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Journal articles on the topic 'Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Kimura, Ikuo, Atsuhiko Ichimura, Ryuji Ohue-Kitano, and Miki Igarashi. "Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease." Physiological Reviews 100, no. 1 (2020): 171–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2018.

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Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially int

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Yu, Fengzhi, Boyi Zong, Lili Ji, Peng Sun, Dandan Jia, and Ru Wang. "Free Fatty Acids and Free Fatty Acid Receptors: Role in Regulating Arterial Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 14 (2024): 7853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147853.

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The metabolic network’s primary sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) are long- and medium-chain fatty acids of triglyceride origin and short-chain fatty acids produced by intestinal microorganisms through dietary fibre fermentation. Recent studies have demonstrated that FFAs not only serve as an energy source for the body’s metabolism but also participate in regulating arterial function. Excess FFAs have been shown to lead to endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, and vessel wall stiffness, which are important triggers of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, free fatt

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Al Mahri, Saeed, Shuja Shafi Malik, Maria Al Ibrahim, Esraa Haji, Ghida Dairi, and Sameer Mohammad. "Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook." Cells 11, no. 4 (2022): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11040750.

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Fatty acids (FFAs) are important biological molecules that serve as a major energy source and are key components of biological membranes. In addition, FFAs play important roles in metabolic regulation and contribute to the development and progression of metabolic disorders like diabetes. Recent studies have shown that FFAs can act as important ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of cells and impact key physiological processes. Free fatty acid-activated receptors include FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), and FFAR4 (GPR120). FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by s

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Kytikova, O. Yu, T. P. Novgorodtseva, Yu K. Denisenko, M. V. Antonyuk, and T. A. Gvozdenko. "Medium and long chain free fatty acid receptors in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases." Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, no. 80 (July 16, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2021-80-115-128.

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Chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are a global problem of our time due to the widespread prevalence and difficulty of controlling the course. The mechanism of chronic inflammation in the bronchopulmonary system is closely related to metabolic disorders of lipids and their derivatives. Lipids and their mediators play both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory role in chronic inflammatory bronchopulmonary pathology. In particular, free fatty acids (FFAs) perform important signaling and regu latory functions in t

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Grundmann, Manuel, Eckhard Bender, Jens Schamberger, and Frank Eitner. "Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041763.

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The physiological function of free fatty acids (FFAs) has long been regarded as indirect in terms of their activities as educts and products in metabolic pathways. The observation that FFAs can also act as signaling molecules at FFA receptors (FFARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has changed the understanding of the interplay of metabolites and host responses. Free fatty acids of different chain lengths and saturation statuses activate FFARs as endogenous agonists via binding at the orthosteric receptor site. After FFAR deorphanization, researchers from the pharmaceutical i

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Natarajan, Sathish Kumar, Taylor Bruett, Philma Glora Muthuraj, et al. "Saturated free fatty acids induce placental trophoblast lipoapoptosis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249907.

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Introduction Obesity during pregnancy increases the risk for maternal complications like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and maternal inflammation. Maternal obesity also increases the risk of childhood obesity, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and diabetes to the offspring. Increased circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) in obesity due to adipose tissue lipolysis induces lipoapoptosis to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic-β-cells. During the third trimester of human pregnancy, there is an increase in maternal lipolysis and release of FFAs into the circulation. It is currently

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Saito, Akemi, Kazutoshi Nakamura, Yasushi Hori, and Masaharu Yamamoto. "Effects of Capsaicin on Biliary Free Fatty Acids in Rats." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 70, no. 1 (2000): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.70.1.19.

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The effects of capsaicin, a major pungent agent of capsicum fruits, on biliary free fatty acids (FFAs) were studied in male rats. Animals were dosed 100 mg/kg capsaicin after the administration of olive oil, and the bile was obtained for 6 hours continuously after dosing with capsaicin for analysis of FFAs using HPLC methods. Capsaicin significantly decreased the total biliary FFA concentration in the animals which had been previously increased by the administration of olive oil. The main FFAs in the bile of control rats are lauric and palmitic acids, followed by linoleic, oleic, stearic and p

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Shah, Samit, та Arthur G. Cox. "Article Commentary: A Role for IR-β in the Free Fatty Acid Mediated Development of Hepatic Insulin Resistance?" Biochemistry Insights 2 (січень 2009): BCI.S2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bci.s2996.

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Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, but the exact molecular mechanism by which FFAs alter glucose metabolism in the liver is still not completely understood. 1 – 4 In a recent publication, Ragheb and coworkers have examined the effect of free fatty acid (FFA) treatment on insulin signaling and insulin resistance by using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting to study the effect of high concentrations of insulin and FFAs on insulin receptor-beta (IR-β) and downstream elements in the PI3K pathway using the

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Lymperopoulos, Anastasios, Malka S. Suster, and Jordana I. Borges. "Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors and Cardiovascular Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (2022): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063303.

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Increasing experimental and clinical evidence points toward a very important role for the gut microbiome and its associated metabolism in human health and disease, including in cardiovascular disorders. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are metabolically produced and utilized as energy substrates during almost every biological process in the human body. Contrary to long- and medium-chain FFAs, which are mainly synthesized from dietary triglycerides, short-chain FFAs (SCFAs) derive from the gut microbiota-mediated fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber. Originally thought to serve only as energy sour

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Mai, Knut, Thomas Bobbert, Christian Groth, et al. "Physiological modulation of circulating FGF21: relevance of free fatty acids and insulin." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 299, no. 1 (2010): E126—E130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2010.

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Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), a novel metabolic factor in obesity and fasting metabolism, has been shown to be regulated by supraphysiological levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) under hyperinsulinemic conditions. Interestingly, it is still unclear whether the observed effects of FFAs on FGF-21 are relevant under physiological conditions, and the relative functions of FFAs and insulin within this context also need to be determined. Fourteen healthy men were studied in a randomized controlled crossover trial (RCT) using lipid heparin infusion (LHI) at a dose inducing physiological elevati

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Kokotou, Maroula G., Christiana Mantzourani, and George Kokotos. "Development of a Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Milk." Molecules 25, no. 7 (2020): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071548.

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The determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in milk is of importance for quality control, legislative purposes, authentication and product development. We present herein a liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method for the direct determination of FFAs in milk. The method involves mild sample preparation, avoids time-consuming derivatization and allows the direct quantification of twenty-two FFAs in a 10-min single run. It was validated and applied in thirteen cow milk and seven goat milk samples. Saturated fatty acids C16:0, C18:0 and unsaturated C18:1 (n-9) were found to

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Lennen, Rebecca M., Max A. Kruziki, Kritika Kumar, et al. "Membrane Stresses Induced by Overproduction of Free Fatty Acids in Escherichia coli." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 22 (2011): 8114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05421-11.

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ABSTRACTMicrobially produced fatty acids are potential precursors to high-energy-density biofuels, including alkanes and alkyl ethyl esters, by either catalytic conversion of free fatty acids (FFAs) or enzymatic conversion of acyl-acyl carrier protein or acyl-coenzyme A intermediates. Metabolic engineering efforts aimed at overproducing FFAs inEscherichia colihave achieved less than 30% of the maximum theoretical yield on the supplied carbon source. In this work, the viability, morphology, transcript levels, and protein levels of a strain ofE. colithat overproduces medium-chain-length FFAs was

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Chalé-Rush, Angela, John R. Burgess, and Richard D. Mattes. "Multiple routes of chemosensitivity to free fatty acids in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292, no. 5 (2007): G1206—G1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00471.2006.

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Selected free fatty acids (FFAs) are documented effective somatosensory and olfactory stimuli whereas gustatory effects are less well established. This study examined orthonasal olfactory, retronasal olfactory, nasal irritancy, oral irritancy, gustatory, and multimodal threshold sensitivity to linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids. Sensitivity to oxidized linoleic acid was also determined. Detection thresholds were obtained using a three-alternative, forced-choice, ascending concentration presentation procedure. Participants included 22 healthy, physically fit adults sensitive to 6- n-propylthiou

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Mok, Hyuck Jun, Jae Won Lee, Raju Bandu, Hong Seok Kang, Kyun-Hwan Kim, and Kwang Pyo Kim. "A rapid and sensitive profiling of free fatty acids using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) after chemical derivatization." RSC Advances 6, no. 38 (2016): 32130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01344a.

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A mass spectrometry method for the improved identification and quantification of free fatty acids (FFAs) based on derivatization using trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) was developed and validated to be an sensitive and accurate method for analyzing FFAs.

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15

Khoi, Chong-Sun, Tzu-Yu Lin, and Chih-Kang Chiang. "Targeting Insulin Resistance, Reactive Oxygen Species, Inflammation, Programmed Cell Death, ER Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction for the Therapeutic Prevention of Free Fatty Acid-Induced Vascular Endothelial Lipotoxicity." Antioxidants 13, no. 12 (2024): 1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121486.

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Excessive intake of free fatty acids (FFAs), especially saturated fatty acids, can lead to atherosclerosis and increase the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. FFAs also contribute to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Palmitic acid (PA) is human plasma’s most abundant saturated fatty acid. It is often used to study the toxicity caused by free fatty acids in different organs, including vascular lipotoxicity. Fatty acid overload induces endothelial dysfunction through various molecular mechanisms. Endothelial dysfunction alters vascular homeostasis by reducing vaso

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Ukey, Rahul, William E. Holmes, Rakesh Bajpai, and Andrei Y. Chistoserdov. "Evaluation of thioesterases from Acinetobacter baylyi for production of free fatty acids." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 4 (2017): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0458.

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Acinetobacter baylyi is one of few Gram-negative bacteria capable of accumulating storage lipids in the form of triacylglycerides and wax esters, which makes it an attractive candidate for production of lipophilic products, including biofuel precursors. Thioesterases play a significant dual role in the triacylglyceride and wax ester biosynthesis by either providing or removing acyl-CoA from this pathway. Therefore, 4 different thioesterase genes were cloned from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 and expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate their contribution to free fatty acids (FFAs) accumulation

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Diver, M. J. "The effect of free fatty acids on the in-vitro binding of testosterone in human plasma." Journal of Endocrinology 136, no. 2 (1993): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1360327.

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ABSTRACT The effect of supraphysiological levels of free fatty acids (FFA) on the binding of testosterone to sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and on non-SHBG binding in both male plasma and plasma from pregnant women was studied. Six FFAs were added to plasma as individual acids. No alteration in testosterone binding to SHBG could be demonstrated with any of the FFAs in either male plasma or plasma from pregnant women. When the same plasma was heated to destroy SHBG binding, a highly significant (P <0·01) increase in non-SHBG binding was seen in both male plasma and plasma from pregnant

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Nawabi, Parwez, Stefan Bauer, Nikos Kyrpides, and Athanasios Lykidis. "Engineering Escherichia coli for Biodiesel Production Utilizing a Bacterial Fatty Acid Methyltransferase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 22 (2011): 8052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05046-11.

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ABSTRACTThe production of low-cost biofuels in engineered microorganisms is of great interest due to the continual increase in the world's energy demands. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can potentially be produced in microbes cost-effectively. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are a common component of biodiesel and can be synthesized from either triacylglycerol or free fatty acids (FFAs). Here we report the identification of a novel bacterial fatty acid methyltransferase (FAMT) that catalyzes the formation of FAMEs and 3-hydroxyl fatty acid methyl esters (3-OH-FAMEs) from the respective fr

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Liu, Liyan, Ying Li, Rennan Feng, and Changhao Sun. "Direct ultrasound-assisted methylation of fatty acids in serum for free fatty acid determinations." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 9 (2010): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-077.

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A method for simultaneous determination of 16 free fatty acids (FFAs) in serum is described. The method involves conversion of FFAs to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using the heat of ultrasonic waves followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Optimum levels of the variables affecting the yield of FAMEs were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal levels are 55 °C, 60 W, 10% H2SO4/CH3OH, and 50 min. Recoveries ranged from 85.32% to 112.11%, with a detection limit ranging from 0.03 to 0.08 μg mL–1. The linearity, using the linear correlation coefficient

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Wils, Laura, Mervé Yagmur, Myriam Phelippe, et al. "Alternative Solvents for the Biorefinery of Spirulina: Impact of Pretreatment on Free Fatty Acids with High Added Value." Marine Drugs 20, no. 10 (2022): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20100600.

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The growing demand for molecules of interest from microalgal biomass, such as phycobiliproteins, has led to an accumulation of unused by-products. For example, phycocyanin, obtained by the extraction of Spirulina, generated cakes rich in non-polar molecules of interest, such as free fatty acids (FFAs). These FFAs were generally considered as markers of lipidome degradation, but represented a relevant alternative to topical antibiotics, based on a biomimetic approach. In order to develop a sustainable Spirulina biorefinery scheme, different pretreatments and alternative solvents were screened t

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Hori, Yasushi, Kazutoshi Nakamura, Masaharu Yamamoto, et al. "Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Human Bile by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 35, no. 2 (1998): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329803500213.

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We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for free fatty acids (FFAs) analysis in bile. In this method, FFAs were extracted from bile in a single step using an Isolute™ ODS cartridge, derivatized with 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM). ADAM was chosen because of its high reactivity with carboxylic acid at room temperature. Then, HPLC was used for separating and quantifying FFAs. This method proved to be simple and time-saving. The mean recovery of FFA added to human gallbladder bile was 97.6%, and the detection limit was 100–250 pg. Using this method, we determined FFA con

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Gormsen, Lars C., Jakob Gjedsted, Signe Gjedde, et al. "Free fatty acids decrease circulating ghrelin concentrations in humans." European Journal of Endocrinology 154, no. 5 (2006): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02146.

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Objective: Concentrations of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin is affected by a number of hormones, which also affect circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFAs). The present study was therefore designed to determine the direct effect of FFAs on circulating ghrelin. Design: Eight lean, healthy men were examined for 8 h on four occasions using variable infusion rates (0, 3, 6 and 12 μl/kg per min) of intralipid to create different plasma FFA concentrations. Constant levels of insulin and GH were obtained by administration of acipimox (250 mg) and somatostatin (300 μg/h). At the end of each study

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Tian, Haodong, Qiu Xiang, Li Huang, et al. "How Does Acute Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training Influence Free Fatty Acids in Obese Individuals?" Quality in Sport 38 (February 19, 2025): 58841. https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2025.38.58841.

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Background FFAs play an important role in the obesity management. Recent studies suggest that BFR training may also influence metabolic responses, including the regulation of FFAs in the bloodstream. Understanding how acute BFR resistance training affects FFAs could provide valuable insights into effective interventions for improving metabolic health in this population. Methods A two-arm randomized controlled design was employed. A total of 22 eligible subjects were randomly divided into BFR-RE (n=11) and RE group (RE, n=11). Each participant underwent an acute moderate-intensity exercise inte

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Cao, Yi, Martin Roursgaard, Ali Kermanizadeh, Steffen Loft, and Peter Møller. "Synergistic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Fatty Acids on Toxicity to Caco-2 Cells." International Journal of Toxicology 34, no. 1 (2014): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581814560032.

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Fatty acids exposure may increase sensitivity of intestinal epithelial cells to cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs). This study evaluated the synergistic effects of ZnO NPs and palmitic acid (PA) or free fatty acids (FFAs) mixture (oleic/PA 2:1) on toxicity to human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells. The ZnO NPs exposure concentration dependently induced cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells showing as reduced proliferation and activity measured by 3 different assays. PA exposure induced cytotoxicity, and coexposure to ZnO NPs and PA showed the largest cytotoxic effects. The presenc

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I. S. Sobczak, Amélie, Claudia A. Blindauer, and Alan J. Stewart. "Changes in Plasma Free Fatty Acids Associated with Type-2 Diabetes." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (2019): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092022.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased total plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The exact mechanisms by which the plasma FFA profile of subjects with T2DM changes is unclear, but it is thought that dietary fats and changes to lipid metabolism are likely to contribute. Therefore, establishing the changes in concentrations of specific FFAs in an individual’s plasma is important. Each type of FFA has different effects on physiological processes, including the regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, i

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Kotlega, Dariusz, Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny, Barbara Morawin, Monika Golab-Janowska, Przemyslaw Nowacki, and Malgorzata Szczuko. "Free Fatty Acids and Their Inflammatory Derivatives Affect BDNF in Stroke Patients." Mediators of Inflammation 2020 (December 3, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6676247.

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Objective. The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects poststroke functional outcome, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity. Its level is related to the diet and nutritional status, and more specifically, it is free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids that can have an impact on the BDNF level. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential impact of FFAs and eicosanoids on the BDNF level in stroke patients. Material and Methods. Seventy-three ischemic stroke patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Laboratory tests were performed in all subjects,

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Patti, Angelo Maria, Rosaria Vincenza Giglio, Nikolaos Papanas, et al. "Experimental and Emerging Free Fatty Acid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes." Medicina 58, no. 1 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58010109.

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The current management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) includes incretin-based treatments able to enhance insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity as well as improve body mass, inflammation, plasma lipids, blood pressure, and cardiovascular outcomes. Dietary Free Fatty Acids (FFA) regulate metabolic and anti-inflammatory processes through their action on incretins. Selective synthetic ligands for FFA1-4 receptors have been developed as potential treatments for T2DM. To comprehensively review the available evidence for the potential role of FFA receptor agonists in the treatment

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Klobučar, Iva, Helga Hinteregger, Margarete Lechleitner, et al. "Association between Serum Free Fatty Acids and Clinical and Laboratory Parameters in Acute Heart Failure Patients." Biomedicines 11, no. 12 (2023): 3197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123197.

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Very little is known about the association between individual serum free fatty acids (FFAs) and clinical and laboratory parameters (indicators of heart failure severity) in acute heart failure (AHF) patients. Here, the baseline serum levels of FFAs, 16:0 (palmitic acid), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 18:0 (stearic acid), 18:1 (oleic acid), 18:2 (linoleic acid), 18:3 (alpha-linolenic acid or gamma-linolenic acid), 20:4 (arachidonic acid), 20:5 (eicosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid), were determined in 304 AHF patients (94.7% belonged to New York Heart Association functional class I

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Prasongsook, Sombat, Chaowit Rakangthong, and Theerawit Poeikhampha. "Effect of free fatty acids supplementation in diet on metabolizable energy growth performance and carcass quality in broiler chickens." BIO Web of Conferences 164 (2025): 01002. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202516401002.

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Fats are an excellent source of energy and play an important role in the growth of broilers. Using free fatty acids is one of the interesting alternative choices for fats since there is a major metabolic fuel and a part of triacylglycerols. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of free fatty acids (FFAs) substitution in diet on metabolizable energy, growth performance and carcass quality of broilers. A total of 900 male broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates of 30 birds each. The birds received a control diet using palm oil as dietary oil supplementation and oth

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Kuan, Dingyaw, Lingmei Dai, Dehua Liu, Hongjuan Liu, and Wei Du. "Efficient Biodiesel Conversion from Microalgae Oil of Schizochytrium sp." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040341.

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Abstract: Microalgae oil has been regarded as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. However, microalgae oil usually contains some non-lipid components, such as pigments. Microalgae oil could be converted to biodiesel effectively with a two-step process to decrease the negative effect caused by by-product glycerol generated in traditional biodiesel production process. Firstly, microalgae oil was hydrolysed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and then FFAs were converted to methyl ester. In this study, the hydrolysis of microalgae oil from Schizochytrium sp. was systematically investigated and

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Song, Shiqing, Feiting Zheng, Xiaoyan Tian, et al. "Evolution Analysis of Free Fatty Acids and Aroma-Active Compounds during Tallow Oxidation." Molecules 27, no. 2 (2022): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020352.

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To explore the role of fatty acids as flavor precursors in the flavor of oxidized tallow, the volatile flavor compounds and free fatty acid (FFAs) in the four oxidization stages of tallow were analyzed via gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS), the aroma characteristics of them were analyzed by GC–olfactory (GC-O) method combined with sensory analysis and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analysis. 12 common FFAs and 35 key aroma-active compounds were obtained. Combined with the results of odor activity value (OAV) and FD factor, benzaldehyde was found to be an important compone

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Haritonov, Svetlana, and Rodica Sturza. "IN VITRO BIOAVAILABILITY OF SUNFLOWER OIL FORTIFIED WITH IODINE." Journal of Engineering Science XXV (4) (December 25, 2018): 94–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2576750.

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The use of iodized sunflower oil as an additive is an affordable and inexpensive method. In addition, iodine is a liposoluble element, which facilitates its incorporation into oil. But the incorporation of iodine in oil is a complex phenomenon, accompanied by a change in the physicochemical properties of the finished product, and therefore the evolution of the composition of triglycerides in iodinated oil has been investigated, depending on the amount of iodine administered.<strong> </strong> Free fatty acids (FFAs) are subjected to a different metabolic mechanism depending on the length

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Katayama, Taiki, Manabu Kanno, Naoki Morita, et al. "An Oleaginous Bacterium That Intrinsically Accumulates Long-Chain Free Fatty Acids in its Cytoplasm." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 3 (2013): 1126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03056-13.

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ABSTRACTMedium- and long-chain fatty acids are present in organisms in esterified forms that serve as cell membrane constituents and storage compounds. A large number of organisms are known to accumulate lipophilic materials as a source of energy and carbon. We found a bacterium, designated GK12, that intrinsically accumulates free fatty acids (FFAs) as intracellular droplets without exhibiting cytotoxicity. GK12 is an obligatory anaerobic, mesophilic lactic acid bacterium that was isolated from a methanogenic reactor. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that GK12 is

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Alaba, Peter Adeniyi, Yahaya Muhammad Sani, and Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud. "Efficient biodiesel production via solid superacid catalysis: a critical review on recent breakthrough." RSC Advances 6, no. 82 (2016): 78351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra08399d.

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Biodiesel produced from triglycerides and/or free fatty acids (FFAs) by transesterification and esterification has attracted immense attention during the past decades as a biodegradable, renewable and sustainable fuel.

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Bush, Jason R., Izuchukwu Iwuamadi, Jun Han, David J. Schibli, David R. Goodlett, and Edward C. Deehan. "Resistant Potato Starch Supplementation Reduces Serum Free Fatty Acid Levels and Influences Bile Acid Metabolism." Metabolites 14, no. 10 (2024): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo14100536.

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Background: Resistant starches, such as high-amylose maize starch and resistant potato starch (RPS), have prebiotic effects that are linked to improved metabolism at >15 g/day, but the effects at lower doses have not been reported. Methods: We performed an exploratory post hoc analysis of free fatty acids (FFAs), bile acids (BAs), and ketone bodies in serum previously collected from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the effects of one- and four-week consumption of 3.5 g/day RPS versus a placebo using two-way ANOVA adjusted by pFDR. Associations between

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Kadotani, Akito, Yo Tsuchiya, Hiroyasu Hatakeyama, Hideki Katagiri, and Makoto Kanzaki. "Different impacts of saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids on COX-2 expression in C2C12 myotubes." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 297, no. 6 (2009): E1291—E1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00293.2009.

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In skeletal muscle, saturated free fatty acids (FFAs) act as proinflammatory stimuli, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a pro/anti-inflammatory enzyme induced at sites of inflammation, which contributes to prostaglandin production. However, little is known about the regulation of COX-2 expression and its responses to FFAs in skeletal muscle. Herein, we examined the effects of saturated and unsaturated FFAs, including a recently identified lipokine (lipid hormone derived from adipocytes), palmitoleate, on COX-2 expression in C2C12 myotubes as a skeletal muscle model. Exposure of myotubes to satur

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Drozdowski, Mikołaj, and Mieczysława Irena Boguś. "Compartmentalization of Free Fatty Acids in Blood-Feeding Tabanus bovinus Females." Insects 16, no. 7 (2025): 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070696.

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Lipids play vital roles in insect physiology, functioning as energy reserves, membrane constituents, and cuticular protectants. However, few studies have examined the anatomical distribution of lipids in blood-feeding Diptera and compared the compositions of the cuticular and internal compartments. This study analyzes the qualitative and quantitative profiles of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the female Tabanus bovinus, a hematophagous horsefly species, across different anatomical regions, including the head, wings, legs, thorax, and abdomen. The surface and internal lipid fractions were isolated

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Yuzbashian, Emad, Golaleh Asghari, Nilofar Beheshti, et al. "Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Was Associated with Apelin Gene Expression in Human Adipose Tissues." BioMed Research International 2021 (October 6, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8846483.

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Background. Apelin is an adipokine with an intermediatory role in obesity and insulin resistance, which can be modified by dietary intake. Aims. In this study, we aimed to determine the association of the plasma fatty acid composition with apelin plasma concentration and gene expression in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 179 patients aged 19-75 years who were candidates for elective surgery. Through the surgery, SAT and VAT were collected to measure apelin gene expression. Anthropometric measurements, fasting blood sam

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Bahrun, M. H. V., N. Battak, W.-H. Tan, and A. Bono. "Process Simulation of Steam Stripping of Bleached Palm Oil Deodorization for Removing Free Fatty Acids using DWSIM." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2314, no. 1 (2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012016.

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Abstract The presence of free fatty acids (FFAs) and odoriferous components in the bleached palm oil (BPO) need to be removed to meet the specific standard quality and make the oil palatable. Because FFAs and odoriferous components is more volatile than the main oil components, they vaporize readily thus being removed from the oil product. Deodorization is the key process in industry to remove FFAs by vaporizing them using steam stripping agent such as steam under vacuum. In this work, a simulation study was adopted for the analysis of deodorization process implemented in an open-source chemic

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Mantzourani, Christiana, Irene-Dimitra Mesimeri, and Maroula G. Kokotou. "Free Fatty Acid Determination in Broccoli Tissues Using Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Molecules 29, no. 4 (2024): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29040754.

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Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) is a widely consumed vegetable, very popular due to its various nutritional and bioactive components. Since studies on the lipid components of broccoli have been limited so far, the aim of the present work was the study of free fatty acids (FFAs) present in different broccoli parts, aerial and underground. The direct determination of twenty-four FFAs in broccoli tissues (roots, leaves, and florets) was carried out, using a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method in a 10 min single run. Linolenic acid was found

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Pilitsis, Julie G., William M. Coplin, Michael H. O'Regan, et al. "Free fatty acids in human cerebrospinal fluid following subarachnoid hemorrhage and their potential role in vasospasm: a preliminary observation." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 2 (2002): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.2.0272.

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Object. The mechanisms leading to vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remain unclear. Accumulation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of free fatty acids (FFAs) may play a role in the development of vasospasm; however, in no previous study have concentrations of FFAs in CSF been examined after SAH. Methods. We collected samples of CSF from 20 patients with SAH (18 cases of aneurysmal SAH and two cases of spontaneous cryptogenic SAH) and used a high-performance liquid chromatography assay to determine the FFA concentrations in these samples. We then compared these findings with FFA conc

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Mandal, Šaćira, Adlija Čaušević, Maja Malenica, Šeherzada Hadžidedić, Besim Prnjavorac, and Sabina Semiz. "Age and gender related differences in free fatty acid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (2012): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2012.37.

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Introduction: Several decades of basic science and animal research provided considerable support for significant role of plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) in etiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Contradicting data related to signifi cance of elevated FFAs in plasma of patients with Type 2 diabetes prompted us to study concentrations of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid, in patients and healthy controls in an attempt to possibly use them as potential biomarkers in progression of the disease. Since aging is associated withincreased plasma glucose and insulin levels that are con

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Kim, Chung S., and Ivan A. Ross. "Regulatory Role of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)—Palmitoylation and Myristoylation." Food and Nutrition Sciences 04, no. 09 (2013): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.49a1028.

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Wang, Jianghua, Yang Chen, Xiaohong Wang, and Fenghua Cao. "Aluminum dodecatungstophosphate (Al0.9H0.3PW12O40) nanotube as a solid acid catalyst one-pot production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil." BioResources 4, no. 4 (2009): 1477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.4.1477-1486.

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Solid nanocatalyst aluminum dodecatungstophosphate (Al0.9H0.3PW12O40, abbreviated as AlPW) with nanotube structure was synthesized through a natural cellulose fiber template. The AlPW nanotubes, which are highly water-tolerant and acid-tolerant, can be described as green double acids, as they combineand Lewis acid sites. They have been applied as an efficient nanoheterogeneous catalyst for the preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil containing 26.89 wt% high free fatty acids (FFAs) and 1% moisture via esterification of FFAs and transesterification of triglycerides in one pot under mild

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Kotlęga, Dariusz, Barbara Peda, Joanna Palma, et al. "Free Fatty Acids Are Associated with the Cognitive Functions in Stroke Survivors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (2021): 6500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126500.

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Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of motor impairment and psychosocial disability. Although free fatty acids (FFA) have been proven to affect the risk of stroke and potentially dementia, the evidence of their impact on cognitive functions in stroke patients is lacking. We aimed to establish such potential relationships. Seventy-two ischemic stroke patients were prospectively analysed. Their cognitive functions were assessed seven days post-stroke and six months later as follow-up (n = 41). Seven days post-stroke analysis of serum FFAs levels showed direct correlations between Cognitive Verbal

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Azzazy, Hassan ME, Maurice MAL Pelsers, and Robert H. Christenson. "Unbound Free Fatty Acids and Heart-Type Fatty Acid–Binding Protein: Diagnostic Assays and Clinical Applications." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 1 (2006): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.056143.

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Abstract Background: A biomarker that reliably detects myocardial ischemia in the absence of necrosis would be useful for initial identification of unstable angina patients and for differentiating patients with chest pain of an etiology other than coronary ischemia, and could provide clinical utility complementary to that of cardiac troponins, the established markers of necrosis. Unbound free fatty acids (FFAu) and their intracellular binding protein, heart-type fatty acid–binding protein (H-FABP), have been suggested to have clinical utility as indicators of cardiac ischemia and necrosis, res

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Tarini, Joshua, and Thomas M. S. Wolever. "The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35, no. 1 (2010): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-119.

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It is thought that diets high in dietary fibre are associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, at least in part because the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced during the colonic fermentation of fibre beneficially influence circulating concentrations of free-fatty acids (FFAs) and gut hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose and body mass. However, there is a paucity of data showing this sequence of events in humans. Thus, our objective was to determine the effect of the fermentable fibre inulin on postprandial glucose, insulin, SCFA, FFA, and gut hormone responses in he

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AKAMO, A. J., R. N. UGBAJA, O. ADEMUYIWA, et al. "GENDER-RELATED ALTERATIONS IN FREE FATTY ACIDS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HYPERTENSION CO-MORBIDLY OCCURRING WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 16, no. 2 (2019): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v16i2.1885.

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Increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) concentrations may cause cellular damage via the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this present study was to investigate FFAs and oxidative stress in hypertension co-morbidly occurring with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Age and sex matched control subjects (n=150) and patients (n=470) [hypertensive nondiabetics (HND, n=179), normotensive diabetics (ND, n=132), hypertensive diabetics (HD, n=159)] presenting at the Medical Out-Patient Clinic of the State Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria were recruited. Fasting plasma glucose, creatinine, urea, FFA

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Zhang, Shibing, Yiran Wang, Chunyu Yang, et al. "Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Krill Oil during Storage Based on NH2-MMS." Foods 13, no. 17 (2024): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13172736.

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In this study, amino-modified micro-mesoporous silica (NH2-MMS) with hierarchical pores was prepared by modifying micro-mesoporous silica ZSM-5 with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and used as an adsorbent in solid-phase extraction to analyze free fatty acids (FFAs) in krill oil during storage for an initial time. The Brunner Emmet Teller adsorption experiment and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrate that NH2-MMS, with a hierarchical pore structure, was successfully synthesized. The adsorption experiments, especially static adsorption, indicate that the absorption ability of the pr

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Pilz, Stefan, Hubert Scharnagl, Beate Tiran, et al. "Free Fatty Acids Are Independently Associated with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 7 (2006): 2542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0195.

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Abstract Context: Free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with several cardiovascular risk factors and exert harmful effects on the myocardium. Objective: The aim of our study was to elucidate the relationship between FFAs and mortality in subjects who underwent coronary angiography. Design, Setting, and Participants: Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health is a prospective cohort study of Caucasians who had undergone coronary angiography at baseline (1997–2000). During a median time of follow-up of 5.38 yr, 513 deaths had occurred among 3315 study participants with measured FFAs. Main Outc

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