Academic literature on the topic 'Free indirect speech'
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Journal articles on the topic "Free indirect speech"
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Liu, Xiaojuan. "Free Indirect Speech in Northanger Abbey." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1004.10.
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The thesis mainly analyzes the Free Indirect Speech in Austen’s novel Northanger Abbey (Volume 2). When Austen describes Catherine’s feeling for Henry Tilney, it is difficult for us to distinguish the subjective consciousness of the narrator from the character. Their calm and objective tone is prone to arouse the resonance with the readers. Authorial narrator sometimes appears to explain the fate of Catherine. When Austen describes Catherine’s expedition to Northanger Abbey, the character has more prominent subjective consciousness, and readers can distance themselves from the character and examine Catherine’s ridiculous and irrational behavior and feel the ironic effects. The thesis points out that Austen used this technique to portray Catherine, who was able to deal with her feeling for Henry reasonably, however, was influenced greatly by the Gothic novels at that time, and could not handle the relationship between reality and fiction very well.
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Alimova, A. D. "Evolution of Free Indirect Speech Structures in English, American, and Russian Literature." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, no. 1 (2021): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.1.53-64.
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Changes that free indirect speech underwent in English, American, and Russian literature during the 20th century were investigated. Both general and more specific (qualitative and quantitative) trends in the free indirect speech development were discussed. Free indirect speech was considered from a diachronic point of view, i.e., the study aims to identify a correlation between the patterns that could be relevant for literary translation from English into Russian and vice versa. Based on the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of free indirect speech contexts, it was demonstrated that free indirect speech has evolved. A notable increase in the degree of textual interference and in the variety of models employed was observed. Interestingly, the frequency of occurrence of free indirect speech structures in literary texts varies from decade to decade. Although there are some common trends in free indirect speech usage following the global tendencies in literature, its evolution depends on particular national literary traditions as well. The data obtained show that the most intense usage of free indirect speech segments is typical for the English literature. From the translation perspective, it is important that the general frequency and functional models of indirect speech usage can slightly differ even in texts of the same period or among the writers.
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Kormiltseva, Alevtina Leonidovna, and Olga Pavlovna Puchinina. "Character features of uttered free indirect speech by the example of Marina Tsvetaeva’s prose and letters." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-B (December 24, 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-b605p.137-142.
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The purpose of this work is to identify the character features of the uttered free indirect speech in the prose works of Marina Tsvetaeva (stories, novels and letters) and to analyze its functioning in the author’s text field. The object of the study requires: 1) to review the scientific literature on the problem of free indirect speech, 2) to select and analyze factual material from the stories, novels and letters of M. I. Tsvetaeva, illustrating the theoretical positions put forward in the work. Based on the structural and semantic classification proposed by the Belorussian linguist E.Ya. Kus’ko, the authors of the article describe the distinctive features of various types of uttered free indirect speech: thematic speech, hidden speech, speech in the speech, collective speech, and quotation speech. It is concluded that the latter type of uttered free indirect speech finds the greatest application in the prose texts of the outstanding Russian poet of the twentieth century, whereas M. I. Tsvetaeva resorts to uttered free indirect speech very rarely, which is due to the specifics of the poet's idiostyle.
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Kormiltseva, Alevtina Leonidovna, and Olga Pavlovna Puchinina. "Character features of uttered free indirect speech by the example of Marina Tsvetaeva’s prose and letters." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-B (December 24, 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-b605p.143-148.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this work is to identify the character features of the uttered free indirect speech in the prose works of Marina Tsvetaeva (stories, novels and letters) and to analyze its functioning in the author’s text field. The object of the study requires: 1) to review the scientific literature on the problem of free indirect speech, 2) to select and analyze factual material from the stories, novels and letters of M. I. Tsvetaeva, illustrating the theoretical positions put forward in the work. Based on the structural and semantic classification proposed by the Belorussian linguist E.Ya. Kus’ko, the authors of the article describe the distinctive features of various types of uttered free indirect speech: thematic speech, hidden speech, speech in the speech, collective speech, and quotation speech. It is concluded that the latter type of uttered free indirect speech finds the greatest application in the prose texts of the outstanding Russian poet of the twentieth century, whereas M. I. Tsvetaeva resorts to uttered free indirect speech very rarely, which is due to the specifics of the poet's idiostyle.
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Ribać, Milojka S. "ON TYPES OF SPEECH IN THE NOVEL NEBO, TAKO DUBOKO BY VESNA KAPOR." Узданица XXI, no. 1 (2024): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uzdanica21.1.127r.
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The paper examines models of reported speech in Vesna Kapor’s novel Nebo, tako duboko from the point of view of syntax and stylistics. According to the clas- sification by Miloš Kovačević, the following types of reported speech were identified in the novel: 1) direct speech (basic model), 2) direct speech without dialogue tags, 3) free indirect speech, 4) free indirect speech accompanied with narrator’s voice, 5) free indirect speech introduced with verba dicendi and free indirect speech representing character’s voices that are not spoken aloud, 6) direct speech which contains fragments of character’s words, 7) direct speech containing deictic expressions instead of character’s exact words, 8) monologic direct speech, 9) indirect speech (basic model), 10) indirect speech without subordinate conjunctions, 11) expressive indirect speech, which maintains interrogative form and question marks, and 12) semi-direct speech. The dominant model used in the novel is the free indirect speech introduced with quotation marks or introductory expressions, which is in accordance with the specific graphostylemic features of the text. Quotation marks appear almost as an exception, and italics have a very specific role in demarcation of the text segments. The author’s choice is extremely stylogenic and justified, since it achieves a shift of the reader’s focus from a literal factual sequence of events to an emotional engagement and a kind of participation in reviving the memory of Tara. The echoes of the past, the time she was still alive, are expressed with short and concise cuts of memory. Reviving the memory of Tara makes her alive in a way
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Rajović, Jelena, and Marija Vešović. "Free direct and free indirect speech in the novel 'De bello civili' by Svetislav Basara and their translation equivalents in English." Bastina, no. 56 (2022): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina32-34180.
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Most of the research studies on the translation equivalents of the direct and indirect speech were dealing with translations from English to Serbian language. In this paper, we investigate whether structural and/or stylistic movements occur when the free direct and free indirect speech (and their subtypes) are translated from Serbian language to English language. Novel De bello civili by Svetislav Basara is used as a research corpus. Almost all types of direct and indirect speech are present in the novel. Events in the novel take place very quickly, since the plot of the novel takes place in one day, reminding us how substantial the events of a single day can be. The events in the reality of fiction and events in the inner world of protagonists are mixed here, and hence the dominance of free direct speech. The research led to conclusion that forms in free indirect speech in English and Serbian language share most of the features (require context, use of past verb tenses, use of speech verbs and thoughts verbs that can be used in the main sentence etc), except for the sequence of tenses that is inherent in English and not in Serbian language. Since free direct speech does not include the shift of tenses, the examples of this type of reported speech are almost identical in both languages. Given that the narrator of the novel is at the same time the leading protagonist whose words are communicated, there is the omission of prenominal focalization, and there are cases when it is difficult to distinguish the free direct speech from free indirect speech. This implies the omission of author's speech and orthographic markers, which may impose a problem during translation. From the given examples, it can be seen that in some cases the translator was not guided by the Serbian language, in terms of following and communicating the reported speech. Although the free indirect speech is more flexible category in the Serbian language (Karavesović 2010), when translating into English there is often a problem of transferring all stylistic features. Following the rule of the sequence of tenses that is inherent in the English language, but not in Serbian, the translator diminishes the actuality achieved by the use of the free indirect speech in the original. Furthermore, sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between the free direct and free indirect speech in the Serbian language; these two types of reported speech cannot be equalized in the English translation, and usually the indirect speech with subtypes is used as translation equivalent.
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Kovacevic, Maja. "Speech, Thought and Writing Representation Modes in Jane Austenʼs Novel Sense and Sensibility." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 22, no. 22 (December 30, 2020): 116–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil2022116k.
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Bakhtin’s views (1980:127-130) on the importance of studying speech representation and its interaction with authorial context incited prolific research in various disciplines. The research presented in this paper is based on Bakhtin’s crucial claims about speech representation, and on the theoretical framework of linguistic stylistics (Kovačević 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015; Katnić-Bakaršić 2001) and representology (Kovačević 2015:253-254). The aim of this paper is twofold—to identify the types of speech, thought and writing representation employed in the novel Sense and Sensibility and to describe their interaction with the authorial context. The method applied is‘word by word’ analysis, where in the first stage the modes of speech, thought and writing representation are identified; in the next stage their interaction with authorial context is described. The modes of speech are classified and differentiated by combining the classifications of representation modes in Serbian and English (Leech and Short 2007; Semino and Short 2004; Kovačević 2013). The results of the analysis prove that Jane Austen employs the following modes to repоrt speech, thought and writing: indirect speech/thought/writing, narrator’s report of speech act/ thought act/writing act, expressive indirect speech/thought, free indirect speech/thought, direct speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue), free direct speech, line of dialogue, fragmental quote, hypothetical speech, direct thought, free direct thought, direct writing, embedded speech/thought. Predominantly, the line of interaction between authorial speech and direct speech involves the former being parenthetically embedded into foregrounded direct speech, amalgamating with the free indirect thought/speech or having as an attachment a ”package” of different embedded modes of speech/thought/writing representation. Primarily indirect thought, free indirect thought, direct thought, and free direct thought are the modes employed to characterise Elinor Dashwood, while on the other side the modes of direct speech, free direct speech, free indirect speech and direct writing combined with numerous mimetic markers prevail in depicting her sister Marianne. It is through the stylistically effective transitions between these modes and their interaction with the authorial context that the total antithetical effect regarding the sense and sensibility principles is obtained on the syntactic-stylistic level.
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Milošević, Marko. "TIPOVI TUĐEG GOVORA U ROMANU LjUDI BEZ GROBOVA ENESA HALILOVIĆA." Узданица XX, no. 2 (2023): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uzdanica20.2.061m.
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The subject of this paper is the identification of types of reported speech in the novel Ljudi bez grobova by Enes Halilović, with a specific focus on the subtypes that result from variations of the two grammaticalized types of conveying reported speech: direct and indirect speech. The aim of our research is twofold: (a) to observe all types of direct and indirect speech found in the novel, and (b) to shed light on syntactic and stylistic effects achieved through their usage. The theoretical and methodological frame- work of the paper is based on Kovačević 2012a, 2012b, 2023. By applying analytical- descriptive method, examples are excerpted to illustrate the following types of reported speech: regular direct speech, dialogue replica or unintroduced direct speech, introduced free direct speech, fragmented quotation or fragmented direct speech, non-verbatim direct speech, spoken and unspoken (contemplated) direct speech, direct monologic speech, gnomic direct speech. Among the types of indirect speech, the most commonly used are regular in- direct speech and non-connective indirect speech, while expressive indirect speech, verbatim indirect speech and semi-free indirect speech are attested by fewer examples
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Sanders, José. "Intertwined voices." English Text Construction 3, no. 2 (October 11, 2010): 226–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.3.2.06san.
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In this contribution, a mental space analysis model is presented to conceptualize and explain voice intertwining in journalistic texts. News text genres abound with clearly recognizable representations of source discourse, such as direct and indirect speech. In addition, blended representation types can be described, such as free indirect speech and implicit viewpoint, in which voices of journalist and source are less easy to discern. Comparison of various news texts concerned with a particular criminal case shows that news reports have a preference for direct or indirect speech and avoid the intertwined type of free indirect speech; by contrast, in feature stories and opinion contributions free indirect speech is not uncommon. Even free indirect thought, stemming from fictional genres, appears to be possible in these subgenres. Finally, blending of journalist and source voices is present in references to characters and events. Analysis of mental spaces attributed to sources in various news genres helps to explain how the intertwining of voices is established by linguistic form. Consequences for theory on functions and effects of source representation are discussed.
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Sretković, Arsenije. "TIPOVI TUĐEG GOVORA U ROMANU „PIJAVICE“ DAVIDA ALBAHARIJA." Lipar XXIII, no. 79 (2022): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lipar79.239s.
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This paper considers the models of transferring other people’s speech in David Albahari’s novel Leeches from the stylistic point of view. The aim of this paper is recording and illuminating the stylistic effects of different types of transmission of other people’s speech. By using analytical-descriptive methods in the novel, the following are recognized: real indirect speech, introduced free indirect speech, frag- mentary indirect speech, basic (grammaticalized) type of direct speech, semi-indirect speech, indirect expressive speech, and direct non-connector speech. In various contexts they depict the conversations of the novel’s characters.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free indirect speech"
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Shimazaki, Hatsuyo. "Free indirect speech in the work of Jane Austen : the previously unappreciated extent and complexity of Austen's free indirect speech and its development from eighteenth century fiction." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/383757/.
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This thesis investigates Free Indirect Discourse for speech presentations [FIS] in the work of Jane Austen, and presents the discovery that it is a substantial feature of her narrative style, unexpectedly versatile, performing various functions and effects, ranging from the basic to the sophisticated. Critics have often discussed the primary function of Free Indirect Discourse for both speech and thought presentations [FID] as a means of merging the voices of the narrator and a character. They have focused especially on Free Indirect Discourse for thought presentations [FIT] as an important vehicle for presenting the heroine’s subjective ideas within the narrative. A primary function of FIS identified by previous critics is, on the other hand, the narrator’s mimicry of a character’s speech, owing to the gap in the dual perspectives of the narrator and a character. I have made a strict distinction between FIS and FIT and conduct a full survey of Austen’s FIS with a stylistic approach, which demonstrates that Austen’s FIS is not limited to the basic functions formerly discussed. I propose that it serves at least eleven functions, both satirical and non-satirical. I have given names to these functions, for example, FIS for ‘Formal Politeness’, ‘Condensed Conversations’, ‘Voices in Harmony’ and ‘Filtering Information’. The narrator in Austen’s novels sometimes restrains her subjective view and exists as a transparent mediator to present a character’s speech, as in modernist novels. Austen uses these different functions of FIS in specific episodes to silently guide the reader’s interpretation. On a larger scale, Austen uses the embedded nature of FIS in contrast with FIT or Direct Thought in the foreground, which is similar to the painter’s technique of using ‘light and shade’ to create perspective. As a case study, I have analysed Austen’s technique of FIS for ‘Concealment of Plot Development’ in Emma. As part of my survey, I also revise the origin of Austen’s FID. Critics have presumed that Austen must have discovered FID in the work of immediate precursors, particularly Frances Burney. It is true that the writers of the late eighteenth century sporadically used FIT. However, in respect of FIS, I argue that its origin can be traced back to the early eighteenth century, and changes in punctuation marks for speech in English typesetting. Proto-FIS and FIS occasionally appear in the work of major writers of the eighteenth century, such as Samuel Richardson, Joseph Fielding, Laurence Sterne, and Mary Wollstonecraft. Austen may have gained ideas about FIS from the limited usage in their works. However, while FIT became a feature of the fiction of some writers, such as Charlotte Smith and Ann Radcliffe in the 1790s, FIS was rarely used in this period. Austen excavated the proto-style and developed it with remarkable speed. Austen is not just the first writer who employed FIS in a substantial way, but a brilliant exponent of the technique.
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Gutierrez, Menez Evangelina. ""No se nace mujer, la mujer se hace:" la autoconstrucción del personaje principal en la novela Leonora de Elena Poniatowska." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43025.
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The novel Leonora by Elena Poniatowska is about Leonora Carrington who was born into a wealthy family and challenged family traditions, and those expectations imposed by her social background and her gender. It will be shown that the main character acts according to a self-construction process free of social impositions. Simone de Beauvoir’s well-known phrase “one is not born a woman, one becomes one”, is one of the feminist positions that contributes to this analysis, as well as the literary techniques explained by Gérard Genette, Oscar Tacca, Mieke Bal and the narratology theories of focalization, direct speech, indirect speech and free indirect speech. The aim of this essay is to analyze the literary techniques that present the self-construction of the main character, and their effects on the reader. The hypotheses of this essay are that in order to present the self-construction of the character, the literary techniques create an effect of alternately zooming the reader in to the main character’s experience, and zooming out to a more objective view. In addition, the literary techniques used to present Carrington’s self-construction seek to show her feminist stance and her transgressions in both private and public spheres. Poniatowska’s literary techniques deliver the message that when a woman is released from social and cultural constraints she has the power to modify spheres.
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Seminatti, Tiago. "A interioridade em abismo: estudo sobre o discurso indireto livre e a crise da forma em Quincas Borba." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8149/tde-12092016-123440/.
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Esta dissertação consiste num estudo crítico sobre Quincas Borba, de Machado de Assis, que tem como hipótese principal a de que a crise psíquica do personagem tem correspondente com o processo de problematização da forma do romance. Na obra encontramos, por meio de uma voz narrativa versátil, um personagem cindido, cuja trajetória culmina em loucura e morte. O escritor produziu uma obra inquieta diante de esquematismos propostos pelo Romantismo e Naturalismo, em uma possível busca de modalidades de ficção que estivessem mais de acordo com o seu perfil artístico (PASSOS, 2007). Além disso, ligar-se-ia à crise do personagem e aos questionamentos envolvendo a forma do romance a crise de composição que Machado de Assis enfrentou durante a escrita de Quincas Borba. O romance foi reescrito, produzindo diferenças entre a versão em folhetim, publicada em A Estação (1886-1891), e a publicada em livro (1891). Procuramos analisar tais variantes nas duas versões, considerando o uso que o escritor fez do discurso indireto livre na representação da interioridade dos personagens, incluindo o protagonista. Assim, ao considerar como a fragmentação da consciência de Rubião é operada pelo narrador de Quincas Borba e qual o seu sentido na relação estabelecida com os outros elementos da obra, a pesquisa pretende analisar o modo como Machado de Assis lidou com a forma do romance para compor um personagem em processo de desintegração psíquica, justamente em uma obra problemática do ponto de vista de seu próprio processo de escrita.This thesis consists of a critical study about Machado de Assis\'s Quincas Borba, supporting the main hypothesis that the protagonist\'s psychic crisis corresponds to the complexity of the novel\'s form. In this novel, a versatile narrative voice portrays a \"split\" character whose trajectory culminates in madness, and death. In Brazil\'s literary scene, Machado de Assis was in search of fictional modalities to suit his artistic profile, having produced a disquieting work that defied the schemes set out by Romanticism and Naturalism (PASSOS, 2007). Furthermore, the crisis of the character and the questioning of the novel\'s form can be associated with the compositional crisis faced by the author during the writing process of Quincas Borba. The novel has been rewritten, resulting in differences between the serial version, published in A Estação (1886-1891), and the book version (1891). We analyse these variants focusing on the use that the author makes of free indirect speech in the representation of characters\'s inner self, including the protagonist. We aim to consider how Rubião\'s consciousness fragmentation is carried out by the narrator, and to understand the meaning of the rapport established among this form of fragmentation and other elements in the novel. This research will, therefore, analyse the means of portraying a character in the midst of psychic disintegration in a work whose very writing process was especially problematic.
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Floquet, Florence. "La grammaire du monologue intérieur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0070.
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Ce travail se propose d’étudier, sous un angle grammatical, le phénomène romanesque connu sous le nom de "monologue intérieur", qu’il convient d’emblée de distinguer du "stream of consciousness", auquel il est souvent ramené. Afin de mieux cerner et de définir ce qu’est le monologue intérieur, nous confrontons les définitions qui en sont généralement données à des textes de fiction anglophones, et nous analysons les techniques linguistiques utilisées pour représenter ce discours particulier. Il apparaît donc que le monologue intérieur n’est pas une technique linguistique mais doit plutôt se concevoir comme une catégorie narratologique. Ce discours s’incarne grâce à diverses techniques linguistiques : le discours immédiat mais aussi certaines des techniques du discours rapporté, avec en son centre le discours direct (libre) et à sa périphérie le discours indirect classique. Le discours indirect libre, quant à lui, navigue entre les deux. Ces différentes techniques reposent donc sur une conception particulière du discours intérieur qu’elles véhiculent, et leur étude permet d’étudier la possibilité offerte à l’auteur ou au narrateur de détourner leur forme afin de servir une stratégie narrative, avec parfois pour but de faire passer pour verbal ce qui ne peut l’êtreThis thesis investigates the literary phenomenon known as “interior monologue” from a grammatical point of view, and is based on a clear distinction between “interior monologue” and what is called “stream of consciousness”, both phenomena usually being seen as the same. The main objectives are therefore to define what we call “interior monologue” in order to confront this definition with English language literary texts, and to analyse the various linguistic techniques used to represent this special discourse. Interior monologue is therefore seen not as a linguistic technique but as a narratological category. This particular discourse is represented using different linguistic techniques: “immediate discourse” but also some of the reported speech techniques, with (free) direct speech as the core of the category, and indirect speech at its periphery, free indirect speech navigating between those two poles. These techniques differ both in their form and in the conception of the interior discourse they convey, but they always create the illusion of giving access to the (fictional) original discourse. It is for this reason that we want to show the possibility for the author or the narrator to use a syntactic form suggesting a reported discourse seemingly closely linked to the original discourse, to represent something that sometimes cannot be considered as verbal
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Bouslahi, El Houcine. "Fonctionnement du triangle de la subjectivité intériorisée ; monologue intérieur, discours indirect libre et point de vue, dans le roman moderne (Marcel Proust, Claude Simon et Nathalie Sarraute.)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF20018/document.
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Cette recherche a pour titre Fonctionnement du triangle de la subjectivité intériorisée dans le roman moderne. Elle a pour but d’étudier la parole et les pensées intérieures du sujet de l’énonciation dans des œuvres romanesques souvent marquées par le décrochage et le "brouillage" des pistes énonciatives. Les trois procédés discursifs et narratifs ciblés sont le monologue intérieur (MI), le discours indirect libre (DIL) et le point de vue (PDV). L’examen des trois piliers du langage intérieur prend appuie sur les apports de la linguistique de l’énonciation, de la polyphonie et de la pragmatique. Cette recherche cible neuf œuvres romanesques que nous plaçons sous l’étiquette de "roman moderne". Ces romans appartiennent à trois auteurs français qui ont développé des récits dont la source locutrice et énonciatrice pose problème. La difficulté de traiter de l’énonciation romanesque dans un corpus choisi en l’occurrence est due essentiellement à l’effacement des frontières entre discours citant et discours cité. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon et Nathalie Sarraute n’appartiennent certes pas aux mêmes courants esthétiques et idéologiques, mais ils ont ceci de commun qu’ils offrent une configuration romanesque qui conduit à s’interroger sur le statut du locuteur et de l’énonciateur dans une forme d’expression qui n’est pas toujours verbaliséeThis research is entitled Functioning of the Triangle of Internalized Subjectivity in the Modern Novel. It aims at studying the speech and the inner thoughts of the subject of enunciation in fiction often marked by the "interference" in enunciation tracks. The three targeted discursive and narrative processes are internal monologue (MI), free indirect speech ( DIL) and the point of view (PDV) . The examination of the three pillars of the inner language relies on the contributions of linguistics of enunciation, of polyphony and pragmatic. This research targets nine novels that we can classify as belonging to the "modern novel" category. These novels belong to three French authors who have developed narratives in which the source of speaker and enunciator is a cause of ambiguity. The difficulty of dealing with the novelistic enunciation in a textual corpus chosen in this case is mainly due to the blurring of boundaries between reporting speech and reported speech. Marcel Proust, Claude Simon and Nathalie Sarraute do not belong to the same aesthetic and ideological trends, but what they have in common is that they all offer a novel configuration that makes us raise questions about the status of the speaker and the enunciator in a form of expression that is not always verbalized
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Reese, Brian Jon 1973. "Bias in questions." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3280.
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This dissertation investigates three interrogative sentence types that are each associated with a particular speaker bias. In asking one of these questions, the speaker invariably conveys a prior expectation, or belief, that a specific answer to the question is the true one. These sentence types include reversed-polarity tag questions, negative polar questions, and questions containing a strong negative polarity item or a constituent that is emphatically focused. For each of these three question types, I address the two questions: (1) What kind of meaning is bias; and (2) what grammatical feature, if any, is the bias linked to? In answer to the first question, I argue that bias is an assertion (rather than, for example, a conversational implicature). As a result, biased questions can be thought of as a type of indirect speech act (Searle 1975). Following Asher and Lascarides (2001), I model biased questions as instances of a complex speech act type Assertion · Question. On this analysis, biased questions are simultaneously assertions and questions. I provide evidence, for this claim, showing these question types share distributional properties of both assertions and questions. With regard to the second question, I argue that intonation, in addition to syntax and compositional and lexical semantics, plays a key role in linking the use of the kind of interrogative sentence described above to an assertion. Indeed, one of the benefits to studying biased questions is that they provide a case study of the interaction of intonation and discourse function. I begin to develop an analysis of intonation within the theory of discourse provided by Asher and Lascarides (2003) which builds on the work of Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg (1990) and Steedman (2000, 2003), amongst others. Specifically, I argue that intonation provides information about the speakers cognitive state, i.e. about his or her beliefs and intentions. Thus intonation contributes information that can be used to compute the rhetorical contribution of an utterance to a discourse or dialogue. On this model, intonation indirectly contributes to the determination of the discourse function of an utterance.text
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Wang, Yu-Wen, and 王昱文. "Translating Free Indirect Speech into Chinese: The Case of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fv3vg8.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
翻譯研究所
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In fictional narratives, the style of language a writer adopts can often have a direct and profound influence on the stylistic effects it brings forth. Jane Austen is known for her use of free indirect speech, which is said to blend the narrator’s speech with the character’s speech, creating the effect of the narrator mimicking or mocking the characters. Previous studies have suggested that, due to the discrepancies between the source language and the target language, certain translational difficulties may arise from translating free indirect speech. The present study uses Pride and Prejudice and its translations as case study materials, in an attempt to find out what strategies translators employ to deal with the free indirect speech source texts in Pride and Prejudice. The source texts collected in this research are categorized based on the discourse markers of free indirect speech, and three popular translations of Pride and Prejudice are used in the research. The present thesis found that when translating free indirect speech texts, there are some commonly used translation strategies, with colloquialization, clarification of pronominal references or character titles, the addition of transitive action or perception verbs, and the addition of punctuation devices being the more used. The results of the study suggest that making the target text more colloquial is an important tactic for the translation of free indirect speech. Towards a better translational effort with this type of narrative speech in the future, the study also points out some possible directions.
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Ярмак, Марія Павлівна, and Mariia Pavlivna Yarmak. "Особливості передачі мови персонажів у перекладі роману С. Кінга «Воно»." Master's thesis, 2020. http://repository.sspu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/9710.
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Магістерська робота присвячена дослідженню особливостей персонажного мовлення у романі С. Кінга «Воно» та перекладі українською мовою.This work explores features of speech of characters in Stephen King’s novel “It” and various ways to translate them into Ukrainian.
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Čermáková, Barbora. "Prezentace řeči, psaní a uvažování v britských novinách." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340367.
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The thesis compares forms of speech presentation (and marginally writing presentation) in British newspapers through a theory of Speech, Writing and Thought presentation as introduced by E. Semino and M. Short (2004). On a specialised corpus of 6 newspaper articles, the work compares qualitive and quantitative tendencies of individual speech presentation categories, focusing on the diagnosis of differences and common points in two journalistic sub-genres, the tabloid and the broadsheet. The speech presentation categorization is applied as a clinal model with permeable borders between individual categories. The focus is on detecting and analysing the fucntions of individual categories of speech presentation in terms of information, style, pragmatics and form. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
Books on the topic "Free indirect speech"
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Tomasik, Wojciech. Od Bally'ego do Banfield, i dalej: Sześć rozpraw o "Mowie pozornie zależnej". Bydgoszcz: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna, 1992.
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Nordqvist, Åsa. Speech about speech: A developmental study on form and function of direct and indirect speech : doctoral dissertation. [Göteborg, Sweden]: Dept. of Linguistics, Göteborg University, 2001.
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Hiratsuka, Tōru. Jiyū kansetsu wahō to wa nani ka: Bungaku to gengogaku no kurosurōdo = Free indirect discourse : where literature and linguistics meet. Tōkyō: Hitsuji Shobō, 2017.
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author, Zufferey Joël, ed. La parole stylisée: Étude énonciative du discours indirect libre. Limoges: Lambert-Lucas, 2021.
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Rosier, Laurence. Le discours rapporté: Histoire, théories, pratiques. Paris: Duculot, 1999.
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Maksimova, N. V. "Chuzhai͡a rechʹ" kak kommunikativnai͡a strategii͡a. Moskva: Izdatelʹskiĭ t͡sentr RGGU, 2005.
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Pekka, Tammi, and Tommola Hannu, eds. Free language, indirect translation, discourse narratology: Linguistic, translatological and literary-theoretical encounters. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2006.
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Université d'Artois. Centre de recherches en traductologie. Discours rapportés: Approche(s) linguistiques et-ou traductologique(s). Arras: Artois presses université, 2006.
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Rainer, Schwyter Jürg, Poppe Erich, Onillon Sandrine, and Université de Lausanne. Institut de linguistique et des sciences du langage, eds. Le slipping dans les langues médiévales. Lausanne: Université de Lausanne, 2005.
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Socka, Anna. Sprachliche Merkmale der erlebten Rede im Deutschen und Polnischen. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Free indirect speech"
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Habjan, Jernej. "15. Free Indirect Jane Eyre." In Prismatic Jane Eyre, 702–21. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0319.23.
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A mix of direct speech’s tone and indirect speech’s tenses and pronouns, free indirect speech has inspired seminal theories of the novel and can also help us read individual novels as they appear in different languages. In the case of Jane Eyre, such a synoptic reading draws our attention to the co-existence of free indirect speech as we know it today and free indirect speech in quotation marks. Tracing the gradual disappearance of such quotation marks in German and Slovenian translations of Jane Eyre, their irreducibility to free indirect speech in today’s sense becomes apparent.
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Hagenaar, Elly. "Free indirect speech in Chinese." In Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 289. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.43.19hag.
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Kaiser, Elsi. "Pronoun Use in Finnish Reported Speech and Free Indirect Discourse: Effects of Logophoricity." In Pronouns in Embedded Contexts at the Syntax-Semantics Interface, 75–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56706-8_3.
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Juul Nielsen, Peter, and Lars Heltoft. "Indexicality across the boundaries of syntax, semantics and pragmatics." In Ditransitives in Germanic Languages, 150–94. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.7.05nie.
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In Danish, indirect object (IO) constructions fall into two main classes: (1) the three-argument valence-governed pattern and (2) the free indirect object construction. The free IO is a constructional extension to certain types of monotransitive constructions and verbs; by contrast, the valence-governed IO is a manifestation of the third argument of three-place verb stems in (prototypically) transfer constructions. The free indirect object (free IO) in Modern Danish presents an intricate problem, calling for concepts and solutions not normally connected with constructional syntax. Its frequency is extremely low, and intuitions about its acceptability vary according to basic speech act type. In assertive contexts, it comes across as old-fashioned and is hardly productive; in regulative contexts, by contrast, it retains full productivity. The few positive results yielded by a corpus search are almost exclusively examples of free IOs in regulative contexts. Indexicality, as used especially in morphology by Henning Andersen and Raimo Anttila, is the key concept of our analysis. An IO np must identify its argument by pointing indexically to some aspect of the predicate’s semantics, but since – in the case of free IOs – there is no third argument A3 in the verb’s valence schema, there is apparently nothing for the free IO to index. In special cases, however, most importantly in regulative contexts, the free IO finds an alternative indicatum by pointing to features of the performative situation. Our findings indicate the need for a grammatical theory that allows syntactic rules to be not only semantically, but also pragmatically sensitive.
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Ponzio, Augusto, and Susan Petrilli. "Visions of the Other and Free Indirect Speech in Artistic Discourse: Bakhtin, Pasolini, and Deleuze." In International Handbook of Semiotics, 181–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9404-6_6.
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"Chapter two FREE INDIRECT SPEECH." In Speech Presentation in Homeric Epic, 57–78. University of Texas Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/738805-004.
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"Forbidden in Shifted Speech." In The Semantics of Free Indirect Discourse, 228–41. BRILL, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004266735_010.
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"Untransposed Indexicals in (Free) Indirect Speech." In Oratio Obliqua, Oratio Recta. The MIT Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5163.003.0022.
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Vandelanotte, Lieven. "Clearer Contours." In Speech Representation in the History of English, 131–55. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190918064.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on free indirect speech in nineteenth-century novels, where providing varied forms of access to characters (their speech, their motivations, their minds more generally) is an overriding concern in employing free indirect speech. Against the background of a broadly constructional model of present-day free indirect speech, nineteenth-century novelistic examples are analysed to show a variety of ways in which writers gradually “free up” indirect speech, using means like punctuation and quotation marks, and eventually clausal structures, some of which look decidedly out of date from the present perspective. Alongside free indirect forms, early forms of a more narrator-oriented counterpart, distancing indirect speech, are also discussed, as providing a subtly different mode of access to characters’ speech.
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Voron, Polina A. "The Rhythm and the Free Indirect Speech. A Few Comments." In Sergey Esenin, His Contemporaries and Successors: Сollective Мonograph to the Аnniversary of N.I. Shubnikova-Guseva, 428–39. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0718-2-428-439.
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The article discusses the interaction of rhythm and narrative strategy. Free indirect speech is a complex phenomenon, sometimes devoid of bright markers of the transition to the character’s inner mental space. Metric changes, change of breath expressed in the rhythm, are considered as one of the ways of “switching” from the author’s speech to the character’s internal speech. Existing on the borderline between direct and indirect speech, free indirect speech penetrates deeply into the consciousness of characters, approximating to their inner monologue, however nominally staying on the platform of the author’s narration. A transition to another’s speech usually is accompanied by interrogative or exclamatory constructions, as well as by changing the tense of the verb. The article points out other cases when the transition to free indirect speech has been completed, but common syntactical markers can hardly be found. Nevertheless, the change of rhythmic strategy can be an auxiliary or even the only marker of free indirect speech. A new speaker or a switch from the author’s narration to the character’s speech entails changes both in style and in rhythm. The change of rhythmic strategy can occur in several ways: from a fast to slower rate, from appreciable metrization to a more “usual” pace in prose.
Conference papers on the topic "Free indirect speech"
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Yang, Shubo, and Xi Wang. "A Comparative Study on N-Dot Acceleration Technique." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57341.
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For aero-engines, the throttle command is often changed dramatically, which will perturb the control error (defined as actual rotor speed minus desired rotor speed) of the primary set-point controller. When the perturbation is amplified by the gain, the controller will output unreasonable values of control variables, i.e. the mass of fuel flow, and cause abnormal engine operation. For this reason, limit protection controllers are applied to constrain the controlled variables at a safe level. Besides, the transient control modes are required to provide smooth, stall free operation of the engine. The schedule-based approach, which is the traditional transient control mode, is easy to implement but the performance of acceleration and deceleration will suffer from degradation or manufacturing errors. With the development of digital control system, N-dot control mode has been adopted in some modern aero-engines, which focuses on rotor acceleration rather than rotor speed. To some extent, this method can overcome the obstacles of the schedule-based approach. In terms of N-dot control mode, there are two main methods: direct control and indirect control. The former one suggests using a differentiator to get the actual N-dot value, then minus it by the desired N-dot value to get the error of N-dot. When the error is reduced to zero by a controller, the actual N-dot value follows the desired N-dot value. The latter one suggests inputting the desired N-dot value to an integrator for a rotor speed value, which essentially transforms the N-dot command to the speed command. With this transformation, the familiar set-point controller can be used to control the engine following the N-dot command indirectly. This paper presents implementation schemes of the two types of N-dot control, and focuses on a comparative study of them. To avoid integral windup issue when the indirect method switches controllers, such as from N-dot controller to set-point controller, we have introduced a logic to determine whether the integrator is operational. This design allows flexible switchings. After frequency domain analysis, we find out that the essential difference between the two schemes lies in the magnitude of crossing frequency. The direct N-dot control, with a higher crossing frequency, has faster responses but is sensitive to noise. While the indirect N-dot control, with a lower crossing frequency, has slower responses but can suppress noise. When the dynamic nature of sensor and actuator is considered, the direct N-dot control with a higher crossing frequency may cause the close-loop system unstable. Using a reliable aero-engine mathematical model, we designed a set of simulations to test the two N-dot schemes. The simulation results showed that the direct N-dot control performed better than the indirect one under ideal situation. When noise or dynamic nature of sensor and actuator was taken into consideration, however, the indirect N-dot control was more robust, which confirmed the analysis above.
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Erdmann, Reinhard K., John L. Stacy, and Mark F. Krol. "Traveling-wave laser amplifier measurements in a short-pulse fiber network application." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.wm4.
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A traveling-wave laser amplifier is a candidate for addressing key issues in very high speed TDMA network applications. Amplification can compensate distribution splitting losses as well as enable direct or indirect threshold detection. Using a cw temperature tuned laser diode, measurements are reported of the gain and the coupling efficiency both with lenses and lensed fibers. Wavelength effects are noted and noise contribution due to super fliorescence is examined. For short pulse application the source laser is replaced by a 1.32-µm mode-locked Nd-YAG in conjunction with a grating pair pulse compressor to yield a pulse train with a repetition rate of 100 MHz and widths of about 1.5 ps. The temporal effects on line-width through the TWLA are measured with a background free autocorrelator. Pulsed gain and gain saturation measurements are reported.
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Ortega, Jesus D., Clifford K. Ho, Guillermo Anaya, Peter Vorobieff, and Gowtham Mohan. "A Non-Intrusive Particle Temperature Measurement Methodology Using Thermogram and Visible-Light Image Sets." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63791.
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Abstract The measurement of particle plume and curtain temperatures in particle-laden gravity-driven flows presents a unique challenge to thermometry due to the flow’s transient and stochastic nature. Earlier attempts to assess the bulk particle temperature of a plume using intrusive and non-intrusive methods have produced very limited success. Here we describe a non-intrusive method using a high-speed IR camera (ImageI8300 from Infratec) and a visible-light camera (Nikon D3500) to produce indirect particle temperature measurements. The IR camera produces thermogram sets mapping the apparent particle temperature, while the visible-light image sets allow for the calculation of the plume opacity as a function of flow discharge position. An in-house post-processing algorithm based on Planck’s radiation theory was developed to compute the true particle temperature which is a function of the apparent temperature (thermograms) and the plume opacity obtained from the visible-light images. To validate these results, a series of lab-scale tests generating particle curtains of known dimensions at various temperatures were performed. The lab-scale tests were conducted using a small particle receiver which is equipped with thermocouples to measure the temperature directly. Using the recorded thermocouple data, a particle temperature function can be derived empirically, based on the lumped capacitance model for a free-falling sphere. The empirical particle temperature function is then compared with the temperature data measured using the methodology outlined in this work yielding agreement of the bulk particle temperature of the plume. The methods described here will be developed further to estimate the heat losses from the falling particle receiver at Sandia National Labs.
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Abugharara, Abdelsalam N., Abourawi M. Alwaar, Stephen D. Butt, and Charles A. Hurich. "Baseline Development of Rock Anisotropy Investigation Utilizing Empirical Relationships Between Oriented Physical and Mechanical Measurements and Drilling Performance." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-55141.
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This paper describes a baseline investigation to confirm the isotropy of rocks material through physical and mechanical measurements followed by oriented drilling. This baseline is intended to evaluate drilling experiments in anisotropic rock materials to determine the significance of the anisotropy on drilling performance. The conducted tests include oriented measurements of compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp and Vs, respectively), density, Elastic Moduli, Point Load Strength Index (PLI), Indirect Tensile (IT) strength, and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The oriented laboratory drilling experiments were conducted under various pump flow rates and several weights on bit (WOB). In this work, an isotropic rock like material (RLM) was developed using Portland cement and fine-grained aggregate. The tested RLM specimens were of medium strength of ∼50 MPa. The RLM samples were cored in different orientations and then, tested and drilled according to these orientations. (e.g. 0°, 45° and 90°, representing horizontal, diagonal and vertical directions, respectively). Two main sets of lab tests were performed including pre-drilling and drilling tests. For the pre-drilling lab experiments, two main sets of tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of samples (as outlined above) including PLI, IT, UCS, Vp, Vs, density and corresponding isotropic Dynamic Elastic Moduli. For the drilling tests, a vertical lab scale drilling rig was used with a 35 mm dual-cutter Polycrystalline Diamond Compact “PDC” bit. The drilling parameters involved were flow rates, nominal rotary speed of 300 rpm, and various WOB under atmospheric pressure. The relationships between the drilling data were analyzed including drilling rate of penetration (ROP), depth of cut (DOC), and corresponding effective WOB. The results of all mechanical, physical and drilling measurements and tests show consistent values indicating the isotropy of the tested rock material. This consistency verifies that the drilling tests are free of bias associated with drilling orientation.
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Carnevale, Ennio, Giacomo Migliorini, Stefano Zecchi, and Bart Olmi. "Three-Dimensional Forced Air Cooling System Analysis of a Scooter Engine." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2002-467.
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Internal combustion engines must match several requirements such as good efficiency and low fuel consumption rate; when they are applied on scooter they are subject to some other restrictions. Nowadays, both low pollutant emissions and low noise level are requested for this engine since scooters are usually city vehicles. To match these requirements several aspects must be investigated: one of these may be the cooling system. There are usually three cooling methods, i.e. free stream air cooling, liquid cooling and forced air cooling. The first one is usually not employed in scooter engines because of its arrangement inside the scooter body (due to functionality and aestheticism). The second one may present some plant complications caused by the heat exchanger and ducts. A forced air cooling system presents usually lower complication, lower weight and greater reliability. Nevertheless, in order to keep engine temperatures below lubricant and structural limit, high mass flow rate may be necessary since air has smaller coolant efficiency compared to liquids. Moreover cooling air, supplied by a fan, requires high pumping power which may be excessive at high rotational speed; the fan itself may produce excessive noise reducing comfort. Sometimes, it may be hard to define the air flow demands in order to properly cool the critical parts (i.e. cylinder head); poor design may result in an excessive air mass flow demand and high pressure losses. Consequently the fan requires an excessive power and emits high noise level. Proper coolant distribution around the cylinder and the engine head reduces the overall air mass flow demand, rising indirectly engine efficiency. Usually the geometry of a forced air cooled engine is quite complex because of fins and other internal passages. To study coolant distribution and heat transfer a three-dimensional approach is then required. Computational fluid dynamic calculations, provided by commercial codes, can give useful suggestions about flow distribution around a finned cylinder. This paper will show an analysis of a typical air cooled scooter engine. Air mass flows and cooling efficiency are shown at several engine rotational speeds.
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Johnston, Richard P. "Evaluation of the Effect of Firing Temperature, Cycle, Engine Configuration, Components, and Bottoming Cycle on the Overall Thermal Efficiency of an Indirectly Coal-Fired Gas Turbine Based Power Plant." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88015.
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Potential LHV performance of an indirect coal-fired gas turbine-based combined cycle plant is explored and compared to the typical LHV 35–38 % thermal efficiencies achievable with current coal-fired Rankine Cycle power plants. Plant performance with a baseline synchronous speed, single spool 25:1 pressure ratio gas turbine with a Rankine bottoming cycle was developed. A coal-fired High Temperature Advanced Furnace (HITAF) supplying 2000° F. (1093° C.) hot pressurized air for the gas turbine was modeled for the heat source. The HITAF concept along with coal gas for supplemental heating, are two important parts of the clean coal technology program for power plants. [1,2] From this baseline power plant arrangement, different gas turbine engine configurations with two pressure ratios are evaluated. These variations include a dual spool concentric shaft gas turbine, dual spool non-concentric shaft arrangement, intercooler, liquid metal loop re-heater, free power turbine (FPT) and post HITAF duct burner (DB). A dual pressure Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) with varying steam pressures to fit conditions is used for each engine. A novel steam generating method employing flash tank technology is applied when a water-cooled intercooler is incorporated. A halogenated hydrocarbon working fluid is also evaluated for lower temperature sub-bottoming Rankine cycle equipment. Current technology industrial gas turbine component performance levels are applied to these various engines to produce a range of LHV gross gas turbine thermal efficiency estimates. These estimates range from the lower thirties to over forty percent. Overall LHV combined cycle plant gross thermal efficiencies range from nearly forty to over fifty percent. All arrangements studied would produce significant improvements in thermal efficiency compared to current coal-fired Rankine cycle power plants. Regenerative inter-cooling, free power turbines, and dual-spool non-concentric shaft gas turbine arrangements coupled with post-HITAF duct burners produced the highest gas turbine engine and plant efficiency results. These advanced engine configurations should also produce operational benefits such as easier starting and much improved part power efficiency over the baseline engine arrangement. An inter-turbine liquid metal re-heat loop reduced engine thermal efficiency but did increase plant power output and efficiency for the example studied. Use of halogenated hydrocarbons as a working fluid would add to plant power output, but at the cost of significant additional plant equipment.
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Matheus, Laura, Ingrid Penagos, Miguel Garzón, Iván Ariza, Camilo González, Pilar Aguinaga, Néstor Devia, David Castro, and Juan Pascuas. "Well Completions and Artificial Lift Design, Decarbonised Field Development Plans and Opportunities." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/34909-ms.
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Abstract The application of Electric Submersible Pump Systems (ESP) in harsh reservoir conditions such as high fluid viscosity (extra-heavy oil), high bottom hole temperatures, and high free gas content, represents technical and economic challenges due to low overall system performance and high operational costs associated to excessive energy consumption. This paper describes how Permanent Magnet Motors (PMM) summed up with different pump and gas separation technologies were designed, evaluated, and implemented to successfully overcome the described challenges, achieving greater system efficiency, and reduced energy consumption which translates into a reduced carbon footprint. Several data were recorded from previous runs and nearby wells to understand equipment performance and kilowatts billing modes, including operational data, production tests, and energy consumption measurements. Considering all the gathered information, a non-standard completion was evaluated, designed, and successfully installed. It involved the review and selection of a suitable PMM ESP motor, and innovative technologies to mitigate the presence of high amounts of free gas including multiphase high efficiency pumps in combination with tandem gas separators. The installation was executed according to well planning with good electrical readings before start-up. Function test was performed according to local procedures with expected response of the downhole equipment. The system has been closely monitored under remote surveillance, controlled by a variable speed drive and with strict follow-up of pressures, temperatures, vibrations, and VSD data. After 24 months of operation, relevant information has been collected, the equipment has been running under stable conditions and fluid production is according to expectations. Some relevant ESP performance parameters achieved so far are pump and motor working within recommended operating range with better system efficiency and less power consumption compared with the previous runs (up to 25%), power costs reduced by an average of 22%, power factor increased by up to 18%, and the equipment has shown great response to high temperatures and extreme well conditions. After the stabilization phase, production and applications engineers are assessing the reduction of greenhouse gases emitted by the indirect effect of the application of PMM motors as a great contribution to the long-term decarbonization strategy of the Operator (to reduce 25% of its CO2e emissions by 2030). This paper shows a successful case study for the application of PPMs in ESP systems in wells impacted by harsh reservoir conditions where in the past standard Induction Motors (IM) were non-compliant with the Operator’s strategy for decarbonization. With this technology, the Operator expects to increase system efficiency, while reducing power consumption and carbon footprint. Based on the successful results from this first pilot, the operator is considering the expansion of this application throughout the Field.
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Mancaruso, Ezio, Salvatore Rossetti, and Bianca Maria Vaglieco. "Analysis of Dual Fuel Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion Varying Diesel and Hydrogen Injection Parameters in a Single Cylinder Research Engine." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2363.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the perspective of a reduction of emissions and a rapid decarbonisation, especially for compression ignition engines, hydrogen plays a decisive role. The dual fuel technology is perfectly suited to the use of hydrogen, a fuel characterized by great energy potential. In fact, replacing, at the same energy content, the fossil fuel with a totally carbon free one, a significant reduction of the greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and total hydrocarbon, as well as of the particulate matter can be obtained. The dual fuel with indirect injection of gaseous fuel in the intake manifold, involves the problem of hydrogen autoignition. In order to avoid this difficulty, the optimal conditions for the injection of the incoming mixture into the cylinder were experimentally investigated. All combustion processes are carried out on a research engine with optical access. The engine speed has is set at 1500 rpm, while the EGR valve is deactivated. The purpose of this work is to research the minimum amount of diesel fuel, which allows efficient and controlled hydrogen ignition. Starting from the dual fuel conditions investigated in previous works with two injections per cycle, one of the diesel injections was removed. Subsequently, the shift of the start of injection and the reduction of the energizing time of the diesel injection as well as the increase in the delivered mass of hydrogen are analysed. The final aim is to obtain an indicated mean effective pressure equal to the one previously analysed avoiding backfiring phenomena in the manifolds or abnormal engine operation. All the analysed tests are in ultra lean combustion conditions with premixed ratio higher than 95% and equivalence ratio higher than 0.32. From the investigated cases, it can be found that the best combustion efficiency is determined with a diesel start of injection around 10 before top dead centre, while the lowest amount of diesel corresponds to an energizing time of the injector equal to 209μs. Regarding the hydrogen injection in the intake manifold, a dependency on the intake valve timing is highlighted. Hydrogen was prevented from being thrown into the exhaust by starting its supply after the valve crossing; on the other hand, to avoid backfiring phenomena, it is noted that the hydrogen injection has to end prior to the compression phase commences. This information is of particular interest to fulfil engine decarbonisation optimizing the use of hydrogen in compression ignition engines and facilitating CFD analysis of hydrogen combustion in ultra lean conditions.</div></div>
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Szwedowicz, J., Th Secall-Wimmel, P. Du¨nck-Kerst, A. Sonnenschein, D. Regnery, and M. Westfahl. "Scaling Concept for Axial Turbine Stages With Loosely Assembled Friction Bolts: The Linear Dynamic Assessment — Part I." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27502.
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For industrial condensing steam turbines operating at variable speed, Siemens has developed a last stage SK-blade family in the early 80s. The principle goal was to design a robust blade profile for the highest reliability and a good performance, which allow the operation in resonances under high steam mass flow and excessive condensing pressures. To suppress resonance stresses through friction dissipation, loosely fitted conical bolts are applied to the upper part of adjacent airfoils. In the early 80s, these capabilities were experimentally investigated and validated for the smallest SK-blade at a set-up of the real turbine unit. The tapered and twisted geometry of the smallest SK-blade has been scaled under consideration of the similar mechanical and aerodynamic characteristics. The entire scaled-up SK-blade family has proved its reliability in more than 500 industrial turbine units arranged for different power and speeds. In the last years there could be seen a trend to very large compression units, like GTL (Gas to Liquids), PTA (Acid Terephtalic) or Methanol plants. Therefore, the SK-blade family has been extended to larger airfoils using the well established scale concept based on the smallest SK-unit. In this paper, the mechanical capabilities of the smallest and large SK-blades coupled by the bolts are verified by using the Finite Element (FE) Method. The static analyses with friction sliding on the bolts and the linear dynamic behaviour of tuned disc assemblies are considered. The FE mesh quality and the proper restraint conditions at the radial root are accomplished by getting good agreements between the computed and measured resonance frequencies of the large freestanding blade at standstill. The validated mesh refinement and root boundary conditions are used further in all numerical FE analyses. For the large SK-disc assembly under spin pit conditions, the obtained FE results are in very good agreement with the experimental Campbell diagram. The determined positions of the gauges allow for identifying either stick-slip or sticking contact conditions at the bolts. The experimental spin pit results show mainly sticking contact conditions at the bolts because of too weak air jet excitation. Only in very narrow frequency ranges around resonance peaks, micro-slips on the friction bolts occur due to the resonance amplification of blade vibrations. This is proved indirectly by the evaluated damping values for spin pit conditions, which are bigger than the damping magnitudes of the disc assembly at standstill, which was measured with hammer tests. This empirical statement is approved by the FE steady-state dynamic results for the analytically determined amplitudes of the air jet excitation. The obtained results show that the proposed linear dynamic concept can be successfully applied to the design process of the scaled turbine discs of different dimensions with loosely assembled friction bolts for assessment of maximum static stresses and free vibration behaviour. The scaling design criteria of the blades with friction bolts are confirmed fully for natural frequencies and excitation conditions, but their real responses depending on the excitation amplitudes need to be obtained from the non-linear dynamic simulation which is considered in paper GT2007-27506 (Szwedowicz et al., 2007).