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Journal articles on the topic 'Free atoms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kidd, R. Garth. "On the combustion heat originating in spin angular momentum that validates the chemical force theory of bonding." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 8 (August 2016): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0102.

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Heat generated in combustion reactions, when converted into a vectored force, provides the dynamics for thermodynamics. By combining enthalpy data measured calorimetrically with atomization enthalpies coming out of molecular spectroscopy, it is shown here that the heat liberated during typical hydrocarbon combustion is but the last 25% of the bond-forming potential energy with which free atoms are endowed. In short-lived free atoms, this potential energy is manifest as spin angular momentum. This study introduces a new per-atom theory of chemical bonding based on the chemical force law. Codified in this law is the fact that the intramolecule attractive force exerted by an atom upon its bonded neighbor is directly proportional to the free atom’s spin angular momentum and inversely proportional to the atom’s bonded radius. In the context of the other four fundamental forces maintaining structural integrity in material systems, the chemical force is a lot stronger than the gravitational force, stronger than the van der Waals force, weaker than the electromagnetic force, and a lot weaker than the nuclear strong force. Spin–orbit coupling in the heaviest transition metal atoms enhances the strength of the chemical force. The chemical force law successfully models per-atom chemical bond strengths throughout the periodic table. It also shows that a horizontal Newtonian force F = m(a) originates in atomic spin angular momentum.

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2

Miroshnychenko, Yevhen. "From Single Atoms to Engineered “Super-Atoms”: Interfacing Photons and Atoms in Free Space." Advances in Optics 2014 (October 8, 2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/572084.

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During the last decades the development of laser cooling and trapping has revolutionized the field of quantum optics. Now we master techniques to control the quantum properties of atoms and light, even at a single atom and single photon level. Understanding and controlling interactions of atoms and light both on the microscopic single particle and on the macroscopic collective levels, are two of the very active directions of the current research in this field. The goal is to engineer quantum systems with tailored properties designed for specific applications. One of the ambitious applications on this way is interfacing quantum information for quantum communication and quantum computing. We summarize here theoretical ideas and experimental methods for interfacing atom-based quantum memories with single flying photons.

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3

Wang, Yu, Shijie Chai, Mingjie Xin, Wui Seng Leong, Zilong Chen, and Shau-Yu Lan. "Loading Dynamics of Cold Atoms into a Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber." Fibers 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8050028.

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Cold atoms trapped and guided in hollow-core photonic crystal fibers provide a scalable diffraction-free setting for atom–light interactions for quantum technologies. However, due to the mismatch of the depth and spatial extension of the trapping potential from free space to the fiber, the number of cold atoms in the fiber is mainly determined by the loading process from free space to waveguide confinement. Here, we provide a numerical study of the loading dynamics of cold atoms into a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. We use the Monte Carlo method to simulate the trajectories of an ensemble of cold atoms from free space trapping potential to optical potential inside a hollow-core fiber and calculate the temperature, loading efficiency, and geometry of the ensemble. We also study the noise sources that cause heating and a loss of atoms during the process. Our result could be used to design and optimize the loading process of cold atoms into a hollow-core fiber for cold atom experiments.

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4

Sonntag, B. F. "Synchrotron Radiation and Free Atoms." Physica Scripta T34 (January 1, 1991): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1991/t34/012.

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5

Samson, James A. R., Z. X. He, W. Stolte, and J. N. Cutler. "Multiple photoionization of free atoms." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 78 (May 1996): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2048(96)80019-3.

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6

DEVI, REENA, and RANJAN KUMAR. "STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF ENDOHEDRAL Cn@C60." Modern Physics Letters B 24, no. 12 (May 20, 2010): 1255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984910023190.

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We report ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of carbon clusters in free space and inside C 60 using SIESTA. We have studied the stability and geometries of small carbon clusters consisting of 2–12 carbon atoms inside the C 60 molecule and in free space by optimizing the atomic geometries. We have found that the C – C bond length is in agreement with the 1.40 and 1.45 values reported earlier. We find that the clusters inside the C 60 are more stable than clusters in free space. Binding energy per carbon atom initially increases with number of carbon atoms in the cluster and then decreases after maximizing for the 9-atom cluster. For more than 9 carbon atoms in the cluster inside C 60, C atoms of the cluster start forming bond with the C 60 cage and the C 60 structure gets distorted. We have done calculations for charge transfer and chemical reactivity. The calculations of ionization potential and electron affinity show that clusters in free space are less reactive compared with C n@ C 60. Charge transfer calculations show that the bond formation of C atoms with the C 60 cage is accompanied with a transfer of charge from carbon cluster to C 60.

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7

Hernandez-Herrejon, Julio Cesar, and Rodrigo Chavez-Alcazar. "Magnetic properties of free-standing finite linear Co chains." Revista Mexicana de Física 64, no. 5 (August 31, 2018): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.64.483.

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The ground state magnetic properties of Co_N linear atomic chains with 1 ≤ N ≤ 10 are studied within density functional theory using the generalized gradient approximation . A linear scaling between the binding energy per atom and the inverse of the number of atoms in the chain is found. For the optimized geometries, our results show a dimerization effect for chains of few atoms but for bigger ones the phenomena disappear in the center but remains at the ends due to finite size effects. The spin moment, the orbital moment and the magnetic anisotropy energy were investigated. For large chains, the orbital and spin moments have a tendency to become uniform. Enhanced spin and orbital moments were found due to the reduced coordination number compared to the cobalt in bulk. The cobalt chain of five atoms has the biggest magnetic anisotropy energy with an outstanding 8 meV, suggesting that it could have applications in ultrahigh density magnetic memories and hard disk.

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8

Sandner, W., and M. Völkel. "Auger Line Shapes of Free Atoms." Physical Review Letters 62, no. 8 (February 20, 1989): 885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.62.885.

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9

Beige, Almut, Daniel Braun, and Peter L. Knight. "Driving atoms into decoherence-free states." New Journal of Physics 2 (September 12, 2000): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/2/1/322.

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10

Hippler, Rainer. "Two-photon bremsstrahlung of free atoms." Physical Review Letters 66, no. 17 (April 29, 1991): 2197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.66.2197.

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11

Aharonov, Yakir, Eliahu Cohen, Avshalom C. Elitzur, and Lee Smolin. "Interaction-Free Effects Between Distant Atoms." Foundations of Physics 48, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-017-0127-y.

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12

Hall, Dale. "Free Radicals: The Atoms of Time." Electrochemical Society Interface 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.f01954if.

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13

Zhang, Zi Nan, Guo You Gan, Li Hui Wang, Ji Kang Yan, Jian Hong Yi, Jing Hong Du, and Jia Min Zhang. "Density-Functional Studies of Cr Adsorbed on Polar ZnO Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1253.

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The atomic structure and electronic properties of Cr adsorbed on polar ZnO surfaces is studied using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. It is found that the Cr atom at the on top of O forms a strong ionic bond, the electrons transfer from Cr to O atoms. The Cr atom is adsorbed at the hcp-hollow site on Zn-terminated surface forms metallic bonding with the surface Zn atom, shows a free-electron-like behavior. The adsorbed atoms could not effect more atoms in ZnO due to a strong screening of ZnO to the outside metal, the character of adsorption surfaces is only decided by the atoms near the surface.

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14

Zemlyak, Maksim S., and Nadezhda B. Victorova. "DECOHERENCE-FREE STORAGE INFORMATION SPACE." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Information Science. Information Security. Mathematics, no. 2 (2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-679x-2020-2-72-84.

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Quantum systems are of great interest in current realities. Quantum computers are not an alternative to the classic. Rather, they can be attributed to the class of devices specializing in a separate group of tasks. However, a key issue in the design of quantum computers is the issue of decoherence time. To combat that phenomenon, various methods of isolating a quantum system are being developed, including the use of extremely low temperatures and high vacuum. In addition, one of the ways to combat decoherence is to use dark states, due to the fact that a system of atoms in this state is not able to interact with light – absorb or emit photons. In this paper, various systems of three-level atoms are considered. Schemes of two types of atoms are represented graphically – λ-atoms, v-atoms. The concept of a dark quantum state and the concept of a family of a quantum state are introduced. An algorithm for finding the dimension and basis of the subspace of dark states is presented. According to the algorithm, the dimensions and bases of the subspaces of dark states in these systems are calculated.

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15

Zhao, Changxing, Yanhuan Jin, Jie Wang, Xiaoming Cao, Xiang Ma, and He Tian. "Heavy-atom-free amorphous materials with facile preparation and efficient room-temperature phosphorescence emission." Chemical Communications 55, no. 37 (2019): 5355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc01594a.

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16

Aksela, H., R. Lakanen, S. Aksela, O. P. Sairanen, A. Yagishita, M. Meyer, Th Prescher, E. von Raven, M. Richter, and B. Sonntag. "Resonance Auger spectra of free Rb atoms." Physical Review A 38, no. 7 (October 1, 1988): 3395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.38.3395.

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17

Ertmer, W. "Laser cooling and storage of free atoms." Physica Scripta 36, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/36/2/020.

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18

Ravishankara, A. R. "Are chlorine atoms significant tropospheric free radicals?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 33 (August 12, 2009): 13639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907089106.

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19

Shim, Unyob, Sidney Cahn, Anantharaman Kumarakrishnan, Tycho Sleator, and Jin-Tae Kim. "Optical Free Induction Decay in Cold85Rb Atoms." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 41, Part 1, No. 6A (June 15, 2002): 3688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.41.3688.

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20

Ratner, A. "Free atoms and the simplest atomic crystals." Physics Reports 269, no. 4-5 (May 1996): 197–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(96)85877-7.

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21

Li, Y. S., and D. Tománek. "How free are encapsulated atoms in C60?" Chemical Physics Letters 221, no. 5-6 (April 1994): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(94)00297-5.

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22

Fleck, Markus, Marcus Wieder, and Stefan Boresch. "Dummy Atoms in Alchemical Free Energy Calculations." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 17, no. 7 (June 14, 2021): 4403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01328.

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23

Zhao, Li, Pengcheng Huang, Fei Liu, Hui Huang, and Huiling Chen. "Drift-free tracking via the construction of an effective dictionary." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 172988142092965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420929651.

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Template dictionary construction is an important issue in sparse representation (SP)-based tracking algorithms. In this article, a drift-free visual tracking algorithm is proposed via the construction of an effective template dictionary. The constructed dictionary is composed of three categories of atoms (templates): nonpolluted atoms, variational atoms, and noise atoms. Moreover, the linear combinations of nonpolluted atoms are also added to the dictionary for the diversity of atoms. All the atoms are selectively updated to capture appearance changes and alleviate the model drifting problem. A bidirectional tracking process is used and each process is optimized by two-step SP, which greatly reduces the computational burden. Compared with other related works, the constructed dictionary and tracking algorithm are both robust and efficient.

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24

WIELEMAKER, JAN, and KERI HARRIS. "Lock-free atom garbage collection for multithreaded Prolog - ERRATUM." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 18, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068417000059.

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Algorithm 4 on page 960 of the above named article (Wielemaker and Harris 2016) is flawed. The issue is illustrated by algorithm 1 (supplementary figure 1). If a thread A detects the condition table too full is false it proceeds adding its atom to the table. If thread B detects the table is (now) too full it starts a resize. The resize allocates a new table and copies the atoms from the old to the new table. If thread A adds the new atom after the copy loop passes its location and before thread B activates the new table the insertion is considered successful, but the new atom is only in the deactivated old table.

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25

Diop, Mouhamadou Birame, Libasse Diop, Laurent Plasseraud, and Thierry Maris. "Crystal structure of 2-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium aquatrichlorido(oxalato-κ2O,O′)stannate(IV)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 5 (April 22, 2015): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015005988.

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The tin(IV) atom in the complex anion of the title salt, (C4H7N2)[Sn(C2O4)Cl3(H2O)], is in a distorted octahedral coordination environment defined by three chlorido ligands, an oxygen atom from a water molecule and two oxygen atoms from a chelating oxalate anion. The organic cation is linked through a bifurcated N—H...O hydrogen bond to the free oxygen atoms of the oxalate ligand of the complex [Sn(H2O)Cl3(C2O4)]−anion. Neighbouring stannate(IV) anions are linked through O—H...O hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule and the two non-coordinating oxalate oxygen atoms. In combination with additional N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds between cations and anions, a three-dimensional network is spanned.

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26

Hashimoto, H. "Visualization of small displacement of atoms in crystals by the processing of atom resolution images." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102146.

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Detection of small displacement of atoms was carried out using diffuse and irregular diffraction spots and Aberration Free Focus (AFF) imaging.Fig. 1 (a) shows the position of atoms of a Ti-Mo alloy where white and black discs represent the position of atoms in β-phase and ω-phase respectively. Namely, the ω-phase is formed by the displacement of atoms in B and C positions.Fig. 1 (b) is an electron diffraction pattern of an as-quenched alloy that contains 16 diffuse diffraction spots due to the displacement of atoms. The corresponding electron micrograph photographed with AFF condition is shown in (c). The images of displaced atoms are rather difficult to see. (d) is the processed image formed by using only diffuse spots in the Fourier Transform (FT) of (c). The bright spots correspond to the shaded displaced atom regions shown in (a) and not to the atom positions which are not displaced [1].Charge Density Waves (CDW) occur as periodic modulations of conduction electrons and produce the periodic lattice distortions.

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27

Repetsky, S. P., I. G. Vyshyvana, E. Ya Kuznetsova, and S. P. Kruchinin. "Energy spectrum of graphene with adsorbed potassium atoms." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 17 (July 9, 2018): 1840030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400301.

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In the present work, we study the influence of adsorbed impurities, namely potassium atoms, on the energy spectrum of electrons in graphene. The electron states of the system are described in the frame of the self-consistent multiband strong-coupling model. It is shown that, at the ordered arrangement of potassium atoms corresponding to a minimum of the free energy, the gap arises in the energy spectrum of graphene. It is established that, at the potassium concentration such that the unit cell includes two carbon atoms and one potassium atom, the latter being placed on the graphene surface above a carbon atom at a distance of 0.286 nm, the energy gap is equal to [Formula: see text]0.25 eV. Such situation is realized if graphene is placed on a potassium support.

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28

Han, Jianing, Juliet Mitchell, and Morgan Umstead. "Electric Field Excitation Suppression in Cold Atoms." Atoms 8, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms8030047.

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In this article, the atom excitation suppression is studied in two mechanisms. The first mechanism for excitation suppression is caused by an external DC electric field. The second mechanism is due to the energy shift caused by an electric field generated by free charges, which are created by ionizing atoms. The latter mechanism is known as the Coulomb blockade. Here, the Coulomb forces originate from ions created by ionizing atoms with a UV laser. The interaction, which causes the suppression, is treated theoretically as dipole–charge interactions. In the model, the charge is an ion, and the dipole is an atom. From measurements, we use 85Rb atoms. The valence electron and the ion core are the two poles of an electric dipole. The interaction potential energy between the ion and the atom is proportional to 1R2, and the frequency shift caused by this interaction is proportional to 1R4, where R is the distance between the ion and the dipole considered. This research is motivated by potential applications for quantum information storage, remote control, creating hot plasmas using cold atoms, as well as electronic devices.

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29

Topkaya, Derya, Philippe Arnoux, and Fabienne Dumoulin. "Modulation of singlet oxygen generation and amphiphilic properties of trihydroxylated monohalogenated porphyrins." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 10 (October 2015): 1081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424615500893.

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Two of the properties important for photodynamic therapy applications are systematically investigated on a trihydroxylated monohalogenated porphyrin core. Singlet oxygen generation can be increased thanks to the heavy atom effect, frequently provided by the introduction of halogen atoms on the photosensitizer. We compare the effect of the presence of the four halogen atoms with the analogous halogen-free porphyrin. Cell uptake is crucial as well for successful photodynamic outcome and is directly related to the amphiphilicity of the molecule. The five derivatives bearing H, F, Cl, Br or I atoms are compared in this regard. The presence of iodine atom induces a sharp difference in singlet oxygen generation compared to all the other derivatives investigated, but increases its lipophilicity, still in the limits suitable for biomedical applications.

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30

Bader, RFW. "Can there be more than a single definition of an atom in a molecule?" Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-223.

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Arguments are presented that the theoretical definition of an atom in a molecule or of a functional grouping of atoms that derive from experimental chemistry must be unique. Definitions based on the orbital model or, as recently proposed, in terms of domains defined by isovalued density envelopes fail for a number of reasons, among them being their failure to enable a quantum mechanical description of the atomic or group properties. Chemistry is concerned with the observation and measurement of properties. Definitions that do not predict the measurable, additive properties found for atoms in molecules fail to recover the essence of the atomic concept and can play no operational or predictive role in chemistry. Atoms exist in real space and their form determines their properties. There is but a single definition for an atom, free or bound, that meets this essential requirement.Key words: atoms in molecules, proper open systems.

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31

JOSHIPURA, K. N., and S. MOHANAN. "SCATTERING OF FAST ELECTRONS BY VAPOUR-ATOMS AND BY SOLID-ATOMS — A COMPARISON." International Journal of Modern Physics B 02, no. 03n04 (August 1988): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979288000329.

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A comparative theoretical study has been done on the scattering of fast electrons by free (vapour) atoms and bound (solid) atoms, in particular, the alkali atoms, Al and Cu. The Born differential cross-sections (DCS), calculated with the static plus polarization electronatom potential, are found in general, to be larger for free atoms than for bound atoms, at least at small angles of scattering. For Rb and Cs the two DCS tend to merge at very large angles only. The sample incident energies chosen are 400 eV and above.

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32

Ebel, D. S., and L. Grossman. "Condensation from supernova gas made of free atoms." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, no. 3 (February 2001): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00550-0.

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33

Aksela, S., and H. Aksela. "L2,3M4,5M4,5Auger spectra of free Ga and Ge atoms." Physical Review A 31, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 1540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.31.1540.

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34

Smirnov, Boris M., Ibrahimkutty Shyjumon, and Rainer Hippler. "Formation of clusters through generation of free atoms." Physica Scripta 73, no. 3 (February 20, 2006): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/73/3/009.

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35

Rivlin, Lev A. "Nuclear γ-ray spectroscopy of cool free atoms." Quantum Electronics 29, no. 10 (October 31, 1999): 931–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1999v029n10abeh001606.

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36

AKSELA, H., and S. AKSELA. "RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AUGER SPECTROSCOPY OF FREE ATOMS." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 48, no. C9 (December 1987): C9–565—C9–577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1987995.

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37

Verweyen, A., Ph Wernet, P. Glatzel, B. Sonntag, Ch Gerth, K. Godehusen, and P. Zimmermann. "Resonant 3p photoelectron spectroscopy of free Cu atoms." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 33, no. 8 (April 7, 2000): 1563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/33/8/307.

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38

Meyer, M., M. Pahler, Th Prescher, E. v. Raven, M. Richter, B. Sonntag, S. Baier, et al. "Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Laser-Excited Aligned Free Atoms." Physica Scripta T31 (January 1, 1990): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1990/t31/004.

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39

Reimann, René, Wolfgang Alt, Tobias Macha, Dieter Meschede, Natalie Thau, Seokchan Yoon, and Lothar Ratschbacher. "Carrier-free Raman manipulation of trapped neutral atoms." New Journal of Physics 16, no. 11 (November 19, 2014): 113042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/11/113042.

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40

Cesar, Claudio L., and Daniel Kleppner. "Two-photon Doppler-free spectroscopy of trapped atoms." Physical Review A 59, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 4564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.59.4564.

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41

Javaux, C., I. G. Hughes, G. Lochead, J. Millen, and M. P. A. Jones. "Modulation-free pump-probe spectroscopy of strontium atoms." European Physical Journal D 57, no. 2 (February 16, 2010): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2010-00029-4.

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42

Brechignac, C., and J. P. Connerade. "Giant resonances in free atoms and in clusters." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 27, no. 17 (September 14, 1994): 3795–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/27/17/008.

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43

Brechignac, C., and J.-P. Connerade. "Giant resonances in free atoms and in clusters." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 28, no. 1 (January 14, 1995): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/28/1/015.

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44

Huang, Chih-Yuan, Hung-Shiue Chen, Chih-Yuan Liu, Chin-Han Chen, and D. J. Han. "Lens-free phase shifting imaging for cold atoms." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 31, no. 1 (December 11, 2013): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.31.000087.

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45

Fainshtein, A. G., N. L. Manakov, V. D. Ovsiannikov, and L. P. Rapoport. "Nonlinear susceptibilities and light scattering on free atoms." Physics Reports 210, no. 3 (January 1992): 111–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(92)90020-z.

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46

Mezincescu, Nadia, and C. Vrejoiu. "Free-bound dipole transition in H-like atoms." Physics Letters A 175, no. 3-4 (April 1993): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(93)90828-n.

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47

Mezincescu, Nadia, and C. Vrejoiu. "Free-bound dipole transition in H-like atoms." Physics Letters A 177, no. 6 (June 1993): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(93)90978-9.

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48

Chung, Sunggi, and Chun C. Lin. "Free-free transitions in collisions between slow electrons and neutral oxygen atoms." Physical Review A 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 1221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.51.1221.

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49

Alkorta, Ibon, and José Elguero. "The SN2 reaction and its relationship with the Walden inversion, the Finkelstein and Menshutkin reactions together with theoretical calculations for the Finkelstein reaction." Structural Chemistry 32, no. 5 (July 31, 2021): 1755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11224-021-01805-y.

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AbstractThis communication gives an overview of the relationships between four reactions that although related were not always perceived as such: SN2, Walden, Finkelstein, and Menshutkin. Binary interactions (SN2 & Walden, SN2 & Menshutkin, SN2 & Finkelstein, Walden & Menshutkin, Walden & Finkelstein, Menshutkin & Finkelstein) were reported. Carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as central atoms and fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides as lateral atoms were considered. Theoretical calculations provide Gibbs free energies that were analyzed with linear models to obtain the halide contributions. The M06-2x DFT computational method and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set have been used for all atoms except for iodine where the effective core potential def2-TZVP basis set was used. Concerning the central atom pairs, carbon/silicon vs. nitrogen/phosphorus, we reported here for the first time that the effect of valence expansion was known for Si but not for P. Concerning the lateral halogen atoms, some empirical models including the interaction between F and I as entering and leaving groups explain the Gibbs free energies.

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TSELEPIDIS (Σ. Θ. ΤΣΕΛΕΠΙΔΗΣ), S. "Oxygen free radicals and veterinary medicine." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15413.

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Oxygen free radicals have a strong cytotoxic action due to single atoms or groups of atoms that have one or more unpaired electrons. Potentially they can cause damages to several organs of the body and the latest years they have been incriminated for a great number of diseases and many dyndroms in human medicine as well as in veterinary medicine. In the present paper it is presented in general the origin, the biology and the mode of action of oxygen free radicals on the under ischemia and reperfusion

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