Journal articles: 'Free Nerve Ending'

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ISHIHARA, Masahiko. "Structure and function of the free nerve ending of the skin nerve." Nishi Nihon Hifuka 61, no. 5 (1999): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2336/nishinihonhifu.61.563.

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Cleland, C. L., and W. Z. Rymer. "Functional properties of spinal interneurons activated by muscular free nerve endings and their potential contributions to the clasp-knife reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 4 (1993): 1181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.4.1181.

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1. The goal of this study was to characterize the functional properties of spinal interneurons that are excited by muscular free nerve endings and to assess their contributions to the clasp-knife reflex. 2. The patterns of activity of 82 spinal interneurons that were excited by squeezing the Achilles tendon or manipulation of the muscle surfaces, preferential stimuli for muscular free nerve endings, were extracellularly recorded in lamina V-VII of the L5-S1 spinal cord in decerebrated and spinalized cats. 3. Interneurons were uniformly excited by increases in muscular length and force. Responses to muscle stretch exhibited gradual decay during maintained stretch, afterdischarge after stretch release, and adaptation to repeated stretch. Responses to isometric contraction induced by electrical stimulation of motor axons was also prolonged after contraction, but did not decay during maintained contraction. For similar increases in force, stretch evoked greater excitation than contraction, indicating that both stretch and contraction contributed to interneuronal activity. Overall, the time course and magnitude of the interneuronal responses to stretch and contraction paralleled the time course and magnitude of the clasp-knife reflex. 4. Interneurons were powerfully excited by muscular free nerve endings, which mediate the clasp-knife reflex, and by cutaneous receptors. Only occasionally were they excited by primary spindle or Golgi tendon organ afferents, which suggests that activation of muscular free nerve endings mediated the interneuronal responses to stretch and contraction. 5. Simultaneous recordings of interneuronal activity and the clasp-knife reflex revealed a broad correlation between interneuronal activity and clasp-knife inhibition. 6. Because the patterns of activity of free nerve ending-responsive interneurons during stretch and contraction were similar to the clasp-knife reflex, were closely correlated with clasp-knife inhibition during simultaneous interneuronal and reflex recordings, and were powerfully excited by muscular free nerve endings, it is likely that the interneurons described above contributed to the clasp-knife reflex. 7. In contrast, a small number (n = 16) of interneurons were recorded that were only weakly excited by muscular free nerve endings but strongly excited by group I afferents, exhibited less spontaneous and evoked activity, and had significantly different responses to stretch and contraction. These interneurons are less likely to have contributed to the clasp-knife reflex.

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MacIver, M. B., and D. L. Tanelian. "Free nerve ending terminal morphology is fiber type specific for A delta and C fibers innervating rabbit corneal epithelium." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 5 (1993): 1779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1779.

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1. A delta and C fibers are the smallest diameter and most numerous axons in peripheral nerve bundles. They have been thought to terminate as "free" nerve endings lacking organized structure. The present study used a vital fluorescent dye to selectively visualize living free nerve endings innervating rabbit corneal epithelium, allowing structure to be correlated with electrophysiological and functional characteristics. 2. Conduction velocity measurement of visually identified nerve endings were used to discriminate between C and A delta fibers. C fiber sensory endings terminated as short (< 50 microns) vertically directed processes clustered within the epithelium. A delta fibers terminated as long (0.1-1.2 mm) horizontal processes running parallel to the epithelial surface. 3. Only A delta fiber endings were mechanoreceptive, and the unique elongated structure imparted directional selectivity. Comparison of physiological and electrical activation indicated that mechanical stimuli were transduced in < 600 microseconds. This study confirms previous suggestions of structural and functional specialization for "free" nerve endings.

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Smirnov, A. E. "On the question of the termination of motor nerves in the muscles of the heart of vertebrates." Neurology Bulletin VIII, no. 4 (2020): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb57163.

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Despite the significant literature on this issue, we still do not have its final resolution. Here, in brief features, is the main literary data related to this subject. A. Klliker in 1862, examining the nerves of the frog's heart, spoke in favor of their free ending on the muscle cells of the heart, which is most similar to the nerve ends on the striated muscle fibers.

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Cleland, C. L., L. Hayward, and W. Z. Rymer. "Neural mechanisms underlying the clasp-knife reflex in the cat. II. Stretch-sensitive muscular-free nerve endings." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 4 (1990): 1319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1319.

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1. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of muscular free nerve endings to the clasp-knife reflex by comparing their response properties and reflex actions to the clasp-knife reflex. 2. The responses of single muscle afferents were examined in anesthetized cats using stretch and isometric contraction of ankle extensor muscles identical to those that evoked clasp-knife inhibition in decerebrated and dorsal spinal-hemisectioned cats. 3. Fifty-three stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptor afferents were identified as free nerve ending afferents based on their conduction velocities, location within the muscle, uniformity of response, and dissimilarity to other muscle proprioceptors. The afferent conduction velocities were in both the group III (56%) and group II (44%) range, including five fast-conducting group II afferents (greater than 55 m/s). 4. The stretch response of stretch-sensitive, free nerve endings (SSFNEs) showed several characteristic features: 1) afferents were excited only by large stretches that produced significant passive force; 2) afferent activity began after a brief delay and exhibited segmentation of discharge during ramp stretch, a maximum at the end of ramp stretch, and rapid and complete decay during static stretch, and 3) afferent response adapted to repeated stretches. These properties match those of clasp-knife inhibition described in the companion paper, except that the SSFNE segmentation and maximum were more pronounced and their decay during maintained stretch was more rapid. 5. Isometric contraction produced by electrical stimulation of the muscle nerve, which induced force-evoked inhibition in decerebrated and dorsal hemisectioned cats, also consistently excited SSFNEs. Stretch evoked greater excitation than contraction, indicating that both length and force contribute to SSFNE activity. 6. Stimulation of free nerve endings by squeezing the achilles tendon in cats exhibiting the clasp-knife reflex evoked powerful, homonymous inhibition and a flexion-withdrawal pattern of reflex action--that is, inhibition of extensor and excitation of flexor muscles throughout the hindlimb, which parallels the spatial divergence of the clasp-knife reflex. 7. Intrathecal application of capsaicin, which preferentially blocks the reflex actions of small afferent fibers, blocked clasp-knife inhibition in decerebrated, dorsal hemisectioned cats. 8. The similarities between the reflex actions and response properties of SSFNEs and the properties of the clasp-knife reflex suggest that SSFNEs mediate clasp-knife inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Malkoc, E., F. Ates, H. Tekeli, B. Kurt, T. Turker, and S. Basal. "Free Nerve Ending Density on Skin Extracted by Circumcision and Its Relation to Premature Ejaculation." Journal of Andrology 33, no. 6 (2012): 1263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.112.016709.

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Shigenobu, Koki, Tatsuya Mori, Katsuo Kamata, and Yutaka Kasuya. "Platelet-activating factor: lack of direct action on guinea pig myocardium and possible transmitter release from cardiac sympathetic nerve endings at high concentrations." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 6 (1989): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-107.

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Microelectrode and mechanical studies were performed with isolated guinea pig myocardium (right ventricular free walls and papillary muscles) to examine the effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Low concentrations of PAF (10−8 to 10−6 M, a range equivalent to the blood concentrations that produce marked hypotension in vivo) had no effects on action potential configuration and contractile force. High concentrations (10−5 to 10−4 M) of PAF and LPC per se elicited slow response action potentials with concomitant contraction (restored contraction) in the myocardium depolarized with elevated K+ (25 mM); they also augmented slow responses and restored contractions produced by a low concentration of isoproterenol (10−8 M). Although these results suggested there was an increase in slow Ca current, the slow responses and restored contractions thus produced were greatly suppressed or abolished by the addition of a β-adrenoceptor blocking agent, sotalol (10−5 M), and by pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p., 24 h prior). In accordance with our previous conclusions, the present results suggest that direct cardiac action is not involved in the mechanisms of hypotension produced by PAF. It was also shown that high concentrations of PAF and LPC may act nonspecifically as amphiphilic compounds to induce transmitter release from sympathetic nerve endings, which may in turn augment the Ca current channels in the myocardial cell membrane.Key words: platelet-activating factor, cardiac action potential, slow response, Ca2+ channel, sympathetic nerve ending.

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Tadaki, Nobuhisa, Masaki Tanaka, Yasuo Hisa, et al. "Nitrergic Innervation of the Rat Larynx Measured by Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunohistochemistry and Nadph-Diaphorase Histochemistry." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 105, no. 7 (1996): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949610500711.

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We evaluated the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the laryngeal innervation of rats using NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunohistochemistry. The findings obtained by NADPH-d histochemistry were identical with those obtained by nNOS immunohistochemistry, indicating that NADPH-d is nNOS in the laryngeal innervation system. We found NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers in every region of the larynx. In the epithelia of the mucosa, a small number of NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers were detected. The plexus of NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers was commonly found in the lamina propria, and some of these fibers were clearly associated with blood vessels. We also noted NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers in the region of laryngeal glands. Some of these fibers appeared to terminate in the glandular cells. We found NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers with varicosities in the intrinsic laryngeal muscle and free-ending nerve fibers on the muscle fiber. Motor end plate-like structures were positive for NADPH-d histochemistry. The NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers appeared to terminate at motor end plate-like structures in two of nine rats examined. A cluster of NADPH-d-positive neurons were occasionally present in the lamina propria of the laryngeal mucosa, in the connective tissue between the thyroid cartilage and intrinsic laryngeal muscle, and in the connective tissue near the cricoarytenoid joint. The present findings suggest that NO participates in the autonomic, sensory, and motor innervation of the larynx.

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WUTTKE, WERNER A., ROY T. SAWYER, and MICHAEL S. BERRY. "EXTRAGLANDULAR INNERVATION OF THE SALIVARY CELLS OF THE LEECH HAEMENTERIA GHILIANII: NEURONAL STIMULATION ELICITS GLAND-CELL ACTION POTENTIALS AND SECRETION." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (1989): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.389.

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1. Each salivary gland cell of Haementeria extends a single process, or ductule, anteriorly into the proboscis; secretory products are released at the ductule ending. Some ductules secrete into the lumen of the proboscis and others at the outer surface of its tip, more than 5 cm from the gland in large leeches 2. Depolarization of a gland-cell body elicits action potentials which appear to be conducted along the ductule to its ending. Electrical stimulation of the proboscis tip elicits action potentials in those ductules which end there, and the impulses are propagated to the cell body (approx. 5cms−1) 3. Bathing the salivary glands in calcium-free saline causes spontaneous repetitive firing in the cell bodies and also elicits secretion at the proboscis tip (bathed in normal saline); the action potential thus appears to be a stimulus for secretion 4. A paired stomatogastric nerve, from the brain, enters the proboscis near its base. Cobalt-filling of the nerve shows numerous cell bodies in the brain and first body ganglion, and an intricate network of fibres and a cluster of stained cell bodies near its entry point in the proboscis 5. Repetitive stimulation of the stomatogastric nerve produces action potentials in certain gland cells, after a delay of at least 15 s, and also elicits secretion. The action potentials are initiated near the ductule tip, and are conducted to the cell body. The salivary glands themselves do not appear to be innervated 6. Application of acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine or octopamine (10−4 moll−1) does not initiate secretion. Neither dopamine nor octopamine excites the gland cells but ACh produces a transient suprathreshold depolarization of the cell body and occasionally elicits 1–3 ductule spikes when applied to the proboscis tip. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) produces secretion when applied to the proboscis but not when applied to the glands alone; it does not excite the cells, indicating that the action potential is not the only stimulus for secretion. 5-HT produces a depolarization, and increase in membrane resistance, in the cell body, and prevents the rapid adaptation of action potentials which occurs during maintained depolarization 7. Electrophoretic analysis shows that the protein compositions of secretions at the proboscis tip and in the lumen are completely different, with the tip apparently secreting only two major proteins. These same two protein bands occur in the cytoplasm of certain gland-cell bodies which can be distinguished in living glands on the basis of size and degree of staining with Methylene Blue 8. Following stimulation of the stomatogastric nerve, secretory products at the proboscis tip can be seen to emerge from discrete points which appear to be single ductule endings. This presents the possibility of studying excitation-secretion coupling in single cells

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Bolli, Peter, Paul Erne, Wolfgang Kiowski, Franz W. Amman та Fritz R. Bühler. "The adrenaline -α2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictor axis". Clinical Science 68, s10 (1985): 141s—146s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs068s141.

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1. In patients with essential hypertension plasma adrenaline concentrations have been found to be higher than in normotensive subjects and this may represent increased adrenergic activity. Adrenaline released into the circulation can be taken up by the sympathetic nerve ending and as it is re-released as a co-transmitter it enhances exocytotic noradrenaline release by stimulating prejunctional β-adrenoceptors and as a consequence it contributes to postjunctional α1-adrenoceptor-induced vasoconstriction. Adrenaline may also induce vasoconstriction via post- and extra-junctional (α2-adrenoceptors, as shown by a decrease in the forearm blood flow during adrenaline infusions in the postjunctional α1- and β-blocked forearm vasculature, an effect that could be antagonized by α2-adrenoceptor blockade with yohimbine. 2. α2-Adrenoceptor stimulation in platelets showed an increased sensitivity to adrenaline, as determined by sensitivity in counteracting the inhibitor effect of PGI2 on intracellular free calcium concentration in untreated patients with essential hypertension, when compared with treated patients or normotensive subjects. As these effects can be normalized by antihypertensive treatment this suggests that the increased hormone sensitivity may be related to the elevated intracellular free calcium concentration. 3. Thus adrenaline, via pre- and post-junctional adrenoceptors, may contribute to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction, which most likely is sensitized by the elevated intracellular calcium concentration.

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Dimitrov, N. D., D. Y. Atanasova, N. S. Tomov, et al. "Needle-nerve interaction in acupuncture: A morphological study." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 24, no. 3 (2021): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2290.

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Some acupuncture effects are considered to be caused by interaction with nerve structures in and around the acupoints. The aim of the present study was to investigate the nerve structures that interact with the needle in acupuncture and to present their distribution in acupoint tissues. To do this, the microscopic anatomy and its alterations in the vicinity of the needle tract formed after experimental acupuncture in ST36 acupoint in rats were described by histological and immunohistochemical methods. Free nerve endings were seen in the epidermis, and surrounding hair follicles and sebaceous glands in the dermis. Muscle spindles and larger nerve fibres close to blood vessels were also observed deeper, in the muscular plane. Needling of the acupoint caused destruction and displacement of hair follicles together with their free nerve endings. Deeper, some muscle spindles and smaller nerves were displaced and disrupted. Larger nerves were not destroyed, but rather pushed aside by the needle. Furthermore, needle impact also caused degranulation of mast cells near the needle tract. The findings suggest multiple ways of interaction between acupuncture needle and the nerve structures of the acupoint. Acupuncture combines destruction, disruption and displacement of nerve structures, together with additional interaction with mast cells. Those mechanisms are involved in eliciting the needling sensation and are possibly associated with the systemic effect of acupuncture.

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Whitear, Mary. "The free nerve endings in fish epidermis." Journal of Zoology 163, no. 2 (2010): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1971.tb04532.x.

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Cleland, C. L., L. Hayward, and W. Z. Rymer. "Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Clasp-Knife Reflex in the Cat: II. Stretch-Sensitive Muscular-Free Nerve Endings." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 6 (1990): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.6.1-a.

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C. L. Cleland, L. Hayward, and W. Z. Rymer, page 1319, the title of the article should read:,Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Clasp-Knife Reflex in the Cat. II. Stretch-Sensitive Muscular Free Nerve Endings.-The running head should read:,properties of muscular free nerve endings.-

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Shin, Takemoto, Shigeru Wada, Tadatsugu Maeyama, and Shun Watanabe. "Substance P Immunoreactive Nerve Fibers of the Canine Laryngeal Mucosa." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 97, no. 1 (1987): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988709700107.

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Substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve endings in the laryngeal mucosa were studied by PAP immunohistochemistry with light and electron microscopy. SP immunoreactive sensory endings were observed in the epithelium as intra-epithelial free nerve endings and taste bud-like structures. A small number of autonomic SP immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed running parallel to arterioles which were over 30 μm in diameter and terminated in glandular cells. Contrary to findings by silver impregnation, intraepithelial free nerve endings were more frequently observed on the lower surface of the vocal cord. The taste bud-like structures were classified into two different types: (1) simple terminations and (2) reticular terminations, according to the mode of the SP immunoreactive nerve fiber. Immature or degenerated taste bud-like structures in the larynx were assumed to be mechanical receptors because these receptors lacked outer taste pores and taste hairs.

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Chahine, R., L. Olivia, H. Lockwell, and R. Nadeau. "Oxygen-free radicals and myocardial nerve fibers endings." Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 4-5 (1994): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80124-7.

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Leunig, Michael, Martin Beck, Edouard Stauffer, Ralph Hertel, and Reinhold Ganz. "Free nerve endings in the ligamentum capitis femoris." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 71, no. 5 (2000): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000164700317381117.

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Beuerman, R. W., H. Thompson, and B. Dupuy. "Effects of capsaicin on corneal free nerve endings." Pain 30 (1987): S269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)91599-5.

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OHMORI, M., and H. AZUMA. "Morphology and Distribution of Nerve Endings in the Human Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex." Journal of Hand Surgery 23, no. 4 (1998): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(98)80137-x.

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We studied the morphology and distribution of nerve endings in the human triangular fibrocartilage complex using both silver staining and immunohistochemical staining using a protein specific to nerve fibres. Free nerve endings were found in the ulnar side of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, especially in the ulnar collateral ligament, meniscus homologue and the adjacent collagen fibre area of the peripheral part of the ulnar side of the articular disc. Meissner’s and Krause’s corpuscles were observed in the ulnar collateral ligament and meniscus homologue. The fact that free nerve endings were observed in the meniscus homologue and adjacent collagen fibre area of the peripheral part of the ulnar side of the articular disc suggests that this disc may be a source of wrist pain. The presence of nerve end bulbs in the triangular fibrocartilage complex also suggests a possible role for corpuscles as mechanoreceptors.

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Wada, Shigeru, Tadatsugu Maeyama, and Takemoto Shin. "The Fine Structure of Intraepithelial Free Nerve Endings in the Canine Vocal Cord Mucosa." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 101, no. 6 (1989): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988910100608.

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Innervation of the epithelium on the undersurface of the canine vocal cords was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In the subepithelial lamina propria, nerve bundles containing unmyelinated fibers were observed. The nerve bundles, encircled by basal lamina, were enclosed by a thin connective tissue layer and by flattened flbroblast-like cells. With nerve bundles approaching the epithelium, the axons divided repeatedly and entered the epithelial layer. In the epithelial cells, nerve axons formed knob-like swellings that contained a small number of large granular vesicles and a large number of small agranular vesicles. A sensory function responsive to irritant chemical stimuli and to mechanical stimuli is presumed for these vesicle-containing nerve processes.

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Kholinne, Erica, Hyun-Joo Lee, Maria F. Deslivia, et al. "Neuroanatomical distribution of sensory receptors in the human elbow joint capsule." Shoulder & Elbow 11, no. 4 (2018): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758573218760245.

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Background The topographic arrangement of sensory receptors in the human elbow joint capsule is pertinent to their role in the transmission of neural signals. The signals from stimuli in the joint are concisely delivered via afferent pathways to allow recognition of pain and proprioception. Sensory receptors in the elbow joint include mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings acting as nociceptors, although the distribution of each of the structures has not been determined, despite their importance for the integrity of the joint. We therefore aimed to investigate the neuroanatomical distribution and densities of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings in the capsule of the elbow, at the same time as considering surgical approaches that would result in the minimum insult to them. Methods Four elbow joint capsules were harvested from fresh cadavers. The specimens were carefully separated from adjacent osteoligamentous attachments and the capsular complex was stained with a modified gold chloride method. Evaluations of free nerve endings, and Golgi, Ruffini and Pacinian corpuscles were performed under an inverted light microscope. The number and density of each structure were recorded. Results Ruffini corpuscles observed to be the dominant mechanoreceptor type. No Golgi corpuscle was observed. Free nerve endings were found at the highest density at posterodistal sites, whereas mechanoreceptors were most frequent at bony attachment sites. Conclusions A consistent distribution pattern of articular sensory receptors was observed, which allows further understanding of elbow pathology. An awareness of the neuroanatomical distribution of sensory receptors in the elbow joint capsule may allow their preservation during surgical procedures for elbow joint pathology.

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Kruger, Lawrence, Anahid M. Kavookjian, Takao Kumazawa, Alan R. Light, and Kazue Mizumura. "Nociceptor structural specialization in canine and rodent testicular ?free? nerve endings." Journal of Comparative Neurology 463, no. 2 (2003): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10754.

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Orlov, S. N., N. I. Pokudin, G. M. Kravtsov, et al. "Free calcium concentration in brain nerve endings of spontaneously hypertensive rats." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 103, no. 5 (1987): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00841812.

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Reynders, Ana, Annabelle Mantilleri, Pascale Malapert, et al. "Transcriptional Profiling of Cutaneous MRGPRD Free Nerve Endings and C-LTMRs." Cell Reports 10, no. 6 (2015): 1007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.022.

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Nunzi, Maria-Grazia, Anna Pisarek, and Enrico Mugnaini. "Merkel cells, corpuscular nerve endings and free nerve endings in the mouse palatine mucosa express three subtypes of vesicular glutamate transporters." Journal of Neurocytology 33, no. 3 (2004): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:neur.0000044196.45602.92.

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Sanger, James R., Danny A. Riley, N. John Yousif, Hani S. Matloub, and James L. W. Bain. "Histochemical staining of nerve endings as an aid to free muscle transplantation." Microsurgery 12, no. 5 (1991): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/micr.1920120508.

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Shin, Takemoto, Shun Watanabe, Shigeru Wada, and Tadatsugu Maeyama. "Sensory Nerve Endings in the Mucosa of the Epiglottis—Morphologic Investigations with Silver Impregnation, Immunohistochemistry, and Electron Microscopy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 96, no. 1 (1987): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988709600110.

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This study was conducted in order to investigate the structure of sensory nerve endings of the human epiglottis and substance P immunoreactive nerve fibers of the canine epiglottis in relationship to physiologic functions of the larynx. The human epiglottis was observed by light microscopy (silver impregnation) and electron microscopy, and the canine epiglottis was studied by peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunohistochemistry. The results are summarized as follows: (1) In the membranes of the epiglottis, we observed free endings of simple or complex tree shape, corpuscle endings with glomerular patterns, and taste-bud-like structures, and (2) electron microscopic studies revealed varicosity of the terminal axon with processes that contained small, clear and large, dense cored vesicles. Substance P was observed in these structures, and it was suggested that substance P was related to perception in the larynx.

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Lappalainen, A. K., E. Kääpä, and M. Grönblad. "INGROWTH OF NEURAL ELEMENTS INTO THE ANNULUS FIBROSUS OF OVINE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC IN AN ACUTE AND SUBACUTE EXPERIMENTAL DISC INJURY." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 07, no. 01 (2003): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957703000983.

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Ingrowth of nerves and blood vessels is regarded as a part of disc degeneration. Schwann cells, which guide the development and regeneration of nerves both in the central and peripheral nervous system, have recently been located in degenerated human discs. The purpose of this study was to investigate by immunohistochemical methods, whether or not there was nerve, Schwann cell and blood vessel ingrowth in experimentally induced acute (3 weeks) and subacute (3 months) annular tears; and to study the detailed topography of such nerve ingrowth when present. Ingrowth of nerves and Schwann cells has so far not been studied in experimentally induced acute annular tears. A stab incision with a scalpel blade was made in two adjacent lumbar discs in adult sheep (n = 9). The L2–L3 discs were injured superficially, whereas in L3–L4 discs the incision reached the nucleus pulposus (full-thickness injury). The animals were sacrificed three weeks (acute injury, n = 3) or three months (subacute injury, n = 6) post-operatively. Discs were immunoassayed for general neuronal markers (protein gene product 9.5, PGP 9.5 and synaptophysin, SYN), Schwann cell marker (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) and endothelial marker (CD 31). Nerves visualized with all antibodies employed were situated inside the injured area and mainly near amd around blood vessels although free nerve endings could be seen also. PGP 9.5-immunopositive nerves were evident in every sample. Immunoreactivity to SYN and GFAP was not observed in control discs. Such immunoreactivity appeared already at 3 weeks (acute injury) in a few samples, and was present in all samples at 3 months (subacute injury). For the superficial injury, nerves did not penetrate deeper than in control discs until at 3 months. With more extensive annular injury, mean values for both nerve and Schwann cell penetration were higher. Blood capillaries were visible deeper in the inner annulus than neural tissues immunopositive to PGP 9.5, GFAP or SYN. The results suggest an ingrowth of nerves and Schwann cells with time, following an injury of the annulus fibrosus. A trend for deeper penetration already in the acute stage, but only for deep lesions reaching all the way to the nucleus pulposus, may be suggested. Such ingrowth, also previously reported in degenerated human discs, may relate to mechanisms of low back pain, originating in the intervertebral disc.

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Lemos, J. R., and J. J. Nordmann. "Ionic channels and hormone release from peptidergic nerve terminals." Journal of Experimental Biology 124, no. 1 (1986): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.124.1.53.

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Although there is considerable evidence that depolarization of nerve cell terminals leads to the entry of Ca2+ and to the secretion of neurohormones and neurotransmitters, the details of how ionic currents control the release of neuroactive substances from nerve terminals are unknown. The small size of most nerve terminals has precluded direct analysis of membrane ionic currents and their influence on secretion. We now report that it is possible, using patch-clamp techniques, to study stimulus--secretion coupling in isolated peptidergic nerve terminals. Sinus gland terminals from Cardisoma are easily isolated following collagenase treatment and appear morphologically and electrically very similar to non-dissociated nerve endings. We have observed two types of single-channel currents not previously described. The first (‘f’) channel is activated by intracellular Na+ and the second (‘s’) by intracellular Ca2+. Both show little selectivity between Na+ and K+. In symmetrical K+, these cation channels have mean conductances of 69 and 213 pS, respectively. Furthermore, at least three types of Ca2+ channels can be reconstituted from nerve terminal membranes prepared from sinus glands. Nerve terminals can also be isolated from the rat neural lobe. These neurosecretosomes release oxytocin and vasopressin, in response to membrane depolarization, only in the presence of external Ca2+. The depolarization of the nerve endings is associated with an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and this increase, measured using a fluorescent indicator, is abolished by Ca2+ channel blockers. Channels similar in their properties to the f and s channels also exist in rat neural lobe endings. Since these channels have not been found in other neurones or neuronal structures they may be unique to peptidergic nerve terminals.

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Moraes, Miguel R. B., Maria Luzete C. Cavalcante, José Alberto D. Leite, Francisco Valdecir Ferreira, Antônio Juvêncio O. Castro, and Mariana G. Santana. "Histomorphometric Evaluation of Mechanoreceptors and Free Nerve Endings in Human Lateral Ankle Ligaments." Foot & Ankle International 29, no. 1 (2008): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3113/fai.2008.0087.

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Biedert, Roland M., Edi Stauffer, and Niklaus F. Friederich. "Occurrence of free nerve endings in the soft tissue of the knee joint." American Journal of Sports Medicine 20, no. 4 (1992): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000411.

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31

Biedert, R., P. Lobenhoffer, C. Lattermann, E. Stauffer, and W. Müller. "Free nerve endings in the medial and posteromedial capsuloligamentous complexes: occurrence and distribution." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 8, no. 2 (2000): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001670050188.

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32

Rein, Susanne, Janet Okogbaa, Elisabet Hagert, Suzanne Manthey, and Amy Ladd. "Histopathological analysis of the synovium in trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 44, no. 10 (2019): 1079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193419848600.

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Dorsoradial and anterior oblique ligaments were harvested during surgery in 13 patients with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis, which had been graded preoperatively by a modified Eaton-Littler radiographic grading. Ligaments, including the periligamentous synovium, were stained with S100 protein, neurotrophic receptor p75, protein gene product 9.5, calcitonin gene related peptide, acetylcholine, substance P, neuropeptide Y, noradrenaline, N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor and Met/Leu-enkephalin. The synovium was classified as showing no, low-grade or high-grade synovitis. Free nerve endings had higher immunoreactivity for substance P than for N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor, enkephalin and noradrenaline. The synovial stroma had less immunoreactivity for N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor than for noradrenaline, substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide. There was no relation between the grade of osteoarthritis and the visual pain analogue scale, synovitis score, immunoreactivity of all antibodies and quantity of free nerve endings or blood vessels. Synovium in trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis produces several neuromediators causing a polymodal neurogenic inflammation and which may serve as biomarkers for osteoarthritis or therapeutic targets.

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Nishijima, Kazutoshi, Hirokazu Tsubone, and Yasuro Atoji. "Contribution of free nerve endings in the laryngeal epithelium to CO2 reception in rats." Autonomic Neuroscience 110, no. 2 (2004): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2003.11.002.

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Quilliam, T. A. "Effects of evolution on the pattern of intra-epidermal innervation by free nerve endings." Journal of Human Evolution 14, no. 1 (1985): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80098-1.

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35

Reynders, Ana, and Aziz Moqrich. "Analysis of cutaneous MRGPRD free nerve endings and C-LTMRs transcriptomes by RNA-sequencing." Genomics Data 5 (September 2015): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gdata.2015.05.022.

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Kumai, Tsukasa, Yoshinori Takakura, Kouichi Akiyama, Ichiro Higashiyama, and Susumu Tamai. "Histopathological Study of Nonosseous Tarsal Coalition." Foot & Ankle International 19, no. 8 (1998): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079801900804.

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Histopathological analysis was performed on 55 feet in 48 patients with nonosseous tarsal coalitions. Histological findings were similar to those observed at the tendinous attachment site of Osgood-Schlatter disease, accessory navicular, and bipartite patellae. No nerve elements were observed in the fibrocartilaginous tissue at the coalition. Nerve elements were present only in periosteum and articular capsule surrounding the coalition. Pain in the tarsal coalition is not mediated by nerve elements at the coalition site itself. It is assumed that the pain is caused by mechanical abnormality that results from incomplete coalition. Incomplete coalition produces microfractures and re-modelings on the boundaries between bone and the coalition, which then lead to degenerative changes. This mechanical abnormality seems to induce pain via free nerve endings in the periosteum and in the articular capsule surrounding the coalition.

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Aleixandre-Carrera, Fernando, Nurit Engelmayer, David Ares-Suárez, et al. "Optical Assessment of Nociceptive TRP Channel Function at the Peripheral Nerve Terminal." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020481.

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Free nerve endings are key structures in sensory transduction of noxious stimuli. In spite of this, little is known about their functional organization. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have emerged as key molecular identities in the sensory transduction of pain-producing stimuli, yet the vast majority of our knowledge about sensory TRP channel function is limited to data obtained from in vitro models which do not necessarily reflect physiological conditions. In recent years, the development of novel optical methods such as genetically encoded calcium indicators and photo-modulation of ion channel activity by pharmacological tools has provided an invaluable opportunity to directly assess nociceptive TRP channel function at the nerve terminal.

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Takahashi, Norimasa, Seiji Ohtori, Takashi Saisu, Hideshige Moriya, and Yuichi Wada. "Second Application of Low-energy Shock Waves Has a Cumulative Effect on Free Nerve Endings." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 443, : (2006): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000188064.56091.a7.

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39

Spit, Bejamin J., Franklin Bretschneider, Evert G. J. Hendriksen, and C. Frieke Kuper. "Ultrastructure of free nerve endings in respiratory and squamous epithelium on the rat nasal septum." Cell & Tissue Research 274, no. 2 (1993): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00318751.

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40

Petrovic, Snjezana, Maja Milosevic, Ivana Stanojevic, Natasa Velickovic, Dunja Drakulic та Anica Horvat. "Inhibition of mitochondrial Na-dependent Ca2+ efflux from rat brain stem by 17β-estradiol". Archives of Biological Sciences 61, № 2 (2009): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0902171p.

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The role of membrane-bound estradiol in modulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ flux in nerve endings isolated from rat brain stem was examined. Physiological concentrations of 17?-estradiol bind specifically to isolated mitochondria (Bmax 33.8 ? 2.5 fmoles estradiol/mg of protein, Km 0.185 ? 0.006 nmoles/l free estradiol). At concentrations ranging from 1 x 10-10 to 2 x 10-9 moles/l, estradiol significantly (by 23-28%) decreases mitochondrial Na-dependent calcium efflux. Decreased calcium efflux was associated with increased affinity of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger for Na+ and decreased capacity of the exchanger to extrude Ca2+. Calcium ion efflux modulation and mitochondrial ion retention may be the way that 17?-estradiol exerts its role in nerve cell homeostasis.

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41

Jahss, Melvin H., James D. Michelson, Panna Desai, et al. "Investigations into the Fat Pads of the Sole of the Foot: Anatomy and Histology." Foot & Ankle 13, no. 5 (1992): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079201300502.

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Anatomical, histological, and histochemical studies were performed on normal and abnormal fat pads of the sole of cadaver feet. The fat pads were found to contain a significant nerve and blood supply separate from that to the surrounding musculature and skin. Pacinian corpuscles and free nerve endings within the fat were identified. Histological analysis indicated a meshwork of fibroelastic septae arranged in a closed-cell configuration. The mechanical consequences of this organization are discussed in the context of the weightbearing role of the fat pads of the feet. Alterations seen in dysvascular or senescent feet are consistent with the hypothesis that the septal anatomy of the fat pads is central to their cushioning function.

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42

Heppelmann, B., K. Messlinger, W. F. Neiss, and R. F. Schmidt. "Ultrastructural three-dimensional reconstruction of group III and group IV sensory nerve endings (?free nerve endings?) in the knee joint capsule of the cat: Evidenence for multiple receptive sites." Journal of Comparative Neurology 292, no. 1 (1990): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920107.

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43

Atalay, Basar, Hayrunnisa Bolay, Turgay Dalkara, Figen Soylemezoglu, Kamil Oge, and Osman Ekin Ozcan. "Transcorneal stimulation of trigeminal nerve afferents to increase cerebral blood flow in rats with cerebral vasospasm: a noninvasive method to activate the trigeminovascular reflex." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 5 (2002): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.5.1179.

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Object. The goal of this study was to investigate whether stimulation of trigeminal afferents in the cornea could enhance cerebral blood flow (CBF) in rats after they have been subjected to experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Cerebral vasospasm following SAH may compromise CBF and increase the risks of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no effective treatment for SAH-induced vasospasm. Direct stimulation of the trigeminal nerve has been shown to dilate constricted cerebral arteries after SAH; however, a noninvasive method to activate this nerve would be preferable for human applications. The authors hypothesized that stimulation of free nerve endings of trigeminal sensory fibers in the face might be as effective as direct stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Methods. Autologous blood obtained from the tail artery was injected into the cisterna magna of 10 rats. Forty-eight and 96 hours later (five rats each) trigeminal afferents were stimulated selectively by applying transcorneal biphasic pulses (1 msec, 3 mA, and 30 Hz), and CBF enhancements were detected using laser Doppler flowmetry in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. Stimulation-induced changes in cerebrovascular parameters were compared with similar parameters in sham-operated controls (six rats). Development of vasospasm was histologically verified in every rat with SAH. Corneal stimulation caused an increase in CBF and blood pressure and a net decrease in cerebrovascular resistance. There were no significant differences between groups for these changes. Conclusions. Data from the present study demonstrate that transcorneal stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings induces vasodilation and a robust increase in CBF. The vasodilatory response of cerebral vessels to trigeminal activation is retained after SAH-induced vasospasm.

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44

Lobenhoffer, P., R. Biedert, E. Stauffer, Chr Lattermann, T. G. Gerich, and W. M�ller. "Occurrence and distribution of free nerve endings in the distal iliotibial tract system of the knee." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 4, no. 2 (1996): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01477263.

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45

Prasetyono, Theddeus O. H., Erythrina Permatasari, and Esti Soetrisno. "Implantation of Nerve Stump Inside a Vein and a Muscle: Comparing Neuroma Formation in Rat." International Surgery 99, no. 6 (2014): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-13-00184.1.

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Abstract Among many techniques independently reported to manage neuroma formation, manipulation of the nerve stump inside muscle and vein is the most advantageous technique. This study aimed to enrich the basic data of macroscopic appearance and histo-pathology regarding which technique generates less neuroma: nerve stump implantation inside vein or inside muscle. An experimental study with posttest-only control-group design was conducted in 24 rats that were randomly arranged into 3 groups. One centimeter of the lateral branch of the right ischiadic nerve was cut. Group A served as the control group, where the proximal nerve stumps were left as they were after the excision; whereas the stumps of groups B and C were implanted inside muscles and veins, respectively. The samples were assessed with histologic examination after 4 weeks to measure the morphometric changes in the nerve endings. The data were statistically analyzed with t test. All rats healed uneventfully. No thrombosis was found within group C, and the stumps were free of neuroma formation. The muscle group formed smaller neuroma than the control group. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the groups (P &lt; 0.05). The outcome of nerve stump implantation inside the lumen of a vein is superior to the implantation inside a muscle in preventing neuroma formation.

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Sarban, Sezgin, Fisun Baba, Yavuz Kocabey, Mustafa Cengiz, and Ugur E. Isikan. "Free nerve endings and morphological features of the ligamentum capitis femoris in developmental dysplasia of the hip." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 16, no. 5 (2007): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bpb.0000243830.99681.3e.

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47

MacIver, MB, and DL Tanelian. "Structural and functional specialization of A delta and C fiber free nerve endings innervating rabbit corneal epithelium." Journal of Neuroscience 13, no. 10 (1993): 4511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.13-10-04511.1993.

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48

Byers, Margaret R. "Sensory innervation of periodontal ligament of rat molars consists of unencapsulated Ruffini-like mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings." Journal of Comparative Neurology 231, no. 4 (1985): 500–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902310408.

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49

Pashley, D. H. "Dynamics of the Pulpo-Dentin Complex." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 7, no. 2 (1996): 104–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411960070020101.

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Dentin has a relatively high water content due to its tubular structure. Once dentin is exposed, this intratubular water is free to move in response to thermal, osmotic, evaporative, or tactile stimuli. Fluid shifts across dentin are thought to cause sufficient shear forces on odontoblasts, nerve endings, nearby fibroblasts, and blood vessels to cause significant mechanical irritation, disruption, or damage, depending on the magnitude of the fluid shift. Even in the absence of fluid shifts, the water-filled tubules provide diffusion channels for noxious (i.e., bacterial products) substances which diffuse inward toward the pulp, where they can activate the immune system, provide chemotactic stimuli, cytokine production, and produce pain and pulpal inflammation. Viewed from this perspective, dentin is a poor barrier to external irritants. However, pulpal tissues react to these challenges by increasing the activity of nerves, blood vessels, the immune system, and interstitial fluid turnover, to make the exposed dentin less permeable either physiologically, via increased outward fluid flow, or microscopically, by lining tubules with proteins, mineral deposits, or tertiary dentin, thereby enhancing the barrier properties of dentin, and providing additional protection to pulpal tissues. These reactions involve dentin and pulp, both in the initiation of the processes and in their resolution. These responses of the dental pulp to irritation of dentin demonstrate the dynamic nature of the pulpo-dentin complex.

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Ustinova, E. E., and H. D. Schultz. "Renal sympathetic nerve activity during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 4 (1996): R1033—R1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.4.r1033.

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We studied the role played by prostaglandins and oxygen-derived free radicals in mediating reflex changes in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Ligation of the left coronary artery for 20 min and reperfusion for 10 min were performed in anesthetized rats with sinoaortic denervation and with intact cardiac afferent nerves (control, n = 7), with cardiac sympathetic denervation (SD, n = 6), with vagal denervation (VD, n = 7), and with combined SD + VD (n = 6). In control rats, RSNA decreased by 10 +/- 3% from baseline (P < 0.05) during the first minute of ischemia and increased above baseline after 5 min of ischemia, with the maximum increase at the first minute of reperfusion. In rats with SD, RSNA decreased by 19 +/- 4% from baseline (P < 0.05) at the first minute of ischemia and remained depressed during the entire ischemic and reperfusion periods. In rats with VD, RSNA increased by 26 +/- 5% from baseline (P < 0.05) at the first minute of ischemia, and the increase in RSNA at the end of the ischemic period and at reperfusion was greater than in control rats. No changes in RSNA during ischemia and reperfusion were observed with combined SD + VD. Reflex changes in RSNA that occurred at the onset of ischemia in both VD (n = 7) and SD (n = 7) rats were abolished by indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v., 20 min before ischemia). Reflex changes in RSNA after prolonged ischemia (> 10 min) and during reperfusion in both VD (n = 7) and SD (n = 7) rats were abolished by the antioxidant deferoxamine (20 mg/kg i.v., 20 min before ischemia). Deferoxamine also diminished the increase of RSNA at the onset of ischemia in VD rats. Thus, in rats, the vagal afferent reflex predominates during early ischemia and the sympathetic afferent reflex predominates during prolonged ischemia and reperfusion. Reflex changes in RSNA that occur at the onset of ischemia are mediated by activation of vagal and sympathetic afferent endings by prostaglandins. Reflex changes in RSNA after prolonged ischemia and during reperfusion are mediated by activation of vagal and sympathetic afferent endings by oxygen-derived free radicals.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Free Nerve Ending'

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