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1
Singh, N. P. "Rural needs: free (range) grazing." International Forestry Review 10, no. 2 (2008): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.10.2.235.
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Ajayi, M. O., E. B. Herbert, A. Imosemi, N. Nyekwere, D. T. Eyongndi, and O. O. Oladele. "Legal Implications of Free-Range System of Rearing Cattle in Nigeria: a Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1219, no. 1 (2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1219/1/012013.
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Abstract Open grazing in Nigeria has been an age-long practice associated with the people of the Sahel. Evidence abounds of the peaceful co-existence between cattle herders and their host communities in nearly all parts of the country; what obtains today is far from peaceful. There have been incessant reports of violence ranging from the destruction of farmlands to the deaths of farmers and herdsmen through deliberate, unprovoked, violent attacks and reprisal attacks. Government efforts at resolving these issues have brought about suggestions to have grazing reserves or ranching, which have been resisted by some states. There have been calls by some state governments for the ban of open grazing due to the problems associated with it while some states have enacted laws banning open grazing. Meanwhile, there is a paucity of information on the legality of open grazing or otherwise, since there is yet to be a federal law in support of or condemnation, hence this investigation. This paper adopts legal and agropastoral methodologies to review these issues as they affect animal-human welfare. It further investigates how grazing is done in other climes to suggest possible solutions that will be mutually beneficial to farmers and herders. It found that in other climes, the methods of grazing were permitted to depend on the peculiarity of each state, particularly the availability of land. Findings further revealed the possible consequences of the free-range system if left unchecked, one of which could gradually affect the country’s adequate food supply. Farmlands are gradually abandoned for fear of possible attacks. Some states particularly known for farming are now plagued with hunger and poverty among farmers in rural areas. The consequence of unregulated open grazing could impair the possibility of attaining sustainable development goals of zero hunger and eradication of poverty. It recommends that the government urgently finds a lasting solution to open grazing that will be welcomed and acceptable to all states, bearing in mind their different peculiarities. Failure to attain these amounts to a gross violation of the rights of the various stakeholders.
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Karn, J. F., and R. E. Ries. "Free-Choice Grazing of Native Range and Cool-Season Grasses." Journal of Range Management 55, no. 5 (2002): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003224.
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Grace, Neville D., and Scott O. Knowles. "Trace Element Supplementation of Livestock in New Zealand: Meeting the Challenges of Free-Range Grazing Systems." Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/639472.
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Managing the mineral nutrition of free-range grazing livestock can be challenging. On farms where grazing animals are infrequently yarded, there are limited opportunities to administer trace element supplements via feeds and concentrates. In New Zealand, where the majority of sheep, cattle, and deer graze pasture year round, inadequate intake of cobalt, copper, iodine and selenium is prevalent. Scientists and farmers have developed efficient strategies to monitor and treat these dietary deficiencies. Supplementation methods suited to grazing livestock include long-acting injections, slow-release intraruminal boluses, trace element-amended fertilisers, and reticulated water supplies on dairy farms.
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Bello, R. W., and S. Abubakar. "Development of a Software Package for Cattle Identification in Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 23, no. 10 (2019): 1825–28. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i10.9.
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ABSTRACT: Open grazing or free-range grazing is one of the methods employed by the Nigeria nomadic cattle herders to provide pasture for their cattle. This method of providing pasture for cattle comes with so many challenges among which are cow swapping, ownership disputes, rustling and cow intrusion to farmland. Some existing methods of guiding against these challenges are expensive, injurious, and unreliable to apply. The objective of this paper is to develop an enhanced and affordable software package for cow recognition and identification using a graphical user interface and information encoding method. Data analysis module with software application for the analysis of the generated code is proposed; the software application installed on a computer or smart-phone may be standalone or otherwise. Data about individual cow is digitally collected, coded and stored using necessary resources, tools, and methods. Moreover, by tagging individual cow with the generated code, and matching the code with the ones in the database using code reader, individual cow can be recognized and identified.
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OH, Sang-Hyon, Yu-Jeong Jung, Mun Hye Kang, Jae-Cheol Jang, and Jin-Hyun Park. "PSXI-15 Estimating Vegetation Index for Outdoor Free-Range Pig Production Using Yolo." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (2023): 665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.775.
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Abstract In the United States, outdoor pig production is steadily increasing thanks to the niche market strategy for small farmers, consumer antipathy to factory farm products, and the trend of eco-friendly and animal welfare, and research on this is continuing. One of the advantages of outdoor pig production is that farms can be run with small capital, and one of the disadvantages is that cover crops can be devastated due to the burrowing nature of pigs, resulting in underground water being overnourished if management is neglected. Recent scientific advances have made it possible to take images from unmanned aerial vehicles. Utilizing this technology to ascertain the situation of grazing land in outdoor grazing pig production will greatly help farmers maintain pastures at the recommended rate without leaving pastures until they are irreparable. The objective of this study was to quantitatively estimate the level of grazing area damage in outdoor free-range pig production using an UAV with an RGB image sensor. Ten corn field images were captured by an UAV over a period of approximately two weeks, during which gestating sows were allowed to graze freely on the corn field measuring 100×50 m2. The images were corrected to a bird's-eye view, and then divided into 32 segments and sequentially inputted into the YOLOv4 detector to detect the corn images according to their condition. The 43 raw training images selected randomly out of 320 segmented images, each with different degrees of corn devastation, were flipped to create 86 images, and then these images were further augmented by rotating them in 5-degree increments to create a total of 6,192 images. The increased 6,192 images are further augmented by applying three random color transformations to each image, resulting in a total of 24,768 datasets. The system accumulates the number and area of the detected labels to calculate the corn occupancy rate. The occupancy rate of corn in the field was estimated efficiently using YOLO. As of the first day of observation (day 2), it was evident that almost all the corn had disappeared by the ninth day. When grazing 20 sows in a 50×100 m2 cornfield (250 m2/sow), it appears that the animals should be rotated to other grazing areas to protect the cover crop after at least five days. In agricultural technology, most of the research using machine and deep learning is related to the detection of fruits and pests, and research on other application fields is needed. In addition, large-scale image data collected by experts in the field are required as training data to apply deep learning. If data required for deep learning is insufficient, a large number of data augmentation is required.
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Song, Pengfei, Wen Qin, YanGan Huang, Lei Wang, Zhenyuan Cai, and Tongzuo Zhang. "Grazing Management Influences Gut Microbial Diversity of Livestock in the Same Area." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (2020): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104160.
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The composition of gut microbiota is closely related to health and nutrition of livestock. Research on the interaction between gut microbiota in livestock and grazing management strategies is unfortunately sparse. By studying the compositions of gut microbiota in sheep and goats in a single, mixed grazing population under the control of herdsman, as well as those of free-range camels in the same area of Qaidam Basin, we found that the composition of gut microbiota between sheep and goats showed no significant difference. However, there were significant differences between mixed group and camels at α- and β-diversities. We speculate that grazing management can shape gut microbial diversity indirectly. Mixed grazing under the control of herdsman lead to similarities in the diversity of gut microbiota among different species and limit their diversities of gut microbiota, which is not conducive to healthy growth of the host. On the contrary, free-range grazing is better for the diversity of gut microbiota. In order to sustainably manage populations of livestock, gut microbiota analysis may prove to be an important indicator for evaluating the merits of different grazing management strategies. Our results lay a foundation to improve the health of livestock and grazing management.
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Bello, R. W., and S. Abubakar. "Development of a Software Package for Cattle Identification in Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 23, no. 10 (2019): 1825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i10.9.
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Open grazing or free-range grazing is one of the methods employed by the Nigeria nomadic cattle herders to provide pasture for their cattle. This method of providing pasture for cattle comes with so many challenges among which are cow swapping, ownership disputes, rustling and cow intrusion to farmland. Some existing methods of guiding against these challenges are expensive, injurious, and unreliable to apply. The objective of this paper is to develop an enhanced and affordable software package for cow recognition and identification using a graphical user interface and information encoding method. Data analysis module with software application for the analysis of the generated code is proposed; the software application installed on a computer or smart-phone may be standalone or otherwise. Data about individual cow is digitally collected, coded and stored using necessary resources, tools, and methods. Moreover, by tagging individual cow with the generated code, and matching the code with the ones in the database using code reader, individual cow can be recognized and identified.Keywords: Open grazing; Free-range grazing; Nomadic herder; Cow identification; Pasture.
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Washington. Makhabu, Shimane, Seabe Ntoroko, Mpho Rinah Setlalekgomo, and Boikhutso Sebidio. "Assessment of Rangelands Around Molepolole Village of Botswana to Ascertain Its Potential to Support Free Range Beef Cattle Despite Its Long Term Use as a Grazing Area." Sustainability in Environment 4, no. 4 (2019): p229. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v4n4p229.
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In Botswana, cattle rearing can either be in farms or in communal grazing areas. In communal grazing areas, carrying capacities are never adhered to, hence degradation sometimes occurs. This negatively impact on the livestock industry since cattle are mainly free ranging. This therefore calls for periodic checks of grass species to determine whether grazing areas still have potentials to sustain livestock production. A study was done to take stock of grass species and bush encroachment status around the biggest village of Botswana, known as Molepolole. The survey looked at species composition, distribution and production. The survey was done by using line transects, quadrats and plots in the northern and western direction of the village. In each quadrat, grass species were identified, counted by species, height measured and biomass determined by clipping. In plots, woody plants were counted for all species. The survey revealed that despite heavy grazing and periodic droughts the grazing area still has some grass species of good grazing value and the area is being threatened to being encroached by woody species. Thus there is still a potential for use of the area for grazing but at lower stocking rate. However, it was noted that the area needs some restoration by controlling bush encroachment and reintroduction of good grass species.
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Fitra, Deni, Niken Ulupi, Irma Isnafia Arief, Rita Mutia, Luki Abdullah, and Edi Erwan. "Development of Chicken Production on Free-Range System." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 31, no. 4 (2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v31i4.2683.
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<p class="awabstrak2">The free-range system is a currentmodel of chicken production according to the concept of Animal Welfare. This article aims to discuss how the free-range system was implemented and its effect on health, performance and quality product as well as free-range development strategies as an alternative to chicken production systems. The free-range system must have access to outdoor to express their natural behavior. Based on regulation, the density of chickens in outdoor is a maximum of 10,000 birds/ha. Chickens reared using the free-range system show better welfare indicators, as evidenced by the Heterophil/Lymphocyte (H/L) value and the frequency of their natural behavior. Chicken eggs from the free-range system contain higher levels of protein and carotenoid. It also contains omega-3 &amp; 6, DHA, vitamins A and E and have lower cholesterol level. Chicken meat from the free-range system contains higher protein and lower fat levels. However, the performance of chicken production using free-range system was still not consistent and was greatly influenced by the type of forage in the pasture. The introduction of grazing land with superior forage such as <em>Indigofera zollingeriana</em> and choosing kampung or local type of chickens may become development strategies of chicken production in the free range system.</p>
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Czeglédi, Levente, Zoltán Győri, Béla Kovács, József Prokisch, and Béla Béri. "The Effect of Grazing Intensities on Magnesium Contents." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 14 (September 22, 2004): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/14/3361.
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Research was carried out on two areas of grassland in Hortobágy National Park, Hungary. Two herds of Hungarian Grey Cattle were kept in free range grazing and the effects of grazing pressure on the magnesium content of soil and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) were determined.Changes of plant available and total soil magnesium content under different grazing intensities did not show any evident tendency on the investigated grasslands. Different amounts of cattle faeces, urine and trampling had no effect on the magnesium concentration of ryegrass. We conclude that the magnesium content of ryegrass on both grassland sites as moderate grazing and overgrazing matches the requirements of cattle. Symptoms of magnesium deficiency of cattle will likely not appear.
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Kozhevnikov, I. V., E. O. Filatova, A. A. Sokolov, et al. "Comparative study of the X-ray reflectivity and in-depth profile of a-C, B4C and Ni coatings at 0.1–2 keV." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 2 (2015): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515000430.
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The use of soft X-rays near the carbon edge of absorption (270–300 eV) greatly enhances studies in various branches of science. However, the choice of reflecting coatings for mirrors operating in free-electron and X-ray free-electron laser (FEL and XFEL) beamlines in this spectral range is not so evident and experimental justifications of the mirror efficiency are rather limited. In the present paper it is demonstrated experimentally that the reflectivity of B4C- and Ni-coated grazing-incidence mirrors is high enough for their operation in FEL or XFEL beamlines near the carbonK-edge of absorption. The minimal reflectivity of both mirrors proves to exceed 80% near the carbon absorption edge at a grazing angle of 0.6°. An in-depth profile of the chemical elements composing the reflecting coatings is reconstructed based on analysis of a set of reflectivity curves measuredversusthe grazing angle at different photon energies in the soft X-ray spectral region. This allows us to predict correctly the mirror reflectivity at any X-ray energy and any grazing angle.
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Houseal, G. A., and B. E. Olson. "Cattle use of microclimates on a northern latitude winter range." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 4 (1995): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-076.
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Grazing native range can help lower costs of wintering livestock. However, extreme cold and wind can negatively affect an animal's thermal balance, increasing energy demand when the nutritive value of the forage is low. Free-ranging cattle (Bos taunts) may exploit differences in topography and microclimate to minimize or avoid environmental stressors such as high winds and cold temperatures. Cattle selection of microclimates in response to cold stress was studied over a 6-wk period for two consecutive winters. The objective of this study was to determine if cows respond to extreme wind and cold by selecting moderate microclimates for foraging. Cattle selected moderate microclimates for grazing and resting to avoid high winds and cold temperatures. They also tended to remain in microclimates above their lower critical temperature (LCT) of −23 °C, even though reference climate conditions often were below their LCT. The availability of moderate microclimates in a pasture may allow cows to continue grazing, thus maintaining intake, even when general conditions might otherwise cause them to defer from grazing. Key words: Behavior, winter ecology, Bos taunts, microclimates, thermoneutral
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Harne, R., A. Rokde, K. Jadav, JM Chitariya, and A. Sengar. "Studies on plastic bezoar ingestion in free range axis deer in summer." Journal of Animal Research 9 (June 7, 2019): 383–86. https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-940x.02.2019.25.
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Present study was planned to conduct the prevalence of poly-bezoars and its effect on free range axis deer (Axis axis) in around Jabalpur, India. A retrospective study was conducted in and around Jabalpur, India for February to June 2017 to observe the prevalence of poly-bezoars in wild herbivores health. During the study period 19 post-mortem examination was conducted and in 4 cases (21.05%) showed poly-bezoar. The quantity of the poly-bezoars collected from the rumen and reticulum was ranging from 0.75 to 3.5 kg. The study identifies types and estimates the prevalence of foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of Axis deer. Awareness may be created on careless disposal of plastic bags and as well as the periodical cleaning of these wastes in the forest/grazing areas.
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McCloskey, E. P., J. H. McAdam, and A. F. Carson. "Spatial distribution of Scottish Blackface ewes in comparison to other crossbreds on a hill environment." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029355.
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Domestic sheep have a strong social tendency (Dwyer and Lawrence, 1999). Sheep recognise members of their own flock, and social bonds can determine grazing distribution. The distribution and distance between grazing ewes can vary widely depending on availability and quality of vegetation. However it tends to be a characteristic of breed (Sibbald and Hooper, 2003). Hill sheep breeds are known to have a higher flexibility than lowland breeds (Dwyer and Lawrence, 1999) and tend to have less need to be close to other animals in free ranging environments. The aim of this study was to monitor the behaviour and grazing patterns of a traditional upland breed, Scottish Blackface ewes in comparison to a range of other crossbred ewes.
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Seifert, René, Antje Lorenz, Susanne Osterloh, Katrin Henning, and Sabine Tischew. "Free-range grazing by large herbivores in degraded large-scale dry sandy grassland-heathland ecosystems." Ecological Questions 21 (July 14, 2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eq.2015.015.
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Steinshamn, Håvard, Mats Höglind, Øystein Havrevoll, et al. "Performance and meat quality of suckling calves grazing cultivated pasture or free range in mountain." Livestock Science 132, no. 1-3 (2010): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.05.006.
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Rodríguez-Estévez, Vicente, Manuel Sánchez-Rodríguez, Antonio Gustavo Gómez-Castro, and Sandra A. Edwards. "Group sizes and resting locations of free range pigs when grazing in a natural environment." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 127, no. 1-2 (2010): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.08.010.
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Phouyyavong, Khamphou, Shinsuke Tomita, and Satoshi Yokoyama. "Impact of forage introduction on cattle grazing practices and crop–livestock systems: a case study in an upland village in northern Laos." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 4 (2019): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj18102.
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Lao smallholders are experiencing livestock grazing land constraints due to resettlement, increasing cattle numbers and commercial cash crop plantations. In this paper we describe changes in cattle grazing systems in an upland village in northern Laos, including the role of forage crops and their effects on cattle productivity. We interviewed 92 Hmong and Khmu households about their migration history, cattle grazing practices, cattle productivity and other livelihood activities. In addition, we measured the heart girths of 231 cattle. We found that the traditional free-range cattle grazing has diverged into three distinct systems incorporating fields fenced to different degrees. Although none of the three systems increased cattle body size, the forage pasture and swidden-farming system successfully increased the grazing capacity compared with other systems. Thus, this method appeared to be the most suitable for Hmong smallholders to manage crop and cattle production in the context of land constraints. Efforts should be made to examine how the newly implemented systems could attenuate villager livelihood and pre-emptively address the problems associated with degrading fallow land.
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Türker, İsmail, Sezai Alkan, and Serpil Akçay. "Yerli ve Yabancı Ticari Kahverengi Yumurtacı Tavukların Serbest (Free-Range) Yetiştirme Sisteminde Verim Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 7 (2017): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.814-821.1216.
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This research was carried out under producer conditions to determine the appropriate hen material to be used in the free range laying system. For this purpose, the foreign brown commercial layer genotype which coded YB and native brown egg layer Atak-S genotype was compared in terms of yield and egg quality characteristics. This study included 150 hens from each genotype and a total of 300 chickens were used. Each genotype divided into three groups among themselves and 50 hens were raised each group. In the poultry house with deep-litter ground system, 5 chickens were raised in the unit area (m2) and, 4 m2 grazing area was allocated per each hen in the grazing area. The pullets that hatched on the same day were obtained from a commercial firm at 16 weeks of age. The study was carried out until 80 weeks of age. Egg yield and egg quality characteristics were determined during this period. There was no difference between the genotypes in terms of 50% egg yield age, egg weight, hen-day egg yield, hen-house egg yield, viability, albumen index, yolk index, haugh unit and yolk color. In contrast, the difference between the genotypes was found to be important in terms of body weight at weeks of 18th and 80th age, feed consumption, feed conversation ratio, shape index, shell thickness, density, meat-blood spot ratio and egg shell color. In this study, genotypes were not superior to each other in terms of all traits. However, as a result of the economic analyzes made in consideration of market conditions and observations made in terms of animal sensitivities, it was concluded that the Atak-S genotype was more suitable for free-range egg production system.
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Stanley Price, M. R. "Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: the nutritional ecology of oryx, zebu cattle and sheep under free-range conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 104, no. 2 (1985): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600044063.
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SummaryObservations on oryx, sheep and cattle under natural grazing conditions in both a wet and a dry season are given and discussed.Dry faecal outputs by the sheep and oryx were less in the wet than in the dry season. Output by the cattle was greater than both, and showed little seasonal difference. Faecal nitrogen concentrations showed no interspecific overlap, in the rank order sheep > oryx > cattle. All were greater in the wet season, and the rank order maintained.Drinking water intakes were similar for oryx and sheep in both seasons. The cattle's water intake was greater in the wet season. Expressed as ml/kg W0·85/day, there were no overlaps in species' mean intakes, in the order cattle > sheep > oryx, in the ratio 100:57:24. In the dry season, the herd walked 16 km on non-drinking days, and a further 7 km on alternate days when receiving water. Under wetter conditions with more forage available, the herd walked only 11 km daily.Slight interspecific differences in the times spent walking, feeding, standing and lying were found over a 48 h period. In the wet season less time was spent walking and feeding, with corresponding increases in the other activities. The oryx were notable in that rumination occupied far less of their daytime activity than for the sheep or cattle although the total times spent ruminating were similar.The results are discussed in relation to differences in the species’ feeding habits and strategies of diet selection, combining the grazing results with observations from penned animals on a common diet. The intakes of water agree with the results from penned animals, confirming oryx's adaptation to hot, dry conditions. The advantages of a low water requirement, met by intermittent drinking, are discussed.The possible detrimental effects on productivity of a regime of day-grazing and night-penning under hot conditions are discussed. In the light of these, some advantages to oryx of scheduling its rumination to the night hours are suggested.
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Ouled Belgacem, Azaiez, Farah Ben Salem, Mouldi Gamoun, Roukaya Chibani, and Mounir Louhaichi. "Revival of traditional best practices for rangeland restoration under climate change in the dry areas." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 5 (2019): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-02-2018-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the benefits of reintroducing traditional grazing systems practices for improving arid rangelands. Grazing is the most extensive land use in southern Tunisia, but the rangelands have suffered many decades of severe degradation due to profound socioeconomic changes and the emergence of an agro-pastoral society in place of the former pastoral one. Traditional grazing systems (gdel and herd mobility), which had historically allowed for grazing deferment and control of grazing livestock were abandoned. Yet grazing management strategies are important tools to sustain integrated livestock rangeland production systems in dry areas in the face of ongoing climate change and human pressure. Design/methodology/approach This study assesses the revival of traditional best practices of rangeland resting in a representative community. Total plant cover, species composition, flora richness and range production were determined in six rangeland sites subjected respectively to one, two and three years of rest; one and two years of light grazing after rest; and free grazing (control). Findings Results showed that dry rangelands keep their resilience to the negative effects of climate change once human pressure is controlled. A maximum of two years of rest is enough to sustainably manage the rangelands in southern Tunisia, as this protection showed considerable and positive effects on the parameters scored. Originality/value The revival of the traditional best practices under new arrangements adapted to current biophysical and socioeconomic conditions would be an excellent tool to mitigate the negative effects of frequent droughts and reduce the animal feed costs that poor farmers face.
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Mandaluniz, N., and L. M. Oregui. "Environmental constraints in habitat use by free-ranging beef-cattle in the Natural Park of Gorbeia (Basque Country)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012928.
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Mountain pastures utilisation in the Basque Country by means of a free-range mixed-grazing system has suffered substantial changes during the last decades. Beef cattle production has increased partially favoured by CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) measures, mainly milk-quotas and the extensification premium. The use of mountain areas is constrained by both biotic and abiotic factors in cattle (Senft et al, 1985; Bailey, 1995) which are necessary to be identified in order to improve habitat management of these mountain zones, usually declared as protected areas. The objective of the current work was to study the influence of physical factors on the behaviour of beef-cattle herds managed in a transhumant free-range system.
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Ewald, Maria Paula de Carvalho, Felippe Danyel Cardoso Martins, Eloiza Teles Caldart, et al. "The first study of molecular prevalence and species characterization of Cryptosporidium in free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) from Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 4 (2017): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017068.
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Abstract Rearing free-range chicken is based on grazing feeding patterns, and these animals could be potential environmental contaminants of Cryptosporidium oocysts for humans and other animals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in free-range chickens from Brazil. A total of 351 fecal samples from chickens were examined from 20 farms. For detection of Cryptosporidium spp., 18S rRNA gene fragments were amplified using a nested PCR reaction. Positive samples were sent for sequencing. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 25.6% (95% CI = 21.2% - 30.6%). Sequencing of the amplified fragments allowed for the identification of three species: C. meleagridis in 57 (62.6%), C. baileyi in 15 (16.4%), C. parvum in 3 (3.2%) samples, and a new Cryptosporidium genotype (C. genotype BrPR1) in 3 (3.2%) samples. Cryptosporidium genotype BrPR1 has not yet been classified as a species, and its host spectrum is not known. Cryptosporidium, including zoonotic species, exists at a high prevalence in free-range chickens within the region studied.
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Lentle, R. G., I. D. Hume, K. J. Stafford, et al. "Temporal aspects of feeding events in tammar (Macropus eugenii) and parma (Macropus parma) wallabies. I. Food acquisition and oral processing." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 1 (2004): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02043.
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We studied parameters that influence the efficiency of food acquisition and oral processing in the tammar wallaby (a grazer) and the parma wallaby (a grazer/browser), both in captivity and under free range on Kawau Island, New Zealand.In captivity, both species spent less time feeding per gram of dry matter intake when browsing than when grazing, and there were no significant differences between the species with respect to the rates of feeding per gram of dry matter intake of a given food. However, under free-ranging conditions, tammar wallabies spent longer feeding than did parma wallabies, so it was likely that tammar wallabies spent more time grazing than browsing. Differences in the relationships between feeding event and inter-feed interval duration in captive and free-ranging wallabies indicated that feeding behaviour was influenced by different factors in the two situations.Microtemporal analysis of the chewing sounds of free-ranging tammar and parma wallabies showed that the interval between the first and second sounds in a 'run' of chewing sounds was longer than that between subsequent intervals, indicating that there was a time cost associated with food aquisition. However, as there were no significant differences between the two wallaby species, either in the mean duration of 'runs' of chewing sounds within feeding events or in the mean duration of whole feeding events, this cost was similar for grazing and browsing. Chewing characteristics differed from those of larger (eutherian) herbivores in that the numbers of chews in a run were not randomly distributed, both species having a preponderance of runs with seven chews. Whilst, the intervals between the second and subsequent chewing sounds in a run did not vary in a periodic manner, such as would occur in batch processing of food, they were more prolonged in runs with more chewing sounds and were significantly longer in tammar wallabies than in parma wallabies. Thus, the slower rate of oral processing of grass was likely due to a generally slower rate of chewing when grazing than when browsing.
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Kaufmann, Jillian, Edward W. Bork, Peter V. Blenis, and Michael J. Alexander. "Cattle habitat selection and associated habitat characteristics under free-range grazing within heterogeneous Montane rangelands of Alberta." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 146, no. 1-4 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2013.03.014.
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Harley, Jessica J., J. David Stack, Helen Braid, Krista M. McLennan, and Christina R. Stanley. "Evaluation of the Feasibility, Reliability, and Repeatability of Welfare Indicators in Free-Roaming Horses: A Pilot Study." Animals 11, no. 7 (2021): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071981.
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Validated assessment protocols have been developed to quantify welfare states for intensively managed sport, pleasure, and working horses. There are few protocols for extensively managed or free-roaming populations. Here, we trialed welfare indicators to ascertain their feasibility, reliability, and repeatability using free-roaming Carneddau Mountain ponies as an example population. The project involved (1) the identification of animal and resource-based measures of welfare from both the literature and discussion with an expert group; (2) testing the feasibility and repeatability of a modified body condition score and mobility score on 34 free-roaming and conservation grazing Carneddau Mountain ponies; and (3) testing a prototype welfare assessment template comprising 12 animal-based and 6 resource-based welfare indicators, with a total of 20 questions, on 35 free-roaming Carneddau Mountain ponies to quantify inter-assessor reliability and repeatability. This pilot study revealed that many of the indicators were successfully repeatable and had good levels of inter-assessor reliability. Some of the indicators could not be verified for reliability due to low/absent occurrence. The results indicated that many animal and resource-based indicators commonly used in intensively managed equine settings could be measured in-range with minor modifications. This study is an initial step toward validating a much-needed tool for the welfare assessment of free-roaming and conservation grazing ponies.
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Powell, H. K. J., D. J. Hawke, and D. Scott. "Free aluminium and related parameters in soil solution from a South Island (New Zealand) high country site under contrasting S and P fertilisation." Soil Research 35, no. 1 (1997): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96012.
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Soil solution samples were taken from 7 plots of varying Hieracium infestation at the AgResearch (NZ) Mt John trial site, Lake Tekapo. The soils, which had been fertilised, oversown, and grazed, were analysed for free (reactive) Al, total Al, pH, NOM (natural organic matter), and phosphate. The plots had received annual fertiliser combinations of 0–100 kg P and 0–20 kg S/ha·year. Soil solution pH was in the range 4·33-5·76 and total Al concentrations were in the range 13–68 µM. Free Al concentrations were in the range 0·48–4·8 µM. The pH dependence of log (free[Al]) (slope: –0·69±0·37) indicated control of soluble Al by NOM rather than Al(OH)3 solubility. Soil solution phosphate concentrations depended strongly on P application rate, reaching over 100 mM. At high P concentrations, the product [Al3+][PO3-4] indicated approximate saturation with respect to variscite. One comparison indicated that effects on pH and NOM in the upper 5 cm were due to the presence or absence of grazing.
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MULLEN, B. F., I. K. RIKA, D. A. KALIGIS, and W. W. STÜR. "PERFORMANCE OF GRASS–LEGUME PASTURES UNDER COCONUTS IN INDONESIA." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (1997): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797004080.
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A series of grazed and cut experiments were conducted in Bali and North Sulawesi, Indonesia, between 1992 and 1994, to evaluate a range of selected forages for both intensive and extensive ruminant production under mature, tall coconuts. Yield, botanical composition and persistence of grass–legume mixtures were assessed under regular grazing and cutting regimes.In North Sulawesi, total dry matter yields of most grass–legume treatments were relatively stable over the two-year period but yields of legume components within treatments declined sharply. In Bali, the grazed plots maintained stable yield and legume components over the experimental period but yield and legume components of cut plots declined sharply. Paspalum malacophyllum and Setaria sphacelata cv. Splenda were productive and persistent grasses and formed weed-free swards but did not combine well with prostrate legumes. The erect growth habit of these grasses may limit their suitability in coconut production systems by impeding nut collection. The prostrate species Brachiaria humidicola and Stenotaphrum secundatum were slightly less productive but equally weed-free and persistent, and established rapidly from cuttings. S. secundatum also formed stable associations with prostrate legumes under grazing. Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo and A. glabrata CPI 93483 were the most persistent of a range of prostrate legumes. The tree legume, Calliandra calothyrsus, showed promise as a productive cut-and-carry species.
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Brazle, F. K. "Effect of Deccox® in a free-choice, grain-mineral mixture on performance of yearlings grazing native range." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2269.
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Jurjanz, Stefan, Claire Collas, Carol Quish, Bridget Younge, and Cyril Feidt. "Ingestion of Soil by Grazing Sport Horses." Animals 11, no. 7 (2021): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072109.
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Data on soil ingestion in horses are lacking in contrast to other free-range animals. The importance of soil as a vector for environmental pollutants to food is less relevant in horses but several disorders secondary to soil ingestion, such as sand colic or enteritis have been reported. Therefore, soil ingestion has been studied on Irish sport horses grazing at three offered levels of daily herbage: 2, 3 and 4% of their body weight. Soil ingestion was estimated by the faecal recovery of a soil natural marker. Horses had 4.5, 4.1 and 3.7% of soil in their total intake respectively for the 2, 3 and 4% herbage offers. The 4% offer presented significantly less intake (543 g/d) compared to the more restricted offers (624 and 648 g respectively for 3 and 2%). The post-grazing sward height was significantly lower on the 2% offer (3.1 cm) compared to the higher offers (4.1 and 4.4 cm respectively for 3 and 4%). Thus, restricted herbage allowance made grazing closer to the ground and increased soil ingestion. The sward height appeared to be a reliable indicator to manage animal withdrawal from a pasture to limit soil ingestion and the risk of gastrointestinal pathologies caused by it.
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Ashwini Kumar Jha, Suman Kumar Singh, Anwar Zaib Khan, Amar Nath Chaudhary, Ganga Prasad Yadav, and Md Mahfuzul Haque. "Prevalence of foot affections of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with their associated risk factors in Rupandehi, Nepal." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 12, no. 1 (2025): 73–83. https://doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v12i1.81477.
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Buffaloes play an important role in the milk and meat industry in Nepal. Foot affections have a direct impact on production and reproductive performance of the animals. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of foot affections of buffaloes and to explore the risk factors associated in Siddharthanagar municipality, Rupandehi. Foot affections were physically investigated and examined from October 2022 to January 2023 A.D. Purposive sampling from different free rearing grazing systems and stall-feeding grazing systems was done. The farmers were asked questionnaire along with physical and clinical examination of buffaloes was performed. The cases were classified on the basis of age, sex, floor system, grazing system and limbs involved. Out of 811 buffaloes examined, 52 cases were found with foot affections, resulting in overall prevalence of 6.41%. The foot affections found were Overgrowth of Hoof (4.9%), Corkscrew (0.99%), Digital Dermatitis (0.25%), and Scissor claw (0.25%). The higher prevalence was observed in the age group greater than two years. The females had higher occurrence of foot affections. Stall fed buffaloes had shown more affections than free range grazed buffaloes. Buffaloes kept in concrete floor had shown more affections in comparison to mud floor. The higher occurrence of foot affections was observed in hindlimbs and in medial claws. It is recommended that further studies are required to address the foot affections in livestock and their management. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 1, April 2025: 73-83
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Hu, Tianci, Ruirui Yan, Chengxiang Jiang, et al. "Grazing Sheep Behaviour Recognition Based on Improved YOLOV5." Sensors 23, no. 10 (2023): 4752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104752.
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Fundamental sheep behaviours, for instance, walking, standing, and lying, can be closely associated with their physiological health. However, monitoring sheep in grazing land is complex as limited range, varied weather, and diverse outdoor lighting conditions, with the need to accurately recognise sheep behaviour in free range situations, are critical problems that must be addressed. This study proposes an enhanced sheep behaviour recognition algorithm based on the You Only Look Once Version 5 (YOLOV5) model. The algorithm investigates the effect of different shooting methodologies on sheep behaviour recognition and the model’s generalisation ability under different environmental conditions and, at the same time, provides an overview of the design for the real-time recognition system. The initial stage of the research involves the construction of sheep behaviour datasets using two shooting methods. Subsequently, the YOLOV5 model was executed, resulting in better performance on the corresponding datasets, with an average accuracy of over 90% for the three classifications. Next, cross-validation was employed to verify the model’s generalisation ability, and the results indicated the handheld camera-trained model had better generalisation ability. Furthermore, the enhanced YOLOV5 model with the addition of an attention mechanism module before feature extraction results displayed a mAP@0.5 of 91.8% which represented an increase of 1.7%. Lastly, a cloud-based structure was proposed with the Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) to push the video stream for real-time behaviour recognition to apply the model in a practical situation. Conclusively, this study proposes an improved YOLOV5 algorithm for sheep behaviour recognition in pasture scenarios. The model can effectively detect sheep’s daily behaviour for precision livestock management, promoting modern husbandry development.
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Wang, Guoyao, Jianzhou Chen, Yujiao Guo, et al. "Effects of Free-Range Systems on Muscle Fiber Characteristics and Welfare Indicators in Geese." Animals 15, no. 3 (2025): 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030304.
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Recently, free-range poultry production has increased with notable benefits for animal welfare and meat quality traits. Geese, the third-most productive poultry species, have not been studied extensively. This study investigated the effects of different free-range systems on muscle fiber characteristics and welfare status (feather quality, walking ability, and behavioral changes) in Yangzhou geese. A total of 180 male geese, aged 28 days, were randomly assigned to either a long-distance pasture system (LDPS, approximately 200 m from the geese house) or a short-distance pasture system (SDPS, approximately 50 m from the geese house). The indoor system (IS) treatment was used as a control. And all geese were equipped with pedometers. Daily step counts revealed that the geese took an average of 5777 and 4520 steps in the LDPS and SDPS, respectively, whereas only 2736 steps in the IS. Although no significant differences were observed in the muscle fiber types among the three systems, free-range systems contributed to more developed muscle fibers than the IS. In addition, thicker muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus and gastrocnemius muscles were observed in the LDPS group than in the SDPS group. Additionally, feather cleanliness and damage were evaluated. LDPS resulted in significantly cleaner feathers on the chest, abdomen, and back than the IS. Furthermore, geese in the free-range systems had less feather damage than those in the IS. Notably, pasture systems allowed for natural behaviors, such as single-foot standing, feather pecking, and walking, regardless of grazing distance. Taken together, these results show that the muscle fibers of geese in the free-range system were more developed. Simultaneously, increasing the amount of exercise for geese will improve their welfare, which is beneficial to their health, growth, and development, and provides a technical reference for the free-range breeding system for geese.
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Nilzén, V., J. Babol, P. C. Dutta, N. Lundeheim, A.-C. Enfält, and K. Lundström. "Free range rearing of pigs with access to pasture grazing — effect on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation products." Meat Science 58, no. 3 (2001): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(00)00164-9.
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Ilavarasan, S., P. Mekala, A. Sheeba, T. Lurthu Reetha, and Raviprakash G. "Comparative efficacy of herbal and modern anthelmintics against gastrointestinal worms in goats reared in free range system of grazing." International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry 8, no. 3 (2023): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/veterinary.2023.v8.i3c.543.
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Nguyen, Duc, Thu Nguyen, and Huu Nguyen. "Investigation of botulism in free-range ducks farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Open Veterinary Journal 12, no. 5 (2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i5.7.
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Background: One of the most common diseases in free-range ducks in the Mekong Delta is “botulism”. Botulism is a poultry disease caused by botulinum exotoxin of Clostridium botulinum. Aim: The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the prevalence of botulism in free-range ducks in the Mekong Delta and the risk of infection by determining the presence of Clostridium botulinum in the farming environment. Methods: Research on 200 duck flocks with 187050 individuals raised freely in the fields in the provinces of the Mekong Delta including An Giang, Can Tho, Hau Giang, and Kien Giang. The ducks were diagnosed with botulism based on clinical symptoms. To demonstrate the presence of botulinum neurotoxins and identify serotype, samples of serum and/or gut were analyzed by mouse bioassay. Samples of soil (n=600), water (n=600), crabs (n=216), and snails (n=400) were taken from the grazing regions for Clostridium botulinum analysis by PCR assay. Results: There were 1.19% (2235/187050) free-range ducks in the Mekong Delta positive for botulism. Clinical symptoms of botulism including limberneck, drooping eyelids - enlarged pupils, and leg paralysis were prevalent across free-range ducks, with the frequency of 87.92% (1965/2235), 90.07% (2013/2235), and 79.78% (1783/2235), respectively. The lesions of pulmonary edema – hemorrhage, hemorrhagic liver, and gas-producing intestines were common, accounting for 86.19% (362/420), 95.48% (401/420), and 92.14% (387/420), respectively. Botulin toxin type C was found in a considerable number of serum samples, accounting for 40.48% (51/126). Meanwhile, the percentage of serum samples containing botulin toxin types E and D was 28.57% (36/126) and 25.40% (32/126), respectively. Clostridium botulinum was detected in the farming environment specifically 17.5% (105/600) in soil, 19.67% (118/600) in water, 8.33% (18/216) in crabs, and 3.00% (12/400) in snails. Conclusion: The free-range ducks in the Mekong Delta were at high risk of botulism because of the latent presence of Clostridium botulinum in the farming environment.
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HAUFE, W. O. "PRODUCTIVITY OF THE COW-CALF UNIT IN RANGE CATTLE PROTECTED FROM HORN FLIES, Haematobia irritans (L.), BY PESTICIDAL EAR TAGS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 3 (1986): 575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-064.
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Experiments conducted on a ranch in southern Alberta evaluated the productivity of the cow-calf unit in breeding herds in response to treatment with pesticidal (8% fenvalerate wt/wt) ear tags to control infestations of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.). Optimum economic productivity was found to depend on the effectiveness of tags in establishing fly-free grazing (FFG) conditions and maintaining them without interruption during the complete summer grazing period. This was achieved when animals were tagged before the first overwintering horn flies emerged in spring. Present formulations of pesticide in tags will support the required FFG conditions for 85–90 d. Management of herds for maximum gains throughout the summer in southern Alberta requires fly control that will maintain FFG conditions for at least 115 d. Rates of gain in weight of animals under FFG conditions on dry range conformed with the 16% improvement in efficiency of production projected from controlled experiments on irrigated pastures. Key words: Cattle, cow-calf unit, flies, Haematobia irritans, ear tags, fenvalerate
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Akerejola, O. O. "THE LEVELS OF SOME BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS IN THE SERUM OF GOATS IN THE SAVANNAH ZONE OF NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 4, no. 2 (2021): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v4i2.2297.
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Little work has been done to determine blood protein and electrolyte levels in healthy goats in the savannah zone of Nigeria. With the increasing interest in goats as experimental animals and for production, there is an obvious need to determine these parameters. The free range goat husbandry methods in this zone are such that the intake of minerals needs to be known and thus correlated with the blood levels under the grazing conditions needs to be known so as to form a baseline for intensive farming methods. Reported are some biochemical components of serum in goats
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Evans, TR, and JB Hacker. "An evaluation of the production potential of six tropical grasses under grazing. 3. Responses to set stocking rates under continuous grazing." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 6 (1992): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920693.
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The response of 3 setaria cultivars, the setaria variety splendida, kikuyu grass, and pangola grass to stocking rates of 4-6 steers/ha under continuous grazing was evaluated over a 3-year period. On a year-round basis, averaged over stocking rates, liveweight gain per ha ranged from 822 kg on Narok (164 kg/steer) to 568 kg on Kazungula (114 kg/steer). Narok produced the highest weight gains in summer and winter (142 and 23 kg/steer, respectively). The greatest winter weight loss was from steers grazing Nandi and Kazungula (both -15 kg/steer). Animal production in a year of above-average rainfall, in both summer and winter periods, was markedly reduced overall, even though the quantity of feed on offer was increased. The year x grass interaction was statistically significant in summer, but year x stocking rate and grass x stocking rate were not. Species response to stocking rate showed a linear relationship between stocking rate and liveweight gain per steer, declining with increasing stocking rate, except for Narok setaria where the reverse occurred over the range of 4-6 steers/ha. The results of this experiment support those previously published on these 6 grasses and demonstrate the species potential for good levels of animal production per ha and their ability to withstand high grazing pressures and to maintain weed-free pastures.
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Staeck, Steffen, Anna Andrle, Philipp Hönicke, et al. "Scan-Free GEXRF in the Soft X-ray Range for the Investigation of Structured Nanosamples." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (2022): 3766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213766.
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Scan-free grazing-emission X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (GEXRF) is an established technique for the investigation of the elemental depth-profiles of various samples. Recently it has been applied to investigating structured nanosamples in the tender X-ray range. However, lighter elements such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon cannot be efficiently investigated in this energy range, because of the ineffective excitation. Moreover, common CCD detectors are not able to discriminate between fluorescence lines below 1 keV. Oxygen and nitrogen are important components of insulation and passivation layers, for example, in silicon oxide or silicon nitride. In this work, scan-free GEXRF is applied in proof-of-concept measurements for the investigation of lateral ordered 2D nanostructures in the soft X-ray range. The sample investigated is a Si3N4 lamellar grating, which represents 2D periodic nanostructures as used in the semiconductor industry. The emerging two-dimensional fluorescence patterns are recorded with a CMOS detector. To this end, energy-dispersive spectra are obtained via single-photon event evaluation. In this way, spatial and therefore angular information is obtained, while discrimination between different photon energies is enabled. The results are compared to calculations of the sample model performed by a Maxwell solver based on the finite-elements method. A first measurement is carried out at the UE56-2 PGM-2 beamline at the BESSY II synchrotron radiation facility to demonstrate the feasibility of the method in the soft X-ray range. Furthermore, a laser-produced plasma source (LPP) is utilized to investigate the feasibility of this technique in the laboratory. The results from the BESSY II measurements are in good agreement with the simulations and prove the applicability of scan-free GEXRF in the soft X-ray range for quality control and process engineering of 2D nanostructures. The LPP results illustrate the chances and challenges concerning a transfer of the methodology to the laboratory.
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Szentes, Szilárd, Julianna Tasi, Judit Házi, and Károly Penksza. "Investigations on grassland and nature reservation effect of horse grazing in Tapolca and Káli Basins (2008)." Gyepgazdálkodási Közlemények 7, no. 1-2 (2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55725/gygk/2009/7/1-2/10275.
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Examined areas can be found in the Tapolca and Káli Basins near Köveskál and Nemesgulács. Near Köveskál 2 horses were grazed on a 1 ha grassland, which was on a degraded association of Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae. Control area was found close to the grazed grassland where Salvinio-Festucetum rupicolae association was found. The grassland was grazed formerly by sheep. Near Nemesgulács 4 horses were grazed on a 6 ha pasture under free range grazing system (0.7 horse/ha) on a Cynodonti- Poëtum angustifoliae grassland that is situated on a slope. Sample areas were selected the upper (UTS) and lower (LTS) third of the slope. This area formerly was as vineyard. 5-5 replicates of 2 by 2 m coenological quadrates were monitored on each sample area. Sward composition was investigated by Braun-Blanquet method (1964) in the grazing season of 2008. Ground cover (D) species composition and species number (n) were evaluated as analytical parameters. Relative nitrogen demand (NB), social behavior types (SBT) (Borhidi, 1995) and nature conservation value categories (TVK) (Simon, 2000) were also analyzed. At the LTS of the slope near Nemesgulács we could find species with bigger proportions indicating nutrient rich production sites and N indicating Artemisia vulgaris, characteristic species of manured sites appeared, too. At the UTS their proportion was smaller. The reason for this difference is the nutrient run off the slope and its accumulation at the LTS. The reason for the low nutritive value of the grassland are the lack of valuable Poaceae and pulses species and the low total cover. Valuable plant species were grazed out of the sward and negative effects of trampling could have been observed. Concerning the selective grazing preference of horses, the species composition of this area is not suitable for horse grazing. Instead of horses the area could be more suitable for sheep grazing. Pasture near Köveskál had extremely high proportion of species requiring nutrient rich conditions that can be probably due to frequent depositions of excreta and urine by grazing horses. Both control and pasture areas has the highest (approx. 35% absolute) cover of natural species with disturbance tolerance. The biggest difference in nature conservation value categories was the decrease of association composing species on the pasture. This was mainly caused by the grazing out of Poa angustifolia that was the most valuable species in the association. Overgrazing and grazing method applied caused very low plant cover on the grazed pasture.
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Senturklu, Songul, Douglas G. Landblom, Steve Paisley, and Christina Stroh. "186 Effect of Feedlot Finishing Compared with Grass fed Beef Following Bale Grazing and Delayed Feedlot Entry on Steer Performance, Carcass Measurement and net Return." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.164.
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Abstract In a grass-fed system grazing study, yearling crossbred Aberdeen Angus x Red Angus x Angus x Angus steers (n = 72; 3 reps/8 steers/rep) were assigned to either a grass-fed annual forage (GFANN) or a grass-fed native range (GFNR) system, and compared with a NR feedlot control system (FLT), in a delayed feedlot entry program, to determine the effect of grazing and feedlot finishing performance, carcass measurements, and systems net return. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. After 176.0 grazing days, GFANN, GFNR, and FLT steers were transitioned to free-choice cover crop hay bale feeding (BGRZ) and 3.09 kg daily of a wheatmidd-based supplement (SUP). GFANN and GFNR received hay and SUP for 92 d; FLT control steers received hay and SUP for 69 d before transfer to the University of Wyoming feedlot. Grass-fed and FLT steers were harvested at federally inspected abattoirs in Green Bay, WI, and Ft. Morgan, CO, respectively. BGRZ gain and ADG for GFANN and FLT were greater than GFNR (P = 0.075; P = 0.072). When GFANN and GFNR bale grazing finishing costs were combined with FLT cost, feed cost/unit of gain were greater for GFANN and GFNR compared with FLT (P = 0.006). Steer FLT HCW was 26% and 34% heavier (P = 0.001), marbling score was 32% and 38% greater (P = 0.001), and carcass value was 16% and 24% greater (P = 0.001) than GFANN and GFNR, respectively. Net return was -$88.25, $62.70, and $160.22 for GFANN, GFNR, and FLT, respectively. Farming and long-haul transportation cost for GFANN and GFNR negatively affected net return.
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da Silva, Gianni Aguiar, Sandra Aparecida Santos, Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles, et al. "Tracking Free-Ranging Pantaneiro Sheep during Extreme Drought in the Pantanal through Precision Technologies." Agriculture 14, no. 7 (2024): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071154.
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The Pantanal has been facing consecutive years of extreme drought, with an impact on the quantity and quality of available pasture. However, little is known about how locally adapted breeds respond to the distribution of forage resources in this extreme drought scenario. This study aimed to evaluate the movement of free-grazing Pantaneiro sheep using a low-cost GPS to assess the main grazing sites, measure the daily distance traveled, and determine the energy requirements for walking with body weight monitoring. In a herd of 100 animals, 31 were selected for weighing, and six ewes were outfitted with GPS collars. GPS data collected on these animals every 10 m from August 2020 to May 2021 was analyzed using the Python programming language. The traveled distance and activity energy requirements (ACT) for horizontal walking (Mcal/d of NEm) were determined. The 31 ewes were weighed at the beginning and end of each season. The available dry matter (DM) and floristic composition of the grazing sites were estimated at the peak of the drought. DM was predicted using power regression with NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) (R2 = 0.94). DM estimates averaged 450 kg/ha, ranging from traces to 3830 kg/ha, indicating overall very low values. Individual variation in the frequency of use of grazing sites was observed (p < 0.05), reflecting the distances traveled and the energetic cost of the activity. The range of distances traveled by the animals varied from 3.3 to 17.7 km/d, with an average of 5.9 km/d, indicating low energy for walking. However, the traveled distance and ACT remained consistent over time; there were no significant differences observed between seasons (p > 0.05). On average, the ewes’ initial weight did not differ from the weight at the drought peak (p > 0.05), indicating that they maintained their initial weight, which is important for locally adapted breeds as it confers robustness and resilience. This study also highlighted the importance of the breed’s biodiverse diet during extreme drought, which enabled the selection of forage for energy and nutrient supplementation. The results demonstrated that precision tools such as GPS and satellite imagery enabled the study of animals in extensive systems, thereby contributing to decision-making within the production system.
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Senturklu, Songul, Douglas G. Landblom, and Steve Paisley. "182 Economic Impact of Bale Grazing on Delayed Feedlot Entry Steer Performance, Carcass Measurement, and Net Return." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (2021): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.175.
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Abstract Senturklu et al., (2018) defined merits of delayed feedlot entry while grazing in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS). In a three-year follow up study, yearling steers (n = 144) grazed either an ICLS or a native range system (NR). After 177.9 days, free-ranging ICLS and NR steers were fed cover crop hay bales 43.6 days to determine transition period bale-grazing on finishing performance, carcass measurements, and system net return. ICLS and NR gains did not differ (P = 0.24). ICLS 43.6-day bale grazing gain was greater (1.38 vs. 0.80 kg; P = 0.01). Feedlot arrival weight was greater for ICLS compared to NR (569.3 vs 530.1 kg; P = 0.04) and fed 95.7 days. Systems end weight (P = 0.19), gain (P = 0.57), ADG (P = 0.06), and gain cost (P = 0.71) did not differ. ICLS steer hot carcass weight (HCW: 444.8 vs. 419.2 kg; P = 0.03) and fat depth (1.35 vs. 1.17 cm; P = 0.04) were greater. NR steer dressing percent (62.48 vs. 61.83 %; P = 0.01) and muscling ratio to HCW (3.96 vs. 3.81 sq. cm.; P = 0.007) were greater. Choice quality grade did not differ (98.6 vs. 98.6; P = 1.00). Annual cow and steer winter feed cost were $752.00. ICLS grazing cost for NR was $115.30, pea-barley $74.98, unharvested corn $108.87, and cover crop $58.82 totaled $357.97 compared to $207.77 for the NR system. ICLS and NR steer bale and protein-energy supplement cost was $110.47 vs. 103.05, finishing cost $310.57 vs. 313.67 (P = 0.84), and total expense was lower for the NR system ($1531.01 vs. $1376.49). Carcass value was greater for the ICLS steers compared to NR steers ($2013.93 vs. $1921.67; P = 0.03). ICLS and NR systems’ net returns were ($482.92 vs. $545.18). NR system net return was $62.26 greater.
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Pinheiro Machado Filho, Luiz C., Hizumi L. S. Seó, Ruan R. Daros, Daniel Enriquez-Hidalgo, Adenor V. Wendling, and Luiz C. Pinheiro Machado. "Voisin Rational Grazing as a Sustainable Alternative for Livestock Production." Animals 11, no. 12 (2021): 3494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123494.
Full textAbstract:
Current livestock practices do not meet current real-world social and environmental requirements, pushing farmers away from rural areas and only sustaining high productivity through the overuse of fossil fuels, causing numerous environmental side effects. In this narrative review, we explore how the Voisin Rational Grazing (VRG) system responds to this problem. VRG is an agroecological system based on four principles that maximise pasture growth and ruminant intake, while, at the same time, maintaining system sustainability. It applies a wide range of regenerative agricultural practices, such as the use of multispecies swards combined with agroforestry. Planning allows grazing to take place when pastures reach their optimal resting period, thus promoting vigorous pasture regrowth. Moreover, paddocks are designed in a way that allow animals to have free access to water and shade, improving overall animal welfare. In combination, these practices result in increased soil C uptake and soil health, boost water retention, and protect water quality. VRG may be used to provide ecosystem services that mitigate some of the current global challenges and create opportunities for farmers to apply greener practices and become more resilient. It can be said that VRG practitioners are part of the initiatives that are rethinking modern livestock agriculture. Its main challenges, however, arise from social constraints. More specifically, local incentives and initiatives that encourage farmers to take an interest in the ecological processes involved in livestock farming are still lacking. Little research has been conducted to validate the empirical evidence of VRG benefits on animal performance or to overcome VRG limitations.
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Khan, Z., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf, K. Ahmad, M. Danish, and L. McDowell. "Effect of seasonal variation on the copper status in a soil-plant-animal system." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 56, no. 1 (2008): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.56.2008.1.6.
Full textAbstract:
A study was conducted on the sheep farm of the Livestock Experimental Station, located in the southwestern Punjab, Pakistan, to determine the copper nutrition status of different classes of grazing sheep during two different seasons. A complete free-choice supplement (feed) was available to all animals throughout the year. The purpose of this research was to investigate, as a function of the seasons, the transfer of Cu from soil, and dietary factors to sheep grazing in this semiarid region, in order to evaluate if the Cu requirement of grazing livestock was met or if a deficiency occurred. The final goal was to maximize the production of the animals by adopting, if necessary, adequate, balanced Cu supplementation. Soil, forage, feed and water samples, and animal samples (plasma, milk, faeces and urine from lactating ewes, plasma, faeces and urine from non-lactating ewes and plasma and faeces from male animals) were taken eight times during the year (four times in each season). Soil copper was affected by the seasonal changes and sampling intervals and was significantly higher than plant needs during both seasons, while the forage copper level did not show significant seasonal fluctuations, but was only affected by the sampling intervals. The soil and forage Cu was sufficient for the requirements of the plants and the animals grazing there on during both seasons. The copper contents of the feed and water showed no seasonal or sampling interval fluctuations. The plasma Cu was affected by seasonal variations in non-lactating ewes and in rams and by sampling intervals in the lactating ewes. Faecal and urine Cu was not affected by seasonal or sampling intervals except in non-lactating ewes, where the sampling interval had a pronounced effect on faecal Cu, while milk Cu in lactating ewes was affected by seasonal changes only. In all classes of sheep plasma Cu was higher during the winter than during the summer and remained in the normal range for ruminants during both seasons. It is concluded that a mixture with high bioavailability, containing Cu, should be continuously provided to grazing sheep in this semi-arid region in order to maintain the normal level of Cu and maximize the production potential of ruminants.
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Hill, Nicole A., Craig Blount, Alistair G. B. Poore, Duncan Worthington, and Peter D. Steinberg. "Grazing effects of the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii in two contrasting rocky reef habitats: effects of urchin density and its implications for the fishery." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 6 (2003): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03052.
Full textAbstract:
The sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii plays an important role in determining the abundance and composition of benthic macroalgae in New South Wales. Centrostephanus rodgersii is commonly found in areas devoid of foliose algae (termed 'barrens habitat'), which abruptly change into areas rich in foliose algae (termed 'fringe habitat'). Complementary experiments were used to investigate the impact of C. rodgersii grazing on algal assemblages at a range of densities in the barrens and fringe habitats. Although 33% of the natural density of C.�rodgersii maintained barrens areas relatively free of foliose algae, only densities exceeding natural densities within barrens habitat cleared areas dominated by macroalgae. The impact of grazing was not linearly related to density in either habitat, which suggests that both the barrens and fringe habitats are stable and will persist unless there is a dramatic decrease in urchin densities in barrens areas or a large influx into fringe areas. These findings have significant implications for the commercial harvesting of C. rodgersii. They imply that reducing urchin densities in barrens habitats, or translocating urchins from barrens to fringe habitats in order to improve roe quality, will not significantly alter the algal assemblage of either habitat in the short term (less than 3 months).
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White, C. L., H. Kumagai, and M. J. Barnes. "The sulfur and selenium status of pregnant ewes grazing Mediterranean pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 7 (1997): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97018.
Full textAbstract:
Sheep require both sulfur and selenium for normal wool growth and to protect against diseases caused by free radical damage. This work describes the seasonal changes in the concentrations of sulfur, both as glutathione and inorganic sulfur, and selenium, in pregnant ewes, and the effects thereon of a multi-element supplement containing sulfate, selenium, and vitamins A and E. Merino ewes (420) were divided into 4 equal treatment groups, control (C), vitamins (V), minerals (M), and vitamins plus minerals (V+M), in a 22 factorial design. The control group was offered a loose salt lick NaCl at 175 g/head· day and the mineral group an equivalent amount of a multi-element mineral mix (Siromin). The vitamin groups were offered either salt or the mineral mix with added vitamins E and A. Treatments started 3 weeks prior to mating in November and lasted until 1 week prior to lambing in May. Sheep were sampled until weaning in September. Regardless of treatment, the concentrations of glutathione in blood and liver declined by 60% and 40%, respectively, when sheep were grazing dry pasture during summer. Sulfate-sulfur concentration in plasma of ewes in the C and V groups declined by 80% in the same period to <10 mg sulfur/L, values indicative of sulfur deficiency. The mineral supplement (M) increased concentrations of plasma sulfate-sulfur at most sample times, but the V+M treatment generally did not. Glutathione concentration in blood and tissues showed little response to supplementary minerals or vitamins. Selenium concentration in blood of ewes was inversely related to the number of years since receiving a selenium pellet. Mean concentration declined to the deflcient range (0·02 mg/L) in spring in C and V ewes. Treatment with the mineral mix raised blood selenium concentrations to 0·060 mg/L within 2 months and maintained concentrations above the deficient range for several months after cessation of treatment. The results provide evidence of an under supply of sulfur during the dry summer period and of a need to administer selenium pellets at least twice in the lifetime of ewes.
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Oldham, C., D. Real, H. J. Bailey, et al. "Australian and Spanish scientists are collaborating in the domestication of tedera: young Merino sheep grazing a monoculture of tedera in autumn showed preference for certain accessions but no signs of ill health." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 4 (2013): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13059.
Full textAbstract:
We hypothesised (i) that sheep grazing a monoculture of tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirton var. albomarginata and var. crassiuscula) would not show signs of photosensitisation or ill health, and (ii) that when given free grazing choice they would show a repeatable preference for certain accessions of tedera related to their chemical composition. We tested this by grazing a group of young merino wethers on a monoculture containing seven accessions of tedera for 21 days. General health was assessed via daily visual checks for skin pinkness on the nose and ears, weekly measures of liveweight, condition score, and blood analysis compared with a group of control sheep fed wheaten hay ad libitum. The Chesson–Manly selection index was used to examine the relative preference of sheep for the seven accessions of tedera over the 21 days. Each accession of tedera was sampled weekly to estimate the dry matter on offer, and these samples were also analysed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, in vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, minerals, and concentrations of the furanocoumarins psoralen and angelicin. None of the sheep showed any signs of ill health, with all blood parameters being within the normal reference range. All sheep gained weight and body condition over the 21 days. The difference in the rate of gain in condition score in favour of the sheep grazing tedera over the 21 days (0.014 v. 0.002 unit/sheep.day) was significant (P < 0.001). Sheep showed repeated preference for accessions T31 and T43 (α >0.143). Nutritive value of all accessions of tedera was high. However, only acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre affected the relative preference of the sheep (P < 0.05) and they were only weakly correlated (r2 = 0.208 and 0.165, respectively). We conclude that there are accessions of tedera that are preferred by sheep that could be used to fill the autumn feed gap experienced in the south of Western Australia without any risk to the health of the sheep.