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Journal articles on the topic 'Free radicals (Chemistry)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Ionita, Petre. "The Chemistry of DPPH· Free Radical and Congeners." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041545.

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Since the discovery in 1922 of 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl stable free radical (DPPH·), the chemistry of such open-shell compounds has developed continuously, allowing for both theoretical and practical advances in the free radical chemistry area. This review presents the important, general and modern aspects of the chemistry of hydrazyl free radicals and the science behind it.

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2

Nagendrappa, G. "An appreciation of free radical chemistry Part 4. Free radicals in atmospheric chemistry." Resonance 10, no. 7 (July 2005): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02867108.

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3

Nagendrappa, G. "An appreciation of free radical chemistry 6. Experiments involving free radicals." Resonance 10, no. 9 (September 2005): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02896323.

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4

[Sbreve]imkovic, Ivan. "FREE RADICALS IN WOOD CHEMISTRY." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 26, no. 1 (February 1986): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081969.

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5

Halliwell, Barry. "The Chemistry of Free Radicals." Toxicology and Industrial Health 9, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233793009001-203.

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6

Pryor, W. A. "Free radicals in organic chemistry." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 21, no. 2 (January 1996): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(96)90038-6.

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7

Murphy, John A. "Free radicals in synthesis. Clean reagents affording oxidative or reductive termination." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 7 (January 1, 2000): 1327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071327.

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Neurotoxic organotin reagents currently play a key role in radical chemistry. As a result, this is an important area for development of new clean replacement reactions. The pharmaceutical industry in particular has had to avoid use of radical methodology for the formation of carbon_carbon bonds for this reason. With the current dawn in green chemistry, a host of new clean radical methods is beginning to flourish. Our aim has been to develop new nontoxic methodology for carbon_carbon bond formation by radical chemistry, which would provide either reductive termination (giving a hydrogen atom to

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8

Lemaire, M. T. "Recent developments in the coordination chemistry of stable free radicals." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476020277.

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Several advances in the coordination chemistry of stable free-radical species over the past six years are documented in this review article. Specifically, a number of recent reports focused on the coordination chemistry of chelating nitroxide ligands are highlighted, with an emphasis on enhanced magnetic or optical properties in these complexes. Furthermore, very intriguing recent magnetic and optical studies with one-dimensional nitroxide chain complexes (new "Glauber" chains and chiral magnets) are also discussed. The verdazyls are another family of stable radicals whose coordination chemist

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9

Yañez Jaramillo, Lina M., Joy H. Tannous, and Arno de Klerk. "Persistent Free Radicals in Petroleum." Processes 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2023): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11072067.

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The persistent free radical content in petroleum is of the order 1018 spins/g (1 μmol/g), with higher and lower values found depending on origin and in different distillation fractions. The field of persistent free radicals in petroleum was reviewed with the aim of addressing and explaining apparent inconsistencies between free radical persistence and reactivity. The macroscopic average free radical concentration in petroleum is persistent over geological time, but individual free radical species in petroleum are short-lived and reactive. The persistent free radical concentration in petroleum

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10

Van Lente, Frederick. "Free Radicals." Analytical Chemistry 65, no. 12 (June 15, 1993): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00060a601.

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11

Merkley, Nadine, Paul C. Venneri, and John Warkentin. "Cyclopropanation of benzylidenemalononitrile with dialkoxycarbenes and free radical rearrangement of the cyclopropanes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-017.

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Thermolysis of 2-cinnamyloxy-2-methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-Δ3-1,3,4-oxadiazoline (1a) and the analogous 2-benzyloxy-2-methoxy compound (1b) at 110°C, in benzene containing benzylidenemalononitrile, afforded products of apparent regiospecific addition of methoxycarbonyl and cinnamyl (or benzyl) radicals to the double bond. When the thermolysis of 1a was run with added TEMPO, methoxycarbonyl and cinnamyl radicals were captured. Thermolysis of the 2,2-dibenzyloxy analogue (1c) in the presence of benzylidenemalononitrile gave an adduct that is formally the product of addition of benzyloxycarbonyl and ben

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12

Hamilton, R. J., C. Kalu, E. Prisk, F. B. Padley, and H. Pierce. "Chemistry of free radicals in lipids." Food Chemistry 60, no. 2 (October 1997): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(96)00351-2.

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13

Lazar, M., J. Rychly, V. Klimo, P. Pelikan, and L. Valko. "Free radicals in chemistry and biology." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 11, no. 2 (January 1991): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(91)90175-3.

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14

Matsugo, Seiichi, Masashi Mizuno, and Tetsuya Konishi. "Free Radical Generating and Scavenging Compounds as a New Type of Drug." Current Medicinal Chemistry 2, no. 4 (December 1995): 763–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986730204220224092844.

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Abstract: Recently, the free radical investigations cover a broad field of research related to chemistry, biology, medicine and biochemistry. One of the reasons for this is that the free radicals play crutial roles in many pathogenic disorders, typically carcinogenesis. So, in this sense it is very important to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of free radicals in vivo from the aspect of tumor necrosis. Indeed, many drugs have been extensively studied in relation to free radicals in recent years. These studies can be divided into two categories one of which emphasizes the advantageous

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15

Li, Guoxiang, Zhongyang Luo, Wenbo Wang, and Jianmeng Cen. "A Study of the Mechanisms of Guaiacol Pyrolysis Based on Free Radicals Detection Technology." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030295.

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In order to understand the reaction mechanism of lignin pyrolysis, the pyrolysis process of guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) as a lignin model compound was studied by free radical detection technology (electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR) in this paper. It was proven that the pyrolysis reaction of guaiacol is a free radical reaction, and the free radicals which can be detected mainly by EPR are methyl radicals. This paper proposes a process in which four free radicals (radicals 1- C6H4(OH)O*, radicals 5- C6H4(OCH3)O*, methyl radicals, and hydrogen radicals) are continuously rearranged during the py

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16

Nagendrappa, G. "An appreciation of free radical chemistry part 5: Free radicals in organic synthesis." Resonance 10, no. 8 (August 2005): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02866748.

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17

Nagendrappa, G. "An appreciation of free radical chemistry 3. Free radicals in diseases and health." Resonance 10, no. 4 (April 2005): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02834649.

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18

Sethi, Kavleen Kaur, Gaurav Singh, Abhishek Sinha, and Haider Iqbal. "An Understanding of Antioxidants and Oral Lesions." Dental Journal of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences 2 (November 14, 2023): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/djigims_5_2023.

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The study of free radical chemistry has received a lot of attention recently. Our bodies produce free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and reactive nitrogen species as a result of a variety of endogenous processes, exposure to various physicochemical circumstances, or pathological conditions. For optimum physiological function, free radicals and antioxidants must coexist in balance. Oxidative stress results when the body’s defenses against free radicals are overpowered. As a result, free radicals damage lipids, proteins, and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and cause a variety of hum

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19

Lu, Keding, Song Guo, Zhaofeng Tan, Haichao Wang, Dongjie Shang, Yuhan Liu, Xin Li, Zhijun Wu, Min Hu, and Yuanhang Zhang. "Exploring atmospheric free-radical chemistry in China: the self-cleansing capacity and the formation of secondary air pollution." National Science Review 6, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy073.

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Abstract Since 1971, it has been known that the atmospheric free radicals play a pivotal role in maintaining the oxidizing power of the troposphere. The existence of the oxidizing power is an important feature of the troposphere to remove primary air pollutants emitted from human beings as well as those from the biosphere. Nevertheless, serious secondary air-pollution incidents can take place due to fast oxidation of the primary pollutants. Elucidating the atmospheric free-radical chemistry is a demanding task in the field of atmospheric chemistry worldwide, which includes two kinds of work: f

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20

Bisht, Rekha. "Antioxidants: a brief review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 6-s (December 15, 2018): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6-s.2116.

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The field of free radical chemistry has gained a great deal of attention in recent years. Free radicals reactive oxygen species generated by our body by various endogenous systems leads to various pathological conditions. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is prerequisite for proper physiological function. Oxidative stress caused by generation of free radicals adversely alters lipids, proteins, and DNA and provokes a number of human ailments. Oxidative stress can be managed by using external sources of antioxidants. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and buty

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21

Constable, Edwin C., and Catherine E. Housecroft. "Before Radicals Were Free – the Radical Particulier of de Morveau." Chemistry 2, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2020019.

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Today, we universally understand radicals to be chemical species with an unpaired electron. It was not always so, and this article traces the evolution of the term radical and in this journey, monitors the development of some of the great theories of organic chemistry.

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22

West, Robert, Kerim Samedov, Amitabha Mitra, Paul W. Percival, Jean-Claude Brodovitch, Graeme Langille, Brett M. McCollum, et al. "Germanium-centered free radicals studied by muon spin spectroscopy." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 92, no. 6 (June 2014): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2013-0427.

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Transverse-field muon spin rotation (TF-μSR) spectra have been recorded for free radicals formed by positive muon irradiation of nine different divalent germanium compounds. Muon-electron hyperfine coupling constants (Aμ) were determined from the spectra and compared with values predicted from density functional theory molecular orbital (DFT-MO) calculations on the muoniated radicals formed by muonium addition to the germanium atom. The muon hyperfine constants for germylenes containing N–Ge bonds are generally quite large, from 593 to 942 MHz, indicating strong interaction between the muon an

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23

Dunne, Jacqueline, Alexis Caron, Patrick Menu, Abdu I. Alayash, Paul W. Buehler, Michael T. Wilson, Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu, Beatrice Faivre, and Chris E. Cooper. "Ascorbate removes key precursors to oxidative damage by cell-free haemoglobin in vitro and in vivo." Biochemical Journal 399, no. 3 (October 13, 2006): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20060341.

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Haemoglobin initiates free radical chemistry. In particular, the interactions of peroxides with the ferric (met) species of haemoglobin generate two strong oxidants: ferryl iron and a protein-bound free radical. We have studied the endogenous defences to this reactive chemistry in a rabbit model following 20% exchange transfusion with cell-free haemoglobin stabilized in tetrameric form [via cross-linking with bis-(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate]. The transfusate contained 95% oxyhaemoglobin, 5% methaemoglobin and 25 μM free iron. EPR spectroscopy revealed that the free iron in the transfusate was

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24

Hideg, K. "Book Review, Free Radicals in Organic Chemistry." Synthesis 1996, no. 03 (March 1996): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1996-4206.

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25

Bergendi, L', L. Beneš, Z. Ďuračková, and M. Ferenčik. "Chemistry, physiology and pathology of free radicals." Life Sciences 65, no. 18-19 (October 1999): 1865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00439-7.

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26

Janzen, Edward G., and Dale E. Nutter. "Spin Trapping Chemistry of Iminyl Free Radicals." Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 35, no. 2 (February 1997): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-458x(199702)35:2<131::aid-omr23>3.0.co;2-3.

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27

Ferradini, Christiane, and Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin. "La radiolyse de l'eau et des solutions aqueuses : historique et actualité." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1542–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-162.

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Experiments showing that water is decomposed by the action of high-energy radiations date back to the first days of the discovery of radioactivity, a century ago. On the occasion of this anniversary, we have attempted to give a comprehensive account of the radiation chemistry of water and its solutions since its origin, with special emphasis on the various physical and chemical stages that led to the present state of this science. To this aim, we describe the effect of different intervening factors on the molecular and radical yields, including dissolved solute concentration, pH, radiation int

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28

Abedinzadeh, Z. "Sulfur-centered reactive intermediates derived from the oxidation of sulfur compounds of biological interest." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y00-085.

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Sulphur compounds play a central role in the structure and activity of many vital systems. In the living cell, sulfur constitutes an essential part of the defense against oxidative damage and is transformed into a variety of sulfur free radical species. Many studies of the chemistry of sulfur-centered radicals using pulse radiolysis and photolysis techniques to detect and measure the kinetics of these radicals have been published and reviewed. This paper discusses the present state of research on the formation and reactivity of certain sulfur-centered radicals [RS·, RSS·, RS·+, (RSSR)·+] and t

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29

Emmerson, K. M., N. Carslaw, D. C. Carslaw, J. D. Lee, G. McFiggans, W. Bloss, T. Gravestock, et al. "Free radical modelling studies during the UK TORCH Campaign in summer 2003." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 18, 2006): 10523–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-10523-2006.

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Abstract. The Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment (TORCH) took place during the heatwave of summer 2003 at Writtle College, a site 2 miles west of Chelmsford in Essex and 25 miles north east of London. The experiment was one of the most highly instrumented to date. A combination of a large number of days of simultaneous, collocated measurements, a consequent wealth of model constraints and a highly detailed chemical mechanism, allowed the atmospheric chemistry of this site to be studied in detail. The concentrations of the hydroxyl radical, the hydroperoxy radical and the sum of peroxy r

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30

Emmerson, K. M., N. Carslaw, D. C. Carslaw, J. D. Lee, G. McFiggans, W. J. Bloss, T. Gravestock, et al. "Free radical modelling studies during the UK TORCH Campaign in Summer 2003." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 1 (January 12, 2007): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-167-2007.

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Abstract. The Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment (TORCH) took place during the heatwave of summer 2003 at Writtle College, a site 2 miles west of Chelmsford in Essex and 25 miles north east of London. The experiment was one of the most highly instrumented to date. A combination of a large number of days of simultaneous, collocated measurements, a consequent wealth of model constraints and a highly detailed chemical mechanism, allowed the atmospheric chemistry of this site to be studied in detail. Between 25 July and 31 August, the concentrations of the hydroxyl radical and the hydropero

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31

Jonsson, M., J. Lind, T. Reitberger, T. E. Eriksen, and G. Merenyi. "Free radical combination reactions involving phenoxyl radicals." Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, no. 31 (August 1993): 8229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100133a018.

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32

Brodovitch, Jean-Claude, Brenda Addison-Jones, Khashayar Ghandi, Iain McKenzie, Paul W. Percival, and Joachim Schüth. "Free radicals formed by H(Mu) addition to fluoranthene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-191.

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Muonium has been used as an H atom analogue to investigate the free radicals formed by H addition to the polyaromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene. There are nine unique carbons in the molecule, but only five radicals were detected. Muon and proton hyperfine constants were determined by transverse field µSR and µLCR, respectively, and compared with calculated values. All signals were assigned to radicals formed by Mu addition to C-H sites. There is no evidence for addition to the tertiary carbons at ring junctions.Key words: muonium, fluoranthene, free radical, hyperfine constants.

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33

Tomaszewski, MJ, J. Warkentin, and NH Werstiuk. "Free-Radical Chemistry of Imines." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 2 (1995): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9950291.

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Aryl radicals bearing an aldimino functional group as part of an ortho substituent cyclized by addition to C and/or N of the imino group. When the choice was between 5-exo closure to C and 6-endo closure to N, the former predominated. However, 6-endo closure to C predominated over 5-exo cyclization to N in isomeric imines. Absolute values of cyclization rate constants were determined and an explanation for the unusual 6-endo preference is offered. Chiral induction in 6-endo cyclization to C of an aldimine from D-glyceraldehyde acetonide was observed, and its sense was determined.

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34

Elliot, A. John, Shahsultan Padamshi, and Jana Pika. "Free-radical redox reactions of uranium ions in sulphuric acid solutions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-053.

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The radiolytic reduction of uranyl ions in degassed sulphuric acid solutions containing various organic solutes was studied. It was shown that while ĊOOH, CO2−, and α-hydroxy-alkyl radicals reduced uranyl ions, the β-hydroxy-alkyl radicals and those derived from gluconic acid could not affect the reduction. The oxidation of uranium(IV) by hydrogen peroxide at pH 0.7 involves hydroxyl radicals in a chain mechanism but at pH 2.0 the oxidation proceeds by a non-radical reaction pathway. From the enhancement of the rate of oxidation of uranium(IV) by oxygen in the presence of 2-propanol, a mechani

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35

Tkáč, Alexander, and Eva Hanušovská. "Reactivity of Free Radicals Generated from Neurotransmitters Studied by Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 69, no. 11 (2004): 2081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20042081.

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Free phenoxy radicals derived from catecholamine-type neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline) σ-coordinated to Co(III) chelates were generated by the reaction of π-coordinated tert-butylperoxy radicals with the neurotransmitters in non-polar solvent at ambient temperature. The ESR signals of the formed complexes are split into the basic octet line resulting from the interaction of the unpaired electron of the phenoxy radical with the 59Co nucleus (I = 7/2). Increasing the polarity of the solution starts the decomplexation and the liberated phenoxy radicals of the neurotransmitt

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36

K. Koltover, Vitaly. "Free Radical Timer of Aging: from Chemistry of Free Radicals to Systems Theory of Reliability." Current Aging Science 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874609809666161009220822.

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37

Koltover, Vitaly K. "Free Radical Theory of Aging: From Chemistry of Free Radicals to Reliability of Biological Systems." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 76 (November 2014): S33—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.448.

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38

Tkáč, Alexander. "Alternating reactivity of free radicals coordinated to chelated transition metals and to hemoproteins." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 10 (1988): 2429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19882429.

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The mean lifetime of free radicals increases by coordination to transition metals of chelates including hemoproteins (hemoglobin, cytochrome c, catalase), when the radical generation proceeds in non-polar media in temperature range of physiological ones (290-310 K). In polar media (water, methyl- or ethylalcohol, pyridine), or in the presence of effective ligating agents (e.g. bases of nucleic acids), or at slightly elevated temperatures the intermediately stabilized oxygen centred radicals are liberated from the complex and the original high reactivity of the free radical is renewed. It is as

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39

Crich, David, and Qingwei Yao. "Free radical chemistry of nucleosides and nucleotides. Ring opening of C4′-radicals." Tetrahedron 54, no. 3-4 (January 1998): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10262-9.

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40

Kostka, Peter. "Free radicals (nitric oxide)." Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 12 (June 15, 1995): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00108a023.

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41

Shahzad, Asif, Shoukat Hussain, Nazima Anwar, Abdul Karim, Ume Aeman, and Muhammad Javid Iqbal. "An overview of free Radicals & antioxidants and its Deletenous actions." FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/fcs.v2i2.32.

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In modern years, there has been a large dealing of work toward the area of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are create by our body by various endogenic systems, influence to different physio chemical conditions or unhealthy states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to modulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus unfavorable alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and activate a number of human diseases

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42

Cherkasov, Artem R., M. Jonsson, Vladimir I. Galkin, and Rafael A. Cherkasov. "Correlation analysis in the chemistry of free radicals." Russian Chemical Reviews 70, no. 1 (January 31, 2001): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc2001v070n01abeh000574.

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43

Mason, T. J. "Free radicals and ultrasound in chemistry and medicine." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 1, no. 2 (1994): S131—S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4177(94)90011-6.

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44

YOSHIKAWA, TOSHIKAZU. "Chemistry of active enzymes and free radicals and organism. 4. Active oxygen, free radicals and diseases." Kagaku To Seibutsu 37, no. 7 (1999): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.37.475.

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45

De Schutter, Coralie, Emmanuel Pfund, and Thierry Lequeux. "Radical conjugate addition of ambiphilic fluorinated free radicals." Tetrahedron 69, no. 29 (July 2013): 5920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.006.

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46

Mathew, Lukose, Emmanuel Y. Osei-Twum та John Warkentin. "Thermolysis of α-hydroperoxyalkyl diazenes. Spin trapping of radical intermediates and spin trapping kinetics". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, № 9 (1 вересня 1991): 1398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-206.

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α-Hydroperoxyalkyl diazenes (Me2C(OOH)N=NR, 1, R = CH2CF3, CH2CH2OMe, CH(Me)2, CMe3, CH2Ph, Ph, CH2CH2OPh, and c-C3H5CD2) decompose in benzene, at 50 °C or less, by a mechanism involving free radical (R•) intermediates. The radicals were trapped with 1-methyl-4-nitroso-3,5-diphenylpyrazole, 2, to afford spin adducts (nitroxyls) that were observed by ESR spectroscopy. When the solvent was ethyl vinyl ether, radicals from 1 (R = CH2CH2OPh) were trapped by the solvent and the adduct radicals so formed were spin trapped by 2. These observations support free radical mechanisms for thermolysis of 1

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47

Lüring, Ulrich, and André Kirsch. "Imidyl Radicals – Free-Radical Addition ofN1-Bromoimides to Alkenes." Chemische Berichte 126, no. 5 (May 1993): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19931260517.

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48

Aliaga, Carolina, and Eduardo A. Lissi. "Comparison of the free radical scavenger activities of quercetin and rutin An experimental and theoretical study." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-151.

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Natural radical scavengers have recently received considerable interest owing to the role of free radicals in causing oxidative stress in living organisms. Flavonoids constitute one of the most important families of molecules with antioxidant activities, a characteristic associated with the presence in their structure of hydroxyl groups bound to aromatic rings. Quercetin is a potent antioxidant whose high reactivity could be associated with the presence of the OH group in the C ring. To address the role of this group in quercetin's free radical scavenging capacity, we have carried out experime

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Kircher, Raphael, Sarah Mross, Hans Hasse, and Kerstin Münnemann. "Functionalized Controlled Porous Glasses for Producing Radical-Free Hyperpolarized Liquids by Overhauser DNP." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 6402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196402.

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Abstract:

Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) can be used as a tool for NMR signal enhancement and happens on very short time scales. Therefore, ODNP is well suited for the measurement of fast-flowing samples, even in compact magnets, which is beneficial for the real-time monitoring of chemical reactions or processes. ODNP requires the presence of unpaired electrons in the sample, which is usually accomplished by the addition of stable radicals. However, radicals affect the nuclear relaxation times and can hamper the NMR detection. This is circumvented by immobilizing radicals in a packed bed

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Bognár, Balázs, Györgyi Úr, Cecília Sár, Olga H. Hankovszky, Kálmán Hideg, and Tamás Kálai. "Synthesis and Application of Stable Nitroxide Free Radicals Fused with Carbocycles and Heterocycles." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 4 (May 22, 2019): 480–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190318163321.

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Abstract:

Stable nitroxide free radicals have traditionally been associated with 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) or its 4-substituted derivatives as relatively inexpensive and readily accessible compounds with limited possibilities for further chemical modification. Over the past two decades, there has been a resurgence of interest in stable free radicals with proper functionalization tuned for various applications. The objective of this review is to present recent results with synthetic methodologies to achieve stable nitroxide free radicals fused with aromatic carbocycles and heterocycle

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