other marketing aspects, such as advertising elaboration. Managers should consider the importance of consumers’ doubts and skepticism as a useful element that can be explored in green advertising effectiveness. Practical implications Managers should consider the importance of consumers’ doubts and skepticism as a useful element that can be explored in green advertising effectiveness. Originality/value This research examines an underexplored debate on the role of green skepticism in different economies and demonstrates the nuances green advertising impact on both markets.
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Alyanak, Oguz. "Do Your Best and Allah Will Take Care of the Rest: Muslim Turks Negotiate Halal in Strasbourg." International Review of Social Research 6, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2016-0003.
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AbstractAs the market for Islamically permissible (halal) products expands, so do critical discourses on the production and consumption of halal in Europe. In France, one of Europe’s largest and fast growing halal markets, while some fear a halal takeover of the French foodscape, others question the authenticity of the products stamped with halal signs. This paper writes against both discourses by exploring the meaning halal takes beyond the sign. It examines how halal attains its meaning as a product of a complex relationship of trust. In describing this relationship, it draws on accounts provided by members of the Turkish community in Strasbourg, France and examines the decision-making process through which Muslim Turks navigate the European foodscape and access halal products. Rather than being driven by alarmist calls, the paper urges to revisit and learn from the ways Muslims negotiate halal in a field long shaped by uncertainty and doubt.
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FOCHETTI, ROMOLO, MARCO OLIVERIO, VALERIA RUSSINI, GLORIA TAPIA, and JOSÈ MANUEL TIERNO DE FIGUEROA. "Molecular identity of Nemoura lacustris (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) throughout its distributional range." Zootaxa 4661, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4661.3.4.
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The recent report of Nemoura lacustris Pictet, 1865 in Great Britain has raised doubts on its identity, given the isolation with respect to the Mediterranean and continental populations of this species. Using molecular analyses, we tested if populations from the United Kingdom and the Iberian Peninsula were conspecific and tested the hypotheses of a recent colonization event versus a more ancient origin for the British populations. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial marker COI allowed us to conclude that the United Kingdom specimens morphologically ascribed to N. lacustris were conspecific with populations from France and the Iberian Peninsula. Based on the genetic divergence of the two reciprocally monophyletic clades from the Iberian Peninsula and Great Britain/France, respectively, the present distribution of N. lacustris can be postulated as a relatively recent dispersal or introduction into Great Britain from France. Finally, we note the isolated position displayed by N. lacustris in the phylogenetic tree of Nemoura species based on COI sequences, as the sister to all included species of the genus. This isolated position corresponds with the specific morphology of N. lacustris genitalia and requires additional studies to ascertain clearer generic boundaries within the Nemouridae.-
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GUIS, H., S. CLERC, B. HOEN, and J. F. VIEL. "Clusters of autochthonous hepatitis A cases in a low endemicity area." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 3 (October 5, 2005): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805005273.
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At the University Hospital of Besançon (département of Doubs, France), an unusually high number of patients were hospitalized for hepatitis A during the 1999–2000 period, some of whom had not travelled abroad. This prompted us to conduct an investigation on a population basis and search for clusters of cases possibly related to local sources of contamination. Accordingly, case definition was restricted to autochthonous cases. During the 1999–2002 period, 45 autochthonous cases were classified as possibly originating from local environmental sources. A space–time scan statistic detected one most likely cluster (standardized incidence ratio 20·63, 95% confidence interval 10·6–37·1), consisting of 11 persons (of whom five children had attended the same swimming pool). It remained significant in a sensitivity analysis, strongly supporting the hypothesis of an environmental source of contamination. This study reveals the necessity of regular surveillance for hepatitis A and raises the issue of virological surveys of pool waters.
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Schild, Joachim. "Leadership in Hard Times: Germany, France, and the Management of the Eurozone Crisis." German Politics and Society 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310103.
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France and Germany played a highly visible leadership role during the management of the Euro crisis and the efforts to design a reform governance framework for the Euro area. This article provides a conceptualization of this bilateral leadership, which is then applied to trace the process of Franco-German leadership during the ongoing crisis of the Euro area. Franco-German leadership grew ever more important as the crisis deepened. After the French presidential election of 2012, however, the divergences between the two core states of the Euro area deepened and made the exercise of joint leadership more difficult to achieve. I consider this leadership role to be based on a compromise by proxy logic in which France and Germany, starting from divergent positions, strike bilateral compromises acceptable to other member states that feel their own interests are represented by either France or Germany. Their common capacity to find suitable remedies to cope with crisis, however, is not beyond doubt. The Franco-German approach followed an additive logic, combining the temporary and permanent financial support schemes-a French preference-with a concomitant strengthening of fiscal rules advocated by Germany. In the end, the two governments did not develop a common comprehensive strategy based on a shared conceptual framework.
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Czapliński, Władysław. "Palestine v. US before the International Court of Justice?" Polish Review of International and European Law 8, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2019.8.2.02.
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In December 2017, the administration of President D. Trump decided to move the US embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. On 28.09.2018, Palestine initiated proceedings against the US in connection with the said transfer. According to the ICJ Statute, only the parties of concern can take part in the case before the Court. However, it does open the way for non-member countries that had presented a declaration of submission to the Court’s jurisdiction, to observe. If there are any doubts as to the validity or effects of the declarations, they are decided by the ICJ. In the present case, doubts are connected, in particular, with the status of Palestine as a State, with the status of Jerusalem and with the participation in the proceedings of all interested parties. It is unclear whether Palestine meets the criteria of statehood under international law,and the nation is far from being universally recognized. Nor may the GA Resolution 67/19 be viewed as sufficient collective recognition. Furthermore, we do have reasonable doubt as to whether this is sufficient collective recognition to be essentially constitutive of Palestine’s statehood. This situation is not changed by the acceptance by Palestine of the jurisdiction of the ICC nor accession to UNESCO and to a number of international treaties. On the other hand, the jurisdiction of Israel with respect to East Jerusalem is also disputed. Certain international bodies, including the UNSC, have expressed doubts equally regarding the incorporation of Jerusalem into Israel or that Palestine has claim to the city. The mere submission of a claim by Palestine does not prejudge the existence of a legal title to Jerusalem. The legitimation of Palestine to bring to international court a claim is thus disputable under the law on state responsibility. It is probable that the ICJ would avoid rendering a decision on merits of the dispute, doing so by referring to the principle of Monetary Gold that was formulated by the ICJ in a judgment on 15.06.1954 in a dispute between Italy, on the one hand, and Great Britain, France and the US, on the other. The subject of the dispute was the fate of gold owned by the National Bank of Albania, plundered by Germany in Rome in 1943.In accordance with an arrangement concluded at the Paris Conference on German reparations (14.01.1946), all gold found in Germany that was known to have been plundered was to be returned in proportional shares to the States concerned. In the case of Albania, however, difficulties appeared in connection with two issues: claims by some States (in particular Italy) resulting from nationalisation of the National Bank of Albania, and compensation in favour of the UK due to the ICJ judgement in the Corfu Channel. It was disputable whether the gold belonging formerly to Albania could be redistributed among the unsatisfied claimants without the consent of the Albanian State. The Tribunal avoided the problem and decided that it lacked jurisdiction. It refused to render judgment in a situation in which Albania did not participate in the trial; on the other hand, the ICJ has indicated on what terms Albania could join the proceedings. Albania did not meet the conditions, and the Court decided that it was unable to continue the proceeding.
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van Nifterik, Gustaaf. "French Constitutional History, Garden or Graveyard?" European Constitutional Law Review 3, no. 3 (October 2007): 476–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019607004762.
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On 29 May 2005 the French said no to the draft of a European Constitution. And frankly, the French should know about constitutions! One can differ whether the history of France should be considered a fruitful garden of constitutional thought, a graveyard of constitutional experiments, a ‘musée des constitutions’, or a minefield; in any case it is beyond doubt that the French are rather experienced in constitutions and constitutional changes. Since the French Revolution in 1789, France has been a monarchy, a republic more than once, an empire twice and a constitutional monarchy in between; the nineteenth century shows the pattern monarchy, republic, empire; since 1958 the French live in their Fifth Republic.There is a lot to learn from the constitutional history (perhaps struggle is a better word in this context) of this important European country for any political entity in search of a proper constitution. Which constitutional institutions were a success, which were not; why did it or did it not work out the way it was planned?
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Le Bris, David, and Pierre-Cyrille Hautcœur. "A challenge to triumphant optimists? A blue chips index for the Paris stock exchange, 1854–2007." Financial History Review 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 141–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096856501000003x.
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We have reconstructed a new blue chips (large caps) stock index for France from 1854 to 1998, based on a modern methodology. Our index differs profoundly from earlier indices, and is more consistent with French financial and economic history. We suggest this result casts some doubt on many historical stock indices, such as those used in Dimson, Marsh and Staunton's Triumph of the Optimists. Investment in French stocks provided a positive real return during the nineteenth century, but a negative one – because of inflation and wars – in the twentieth. Despite this secular negative real performance, stocks proved the best financial asset in the very long run, although with an equity premium lower than in the US.
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Ducange, Jean-Numa, Frank-Olivier Chauvin, and Elisa Marcobelli. "EUROSOC—European Socialism Network." International Labor and Working-Class History 94 (2018): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547918000121.
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The history of socialism has, without a doubt, been met with renewed interest in France in recent years. Several publishers have republished nineteenth-century texts (by Proudhon, Saint-Simon, Marx, Jaurès, etc.) and, particularly in the fields of history, philosophy, and political science there have been a series of scholarly research projects following various approaches (including the history of the diversity of Europe's socialist movements). All this is testament to a renewal of scholarly approaches, moving away from the more ideological approaches that had previously been predominant. The fact that this renewed interest comes twenty years after the disappearance of “actually-existing socialism” shows how far approaches have changed from the studies that were being published thirty years ago.
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Cerna, Selene, Christophe Guyeux, Guillaume Royer, Céline Chevallier, and Guillaume Plumerel. "Predicting Fire Brigades Operational Breakdowns: A Real Case Study." Mathematics 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8081383.
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Over the years, fire departments have been searching for methods to identify their operational disruptions and establish strategies that allow them to efficiently organize their resources. The present work develops a methodology for breakage calculation and another for predicting disruptions based on machine learning techniques. The main objective is to establish indicators to identify the failures due to the temporal state of the organization in the human and vehicular material. Likewise, by forecasting disruptions, to determine strategies for the deployment or acquisition of the necessary armament. This would allow improving operational resilience and increasing the efficiency of the firemen over time. The methodology was applied to the Departmental Fire and Rescue Doubs (SDIS25) in France. However, it is generic enough to be extended and adapted to other fire departments. Considering a historic of breakdowns of 2017 and 2018, the best predictions of public service breakdowns for the year 2019, presented a root mean squared error of 2.5602 and a mean absolute error of 2.0240 on average with the XGBoost technique.
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Fiszer, Józef M. "Niemcy i Francja w Unii Europejskiej po brexicie." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 26 (September 28, 2018): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2018.26.03.
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There is no doubt that Brexit is an unprecedented event in the history of European integration and the European Union (EU). It will certainly be a turning point not only in the history of the EU but also in Germany and France. It will affect their place and role in the new international order that is currently being shaped. Today, however, it is very difficult to present an accurate diagnosis, and even more difficult to predict the future of the EU, Europe and the whole world after Brexit. Currently, the opinions of researchers and experts on this subject are divided. Many fear that Brexit will be the beginning of the end of the EU and that it will lead to so-called diversified integration and then to its disintegration. Others believe that Brexit, nolens volens, may accelerate the EU’s modernisation process. This will require the adoption of a new revision treaty. This treaty will be developed under the dictation of Germany and France, which are the most influential countries in the EU.The purpose of this article is to answer a few questions, particularly what role Germany and France can and will play in the EU after Brexit. Will these countries again become the driving force in the process of European integration and the EU’s modernisation, or will they remain passive and contribute to the break-up of the EU? Moreover, the author intends to show the opportunities and threats for the EU without the United Kingdom, which counterbalanced the influence of Germany and France in Europe.
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Kossenko, S. I. "THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF THE FRANCE’S CULTURAL DIPLOMACY THROUGH CENTURIES." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(31) (August 28, 2013): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-4-31-29-37.
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The historical roots and the development of external cultural action of France are considered in the article as an attribute of the so called “diplomacy of influence” or “smart power”. The traditionally important place of culture in the French foreign policy is underlined as a part of its strategy aimed at increasing its global influence. The worth of both the history and the culture of France- homeland of the Enlightenment, freethinking and Declaration of Human Rights- keeps, no doubts, a honourable place not only in the European but in the world storehouse of spiritual values. However, if the splendour and attractiveness of the French culture succeeded to tide over the reverses of times, it happened first of all owing to a streamlined cultural policy pursued through ages by ruling circles of this country –from luminous monarchs to modern presidents. In that sense the cultural policy as a target oriented action by the State aimed at the preservation and protection of national cultural particularity is a purely French “invention”, a phenomena which takes its roots in the depths of the national history and maintains its continuity through centuries. Up to now, France remains unique among the developed countries with its thoroughly elaborated and diligently carried on cultural policy leaned on a strong organisational machinery. The facts taken from many latest foreign publications illustrate the narration.
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Mikhaleva, Albina. "Tareq Oubrou's Concept of Islamic Identity in a Secular Society." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-2-158-167.
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The migration and the problem of preserving national identity remain the central issues of the political agenda and public debate in many modern countries. The article discusses the views of the French imam Tareq Oubrou – the author of the concept of "sharia of the minority" – on the issues of Muslim identity, as well as the integration of migrants in France. T. Oubrou symbolizes a figure at the junction of two civilizations: a kind of theorist and mediator for the reorganization of Islam in France. The research was based on monographs, individual articles, and texts of speeches of the French imam over the past twenty years. The work involved the methods of cognitive and conceptual text analysis, which made it possible to reconstruct the structure of the political message and its individual components. The research results suggest that T. Oubrou refocuses Islamic identity to its inner dimension by revising its defining markers. Minimizing Islamic identity is designed to preserve and maintain the Muslim presence in the West. At the same time, he nationalizes Islamic identity, subordinating it to the civil and political norms of France. Despite the fact that the proposed identification model evokes ambiguous emotions in the Muslim environment and great doubts in the host society, some of its provisions are in demand at the state level.
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Easton, Laird. "The Rise and Fall of the “Third Weimar”: Harry Graf Kessler and the Aesthetic State in Wilhelmian Germany, 1902–1906." Central European History 29, no. 4 (December 1996): 495–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900014266.
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In August 1891, shortly before his graduation from the University of Leipzig and his subsequent departure on a trip around the world, Harry Graf Kessler visited the city that had become an icon of German culture in the nineteenth century. Weimar, vegetating in the long twilight years of Carl Alexander's reign, made an unfavorable impression on the young aesthete. At the church cemetery, thinking no doubt of the way England and France honored their great writers, he remarked, “I do not find the idea that the coffins of our two greatest poets should serve as the antechamber for all the princely nullities of the house of Weimar especially worthy—it reminds one a little too strongly of the Geheimen Hofrat.”
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Papanastasiou, Stefanos. "The education effect on income across two generations in EU welfare states." Social Cohesion and Development 12, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.18957.
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By utilizing EU-SILC 2011 microdata and employing regression techniques in four EU welfare states (i.e., Greece, France, Ireland and Sweden), this paper demonstrates the diminishing education effect on income attainments between two generations. This finding puts into doubt the main argument of the mainstream academic and political discourse over the prominent role of education for income acquisition. Instead, this paper stresses the importance of other factors explainingincome attainments, such as social interconnectivity. The latter can produce or reproduce inequality as long as people gain accessto powerful positions through the usage of social connections. Thus, the upper social classes with extended social networking preserve their social privileges across generations despite the argument that the contemporary society boasts high social mobility attained through formal education.
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Boujot, C., S. Cassen, and J. Vaquero Lastres. "Some Abstraction for a Practical Subject: the Neolithization of Western France Seen Through Funerary Architecture." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, no. 2 (October 1998): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001839.
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This article discusses the establishment of the Neolithic in western Europe, and presents two models which integrate aspects of the Neolithic funerary structures of western France. One model presents a cyclical evolution of tombs in France, in which there is a transformation of the funerary space around the corpse (the grave itself). This includes the modification of the anatomical order of the skeleton which becomes dependent on this transformation of the enclosing space, delimited by architectural forms such as allées couvertes.The second model places emphasis on relationships which were observed in north-west Spain between the visual references inherent in any natural environment, and the location of the earliest monumental funerary structures. This model also emphasizes the location of these monuments in space, a location which seems to depend on human movement through the landscape.When applied to such a region as the Morbihan débartement of Brittany (famous for sites such as Carnac and Locmariaquer), the two models converge. Together, they contribute to a better understanding of the succession of cultural complexes through time; but above all they suggest a radical process of transformation which is without doubt connected to the emergence of the Neolithic.
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Torrijos, M., V. Vuitton, and R. Moletta. "The SBR process: an efficient and economic solution for the treatment of wastewater at small cheesemaking dairies in the Jura mountains." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0159.
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The small cheesemaking plants in the Jura Mountains (N.E. France) need self-contained solutions for treating their wastewater. Any solution must suit the characteristics of the effluent produced by these small production units and be simple, robust and financially feasible in regard to both capital and running costs. Given this context, a technique based on an SBR was recommended and the operations of the first treatment plant established on an industrial scale, monitored for the first year, with particular attention paid to operating constraints. The results obtained show that the SBR is, from a technical point of view, perfectly adapted to treating cheese production wastewater, with purification levels at 97.7% for total COD and 99.8% for BOD5. In the course of this study, it has been shown that the SBR process, thanks to its simple design and operation, can easily be run by the cheesemaker who will need to devote a minimum of time to it. Furthermore, with treatment costs of around 2 centimes (0.33 US cent) per litre of milk delivered, the SBR process meets perfectly both the technical and financial conditions for treatment as laid down by the Federation of Cooperatives of the Doubs and Jura départements.
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Baartman, H. E. M. "Compassion and Scepticism in Child Sexual Abuse; Some Historical Aspects and Explanations." International Review of Victimology 5, no. 2 (January 1998): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809800500204.
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The sexual abuse of children is the subject of heated social debate. The general outrage with which this theme was placed on the public agenda in the 1970s has, to a considerable extent, made room for doubts about the reliability of children as witnesses and of professionals as their informants. History shows a parallel to this pendular movement in late nineteenth-century France; initial anxiety concerning the magnitude and seriousness of the sexual abuse of children, first expressed by Tardieu in the mid-19th century, turned later into scepticism. This article describes some of the aspects that play a role in the difficulty which society has in taking child sexual abuse seriously: the isolation of sexuality, ambivalences in the societal image of children, the status of parents and that of professionals.
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Zombrilli, Andreia Ferreira, Vanessa Cristina Leopoldo, Maria Carolina Oliveira, Marília de Fátima Cirioli de Oliveira, Mariana Ehmke Dolci, Fernanda Titareli Merizio Martins Braga, and Renata Cristina de Campos Pereira Silveira. "Virtual learning object in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, no. 4 (August 2019): 994–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0669.
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ABSTRACT Objective: describe the development of a virtual learning object to provide information about autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells to autoimmune diseases. Methods: methodological study of a website development, using the instructional design model that includes Analysis, Design, Development and Implementation. Results: the virtual object, available at http://www.transplantardai.com.br, was developed in a web platform, in the Hypertext Markup Language, using the software WebAcappella - Responsive Website Creator (Intuisphere, France 2016). The content was structured in the modules: History, Transplant, Autoimmune Diseases, Links, Guidelines, Speech Team and Doubts. The icons and menus were created in order to attract the user, facilitating the search for information and allowing maximum use of the resources available on the website. Conclusion: the methodology used allowed the development of the virtual learning object, which can be used as a tool to guide and disseminate knowledge about this treatment.
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BUZZINI, GIONATA PIERO. "Lights and Shadows of Immunities and Inviolability of State Officials in International Law: Some Comments on the Djibouti v. France Case." Leiden Journal of International Law 22, no. 3 (September 2009): 455–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156509990045.
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AbstractThis article examines the reasoning and findings of the International Court of Justice in its judgment in Djibouti v. France on issues pertaining to the immunities and inviolability of state officials. While recognizing the Court's contribution to the clarification of certain aspects of the legal regime of the immunities and inviolability of state officials, the article emphasizes a number of points on which a clear response cannot be found in the judgment. Moreover, some concerns or doubts are raised about the way in which the Court dealt with certain issues regarding, in particular, the classification of immunities, their scope, their implementation, and the acts precluded by their operation. The Court's judgment clearly shows the complexities surrounding the legal treatment of numerous aspects of a topic which continues to be of the highest importance and sensitivity in international law and international relations.
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Paucker, Günther Michael. "Liturgical chant bibliography 12." Plainsong and Medieval Music 12, no. 2 (October 2003): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137103003097.
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Liturgical chant bibliography 12 maintains the traditional division into: (1) Editions and facsimile editions, (2) Books and reprints, (3) Congress reports, (4) Chant journals, (5) Collections of essays and dictionaries, (6) Articles in periodicals and Festschriften. Additions to previous bibliographies, consisting mainly of reviews, follow the present introduction. A significant publication in 2002 was without doubt the colour facsimile of the manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds lat. 776 (12002), an eleventh-century gradual from the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Gaillac near Albi. Although no staff lines are present, the music is notated carefully in diastematic notation. The availability of a facsimile of this famous manuscript will certainly be of value for the study of semiology and the transmission history of tropes, proses and prosulae. It also contains traces of the Gallican and Mozarabic chant repertories.
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Herzog, Roman, and Lüder Gerken. "The Spirit of the Time: Revise the European Constitution to Protect National Parliamentary Democracy." European Constitutional Law Review 3, no. 2 (June 2007): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s157401960700209x.
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Without doubt, the European Union has come to a crossroads. Following the failure of the proposed Constitution in the referendums in France and The Netherlands, it is now vital to take stock of the situation in order to develop an overall concept for how European integration can and should progress from this point. Germany's EU Council Presidency provides an opportunity to hold this discussion. However, the fair-weather talk about Europe, currently being heard from all political sides, is no help at all. People are ill-at-ease and increasingly reserved and sceptical about the European Union, because they can no longer make sense of the integration process, because they can't shake off the feeling of an ever stronger, increasingly inappropriate centralisation of competencies, and because they cannot see who is responsible for which policies. These concerns must be taken very seriously, particularly because they are not simply imaginary.
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Dallh, Minlib. "Exploration in Mysticism and Religious Encounter: The Case of Charles de Foucauld (1858–1916)." Downside Review 138, no. 4 (October 2020): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0012580620973487.
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For many historians, the life and work of Foucauld are inseparable from France’s colonial conquest and Catholic missiology of the period. This article is not concerned with sainthood per se, but with mystical approaches to interfaith rapprochement. No doubt, the epistemic value of Foucauld’s life is a contested territory. The difficulty is to identify aspects of his mystical path as imitatio Christi among Muslims without overlooking his belief in the civilizing mission of France, dubbed the first daughter of the Roman Catholic Church. Though the sanctity of the former soldier turned hermit is debatable, his desire to sanctify the Tuaregs of the Hoggar is commendable. There are three points: (1) the hidden life of Jesus at Nazareth as a paradigm for mystical encounter, (2) prayer of intercession for the religious other as a locus for mystical rapprochement and (3) was Foucauld a colonial saint or a universal little brother?
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Rossi, Matteo, and Ardi Gunardi. "Efficient Market Hypothesis And Stock Market Anomalies: Empirical Evidence In Four European Countries." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 34, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v34i1.10111.
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The stock market efficiency is the idea that equity prices of listed companies reveal all the data regarding the company value (Fama, 1965). In this way, there isn’t possible to make additional returns. However, evidence against the Efficient Market Hypothesis is growing. Researchers studied Calendar Anomalies (CAs) that characterised financial markets. These CAs contradict the efficient hypothesis. This research studies some of the most important market anomalies in France, Germany, Italy and Spain stock exchange indexes in the first decade of new millennium (2001-2010). In this study, to verify the distribution of the returns and their auto correlation, we use statistical methods: the GARCH model and the OLS regression. The analysis doesn’t show strong proof of comprehensive Calendar Anomalies. Some of these effects are country-specific. Furthermore, these country-anomalies are instable in the first decade of new millennium, and this result demonstrates some doubt on the significance of CAs.
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Smith, Douglas. "The Great Prehistoric Art Swindle: André Breton and Palaeolithic Cave Painting." Paragraph 44, no. 3 (November 2021): 364–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2021.0376.
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At Pech Merle in 1952, André Breton provoked a controversial incident by damaging a Palaeolithic wall painting that he suspected to be a fake. This episode provides an insight into the contested status of prehistoric sites in post-war France and the theoretical and ideological implications of their cultural mobilization. Such sites allowed for a disavowal of wartime trauma and supported the reaffirmation of French national identity and its civilizing mission by locating the birthplace of human culture on French soil. Yet their extreme age also threw into relief the relative fragility of the recently invented nation-state. Breton's vandalism cast doubt on the models of cultural progress and pre-eminence that sought to instrumentalize prehistoric art but failed to appreciate the subversiveness of its ‘deep’ history. Ironically, however, Breton's scepticism ultimately enhanced the subversive dimension of archaeology by allowing it to demonstrate the authenticity and age of cave art.
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Bane, Michael A. "‘O Strange Transformation!’ The Monologue from Act II Scene 5 of Lully and Quinault's Armide (1686) and the Retelling of Tasso in France." Cambridge Opera Journal 31, no. 1 (March 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586719000107.
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AbstractIn the famous monologue from Act II scene 5 of Lully and Quinault's Armide (1686), the title character attempts to slay the sleeping hero Renaud but, overcome by his beauty, falls in love with him instead. As commentators have noted, the monologue departs from the opera's source material, Tasso's epic poem La Gerusalemme liberata (1581). In contrast to the placid scene recounted by Tasso in canto 14 of the original work, the libretto depicts Armide's transformation from enemy to lover as a moment of struggle and psychological doubt. While scholarship has generally credited Quinault with having recognised the dramatic potential of the encounter, this article argues for a broader contextualisation of the scene in seventeenth-century French artistic production. A review of the major translations and adaptations of Tasso's poem published in France before 1686 reveals that Quinault's libretto represents not a decisive break with the past but rather one contribution to a much broader tradition of literary and musical experimentation.
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Ferret, Jérôme. "'I Order You to Adapt': Evaluating the Community Policing, French-Style." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 12, no. 3 (2004): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571817041732292.
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AbstractThis article presents a meta-evaluation of the evaluative researches on the 'police de proximité' led in France over the past twenty years. Five certainties have been highlighted concerning the evaluation of these ambiguous forms of police: the many meanings behind the concept of 'community policing', the danger of a management by the 'numbers' to evaluate a performance, the two meanings of the word 'impact', the problematic idea of 'good practices' in matters of community policing and the misleading idea of the 'resistance to change' in police organisations. Furthermore, the evaluative research on the performance of police organisation will always be dependant two major constitutive doubts: the 'black box' of complex police organisations and the role of politics in the policies of the police. To conclude, we can say that on the one hand a technical form of evaluation exists but, also a politic form of police evaluation is more important in the western states, taking into consideration the 'politisation' of matters of security.
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Bracken, Patrick. "Psychiatry and Surrealism." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 10, no. 4 (April 1986): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.10.4.80.
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A recent edition of the Bulletin contained a letter which was originally published in La Révolution Surréaliste 60 years ago. The letter was probably written by André Breton and was basically an attack on psychiatry as then practised in France and in particular on the process of involuntary admission. The letter appeared in the Bulletin under the title ‘An Historical Vignette: Surrealism and Anti-Psychiatry’. While there can be little doubt that the surrealists were antagonistic to psychiatry I would like to argue that a great deal of their work is of potential interest to psychiatrists. The surrealist movement was opposed to any form of rationalism. It was opposed to anything which could possibly limit the imagination and this was the source of its conflict with psychiatry. But surrealist art and literature was essentially an exploration of the bizarre, the irrational and the unconscious and these are subjects which are, of necessity, of importance to the psychiatrist and the psychotherapist.
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Varlamov, Vladimir, Alexander Davydov, Boris Ishkhanov, Valeriya Kaidarova, and Vadim Orlin. "Photoneutron reaction cross sections for 75As and 181Ta: Sytematic uncertainties and data reliability." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023901035.
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There is well-known problem of significant systematic disagreements between data for reactions (γ, 1n), (γ, 2n), obtained at Livermore (USA) and Saclay (France) using the method of photoneutron multiplicity sorting. The averaged ratios RS/Lint of integrated cross sections obtained at Saclay and Livermore for 19 nuclei from 51V to 239U are equal to 0.84 for (γ, 2n) and 1.07 for (γ, 1n) reactions. For 75As RS/Lint ratios for both partial reactions are very close (1.22 and 1.21) but for 181Ta - are quite different (0.89 and 1.25). Using the objective physical data reliability criteria it was found that there are serious doubts in reliability of Saclay and Livermore data. The newly evaluated reliable cross sections disagree with experimental data. In addition to unreliable sorting of many neutrons between both partial reactions many neutrons were lost - on the case of 181Ta in 1n channel, in the case of 75As in both 1n and 2n channels.
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Sehgal, M. L. "Are Marxism and Democracy Antithetical? Two Opinions." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 9 (October 4, 2020): 606–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.79.9102.
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No doubt, Marx believed that a representative government always overweighed an absolutist regime but he has his own views on democracy. He would neither appreciate the ‘direct’ nor the ‘parliamentary’ democratic forms because he was against the ‘universal franchise’; antithetical to today’s definition of the democracy. He started with Bourgeoisie Democracy’ of France but found it lacking because it was democratic according to CAPITALIST terms and was ‘democracy of the minority’. He was fascinated by ‘Commune Model of Democracy’ which was not a democracy in the true sense as it could neither be applied to the whole of length and breadth of the country nor the Commune was a parliamentary body, rather executive and legislative at the same time. In fact, Marx was too obsessed with ‘Capitalism’ viz.-a-viz the poor plight of the ‘Labour Class’ and always believed that any form of the government that did not emancipate the poor both politically and economically did not worth it.
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Schallenberg, Peter. "Personwürde in der pränatalen Ethik." medizinische genetik 31, no. 3 (November 2019): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11825-019-00264-5.
Full textAbstract:
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund des Beitrags sind die bioethischen Debatten der letzten Jahre, in denen Fragen von Art und Umfang des vorgeburtlichen Schutzes menschlicher Würde kontrovers diskutiert wurden. Ziel des Beitrags ist die Konturierung des spezifisch theologisch-ethischen Verständnisses von Menschenwürde und ihrer grundgesetzlich festgeschriebenen Unantastbarkeit im Rahmen einer katholischen Bioethik vor dem Hintergrund utilitaristischer Ansätze der Begründung und Relativierung vorgeburtlicher Personwürde und ihrer Konsequenzen für die pränatale Medizin und Diagnostik. Methodisch geschieht die Herleitung des theologischen Menschenwürdeverständnisses durch eine kritisch-hermeneutische Auseinandersetzung mit philosophischen Menschenwürdevorstellungen von der Antike bis zur Zeit der Aufklärung. Ergebnis: Die unantastbare Menschenwürde gemäß Grundgesetz findet in einem christlichen Menschenbild Ausdruck, das in seiner metaphysischen Dimension weit über eine rein empirisch wahrnehmbare, innerweltliche Begründung durch Natur- und Gemeinschaftsgebundenheit des Menschen, wie sie in den Begründungsansätzen antiker und neuzeitlicher Philosophie zu finden ist, hinausreicht. Das hat Konsequenzen für den Schutz der Würde auch des Embryos im Rahmen einer pränatalen Ethik mithin auf Basis des „benefit-of-the doubt“-Arguments.
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Duguid, Paul. "French Connections: The International Propagation of Trademarks in the Nineteenth Century." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 1 (March 2009): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700007837.
Full textAbstract:
The history of modern brands depends to a significant degree on the history of trademark law, but there are reasons to doubt how comprehensive standard versions of the latter history are. Business, economic, and even legal historians tend to accentuate the importance of the Anglo-Saxon common-law tradition and assume that the continental, civil law tradition followed in its wake. Yet the historical sequence of events suggests that almost exactly the opposite is true. Not only did the French have robust trademark law long before Great Britain and the United States, but the latter two countries only adopted trademark law after signing trademark clauses in diplomatic treaties with France. Drawing on newspaper accounts, public debates, specialist and general newspapers, as well as court cases and diplomatic negotiations, this paper argues that, to a certain degree, Anglo-Saxon trademark law was international before it was national. The evidence suggests that some of the easy verities on which arguments about modern brands, the “second industrial revolution,” and institutional economics are based may be more complex than is generally assumed.