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1
Tasca, Cristina, and Serena Rossi. "Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategies in the Duty Free Market. : An Explorative Study on Offer, Customer Service and Atmosphere." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-180305.
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This explorative study strives to investigate the marketing strategies companies apply in the Duty-Free market and whether consumers perceive them accordingly. The theoretical concepts used for this research were: marketing strategies in the Duty Free market and consumer behavior to allow a comparative approach. In addition, three Variables have been considered and explored: the Offer, the Customer Service and the importance of the Atmosphere in consumers’ purchasing behavior. A model was created to connect all the theoretical concepts and contributed to answering the research question. Perspectives of firms and consumers were investigated through interviews and surveys. The Atmosphere, the Offer and the Customer Service were examined as marketing strategy’s variables. The former is relevant in influencing customers’ behavior, the offer of exclusive products meets the needs and expectancies of customers, but the poor customer service degrades the purchasing experience. The marketing strategies of firms need to be shaped according to these conclusions.
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MEKOUAR, ALI, and DINO POHILJ. "Key Factors that Make ‘Free Business Models’ Successful in Software as a Service Ventures." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189260.
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This thesis research analyzes why and how Software as a Service (SaaS) ventures can succeed or fail using the two forms of free business models: freemium and free based on a multi-sided platform. Software as a Service ventures nowadays need a strong market presence and visibility to be financially sustainable, and that is why they are constantly innovating methods to reach solvency. Many of those companies chose free business models to reach that market presence and economic growth. Academic research in this subject is very limited, and there is no framework or guide that shows how companies using these business models can succeed. The aim of this research is to address that gap and determine the key factors that lead to success for ventures using these business models. The researchers‘ approach of understanding, analyzing and deciphering these business models stands on a qualitative open-ended research strategy with case studies, backed by interviews of companies using these business models. The findings are based on the gathered and analyzed data from the case studies and the interviews. The result of this research is the classification of key factors in three major groups: Customers, Development Strategy, and Business Sustainability. This research expands the information and understanding in the field of business models, and more precisely freemium and free based on a multi-sided platform. Also, it demonstrates that both free business models can be a viable choice for SaaS ventures.
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Maphakisa, Motaboli David. "Effectiveness of ABSA business bank's customer relationship management practices in maintaining loyalty among customers in the Eastern Cape province." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/273.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Business Administration )) - Central University of Technology, Free State,Traditionally, commercial banking in South Africa has been dominated by the big four namely Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA), First National Bank (FNB), Nedbank, and Standard Bank. Although still dominated by the big four, other smaller banks such as Capitec and African Bank have made inroads into retail banking. This situation arose due to liberalization of the financial services sector since democratisation in South Africa in 1994 which has paved the way for proliferation of the banking industry. This has in turn led to intense competition among banks for customers. Banks in South Africa therefore have the uphill task of retaining their existing customers whilst acquiring newer ones. As a result, South African banks are being compelled to become more customer focused/ oriented. Meanwhile, a key component of most initiatives to become more customer-oriented is the successful implementation of customer relationship management (CRM). A compelling view of CRM is that organisations generate a great deal of data about customers that they can use to build customer profiles in order to serve them better. South African banks therefore need to adopt and implement innovative CRM strategies to maintain a competitive edge in the marketplace. Most banks have a section that only deals with business clients. This is referred to in banking parlance as Business Banking. One of the critical elements of Business Banking is the high level of relationship banking – a service designed to meet the financial needs of clients through the development of a long-term relationship. This type of service delivery is unique and expensive compared to the traditional retail bank delivery system. As a result, the bank must be in position to monitor the profitability of each relationship to ensure that the right clients are serviced in the right way and are meeting the required value proposition. Therefore, if the South African banks in general need to adopt and implement effective CRM strategies, then the need is even greater for the Business Banking section in order to survive in the marketplace. Absa Business bank went through an operating model change in 2011 which necessitated some structural changes including changes in its CRM practices. Mindful of the value of retaining existing customers and attracting new ones, Absa would want to know whether its current CRM practices are effective in ensuring that customers become more loyal to Absa business bank. In general terms, this study investigated the concept of CRM and its influence on customer loyalty and retention. Specifically, the study investigated Absa Business Bank’s CRM practices in relation to customer loyalty and retention using primary data from employees, management, and customers from the Eastern Cape Region in South Africa. The results of the study are very revealing. Among others, the study shows that bank staff commitment to offering excellent service; building trust with customers; communicating with customers in a timely manner; and proactive conflict handling are important for bank image, customer word-of-mouth behaviour towards the bank and these ultimately influence bank customer retention and loyalty. On the basis of evidence from the study it is safe to conclude that customer loyalty can be attributed to CRM and more specifically those aimed at building trust, demonstrating commitment to service, communicating with customers in a timely, reliable and proactive fashion, and handling conflict efficiently. This report contains the major findings of the study alongside recommendations for practice and further research.
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Pagan, Jose. "Practices, Attitudes and Knowledge of Food Service Owners and Managers of South Central Kentucky Regarding Provision of a Smoke-Free Environment for Customers." TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/876.
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The harmful effects on health caused by exposure to enviromental tobacco smoke (ETS) are well documented. In 1987 and 1996 mail surveys were conducted to determine the change in practices, attitudes and knowledge of food service owners and managers of south central Kentucky on some issues relating to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Study subjects included all food service owners and managers of south central Kentucky that have a permit on file at the Barren River District Health Department. In 1987, a total of 127 out of 431 questionnaires were received ( 29.5% response rate). In 1996 the response rate was 30.6% (190 responses out of 620 questionnaires mailed). Most of the responses in the 1996 survey (42.6%) were from Warren county. Retail food services and school cafeterias made up 57.9% of the respondents. It was hypothesized that there has not been any changes in the percentages of food services establishments that offer a nonsmoking area to the customers between 1987 and 1996, that the percentage of food service owners that recognize the hazards of ETS has not changed, and that the percentage of food service owners that agree that the prohibition of smoking would result in a loss of customers has not changed since 1987. Using Chi-squares, frequencies and percentages it was determined that there has been an increase in the percentage of places that have a nonsmoking area 20.6% in 1987, 57.4% in 1996 (significant to 0.0001). It was also determined that there was a significance of 0.01 between the percentage of managers that agree that ETS is harmful to nonsmokers [ 71.2% in 1987 vs 98.1% in 1996 (item #3), and 43.5% in 1987 vs. 54.1% in 1996 (item #4)]. A significance of 0.0001 was found on the question of believing that a change to a smoke-free facility will result in a loss of customers. In 1987, 79.4% agreed on the statement being true vs. 53.5% in 1996.
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Valerius, Julian, and Niklas Wolf. "Motivators and barriers of bulkfood store customers : An examination through the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157630.
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The pollution of the oceans through plastics has received global wide media coverageover the last years. Also, micro-plastics in ground water and even in fish had beendetected, which leads to increased awareness of waste-reduction. Since the beginning ofthis decade, more bulk food stores open in Germany’s cities and provide an alternative toconventional, packaged products.Plastics and so-called micro-plastics have been found in the bodies of seabirds and in fish.There is an imminent danger of plastics ending up in the human bodies while it travels upthe food chain.In order to reduce their impact on the environment, an increasing number of customersengages in the zero-waste movement. To reduce single-use plastics, customers can shoptheir groceries in bulk-food stores, which allow shopping loose goods from largecontainers in contrast to individually packed items in regular supermarkets. Customerscan bring their own reusable packaging to buy mostly dry foods such as vegetables, pasta,nuts, grains but also some liquids such as oil, honey etc. The stores often also include anon-food section where additional consumable products can be bought.The paper identified a research gap in regards the store concept of bulk-stores which isan emerging trend in Germany since 2014.This thesis analyzes the motivators of bulk-food store shoppers in Germany based on anadapted version of the Theory of Planned Behavior by Izek Ajzen. The frameworkthereby builds upon research conducted by Maloney et al. (2014) who tested motivatorsof organic clothing customers.The research identified a significant positive influence of the Personal Norm and asignificant negative correlation between Perceived Expensiveness on the PurchaseIntention of the customers.The main barriers for bulk food shoppers were identified as the distance to the next store,the product portfolio and perceived high prices. Other issues have been discovered butwere – in comparison –only of secondary relevance.The paper contributes to closing the gap in literature between bulk foods and othersustainability-related topics, such as organic products and their production. Furthermore,it provides a foundation for future research on the topic.
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Savoia, Ricardo. "O gerenciamento do planejamento de mercado nas distribuidoras de energia elétrica: do racionamento ao ambiente regulado e livre de contratação de energia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-22092009-112713/.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo quantificar as relações entre a demanda de energia elétrica e suas principais relações com os indicadores econômicos, socioeconômicos e comportamentais do País, busca a relação do consumo de eletricidade com o PIB - Produto Interno Bruto, seus agregados econômicos e o consumo de eletricidade do Brasil, Região Sudeste e o Estado de São Paulo, com suas principais classes de consumo residencial, comercial e Industrial, no período de 1984 a 2007. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o E-Views como suporte e avanços para obtenção de melhores coeficientes estatísticos e tratamento dos dados. Os resultados encontrados foram condizentes com o esperado. A demanda nacional mostrou-se elástica ao comportamento do Produto Interno Bruto do País, para o período de 2003 2007, sendo constatada uma forte correlação aos indicadores econômicos. A Região Sudeste, denominada a locomotiva do crescimento nacional por sua maior predominância de indústria e comércio na região, mostrou-se elástica ao PIB, mas ligeiramente menor comparada ao comportamento do consumo nacional, reflexo de mudanças e incentivos governamentais para expansão e criação de pólos industriais em regiões pioneiras e em plena expansão demográfica. Com relação à classe residencial do Estado de São Paulo, o consumo mostrou-se inelástico com as taxas de crescimento da renda, isto é, o crescimento do consumo residencial é inferior ao crescimento da renda, mas com fracos resultados estatísticos nas variações apresentadas por este indicador econômico; necessitando porém, de estudos mais avançados incluindo outras variáveis de controle como o preço e outros fatores que são apresentados ao decorrer do trabalho. Para a classe comercial do Estado de São Paulo, encontrou-se a melhor relação com PIB Serviços Brasil e para a demanda industrial, sua aderência ao PIB Industrial Brasileiro.The objective of this work is to quantify the relations between the demand of electric energy and its main relations with the economic, socio-economic and behavioral indicators of the Country, searching the relation of electricity consumption with the GDP Gross Domestic Product, its economic aggregates and the consumption of electricity of Brazil, Southeast region and the State of São Paulo, with its main classes of residential, commercial and Industrial consumption, in the period between 1984 to 2007. For statistical analysis, the E-Views were used as a support and advances to obtain the best statistical coefficients and data processing. The results obtained were compatible with those expected. The national demand proved to be flexible to the behavior of the Gross Domestic Product of the Country for the period of 2003 - 2008, being evidenced the strong relation to the economic indicators. The Southeast Region called the locomotive of the national growth for its bigger predominance of industry and commerce in the region, proved to be elastic to the GDP, but slightly lower compared with the behavior of the national consumption, reflexion of changes and government incentives for expansion and the creation of industrial areas in pioneer regions with booming population. Regarding to the residential classes of the State of São Paulo, the consumption proved to be inelastic with the growth rates of the income, that is, the growth of the residential consumption is inferior to the growth of the income, but with small statistics relations in the variations presented for this economic indicator, needing however, more advanced studies including other control variables as the price and other things presented in the work. For the commercial class of the State of São Paulo, the relation with the Services GDP Brazil was better and for the industrial demand its adhesion to the Brazilian Industrial GDP.
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Wiemann, Dirk. "The boomerang effect of colonial practice : free-born englishmen and cavalier slaves." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5744/.
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Wang, Geng. "Effects of Free Riders and Incentive Discrimination on Customer Acquisition and Retention Resource Allocation." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/managerialsci_diss/13.
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How should a company best allocate its spending between acquisition and retention? Under what condition should a company devote resources and money to analytics? The above questions are just examples of more general issues concerning many companies when managing their customer acquisition and retention programs. To answer the above questions, I will conduct a study on the allocation of financial resources between incentives that target different types of customers, and the allocation of resources between incentives and analytics spending. This research first distinguishes between customers and acquisition, between incentive and price discount, and between acquisition and retention. It then proposes a new concept, “free rider”, in a customer acquisition and retention context. Building on the free-rider concept, two mathematical models are formulated to examine the optimal allocation between acquisition incentive, retention incentive, and analytics spending. Closed-form solutions are reached for both models and the results are interpreted in the context of marketing practice. The conditions leading to different patterns of optimal solutions of analytics spending, acquisition incentives, and retention incentives are discussed. Specifically, the detailed conditions under which the optimal acquisition incentives is zero or non-zero, the optimal retention incentives is zero or non-zero, and the optimal analytics spending is zero or non-zero, are provided. Factors determining the ceiling for acceptable level of cost of analytics are also examined.
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Santos, Jucimara Martins dos. "Estudo das pr?ticas dos freq?entadores do restaurante Nutrinatural na perspectiva etnogr?fica." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/998.
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Previous issue date: 2008-09-04Not only eat quantities of nutrients and calories to keep the body functioning at an appropriate level: the act of eating understands, too, forms of expression and affirmation of social identities. It involves the selection, the choices, the occasions and rituals that may be organized and classified in order to understand the social dynamics that takes place in the human experience of living day to day. Culture and consumption, thus, processes are interconnected and inseparable and only makes sense to discuss them within a specific cultural scheme. The objective of this case study was to understand the processes that occur in the restaurant that Nutrinatural stimulated, either formally or informally, retention and hence the loyalty of customers . The locus of the research was the natural food restaurant in the self-service kilo, Nutrinatural. To develop the work, we need to contextualize the locus of the study and the city where he falls; describe the structure and ways of operating the restaurant, identifying the situations that lead customers to return to the restaurant; understand the levels of sociability established between customers and employees, customers and the owners of the restaurant. We chose to develop a study with the basic qualitative ethnographic perspective through coday visit to the restaurant. This co-trip took one to two times per week on different days and times. The report was prepared from the participatory observation and informal conversations with customers in time for lunch, for 11 months (May 2007 to March 2008), and through semi-structured interviews with 12 clients who attend the restaurant so continuous, and also with the owners. The results were classified according to the principle of saturation in 05 categories. It has been proved that the keynote to the process of loyalty in the study, is related to the feeling of being in the family is doing Nutrinatural meals in the restaurant. The sociability proved to be as important as the health and flavor.
N?o comemos apenas quantidades de nutrientes e calorias para manter o funcionamento corporal em n?vel adequado: o ato de comer compreende, tamb?m, formas de express?o e afirma??o de identidades sociais. Envolve a sele??o, as escolhas, as ocasi?es e os rituais que podem ser organizados e classificados com vistas a compreender a din?mica social que se desenrola na experi?ncia humana do viver o dia-a-dia. Cultura e consumo, assim, s?o processos interligados e indissoci?veis e s? faz sentido discuti-las dentro de um esquema cultural espec?fico. O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi compreender os processos que ocorrem no Restaurante Nutrinatural que estimularam, formal ou informalmente, a reten??o e, logo, a fideliza??o dos clientes. O l?cus da pesquisa foi o restaurante de comida natural self service a quilo, Nutrinatural. Para desenvolver o trabalho, precisamos contextualizar o l?cus do estudo e o munic?pio em que ele se insere; descrever a estrutura e as formas de funcionamento do restaurante; identificar as situa??es que levam os clientes a retornarem ao restaurante; compreender os n?veis de sociabilidade estabelecidos entre os clientes e os funcion?rios, os clientes e as propriet?rias do restaurante. Optou-se por desenvolver um estudo de base qualitativa com perspectiva etnogr?fica atrav?s da co-visita di?ria ao restaurante. Esta co-visita se deu de uma a duas vezes por semana em dias e hor?rios diferentes. O relato foi elaborado a partir da observa??o participativa e das conversas informais com os clientes nos hor?rios de almo?o, durante 11 meses (maio de 2007 a mar?o de 2008), e atrav?s de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 12 clientes que freq?entam o restaurante de forma cont?nua, e tamb?m com as propriet?rias. Os resultados foram classificados segundo o princ?pio de satura??o em 05 categorias. Comprovou-se que a t?nica para o processo de fideliza??o, no estudo, est? relacionada ? sensa??o de estar em fam?lia ao se fazer as refei??es no Restaurante Nutrinatural. A sociabilidade mostrou-se t?o importante quanto a saudabilidade e o sabor.
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Jana, Vimbai Lisa Michelle. "Adopting a harmonised regional approach to customs regulation for the tripartite free trade agreement." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8861_1380710167.
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Weiss, Thomas. "Das Weltzollrecht der WTO und Kyoto-Übereinkommen am Beispiel der ASEAN und Indonesiens /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014662593&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Leardini, Andrea. "Sistemi hands-free basati su smart-glass a supporto di attivita di customer care di un'impresa." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9240/.
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Da alcuni anni in ambito business ed enterprise si sta diffondendo l'utilizzo di dispositivi wearable al fine di rendere più efficiente ed efficace la gestione di molteplici attività e processi aziendali. I sistemi hand-held comunemente utilizzati in ambito lavorativo, tra cui smartphone e tablet, spesso non risultano idonei in contesti in cui un operatore debba interagire con il dispositivo mentre ha le proprie mani impegnate con attrezzature e strumenti di lavoro.
I sistemi hands-free rimediano a tali problematiche supportando tecniche di interazione non convenzionali che consentono all'operatore di mantenere libere le proprie mani durante la consultazione del dispositivo e di rimanere concentrato sull'attività che sta svolgendo.
I sistemi basati su smart-glass, oltre ad offrire funzionalità hands-free, presentano l'ulteriore vantaggio di poter presentare all'interno del campo visivo dell'utente importanti informazioni di supporto inerenti all'attività che sta svolgendo, avvalendosi anche dell'utilizzo di tecnologie di realtà aumentata.
La sinergia tra dispositivi basati su smart-glass e tecniche di realtà aumentata sta destando un crescente interesse sia in ambito accademico che industriale; esiste la possibilità che in un prossimo futuro questa tipologia di sistemi divenga la nuova piattaforma computazionale enterprise di riferimento.
L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato lo studio e la progettazione di una soluzione hands-free basata su smart-glass in grado di supportare alcune attività di customer care del Gruppo Loccioni, una società che si occupa dello sviluppo di sistemi automatici di misura e controllo per migliorare la qualità, l'efficienza e la sostenibilità di prodotti, processi ed edifici.
In particolare, il sistema sviluppato ha consentito di migliorare la gestione dei processi di manutenzione e riparazione degli impianti energetici sostenibili che il Gruppo Loccioni installa presso le sedi di imprese clienti.
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Strand, Elliot, and Viktor Sandell. "The Key Value Components of a Customer Value Proposition for Free-Floating Car Sharing Services in the Nordics." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52829.
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A well-crafted, locally adapted customer value proposition (CVP) can aid businesses in attaining loyal customers. The main purpose of this research is to determine the key value components that should be considered for the development of a CVP, for free-floating car sharing services in the Nordic region. This is done by establishing the relationship between deductively identified value components, perceived value, satisfaction, trust, and loyalty. A research framework is proposed, where the relationships between the different constructs are hypothesised. Quantitative data is collected from existing car sharing users in the Nordic countries, through a self-administered online questionnaire, distributed through a non-probability sampling method. The empirical data is analysed through multiple regression analysis using the software SPSS, and the extension “PROCESS”, as well as additional analysis techniques to ensure data quality. The research findings indicate that perceived convenience, need fit, and a low service price positively impact both perceived value, as well as satisfaction. Satisfaction shows a stronger, positive effect on loyalty than that of perceived value, yet, loyalty is better explained when both constructs are accounted for. Additionally, trust shows to carry a mediating effect between both satisfaction and loyalty, as well as between perceived value and loyalty. Therefore, firms operating within this context should emphasise the customer needs to provide a service which is perceived as affordable and convenient. Finally, efforts should be taken to reduce uncertainty, and promote trust between the service providers, and their users.
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." University of Sydney. Economics and Political Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.
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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.
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Molopyane, J. "Through the eye of a student : customer care in academic libraries, a case at the Central University of Technology, Free State." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 4: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/319.
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Published ArticleThe purpose of this research was to investigate the perceptions of clients namely, students, about the quality of library services and also the quality of staff client relationship. It was envisaged that through this study the perceptions, feelings and views of students in as far as their needs satisfaction could be illuminated. The study addressed the following concerns: Apart from the physical and other library resources, are there other mechanisms of evaluating the quality of services an academic library has to offer? In order for an academic library to improve service quality, what role should clients play? What are their concerns about their information needs consideration and what other possible means can be done to satisfy those needs?
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Tew, David Henderson. "The origins, rise and decline of free mining customs in England and North Wales : a legal standpoint." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9095.
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Free mining or customary mining laws were known in certain lead mining areas of England and Wales, in the Stannaries (Devon and Cornwall), in the iron-ore and coal mines of the Forest of Dean, and in the quarries of Dean and Purbeck. They give the miner, essentially, the right to enter upon another's land without permission and extract the mineral ore, paying no rent to the landowner but a royalty to the mineral lord, normally the Crown. It is suggested that these customs originated in Romano-British times as they resemble in some ways the Hadrianic Aljustrel Laws of Spain. They were already in force when confirmed by Royal charter in the Stannaries and by a Quo Waranto enquiry in Derbyshire in the thirteenth century. The customs in Dean may have originated from a lost Royal grant in the early fourteenth century. In Alston they are known from the reign of Henry II, and in Mendip the four Lords Royal seem to have derived rights from royal grant about the same time. In Flintshire, Denbighshire and the Yorkshire Dales the customs are similar to Derbyshire. In the Middle Ages the Crown favoured free mining customs as they protected part-time miners from their manorial lords while actually mining, and helped to provide a source of skilled men for military purposes. Free mining areas developed a legal structure of courts and legislative bodies based on a specialist jury. The Stannary Parliament even obtained a right to review Westminster statutes. After Tudor times the Crown lost interest in protecting customary mining, and the institution declined. Legislative bodies in the Stannaries, Dean and the Mendips closed in the eighteenth century, though free mining itself continued in the Stannaries, Derbyshire and Dean. Today a few free miners are active in Dean, though in theory the customs are still in force in Derbyshire, and tin 'bounding' is still possible in Cornwall.
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Lamberg, Sanna, and Sandra Vålming. "The Rise of the Baltic Tigers : A study of the impacts of EU-accession on Baltic States trade patterns." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-23113.
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After regaining independence from Soviet Union in 1991, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania started transition process from centrally planned- to market economy and their rapid progress has claimed to be one of a kind. Baltic States experienced a long period of exceptional economic growth and earned nickname of Baltic Tigers. International economic integration was one their main agenda and the countries signed several Free Trade Agreements during the 1990’s. The integration process culminated in 2004 when the countries joined the European Union.
We were interested in to study how Baltic States trade patterns has evolved after they joined the union and research question was set out to ask:
What changes have Baltic States trade patterns undergone since their EU accession?
Complemented by sub-questions:
Has the trade with Russia changed for the Baltic States?
Have there been any changes in size of SITC sectors of export and import when comparing before and after EU accession.
The aim of this study was to investigate how the Baltic States EU membership has affected on their trade patterns and also to examine what kind of role Russia still has in their trade. In addition to general changes in the Baltic States trade we aimed to analyze trade patterns on a commodity level and studied trade flows in SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) sectors.
The study is conducted from the positivistic standpoint and by using a deductive approach. Theories of economic integration and international trade have been used to formulate the research problem. We have used a quantitative research strategy and data of the Baltic States trade flows are gathered from Eurostat, Statistical office of the European Communities. The time frame of this study was limited to cover years 1999-2007 and since our focus was to examine trade developments over time, we have computed annual changes of trade flows.
Our theoretical framework consists of theories about economic integration, and Customs Union theory which has been the basis for our analysis.
According to our findings intra-EU trade dominates both in exports and imports in all the Baltic Countries. We can see that EU accession has had impact on import patterns as imports from within the EU has increased and even more so after accession. Russia has continued to be a significant trading partner and exports to Russia have even increased after the countries joined the EU. Our findings suggest that joining the European Union has had effect on their trade patterns but we also argue that major change and specialization has already happened when they signed Free Trade Agreements.
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Xiao, Renfeng. "Three essays on the economics of preferential trade agreements: free trade areas, rules of origin and customs unions." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6815.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Economics
Yang M. Chang
There have been considerable discussions about why countries have interests in forming preferential trade agreements (PTAs), which typically take the forms of a “free trade area” (FTA) with Rules of Origin (ROO) and a “customs union” (CU) (World Bank, 2005). This dissertation contains three essays with three different models of trade under oligopoly to analyze various issues on preferential trade agreements. The first essay examines welfare implications of forming preferential trade arrangement (PTAs) between two asymmetric countries that differ in their market sizes. Key findings are as follows. First, when market size asymmetry between two countries is not too large and ROO requirements are not too restrictive, the formation of an FTA with effective ROO can be welfare-improving to both members. Second, the formation of a PTA is more likely to emerge between countries of similar in their market sizes, ceteris paribus. Third, compared to the pre-PTA equilibrium, there are greater reductions in external tariffs under an FTA than under a CU such that a non-member country is relatively better off under the FTA. The second essay presents a three country model of trade under Bertrand price competition to analyze differences in welfare implications between an FTA with ROO and a customs union (CU). It is shown that the maximum limit of ROO requirements over which there are welfare gains from trade for FTA members depends crucially on the degree of substitutability of final goods (or the intensity of product market competition). It is also found that member countries and their final-good exporters are better off in a CU than in an FTA. There are greater reductions in external tariffs under an FTA than under a CU such that a non-member country is relatively better off under the FTA. The third essay presents a three country model of FTA with Cournot quantity competition and derives the maximum enforceable level of ROO over which there are welfare gains from trade to each member country. It is shown that ROO and external tariffs are strategic complements such that the higher is the regional input restrictions, the higher is the external tariff necessary to induce firms to fully comply with ROO requirements. It is also shown that an FTA with effective ROO has a positive effect on the final-good trade. But the trade-diverting effect does not occur in the final-good sector.
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Kiala, Carine Zamay. "The politics of trade in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) : prospect of a SACU-China free trade agreement /." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02232010-105510.
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Bereng, Nthabiseng. "An investigation into the application of customer relationship management (CRM) by the water and sewerage authority (WASA) in Maseru Lesotho." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/9.
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Lin, Lebin. "Data Mining and Mathematical Models for Direct Market Campaign Optimization for Fred Meyer Jewelers." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1483558398637535.
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Kar, Gourab. "Universal design of behind-the-counter workspaces." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39476.
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This design thesis is part of CATEA's RERC workplace accommodations grant, and it adopts a human centered design methodology to research, develop, test and evaluate designs of behind-the-counter workspaces that maximize independence and participation of employees and increase their employment possibilities. Preliminary research shows that current designs of behind-the-counter workspaces do not accommodate needs of intended employees including the seated and standing users. According to the research, factors like task design and lack of ease of use have contributed to job loss and reduced employment. Through participatory research techniques and ergonomic studies, this project identified accessibility and usability needs and outlined basic and extended design guidelines for behind-the-counter workstations that would address these needs. Results from observational research, usability studies and user interviews were analysed to create design specifications for a range of workstations. The resulting workstation designs incorporate universal design guidelines and aim to expand employment opportunities for people with disabilities and older adults.
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Roux, Alida. "Relationship marketing strategies employed by the Afrikaans daily newspapers in the media 24 group focusing on customer service." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/84.
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Powell, Debra. ""It was hard to die frae hame" death, grief and mourning among Scottish migrants to New Zealand, 1840-1890 /." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2484.
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James McGeoch's headstone, which can be seen at the Presbyterian Cemetery in Symonds Street, Auckland, carries a simple sentiment in the Scottish dialect that resonates with first generation migrants everywhere: 'It was hard to die frae hame'. This thesis is an investigation into the experiences of death and mourning among nineteenth century Scottish migrants to New Zealand. It considers the ways in which death, and the framework of social conventions through which it is interpreted and dealt with, might provide evidence for the persistence or renegotiation of cultural behaviours among migrant communities. The focus of this study is on the working classes and in particular those who resided in, and emigrated from, Scotland's larger cities and towns. A complex of ideas and customs informed cultural practices regarding death among the working classes. This thesis highlights the multiple challenges that the process of migration posed to these cultural practices. The ongoing renegotiation of such ideas and customs were important components in the formulation of cultural and religious identities in New Zealand. This thesis is simultaneously an investigation of deathways, a migration study, a consideration of the working class experience, and a tentative venture into the history of emotion. Using a diverse range of sources, including New Zealand coroners' reports, gravestone inscriptions, and personal autobiographical accounts as written in journals, diaries and letters, this study highlights the complexity and variety of migrants' experiences of death and attempts to uncover the multiple meanings of these experiences.
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Olivier, Elizabeth Susan. "Service provision in the Sol Plaatje municipal area from a tourism perspective." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/131.
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Thesis (M. Tech.(Tourism and Hospitality Management)) -- Central university of Technology, Free State, 2010Globally, tourism is increasingly referred to as the world's biggest industry. As tourism increases so the consumer’s demand for quality in all its related products and services increase. Superior customer service can therefore be viewed as one of the most effective strategies to create a sustainable competitive advantage. The delivery of excellent service is crucial if a tourism destination such as the Sol Plaatje Municipal Area in the Northern Cape, South Africa, is to enhance its visitors’ experience and ensure their extended stay. One of the key constraints to tourism growth that has been identified is the lack of product and service quality. The primary goal of the study therefore was to investigate the perceptions of tourists on the quality of tourism service in the Sol Plaatje Area. Another primary goal was to determine the quality of service by conducting unstructured interviews with role-players in the local tourism industry. Secondary objectives were set, namely to determine the service needs of foreign and domestic tourists, and to make recommendations and suggestions to increase service quality in the Sol Plaatje Area. A questionnaire was used as a measuring instrument and distributed to domestic and foreign tourists. Three sampling points were selected to conduct the survey (250 questionnaires), namely the departure hall of Kimberley Airport, the Big Hole and the McGregor Museum. Results indicated that although the majority of tourists (83.4% of domestic and 93.8% of foreign respondents) were generally satisfied with the service they received and would promote the Sol Plaatje Municipal Area as a tourist destination, a large number of respondents (32.1%) rated their satisfaction with service delivery as average to poor. This is an indication that improvement is needed in the delivery of quality service. Unstructured interviews (conducted by the researcher) with 20 major role-players in the local tourism industry indicated that the majority (60%) perceived the service delivery in the Sol Plaatje Municipal Area as average to poor and not exceeding the expectations of tourists. Overall, the results indicated the need for the Sol Plaatje Municipal Area to improve its tourism service delivery in order to exceed tourist expectations and compete with other destinations locally and abroad. The findings of this study contribute valuable information and insights into the quality of service delivery in the Sol Plaatje Municipal Area. It will therefore be beneficial to all tourism stakeholders to provide visitors with the best service experience in the Sol Plaatje Municipal Area.
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Dyberg, Anton, and Totte Taflin. "Det är ingen rocket science : En varumärkesundersökning av Metro i Karlstad." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-12935.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to do a brand survey of Metro in Karlstad. The study will originate from the terms ”brand identity” and ”brand associations”, where the brand identity is the organization’s desired view of the brand, and the brand associations define the associations held by the consumers. Issues: What is Metro’s brand identity? What are the brand associsations of Metro in Karlstad? How well do the brand identity and the brand associations correspond? Theoretical framework: The study is done from the perspective of media and communication studies, where the theoretical terms are defined from literature regarding brands. Method: The study is carried out using a qualitative document analysis, interviews, and a quantitative survey. The document analysis was made on Metro’s own documents regarding values and target audience. The interviews were carried out with three interviewees from the organization of Metro. The survey was made as a group survey with 200 respondents where eight were removed as they did not qualify for the target audience. Results: The qualitative studies showed that the brand identity towards Metro’s readers is simple. Metro’s desire is that the the newspaper is seen as free, accessible, and that it summarizes the news. The survey showed that the readers of Metro in Karlstad choose Metro because it is free and accessible. They also gave Metro a good grade regarding summarizing of news. Conclusions: Metro keeps their brand identity towards readers simple, as the brand awareness is high and thereby don’t need a complex brand identity. The readers choose Metro because it’s free and accessible, and also think that Metro summarizes the news well. This is exactly what Metro wants to accomplish, and do so by keeping the brand identity simple. The correspondence between brand identity and brand associations is strong, and thereby contributes to a strong brand for Metro. Keywords: Metro, free newspaper, brand survey, brand identity, brand associations, brand, customer perceived value, brand positioning, brand equity, brand awareness.Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en varumärkesundersökning på gratistidningen Metro i Karlstad. Undersökningen sker utifrån profil och image, där profilen är ledningens syn på hur varumärket ska se ut och imagen hur publiken uppfattar varumärket. Frågeställningar: Hur ser profilen ut för Metro? Hur ser imagen ut för Metro i Karlstad? Hur väl stämmer profil och image överens? Teoretiskt ramverk: Undersökningen genomförs ur ett medie- och kommunikationsvetenskapligt perspektiv, där begreppen profil och image definieras utifrån litteratur om varumärken. Metod: Undersökningen har genomförts genom en kvalitativ dokumentanalys, samtalsintervjuer samt en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Dokumentanalysen gjordes på Metros egna dokument rörande värderingar och målgrupp. Intervjuerna skedde med tre respondenter från Metros organisation. Enkätundersökningen genomfördes som en typ av gruppenkät med 200 respondenter där åtta plockades bort på grund av att de inte tillhörde målgruppen. Resultat: De kvalitativa undersökningarna visade att Metro har en enkel profil mot sina läsare. De vill att tidningen ska ses som gratis, lättillgänglig och nyhetssammanfattande. Enkätundersökningen visade att Metros läsare i Karlstad väljer tidningen för att den är gratis och lättillgänglig. Läsarna gav också ett bra betyg gällande nyhetssammanfattandet. Slutsatser: Metro håller profilen mot läsare enkel, då de har en hög varumärkeskännedom och inte behöver någon komplex profil. Läsarna väljer Metro för att den är just gratis och lättillgänglig och tycker även att tidningen sammanfattar nyheter bra. Detta är just det Metro vill åstadkomma och gör det genom att hålla profilen enkel. Överensstämmelsen mellan profil och image är därför stark och bidrar till ett starkt varumärke för Metro. Nyckelord: Metro, gratistidning, varumärkesundersökning, profil, image, varumärke, customer perceived value, positionering, brand equity, varumärkeskännedom.
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Tutkun, Secil. "Exhaustion Of Industrial Property Rights In The European Union And Its Implications On The Application Of This Principle In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606973/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the reconciliation of industrial property rights with the principle of free movement of goods in the EU and the implications of this solution on trade relations between the EU and Turkey in the scope of the Decision No. 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council. In the second chapter, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and utility models then the EU regulations and the international regulations concerning the protection of the relevant right in the EU region is examined. Although, the need for &ldquoEU wide protection of industrial property rights&rdquo
is not covered by these regulations, there are special provisions which stipulate &ldquo
regional exhaustion&rdquo
for trademarks and industrial designs. In the EU region there are systems for granting Community Trademark and granting Community Industrial Design which are co-exist with the national systems. However there is no system for granting Community Patent or Community Utility Models and there is no special provision which determine the geographical boundary of the exhaustion of patents and utility models. Nevertheless, the principle of regional exhaustion was accepted through ECJ decisions long before the above mentioned regulations which are very recent. In the third chapter of the thesis, firstly the provisions of the Rome Treaty regarding the free movement of goods, then the process that ECJ had faced until the regional exhaustion doctrine was reached and the implementation clauses of this doctrine is examined. Implementation of this doctrine affects both the trade relations among EU Member States and the trade relations between Member States and the non-EU countries. In the fourth chapter of the thesis, the provisions of the Decision No. 1/95 which regulates the free movements of goods between Turkey and the EU are examined with the articles of national legislation concerning the exhaustion of industrial property rights in Turkey. By considering above mentioned provisions and the different views in the doctrine, the trade relation between the EU and Turkey is examined with the economical, political and legal aspects.
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Alsarran, Mahmoud. "Les perspectives du développement du systeme douanier syrien dans le cadre du partenariat euro-méditerraneen : référence à l'expérience française dans le cadre européen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32008.
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Pour faire face à la mondialisation, les pays se trouvent obligés de se réunir, au moins économiquement, dans certaines formes de partenariats. Ainsi, l’UE et ses voisins sud-méditerranéens ont établi de nouveaux cadres de coopération économique fondés sur la plus grande zone de libre-échange au monde. Pour répondre aux nouvelles préoccupations, la douane syrienne se trouvera obligée d’adopter une nouvelle politique douanière en écartant toute politique protectionniste. L’instauration progressive de la zone de libre-échange euro-syrienne permettra la libre circulation des marchandises, des services et des capitaux. Ainsi, les obstacles tarifaires et non tarifaires aux échanges devront être éliminés. Pour faciliter la mise en place de la zone de libre-échange, il sera indispensable d’assurer un nouvel encadrement en matière de règles d'origine, de certification, de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle, industrielle et de concurrence. Dans cette perspective, la Syrie et l’UE seront invitées, pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de la future zone libre-échange, à réaliser un rapprochement législatif, réglementaire et procédural. L’objectif de cette recherche est de déterminer les traits d’un système douanier syrien apte à servir les objectifs annoncés dans le cadre du partenariat euro-syrienIn order to deal with globalization, countries today are forced to unite themselves, at least economically, by establishing many forms of partnership. The European Union and some southern and Mediterranean countries have established new forms of economic cooperation based on the largest free trade zone in the world. Confronted with these new concerns, the Syrian Customs Services will be forced to adopt new policies by abandoning their protectionist tendencies.The progressively establishing a free trade zone between Syria and EU will make for more free flow of goods, services and capital. Thus, the tariff obstacles as well as some other non-tariff obstacles will have to be eliminated. To facilitate the establishment of the free trade zone, it will be indispensable to assure a new legal framework, such as rules of origins, certification, protection of intellectual property, industrial as well as competition rights. In this perspective, Syria and the European Union will be invited to ensure the proper functioning of the future free trade zone, and to provide for legislative, regulatory, and procedural harmonization. The purpose of this study is to determine the features of the Syrian customs system capable of serving the above-mentioned objectives of the Euro-Syrian partnership
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Botes, Kirsty. "An investigation into the service delivery by commercial banks in South Africa." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/40.
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Miranda, Karine Helena Semedo Craveiro. "O papel da zona franca e das empresas francas em Cabo Verde e o investimento directo estrangeiro." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/798.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalO propósito fundamental do trabalho é analisar o papel que as Empresas Francas vêm desempenhando na captação e fomentação de Investimentos Directos Estrangeiros (IDE) no caso concreto de Cabo Verde e, consequentemente, a forma como têm impulsionado o seu desenvolvimento económico e social. Cabo Verde é um pequeno Estado em desenvolvimento, acabado de sair da situação de País Menos Avançado, (PMA), que apostou, a partir da democracia e do pluripartidarismo, na abertura dos seus mercados, incentivando o investimento estrangeiro, como forma de alcançar um desenvolvimento económico sólido. Uma das formas encontradas para impulsionar tal desenvolvimento foi o estabelecimento de Empresas Francas no país, concedendo-lhes determinados benefícios fiscais e alfandegários, que, aliados à estabilidade política que se vive no país, se perspectiva ser um grande atractivo para as empresas que pretendem rever ou expandir a sua esfera de actuação.
The main purpose of this paper is to study the real role of free enterprises are having in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Cape Verde and, consequently, the form how they have found their economical and social development. Cape Verde is a small and undeveloped state, which after a democratic regime and the multi-partidarism, has adopted an open market strategy to incentive the FDI and has achieved one solid economical development. One way to development was the establishment of free enterprises in this country, and give some fiscals and customs incentives, witch combined with the political stability, that’s happening in the country, it’s to be a big attractive to the enterprises who pretend review or increment his actuation area.
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Daniels, Cecily-Ann Jaqui Monique. "Regional integration in the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area and the importance of infrastructure development in promoting trade and reducing poverty." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6814_1373463283.
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Moreira, Daniela Marlene Lopes. "Consumo de adrenalina: plano de comunicação para o Parque Aventura Sniper." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5127.
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Trabalho de Projecto para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Comunicação Social – Vertente Comunicação EstratégicaAo longo dos anos, o lazer assumiu diferentes formas de importância na sociedade: se há algumas décadas atrás apenas alguns estratos sociais podiam usufruir do tempo dedicado ao prazer, hoje em dia o seu acesso está mais liberalizado. O aumento dos rendimentos e do tempo para o lazer, devido às folgas e férias pagas, conduziu a uma mudança nos usos do tempo livre, dando, segundo alguns autores, origem a uma certa moral do prazer. A adrenalina produzida por desportos de aventura proporciona uma oportunidade aos indivíduos que buscam, através de emoções fortes, uma recriação da sua identidade e uma evasão ao stress provocado pelo quotidiano. Deste modo, qual será a estratégia de comunicação mais adequada para fidelizar clientes a um Parque de Desportos Aventura? Este projecto será dividido em duas partes, na primeira será feita a revisão bibliográfica referente ao lazer e à sociologia de emoções, bem como a identificação de ferramentas de fidelização de clientes, e na segunda, é apresentada a pergunta de partida e analisada a estratégia de marketing e comunicação do Parque Aventura Sniper, um Parque dedicado a desportos de aventura sediado em Bucelas, na área da Grande Lisboa. Os principais objectivos são diagnosticar a comunicação da empresa e, com base nesse diagnóstico, desenvolver um plano de comunicação com o propósito de combater a sazonalidade do negócio, angariando e fidelizando clientes.
Through the years, leisure has had many different forms of importance in society: If, up until some decades ago, only some social strata were able to have free time for leisure, nowadays it is available to everyone. The evolution of income and leisure time, thanks to paid holidays, has brought a change in the use of our free-time, leading to a certain moral of pleasure, according to several authors. The adrenaline produced by adventure sports creates an opportunity for the people who seek for a recreation of their identity and a combat to daily life stress by experiencing strong emotions. Which could be, then, the best communication strategy attain its clients’ loyalty? This project is divided into two parts, a first one consisting in a thorough literary review of leisure, sociology of emotions and customer loyalty tools, and a second one which will be presented with a starting question and where the marketing and communication strategy of Parque Aventura Sniper, a park dedicated to adventure sports situated in Bucelas, in the area of the Greater Lisbon, will be analyzed. The main goals are to diagnose the company’s communication and, basing on this diagnose, to create a communication plan with the purpose of levelling the seasonality of the business, attracting new clients and securing their loyalty.
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Zavadzkienė, Daiva. "Muitų politikos pokyčiai Lietuvai tapus ES nare." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050602_151939-71559.
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The research object- the customs policy of the Republic of Lithuania. The research aim- to determine the changes in customs policy after Lithuania Joined EU. The objectives: 1) to research theoretical foundation of customs- to determine customs conception, functions, to estimate their significance and features of classification, to present the instrumentation of customs; 2) to do the analysis of Lithuania foreign trade and customs policy by joining the EU. 3) analize and evaluate the customs policy and overseas trade after Lithuania has become a EU member country. 4) anticipate the perspectives of customs policy implemented by Lithuania after joining the EU. Research methods- the analysis and synthesis of economical literature, logical abstraction, the methods of comparison, grouping and graphic modeling, interpretation and estimation of statistics. The scientific and economic literature, the regulation of the European community, also the law certificate of the Republic of Lithuania was explored in order to gain the main purpose. There were analyzed the reports of Foreign Office, the department of statistic, which is related to the government of the Republic of Lithuania next to the Board of exchequer. There were introduced the peculiarities of foreign customs and determined changes in trade treatment after joining the E.U.
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Ramarumo, Relebohile Gertrude. "The impact of organisational culture on job stress and burnout in graded hospitality establishments in the Freestate province." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/231.
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Thesis (M. Tech) (Tourism and Hospitality Management)) Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014Job stress and burnout can have a detrimental effect on the health of employees and their job performance. This is especially applicable to the hospitality industry which is a service-intensive industry where customer needs and wants are the most important focus. Organisational culture being defined as the social glue that helps bring the organisation together is seen in this case as the proper mechanism that managers could use to deal with the detrimental effects of job stress and burnout. This study assessed the impact of organisational culture on job stress and burnout in graded hospitality establishments in the Free State Province. The two main economic areas of the Free State, namely Bloemfontein and Clarence, were included in the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to all staff members in 46 graded accommodation establishments, and a total number of 227 questionnaires were collected for data analysis. The questionnaire consisted of a demographic section, an organisational culture section (based on the Competing Value Framework), a job stress section (based on Spielberger’s Job Stress Survey) and a burnout section (based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory). Data were interpreted using both descriptive and inferential statistics (including factor analysis and t-tests). The findings indicate that graded hospitality establishments had a predominantly Rational Culture, which points to strong external positioning and competitiveness. The Rational Culture is externally focused and does not adequately consider the needs of internal constituents – notably the employees. The cultural values associated with the Rational Culture are thus not as conducive in moderating job stress and burnout as the Group and Developmental Cultures. Appropriate recommendations are proposed in mitigating the effect of job stress and burnout in the hospitality industry.
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Dube, Memory. "Liberalisation and regulation of trade in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) : a critical analysis of the SADC trade protocol's provisions and its implementation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008204.
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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) declared a Free Trade Area on 17 August 2008. The Free Trade Area is the ultimate objective of the Trade Protocol on trade cooperation in SADC, signed in 1996. The Protocol is supported and complemented by the ambitious Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP). The idea behind the SADC Trade Protocol was to counter the developmental challenges facing SADC member states and to improve the productive and trade capacity of SADC countries. The implementation of the SADC Free Trade Area has been guided by the WTO/GATT regulatory framework on regional trade agreements, particularly GATT Article XXIV, the Understanding on the Interpretation of GATT Article XXIV, as well as the Decision on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries (Enabling Clause). This research seeks to analyse the SADC Trade Protocol's provisions and the implementation of such provisions. To facilitate an understanding of factors that affect the implementation of the SADC Trade Protocol, SADC's institutional and operational framework is discussed from a legal-historical perspective. The provisions of the Trade Protocol are analysed for compliance with WTO/GA TT rules as well as for applicability within the SADC context. The provisions of the WTO/GA TT regulatory framework on regional trade agreements are also analysed with a view to determining whether they are applicable in developing country situations such as SADC. The Free Trade Area is seen as the first step towards regional economic integration in the region and is to be followed by a Customs Union, a Common Market and then eventually an Economic Community with its own central bank and regional currency. It is envisaged that the region will proceed through all these traditional theoretical phases of economic integration between 2008 and 2018. The implementation of the Trade Protocol has been beset with institutional, administrative and infrastructural challenges which pose obstacles to the attainment of the other stages of economic integration in the time frames prescribed in the RISDP. These challenges are assessed for impact on the regional economic integration of SADC by evaluating the progress towards implementing the Trade Protocol provisions and the implementation of measures taken towards the launch of the Free Trade Area. Emerging issues are also identified and analysed for their effect on the Free Trade Area and the general economic agenda of SADC. Of particular note is the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) being negotiated with the European Union where SADC countries are negotiating in four different configurations. An analysis of this EPA situation reveals that it compounds a pre-existing problem: that of overlapping membership of regional trade agreements. Prior to the EPAs and the intensified drive towards the creation of the Customs Union, there was largely no need to rationalise the overlap in regional trade agreement memberships, but it is now a matter of urgency. The overlap in membership has complicated EPA negotiations and places serious doubts on the prospects of complete regional integration in SADC.This research concludes with observations on South Africa's complicated relationship with her SADC neighbours. South Africa's trade policies, as regards both the SADC region and the world, are discussed. Because of its political and economic dominance, South Africa's policies have a ripple effect on the rest of SADC; hence the need for South Africa to be vigilant in formulating and implementing its trade policies.
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Bedet, Florian. "Essai sur la définition d’un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS529/document.
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La thèse entreprise a pour objectif d’essayer de définir un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux. La nature juridique des envois postaux justifie un traitement douanier autonome et distinct des formalités douanières applicables aux marchandises des échanges commerciaux internationaux. Les travaux réalisés devraient tout d’abord aider à répondre aux problématiques liées aux difficultés juridiques de la définition de cette procédure de dédouanement spécifique et leurs conséquences. L’étude portera particulièrement sur le règlement des différends entre les autorités douanières et les importateurs ou exportateurs d’envois postaux internationaux en cas de litige lié au dédouanement. Au préalable, il faut donc relever et clarifier les règles juridiques qui sont déjà applicables au dédouanement des envois postaux, tant au niveau national et européen, qu'au niveau international en ce domaine. Cependant, cela se révèle difficile, et il faut rester opiniâtre devant l'extrême diversité des sources et des textes, parsemés dans de nombreuses branches du droit. Il faut ensuite nécessairement tenter de redéfinir, clairement et simplement, la notion d’envoi postal et la notion de service postal universel justifiant l'application d'une procédure spécifique de dédouanement des envois postaux. La notion de service postal universel implique un dédouanement rapide des envois postaux. Les administrations douanières ont, elles, l’obligation d’assurer le contrôle de toutes les marchandises importées ou exportées de leurs territoires nationales. La mission principale des autorités douanières est de protéger l’attractivité économique des Etats. Les agents douaniers doivent, d’une part, prélever les droits de douane et taxes à l’importation, d’autre part, lutter contre les trafics illicites de marchandises prohibées ou soumises à restriction. La délicate combinaison de l’universalisme du service postal et des obligations douanières doit permettre la reconnaissance et l’établissement d’une procédure de dédouanement spécifique aux envois postaux impliquant une nouvelle détermination des envois relevant du service postal universel et la mise en place de règles de dédouanement obligatoires et communes à l’ensemble des services postaux internationaux. La mise en œuvre d’une coopération internationale renforcée entre les services postaux et les autorités douanières est, en ce sens, préalablement indispensable. L’étude doit permettre de rendre compréhensible, pour les entreprises et les particuliers nationaux et européens, le droit positif douanier applicable au dédouanement postal. On analysera notamment les infractions et les règles douanières sanctionnant les diverses fraudes que l’on retrouve le plus fréquemment en pratique. L’essai sur la définition d'un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux démontrera qu’il est impératif de renforcer les pouvoirs et les moyens de contrôle et de sanctions des autorités douanières pour ce type singulier de dédouanement. Les voies de recours non-contentieuses et contentieuses qui sont ouvertes aux redevables et requérants feront également l’objet d’un traitement particulier. Les droits des redevables ou requérants sont notamment garantis par le principe de contrôle de la légalité des décisions de l’Administration des douanes et de ses agents par le juge judiciaire. Le juge judiciaire et le droit européen limitent et encadrent les pouvoirs exorbitants des autorités douanièresThe thesis undertaken aims to try to define a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The legal nature of the postal sendings justifies a customs treatment autonomous and distinct from the customs formalities applicable to the goods of the international commercial exchanges. The completed works should first of all help to answer the problems related to the legal difficulties of the definition of this procedure of specific taking out of bond and their consequences. The study will relate particularly to settlement of disputes between the customs authorities and the importers or exporters of international postal sendings in the event of litigation related to the taking out of bond. As a preliminary, it is thus necessary to raise and clarify the legal rules which are already applicable to the taking out of bond of the postal sendings, so much at the national and European level, that with the international level in this field. However, that appears difficult, and there is necessary to remain obstinate in front of the extreme diversity of the sources and the texts, strewn in many branches with the right. It is then necessarily necessary to try to redefine, clearly and simply, the concept of postal sending and the notion of universal postal service justifying the application of a specific procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The concept of universal postal service implies a fast taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The customs administrations have, they, the obligation to ensure the control of all the imported or exported goods their territories main roads. The main mission of the customs authorities is to protect the economic attractivity from the States. The customs agents must, on the one hand, take the customs duties and import taxes, on the other hand, to fight against the illicit traffics of goods prohibited or subjected to restriction. The delicate combination of the universalism of the postal service and the customs obligations must allow the recognition and the establishment of a procedure of taking out of bond specific to the postal sendings implying a new determination of the sendings concerned with the universal postal service and the installation of rules of taking out of bond obligatory and communes the whole of the international postal services. The implementation of an international cooperation reinforced between the postal services and the customs authorities is, in this direction, beforehand essential. The study must make it possible to make comprehensible, for the companies and the individuals national and European, the customs substantive law applicable to the postal taking out of bond. One will analyze in particular the customs infringements and rules sanctioning the various frauds which one finds most frequently in practice. The test on the definition of a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings will show that it is imperative to reinforce the powers and the means of control and sanctions of the customs authorities for this singular type of taking out of bond. The not-contentious and contentious appeals which are opened up for the debtors and applicants will also be the object of a particular treatment. The rights of the debtors or applicants are in particular ensured by the principle of control of the legality of the decisions of the Customs and Excise and of its agents by the legal judge. The legal judge and the European right limit and frame the exorbitant powers of the customs authorities
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Cabral, Dilva Helena Vaz. "Cabo Verde e União Europeia: os potenciais efeitos na economia Cabo-Verdiana de uma integração económica com a União Europeia." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2935.
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Mestrado em Economia Internaciopnal e Estudos EuropeusOs factores de ordem económica têm vindo a assumir, cada vez mais, um papel relevante na explicação da necessidade de integração económica internacional, principalmente no que se refere aos Países em Vias de Desenvolvimento. Este trabalho procura analisar os possíveis custos e benefícios, inerente ao processo da integração económica, para a economia de Cabo Verde com uma eventual adesão à União Europeia através da constituição de uma das formas de integração económica, nomeadamente zona de comércio livre ou união aduaneira. Para isso, numa primeira análise, propomos uma breve apresentação do processo da integração económica internacional. Procedemos com uma análise da economia cabo-verdiana e o seu modelo de integração económica internacional, assim como uma breve caracterização da União Europeia, com principal enfoque no seu processo de integração económica, tendo em conta a possibilidade de estes virem a representar mercados potenciais ou concorrentes. Finalmente, prosseguimos com a análise da viabilidade da integração económica de Cabo Verde na União Europeia, isto é, analisamos os potenciais efeitos, custos e benefícios do ponto de vista económico, para a economia cabo-verdiana com uma eventual integração no espaço europeu. Os resultados mostram que Cabo Verde não tem muito a perder com essa eventual integração, na qual os efeitos dinâmicos assumem uma importância relevante, mediante a adopção de uma estratégia de integração de zona de comércio livre com os países da UE. Esta revela-se eficaz, assim como a adopção de importantes políticas económicas e a criação de condições para um ambiente mais competitivo.
The economic factors have been taking an important role in explaining the need for international economic integration, particularly in relation to developing countries. This paper analyzes the possible costs and benefits, inherent in the process of economic integration, of the economy of Cape Verde with a possible integration in the European Union, whether through a free trade area or a customs union. In an initial analysis we present a brief presentation of the process of international economic integration. We proceed with an economic and social analysis of Cape Verde, as well as a brief characterization of the European Union with its main focus in the economic integration process, considering the possibility of the upcoming potential or competitive markets. Finally, we conduct an analysis on the potential effects, costs and benefits for the economy of Cape Verde with an potential integration into the European Union. The results demonstrate that Cape Verde has not much to lose with this potential integration, in which dynamic effects are of great importance, by creating a free trade area with EU countries. This appears to be most effective, as well as the adoption of important economic policies and the creation of conditions for a more competitive environment.
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Anjos, Jeniffer Natalie Silva dos. "Desenvolvimento regional da área de livre comércio de Boa Vista e suas implicações socioespaciais a partir de um estudo geoestratégico." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2014. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=251.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorCom o objetivo de construir um estudo sobre a Área de Livre Comércio de Boa Vista a partir da política de integração regional para a Amazônia Ocidental, a presente pesquisa discorre sobre os aspectos de interdependência na composição das esferas intra-regionais e inter-regionais resultantes das ações de regionalização programadas pelo Estado nacional para as áreas que apresentam diferenças regionais impactantes na sua economia em comparação as demais regiões brasileiras. Com base nas leis de criação e regulamentação da área de livre comércio de Boa Vista a pesquisa se fundamenta na concepção de ações políticas para o desenvolvimento das áreas localizadas em circuitos econômicos inferiores e dependentes de escalas com economias especializadas. Fundamentando-se no conceito de políticas de desenvolvimento regional a cidade Boa Vista é avaliada como local receptor de ações estatais impostas a nível hierárquico. Nessas condições o regime aduaneiro especial do tipo área de livre comércio é avaliado como uma política de integração e de desenvolvimento regional fracassada, apresentando não mais que uma ação compensatória ao desgaste e inércia econômica do estado de Roraima. Estabelecidas sobre as alternativas de desenvolvimento pulverizadas pelo Estado e pelas elites regionais as tímidas transformações socioeconômicas na cidade não resultam da eficácia do modelo de desenvolvimento proposto para a Amazônia e em especial para Boa Vista.
Aiming to introduce a study about the Trade free Area in Boa Vista -RR from the regional integration policy for the Western Amazon perspective, this research discusses the aspects of interdependence in the composition of intra - regional and inter - regional levels resulting from actions regionalization programmed by the national government for the areas that present striking regional differences in its economy compared to other Brazilian regions. Based on the laws of creation and regulation of the free trade area of Boa Vista, this research is based on the design of policies for the development of areas located in lower economic circuits and dependent of scales with specialized economies. Basing on the concept of regional development policies the city of Boa Vista is evaluated as receptor of State actions imposed in a hierarchical level. Under these conditions the special customs regime of free trade area type is reported as an integration policy and failed regional development, presented no more than a compensatory action due the economic inertia and inroad of the state of Roraima. Established on alternative of development sprayed by state and regional elites, little socioeconomic transformations in the city do not result in the efficiency of development model proposed for the Amazon and in particular for Boa Vista.
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Axelsson, Filippa, and Sofia Johansson. "Fluorfria återimpregneringar : en studie om konsumentprodukter för återimpregnering av textil." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12379.
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Varaktig vattenavvisning från engelskans Durable Water Repellents (DWR) är en kemi som appliceras på textil för att göra den motståndskraftig mot vätska. En DWR-kemi som visat sig vara till stor belastning för miljön och därför genomgått en utfasning inom industrin är fluorkarboner. Detta har lett till fluorfria alternativ och även modifierade fluorkarboner vilka det finns bristande information kring gällande risker för miljö och hälsa. I och med övergången från fluorerade DWR till de fluorfria alternativen aktualiserades frågan kring hur ”durable”, alltså motståndskraftiga mot tvätt och användning, dessa verkligen är. Detta har resulterat i ett stort utbud av konsumentprodukter för återupplivning av vattenavvisning på beklädnad i hemmamiljö. Dessa konsumentprodukter har benämnts som återimpregneringar i denna studie. Återimpregneringar kan göra att användaren förblir nöjd med beklädnaden och detta minskar i sin tur det textila avfallet. Området är outforskat och industrin vill veta mer om dessa konsumentprodukter inklusive hur det textila materialet påverkas av dem. Studien har utgått från ett kundperspektiv vid val av relevanta parametrar och på ett kreativt sätt översatt dessa till laborativa testmetoder. De parametrar som funnits med i studien har varit vattenavvisning, färgförändring, luftgenomsläpplighet samt känsla vilka har använts för analys och jämförelse mellan åtta stycken fluorfria återimpregneringar. Två etablerade appliceringstekniker, wash-in och spray-on, har undersökts på fyra olika textilier som skulle kunna representera frilufts- samt arbetskläder. Två av textilierna var av polyester och två var av polyamid. Samtliga återimpregneringar gav en ökad vattenavvisande effekt. Resultatet varierade beroende på vilket textilt material och vilken återimpregnering som användes. De övriga testmetoderna, färgförändring, luftgenomsläpplighet och böjstyvhet, visade även de liknande variationer i resultaten. Wash-in och spray-on teknikerna kunde generellt visa på statistiska skillnader. Även produkter med samma varumärke applicerade med wash-in och spray-on teknik visade skilda resultat. De laborativa testmetoderna som valts ut visade sig vara användbara verktyg för utvärdering av återimpregneringar vid textilapplicering. Utifrån litteraturens rön och denna studies resultat har slutsatsen dragits att konsumentprodukter för återimpregnering av textil har betydande skillnader beroende av vilken DWR-kemi de består av samt textiliens konstruktion och fibersort. Det säkraste fluorfria alternativet ur miljösynpunkt tros av rapportförfattarna vara vax som klassas som en kolväteskemi, men det finns mycket kvar att utforska innan en sådan slutsats kan dras med säkerhet. Denna studie har varit ett inledande steg mot att undersöka återimpregneringar som förhoppningsvis i framtiden kan leda till ett minskat textilt avfall med minsta möjliga miljöbelastning.The textile industry uses durable water repellents (DWR) to achieve water repellency on textiles. One of these DWR chemistries, fluorocarbons, is an environmental issue and has therefore been phased-out in the industry. This has resulted in a market where both modified fluorocarbons and fluorine-free alternatives are available and there is a lack of information about these DWR regarding health and environmental aspects. Due to the changeover from the fluorinated DWR to the non-fluorinated options, the question was raised about how durable these really are. This resulted in a wide range of do-it-yourself consumer products for the water repellency revival. These consumer products have been referred to as reimpregnations in this study. The purpose of reimpregnations is to give clothing a longer life cycle. The customer remains satisfied with the garment and this in turn reduces the textile waste. The industry wants to know more about these unexplored consumer products, including how the textile material is affected by them. A customer perspective has been the basis for selecting relevant parameters in this study, which has been creatively translated into laboratory test methods. Parameters in this study have been water repellency, color change, air permeability and fabric hand. These have been used for analysis and comparison of eight fluorine-free reimpregnations. The techniques used were wash-in and spray-on and have been investigated on four different textiles representing outdoor clothing and workwear, two made of polyester and two of polyamide. All the reimpregnations showed an increased effect in water repellency. The result varied depending on which textile material and what kind of reimpregnation that was used. The other test methods also showed variation according to these factors. Over all the wash-in and spray-on techniques showed a statistical significance. Products from the same brand applied with wash-in and spray-on techniques also showed different results. The selected laboratory test methods proved to be useful tools for evaluation of reimpregnations in textile applications. Based on the literature combined with the results from this study the conclusion has been made that reimpregnation, of textile materials, has a significant difference between DWR chemistries as well as the construction and fibre type of the textile. The safest fluorine-free option, from an environmental point of view, is believed to be wax, which is classified as a hydrocarbon chemistry, however there is much left to explore before such a conclusion can be made with certainty. This study has been an initial step towards the investigation of reimpregnations, which hopefully in the future can lead to reduced textile waste with as little environmental impact as possible.
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Bouriche, Riadh. "Les réformes fiscales et douanières en Algérie dans le cadre des accords euro-méditerranéens : une approche relationnelle et institutionnelle de l'association interrégionale." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0799.
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Avec les accords euro-méditerranéens d’association, les pouvoirs publics algériens sont appelés à respecter les engagements internationaux et régionaux qui en résultent. Il s’agit en particulier de mettre en conformité les administrations fiscales et douanières. En effet, les transformations économiques et juridiques que produit la mise en place de ce genre d’accord d’association interpellent notamment les législateurs algériens pour entreprendre des réformes fiscales et douanières qui s’imposent par la libéralisation des échanges. L’objectif est donc de rapprocher le droit fiscal et douanier de l’Algérie avec les législations en vigueur dans les Etats de l’Union européenne et plus généralement euro-méditerranéens. C’est dans ce cadre que notre sujet se propose d’approcher et de débattre la réforme fiscale et douanière en Algérie. Pour cela, ce travail débute par une réflexion sur cet accord d’association, qui passe par l’évolution des relations entre l’Algérie et l’Union européenne. Puis nous abordons plus précisément la question des réformes fiscales et douanières en Algérie dans le cadre de cet accord d’association. Pour terminer nous traitons de l’importance de la bonne gouvernance financière dans le cadre de l’intégration régionaleWith the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements, the Algerian authorities are required to comply with the resulting international and regional commitments. This concerns in particular the conformity to the tax and customs administrations. In fact, the economic and legal transformations implemented by such an association agreement demand the Algerian legislators to undertake fiscal and customs reforms required by trade liberalization. The goal, therefore, is to bring the Algerian tax and customs law closer to the laws in force in the European Union states and more particularly in the Euro-Mediterranean ones. It is in this context that we aim through our subject to approach and discuss tax and customs reform in Algeria. For this, the work begins with a reflection on the Association Agreement, achieved through the development of relations between Algeria and the European Union. Then, we tackle specifically the issue of tax and customs reforms in Algeria on the occasion of the Euro-Mediterranean agreements. Finally we discuss the importance of good financial governance in the context of regional integration
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Dogan, Dilek. "Les enjeux du concept d'origine en droit international et communautaire." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911672.
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L'élaboration et l'application de règles d'origine sont devenues plus problématiques face aux réalités de la mondialisation, car les matières premières ou les composantes peuvent venir d'un certain nombre de pays, mais les douaniers doivent déterminer l'origine du produit aux fins de traitement, parmi lesquelles le droit de douane à appliquer, à partir du moment où le produit entre dans sa juridiction. Traditionnellement, l'origine des marchandises faisant l'objet d'échanges internationaux a été considéré comme l'un des instruments de l'administration des douanes, mais l'évolution du commerce international a montré que la détermination de l'origine pouvait avoir des conséquences sur un très grand nombre d'aspects régis par différents Accords de l'OMC. Actuellement, les règles d'origine constituent un instrument secondaire de politique commerciale important et elles sont utilisées pour déterminer la nationalité d'un produit en vue d'une application correcte des mesures de politique commerciale discriminatoire. Mais l'absence d'un ensemble de règles d'origine unifiées et harmonisées offre à certains pays l'opportunité et les incitent à utiliser ces règles pour appliquer une politique protectionniste et discriminatoire entre les différents pays. En raison de la manière dont elles sont appliquées dans un grand nombre de cas, il semble que ces règles soient de plus en plus considérées comme des instruments de politique commerciale en soi, et non comme un dispositif de soutien aux dits instruments. Il est reconnu par tous les pays que l'harmonisation faciliterait les échanges internationaux. Mais compte tenu de la diversité des règles d'origine, cette harmonisation est un exercice complexe en fonction des divergences des intérêts nationaux, couvrant le spectre entier du commerce global, s'étendant de la libéralisation et de l'accès aux marchés à la protection. Cette thèse n'a pas l'ambition de trouver une solution à cette problématique, car les solutions dépendent de l'intérêt privilégié, mais de fournir quelques pistes de réflexion.
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Khewu-Mokati, N. P. D. "The use of animals by African people (Blacks) : an ethical perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52584.
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Thesis (MPhil)-- Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This ethical case study of public slaughter has indicated that there is an urgent need to address the issue of public slaughter, because it has resulted in animosity and polarisation between black and white people living in the Goldfields. Black people feel that their rights are violated, and they are not protected by the government because they encounter problems when practising their rituals. White people feel that the government is not protecting them from the health hazards caused by black people. The ultimate aim of the study is to contribute to and amplify the existing body of knowledge with regard to the extent of the problem experienced by people in the Goldfields, its impact in their every day lives and to propose guidelines that will help when regulations governing environmental issues are drawn. In order to accomplish these aims the following objectives should be realised by this study: • South Africa is a multi-racial country so a uniting policy is needed. • Each culture is unique and it has a special value, so no culture must be marginalised. • The old policy needs to be revised and amendments made. • Identify the actual causes of these problems. Are they racist driven or are they driven by genuine health concerns? This ethical study also indicates that the following are central values that should inform decision-making: • Health. • Respect and tolerance. • Communication. • Participation. Transparency. • Commitment. Based on the findings from the research conducted it is clear that both clashing parties (black and white people) need to live in peace at the ultimate end although their description of peaceful life differs, so the following recommendations are made as to how to address and alleviate problems caused by public slaughter. • A formal meeting must be convened to discuss this critical issue. • Drafted proposals must be produced. • The proposals must be debated. • The proposal must be adopted. • The existing bylaws must be changed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie gevallestudie in etiek oor slagtery in die openbaar is bevind dat daar 'n dringende behoefte bestaan om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek, veralomdat dit in die verlede reeds tot spanning en polarisasie tussen swart en wit groepe in die Goudveld aanleiding gegee het. Swartmense voel dat hulle regte aangetas word en dat hulle nie genoegsaam deur die owerheid beskerm word om hulle rituele uit te voer nie. Witmense voel weer dat die owerheid hulle nie beskerm teen gesondheidsgevare wat geskep word deur swartmense nie. Die uiteindelike doel van hierdie ondersoek is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die uitbouing van bestaande kennis oor die omvang van die probleem wat mense in die Goudveld ondervind met slagtery in die openbaar, wat die impak daarvan is op die alledaagse lewens van mense, en om voorstelle aan die hand te doen wat gebruik kan word wanneer regulasies opgestel word oor omgewingskwessies soos hierdie. Om hierdie oogmerke te bereik sal die volgende punte in hierdie studie aandag ontvang: • Suid-Afrika is 'n veelrassige land, so 'n beleid word benodig wat mense verenig. • Elke kultuur is uniek en het 'n besondere waarde, dus geen kultuur mag gemarginaliseer word nie. • Die bestaande beleid moet hersien en aangepas word. • Die werklike oorsake van die probleme moet geïdentifiseer word. Is hulle rassisties van aard, of gebaseer op werklike gesondheidsoorweginge ? In hierdie etiese studie is ook vasgestel dat die volgende kern-waardes die proses van besluitneming behoort te beïnvloed: • Gesondheid. • Respek en verdraagsaamheid. • Kommunikasie. • Deelname. • Deursigtigheid. • Verbintenis ("commitment"). Vanuit die bevindinge van die navorsing is dit duidelik dat albei die botsende partye (swart- en witmense) uiteindelik in vrede met mekaar moet saamleef, alhoewel hulle omskrywings van 'n vreedsame lewe verskil van mekaar. Gevolglik is die volgende aanbevelings gemaak om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek: • 'n Formele byeenkoms moet saamgeroep word om die kritiese probleem te bespreek. • Skriftelike voorstelle moet vir so 'n byeenkoms opgestel word. • Die voorstelle moet bespreek word. • 'n Voorstel moet aanvaar word. • Die bestaande regulasies moet verander word.
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Lamouroux, Guillaume. "Les subventions aux entreprises privées : contribution à l'analyse civile et fiscale de l'acte neutre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0018.
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Si les réflexions menées sur la notion de subvention foisonnent en droit public et en science financière, le droit privé fait preuve à son égard d’une certaine indifférence. Celle-ci est d’autant plus préjudiciable que le phénomène des subventions consenties aux et par les entreprises privées ne peut qu’imparfaitement être appréhendé à travers le prisme de l’analyse classique de ces matières, à savoir que la subvention est une aide financière accordée sans contrepartie par une personne publique. L’étude des subventions aux entreprises privées permet donc d’apprécier la pertinence de cette analyse classique et propose un renouvellement de la notion de subvention à un triple titre.Tout d’abord, à rebours de l’analyse de droit public, la subvention doit être qualifiée non pas d’acte unilatéral, mais de contrat unilatéral. Il ne faut pas, en effet, confondre l’expression du consentement de la personne morale, résultant d’un acte unilatéral, avec l’acte de subvention, ayant une nature contractuelle. Ensuite, la subvention n’est qu’une variété d’aide financière. Elle se caractérise par un transfert direct de valeurs du patrimoine de l’auteur de la subvention à celui de son bénéficiaire, les valeurs étant toujours affectées à la réalisation d’un but déterminé. Ces deux éléments sont essentiels, car ils permettent de distinguer la subvention d’autres aides aux entreprises (telles qu’un abandon de créance, un prêt ou une opération pour un prix minoré ou majoré) et de mettre en évidence que l’affectation de la subvention n’engage pas son bénéficiaire à l’exécution d’une obligation, mais plus justement au respect de cette finalité en raison de la force obligatoire du contrat. En cas de méconnaissance, l’entreprise subventionnée s’expose alors à la résolution du contrat pour inexécution, toute exécution forcée étant impossible au regard de l’atteinte qu’elle porterait à sa liberté de gestion. Enfin, la subvention n’est pas exactement une aide sans contrepartie, mais plutôt une aide sans contrepartie directe. Si son auteur recherche alors souvent une contrepartie indirecte de l’attribution de la subvention, il n’en retire parfois aucune. Cette alternative fait apparaître toute la spécificité de la subvention, puisqu’elle peut être consentie soit à titre gratuit soit à titre onéreux. En d’autres termes, la subvention est un acte neutre, d’où les nombreuses difficultés pratiques qu’elle suscite. Plus précisément, en tant que contrat neutre, la subvention ne trahit pas sa cause et il faut alors déterminer dans chaque cas si le but de son débiteur est intéressé ou désintéressé. Cette recherche est indispensable, car la subvention consentie à titre gratuit, notamment par une entreprise privée, entraîne une réaction du droit des sociétés – violation du principe de spécialité – du droit fiscal – acte anormal de gestion – et du droit pénal. La mise en évidence de telles limites à la liberté de subventionner les entreprises privées contribue alors à révéler l’identité civile et fiscale de l’acte neutreWhile the notion of subsidy is widely discussed within public law and financial science, private law remains relatively indifferent to this subject. This is particularly detrimental given that the concept of subsidies for and by private companies can only be imperfectly assessed via the classical analysis of these subjects where a subsidy is viewed as an unconditioned financial support. Studying subsidies to private companies thus enables us to assess the appropriateness of this classical analysis and to suggest a renewed understanding of subsidies on three aspects.Firstly, unlike in public law, a subsidy must be viewed as a unilateral contract, not a unilateral act. It is important indeed not to confuse the expression of consent by a legal entity, which results from a unilateral act, with the act of granting a subsidy, which is contractual in nature. A subsidy is also just a type of financial support. It is characterized by a direct wealth transfer from the grantor of the subsidy to its beneficiary, valued on the achievement of a specific goal. These two elements are essential as they differentiate a subsidy from other types of private companies’ support mechanisms (such as debt relief, loans, underpriced or overpriced transactions) and show that being goal-oriented does not commit the beneficiary to realizing the stated objective, rather it is the binding nature of a contract that enforces this obligation. In case of non-compliance, the subsidized entity will be subject to the contract’s termination clauses for being in default of its contractual obligations, a forced contractual compliance being not possible as it remains a management decision. Finally, a subsidy is not exactly an unconditioned financial support, rather it is a support without direct obligations. If its grantor often aims to obtain a direct benefit against the issuance of a subsidy, it often obtains nothing. This alternative reflects the specificity of a subsidy as it can be given for free or not. In other words, a subsidy is a neutral act which explains its numerous practical difficulties. More precisely, as a neutral contract, a subsidy does not express a specific reason, in each case it must thus be assessed if the issuer has a vested interest in the granting of the said subsidy. This research is of great interest, as a subsidy granted for free, in particular by a private enterprise, has consequences in terms of company law – breach of the “specialty” principle – tax law – customary managerial decisions – and criminal law. Showing the limits of the freedom to subsidize private companies contributes to reveal the civil and tax identity of a neutral act
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Li, Min-Jhe, and 李旻哲. "Under High-Perceived Risk, Does Free-Economics with Mobile Payment still Attract Customers?" Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9f3975.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
企業管理系所
105
This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of free- economics of perceived risk with mobile payment on consumers’ responses. In this study, a video and two posters of famous restaurants were used to do experiment. The experiment and a survey were conducted with students in National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. The valid samples consist of 289 respondents under low-perceived risk condition and 294 respondents under high-perceived risk condition. Findings of this study are shown as follows: (1) Consumers’ responses were higher under Cross Subsidization Model than Freemium Model and non-Free Economics marketing. (2)The high and low level of perceived risk had significant negative effects on consumers’ responses. (3)Two kinds of Free-economics had the moderating effect on consumers’ response under high perceived risk. This study recommends payment system operators that two kinds of free marketing model will help to improve the consumers’ behavior, when consumers perceive a strong risk of mobile payment. The results will help the mobile payment industry and retail business to apply a Free-Economics marketing strategy for decision making.
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Chou, Yu-Tsun, and 周昱存. "Multichannel Service Providers' Strategy: Understanding the Customers' Switching and Free-riding Behavior." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16739054128047079189.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
企業管理學系
99
Since the advent of the Web, multichannel customer management has become an issue for serious discussion. How a retailer integrates the Internet into its retailing process, and how it coordinates offline and online strategic decisions, can impact its performance in a service multichannel. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the applicability of a theoretical framework, push-pull-mooring (PPM), for understanding customers’ switching behaviors, and concern the issue of constraint factors avoided customer switching. Survey data from 530 Taiwanese customers (response rate of 94%) were used to consult the Web sites of the retailers before purchasing. The results of this study are twofold. Firstly, online channel perceived risk, online channel switching barrier have significant directly impacts on cross-channel free riding; company perceived risk, company switching barrier and another company attractiveness have significant impacts on switch. Secondly, company switching barrier have strongly negative moderate impact on the relationship between company perceived risks/another company attractive and switching. On the other hand, even if the current company perceived risks or another company attractive are strong, a customer may not switch if there are company factors mooring him or her to the current service provider. Above results further showed us the importance of understanding the company mooring variables. Managerial implications and further directions were then discussed.
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Carrapiço, Daniela Coelho. "Assessing the willingness of customers to share their data in exchange for the free use of mobile Apps." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/110810.
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Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Information Management, specialization in Knowledge Management and Business IntelligenceThe market of free mobile apps is vaster than the paid ones, gathering data in exchange for its use, leaving to wonder if that disclosure is worthwhile. This study aims to understand the tradeoff people are willing to accept between their privacy and the free use of a smartphone app. The proposed model was empirically evaluated using data from 331 valid questionnaires and tested with Partial Least Squares. Results showcased the users’ intention to continue disclosing their data is driven by satisfaction and perceived benefits, not being influenced by perceived risks. Moderation effects of perceived benefits and satisfaction were found.
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Saunders, Daniel B. "Students as customers: The influence of neoliberal ideology and free-market logic on entering first-year college students." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3465082.
Full textAbstract:
Scholars have documented the ways in which the influence of neoliberal ideology, and particularly the extension of free-market logic, has resulted in meaningful changes within colleges and universities in the United States. However, largely omitted from these discussions is the impact of neoliberal ideology on college students. Concurrent with the discussion concerning neoliberalism and higher education, a separate dialogue focusing on the rise of the conceptualization of students as customers has been occurring amongst higher education scholars. Such an understanding of college students is consistent with free-market logic, as the relationship between students and their institutions become defined in economic terms. While many scholars have lamented about the rise of this new approach towards education, few have connected it with larger changes in higher education or with the influence of neoliberal ideology. More importantly, researchers have yet to measure reliably the extent to which students actually express a customer orientation. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide the first measure of a customer orientation, and in the process help describe the impact neoliberal ideology, and free-market logic in particular, has had on college students.
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Saunders, Daniel Brian. "Students as Customers: The Influence of Neoliberal Ideology and Free-Market Logic on Entering First-Year College Students." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/377.
Full textAbstract:
Scholars have documented the ways in which the influence of neoliberal ideology, and particularly the extension of free-market logic, has resulted in meaningful changes within colleges and universities in the United States. However, largely omitted from these discussions is the impact of neoliberal ideology on college students. Concurrent with the discussion concerning neoliberalism and higher education, a separate dialogue focusing on the rise of the conceptualization of students as customers has been occurring amongst higher education scholars. Such an understanding of college students is consistent with free-market logic, as the relationship between students and their institutions become defined in economic terms. While many scholars have lamented about the rise of this new approach towards education, few have connected it with larger changes in higher education or with the influence of neoliberal ideology. More importantly, researchers have yet to measure reliably the extent to which students actually express a customer orientation. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide the first measure of a customer orientation, and in the process help describe the impact neoliberal ideology, and freemarket logic in particular, has had on college students.
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王俊懿. "Who are willing to pay ? In the freemium business model, how to make free cloud users convert into paid customers." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65176266322491684270.
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Lu, Jane, and 呂錦珍. "The effects of having compension of free choice or not, compension methods, customers’ national character and gender on satisfaction and loyalty toward service failure recovery." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92152107102116478836.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南台科技大學
高階主管企管碩士班
94
The purposes of this research were to examine the effects of service failure recovery .Target effects were manipulated two factors between-subjects 2 (free choice: yes vs. no) 2 (compensation categories: discount vs. coupon) and participants were randomly assigned to each of the effect manipulation conditions. This experiment was conducted to examine the interaction between compensation method and free choice on the customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addiction, this experiment compared the difference of the cognition of service failure, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty between different national character and gender difference. The results indicated the impact of compensation methods was contingent upon free choice. Specifically, the customer satisfaction and loyalty under “discount” was significantly greater than “coupon”，and the customer satisfaction and loyalty under “free choice” condition was also significantly greater than “no choice” condition. Moreover, there are no difference of the cognition of service failure, customer satisfaction and loyalty between individualists and collectivists, and the customer satisfaction and loyalty of female were significantly greater than male.