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Journal articles on the topic 'Free space optic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

S. Kavitha. "An Overview of Free Space Optics Communication System." December 2022 4, no. 4 (2022): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.4.001.

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Free space optics is a kind of broadband communication technique that transmits the signals, in the atmosphere through laser beams. In some cases, the laser beams are replaced with infrared and modified beams. Free Space Optics (FSO) is also referred as Free Space Photonics that works same as the principle of fiber optic communication where the source beams are transferred through air medium. In the traditional fiber optic communication, the optical fibers were used for transferring the beam signals. The FSO methodology is widely employed in various ubiquitous applications for their cost and d

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2

Sadiku, M. N. O., S. M. Musa, and Sudarshan R. Nelatury. "Free Space Optical Communications: An Overview." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 9 (2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n9p55.

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Bridging the so-called “last mile” in communication networks has revived keen interest in free-Space Optics (FSO), also known as fiber-free or fiberless optics, which is a technology that transports data via laser technology. It is a line-of-sight technology that currently enables optical transmission up to 2.5 Gbps of data, voice and video through the air at long distances (4km), allowing optical connectivity without deploying fiber-optic cable or securing spectrum licenses. It is moving closer to being a realistic alternative to laying fiber in access networks. This paper presents an introdu

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Riordan, J. A., F. G. Sun, Z. G. Lu, and X. C. Zhang. "Free-space transient magneto-optic sampling." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 11 (1997): 1452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119934.

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4

Eghbal, Mina, and Jamshid Abouei. "Security Enhancement in Free-Space Optics Using Acousto-Optic Deflectors." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 6, no. 8 (2014): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.6.000684.

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5

Lee, S. S., L. Y. Lin, and M. C. Wu. "Surface-micromachined free-space fibre-optic switches." Electronics Letters 31, no. 17 (1995): 1481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19950987.

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6

Hu, B. B., X. ‐C Zhang, D. H. Auston, and P. R. Smith. "Free‐space radiation from electro‐optic crystals." Applied Physics Letters 56, no. 6 (1990): 506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.103299.

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7

Gutowska, M., D. Pierścińska, M. Nowakowski, et al. "Transmitter with quantum cascade laser for free space optics communication system." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 59, no. 4 (2011): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-011-0051-9.

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Transmitter with quantum cascade laser for free space optics communication system The paper presents results of experimental tests of the quantum cascade laser from Alpes Lasers company in terms of its application in the optic communication system in an open space. The measurements involved the current - voltage characteristics while measuring also the average power of emitted radiation, and spectral characteristics for different temperatures and different laser pulse durations. The duration of laser pulses was matched to parameters used in telecommunication interfaces. The construction of the

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Mahdi, Basheer Muslih, and Essa Ibrahim Essa. "A Free Space Optic/Optical Wireless Communication: A Survey." Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) 3, no. 3 (2022): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v3i3.14590.

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The exponential demand for the next generation of services over free space optic and wireless optic communication is a necessity to approve new guidelines in this range. In this review article, we bring together an earlier study associated with these schemes to help us implement a multiple input/multiple output flexible platform for the next generation in an efficient manner. OWC/FSO is a complement clarification to radiofrequency technologies. Notably, they are providing various gains such as unrestricted authorizing, varied volume, essential safekeeping, and immunity to interference.

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Jain, Abha, and Bhavika Soni. "A REVIEW PAPER ON FREE SPACE OPTIC COMMUNICATION." International Journal of Technical Research & Science Special, June (2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.30780/specialissue-scrdsi-2021/001.

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10

Esmail, Maged A., Waddah S. Saif, Amr M. Ragheb, and Saleh A. Alshebeili. "Free space optic channel monitoring using machine learning." Optics Express 29, no. 7 (2021): 10967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.416777.

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11

Wu, Q., and X. ‐C Zhang. "Free‐space electro‐optic sampling of terahertz beams." Applied Physics Letters 67, no. 24 (1995): 3523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114909.

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12

Alsharari, Meshari, Khaled Aliqab, Farman Ali, and Ammar Armghan. "Integrated Free-Space Optics and Fiber Optic Network Performance Enhancement for Sustaining 5G High Capacity Communications." International Journal of Optics 2023 (January 13, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8685686.

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In this paper, the integrated free-space optics (FSO) and fiber optic model is evaluated using new radio (NR) sub-THz link to sustain next generation 5G capacity. The proposed integrated model effectively applies over 25 km single mode fiber, 0.5 m RF wireless, and 500 m optical wireless. In addition, four different sub-THz frequencies (125, 150, 175, and 200 GHz) are estimated on NR-based 5G FSO network, including 22 Gbps 64quadrature amplitude modulation-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (64QAM-OFDM) signal speed. The proposed FSO enabled fiber optic system is also measured mathemat

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Miglani, Rajan, Sachal Charak, Sandeep Kumar Arora, and Mahedi Masud. "A Review On FSO By Using Different Modulation Techniques." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.8 (2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.8.16848.

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Now a days as we are seeing that the free space optics is one of the emerging technology used for the replacement of the radio frequency wireless communication, due to their advantages over it like cost, speed, bandwidth, minimum error as well as efficient communication. The quality of services provided by the FSO is far better than the RF communication network. The free space optics is unlicensed band which make it less costly than the licensed band technology. As the atmospheric channel is used for transmission the effects of atmospheric condition effects the communication. In this paper we

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Kumar, M. Vinoth, Vinod Kumar, and Rupali Singh. "INVESTIGATION OF PSK/QAM MODULATED HYBRID FIBER OPTIC AND FREE SPACE OPTIC SYSTEM UNDER VARIOUS ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES." ASEAN Engineering Journal 13, no. 1 (2023): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v13.18071.

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This research aims to investigate how effectively digital modulation performs to transfer data via hybrid fiber optic and free space optic (FO-FSO) channels for last-mile communication systems. Digital modulation techniques investigated are phase-shift keying (PSK) 8-PSK, 16-PSK, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 4-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. FSO is line-of-sight technology being a solution to a last-mile communication system for the challenge of fiber optic cables installation. Combining FSO with fiber optic technology avoids bending losses and the implementation challenges of fiber optic ca

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Rahim, Syazwani A., Asan G. A. Muthalif, and Khairiah K. Turahim. "Active Vibration Isolation System for Free Space Optic Communication: Virtual Prototyping Using LabVIEW-SolidWorks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.733.

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In Free Space Optic (FSO) communication, the alignment between transmitter and receiver telescope is very important. The line of sight of their optics must be aligned during the entire communication time; this is crutial in large distance data transmission. One of the factors that causes misalignment is vibration, either at the transmitter or the receiver. In this work, active vibration isolation (AVI) system is designed and developed to tackle this issue. An AVI system isolates FSO devices from direct disturbances or ground vibrations. The LQR controller is proposed and implimented with LabVI

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Alnajjar, Satea Hikmat, and Ahmed Majid Hameed. "Light fidelity performance via hybrid free space optic/fiber optic communication under atmospheric disturbance." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp355-365.

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Light f idelity (Li-Fi) considers technology in optical wireless communication (OWC) that utilize visible light for transmission in free space, visible light communication (VLC) technology was chosen to overcome the interference issues of radio frequency (RF) communication and it also has higher bandwidth and is more secure. This paper aims to analyse the influence of atmospheric attenuation on the end-users of VLC system that consisted of five light-emitting diodes (LEDs) distributed in a room, which in t urn linked with the hybrid optical system includes a multi-channel of free space optic (

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Alnajjar, Satea Hikmat, and Ahmed Majid Hameed. "Light fidelity performance via hybrid free space optic/fiber optic communication under atmospheric disturbance." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (2022): 355–65. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp355-365.

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Light fidelity (Li-Fi) considers technology in optical wireless communication (OWC) that utilize visible light for transmission in free space, visible light communication (VLC) technology was chosen to overcome the interference issues of radio frequency (RF) communication and it also has higher bandwidth and is more secure. This paper aims to analyse the influence of atmospheric attenuation on the end-users of VLC system that consisted of five light-emitting diodes (LEDs) distributed in a room, which in turn linked with the hybrid optical system includes a multichannel of free space optic (FSO

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18

Moosa, Arwa A., Malik Abdulrazzaq Jabbar Alsaedi, Hussein Jumma Jabir, and Mays Afif Anaee. "Secure hybrid fiber optic and free optical space communication systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 2 (2022): 850–58. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i2.pp850-858.

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This work investigates the integration of electrical to optical (E/O) and optical to electrical (E/O) communication systems. Two ways of transition, namely, hybrid fiber optic (FO) and free space optical (FSO) transmission system have been proposed. This work aims to evaluate the performance of these two transition ways. FO has the optimum transmission due to its lower attenuation which can be reached to 350 km. However, for further assurance of reaching data to the receiver side a second way of transition has been investigated. FSO path has been employed under different weather conditions of

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A. Moosa, Arwa, Malik A. Alsaedi, Hussein Jumma Jabir, and Mays Afif Anaee. "Secure hybrid fiber optic and free optical space communication systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 2 (2022): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i2.pp850-858.

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This work investigates the integration of Electrical to Optical (E/O) and Optical to Electrical (E/O) communication systems. Two ways of transition, namely, Hybrid Fiber Optic (FO) and Free Optical Space (FSO) transmission system have been proposed. This work aims to evaluate the performance of these two transition ways. FO has the optimum transmission due to its lower attenuation which can be reached to 350 km. However, for further assurance of reaching data to the receiver side a second way of transition has been investigated. FSO path has been employed under different weather conditions of

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20

ISMAIL, Tawfik, Erich LEITGEB, and Thomas PLANK. "Free Space Optic and mmWave Communications: Technologies, Challenges and Applications." IEICE Transactions on Communications E99.B, no. 6 (2016): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2015eui0002.

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21

Nahata, Ajay, James T. Yardley, and Tony F. Heinz. "Free-space electro-optic detection of continuous-wave terahertz radiation." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 17 (1999): 2524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125065.

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22

Nikulin, Vladimir V. "Agile acousto-optic tracking system for free-space optical communications." Optical Engineering 47, no. 6 (2008): 064301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2947581.

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23

Kono, Shunsuke, Masahiko Tani, and Kiyomi Sakai. "Ultrabroadband photoconductive detection: Comparison with free-space electro-optic sampling." Applied Physics Letters 79, no. 7 (2001): 898–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1394719.

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24

Basudewa, M. I., Z. H. Bagaskara, S. S. A. Damita, R. F. Putra, and D. Ahmadi. "Bit Error Rate performance analysis for Free Space Optic communication." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 850 (May 23, 2020): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/850/1/012056.

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25

Owen, Geraint, and William R. Trutna. "Synchronous acousto-optic tuning of free-space external-cavity lasers." Applied Optics 44, no. 23 (2005): 4972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.44.004972.

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26

Liang-Liang, Zhang, Zhao Guo-Zhong, Zhong Hua, Hu Ying, and Zhang Cun-Lin. "Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy with Free-Space Electro-Optic Sampling." Chinese Physics Letters 21, no. 11 (2004): 2295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/21/11/061.

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27

Rahman, A. K., N. Julai, M. Jusoh, et al. "Impact of rain weather over free space optic communication transmission." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 1 (2019): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i1.pp303-310.

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<span>This paper focuses the rain effect over FSO link medium in Malaysia environment. In this work, a rain data samples that collected from Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) to determine the scattering coefficient, atmospheric attenuation and total attenuation. From the analysis, the precipitation rate give different impact over FSO link which can cause the attenuation and bit error rate increase. The results also show the comparison parameter for optimal geometrical loss such as beam divergence, aperture size and receiver sensitivity.</span>

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28

Mani, Vinoth Kumar, and Vinod Kumar. "Free-space optical channel performance under atmospheric losses using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 3 (2022): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1571-1579.

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<span>Free space optics (FSO) is a fast-growing technology that outperforms fiber optics in communication network infrastructure without spectrum licensing. The goal of this work is to evaluate the performance of the FSO communication system using direct detection 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) and 4-phase shift keying (4-PSK) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. Simulating a direct detection OFDM-FSO system and comparing constellation diagrams, electrical power, and optical power have been used to conduct the analysis. The model is validated using a

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Mani, Vinoth Kumar, and Vinod Kumar. "Free-space optical channel performance under atmospheric losses using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 3 (2022): 1571–79. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1571-1579.

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Free space optics (FSO) is a fast-growing technology that outperforms fiber optics in communication network infrastructure without spectrum licensing. The goal of this work is to evaluate the performance of the FSO communication system using direct detection 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) and 4-phase shift keying (4-PSK) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. Simulating a direct detection OFDM-FSO system and comparing constellation diagrams, electrical power, and optical power have been used to conduct the analysis. The model is validated using a constellatio

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Mahmood, Fadhela Thaeer, Alaa H. Ali, and Alaa H. Ali Haeder. "Analysis study of quality factor and bit error rate at wavelength change." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (2022): 301–8. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp301-308.

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Gigabit-per-second data speeds can be achieved via free space optics (FSO) lines, which needless system complexity. On the other hand, the link's availability across a wide range of atmospheric circumstances is a major worry. As a result of the increased signal attenuation caused by the linkages being weather-dependent, their efficiency decreases. Up to 70 dB/km of attenuation can be caused by bad weather on a 500-meter free space optics link. In this work, transmission windows of 1310 nm, 850 nm, and 1550 nm are analyzed and compared using the free space optics link. by using the Simulati

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Yao, Cheng-Kai, Pradeep Kumar, Bing-Xian Liu, Amare Mulatie Dehnaw, and Peng-Chun Peng. "Simultaneous Vibration and Temperature Real-Time Monitoring Using Single Fiber Bragg Grating and Free Space Optics." Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (2024): 11099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142311099.

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Simultaneous monitoring of temperature and vibration of electromechanical systems, public buildings, and volcanic terrain is an important indicator of preventing accidents. This work showcases the simultaneous temperature and vibration measurement using a single-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. The concurrent interrogation of vibration and temperature by the FBG sensing system can be integrated with free space optics (FSO), which saves on the costs associated with fiber optic cables and overcomes terrain barriers. Furthermore, the real-time measured vibration frequencies and different tempera

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Ding, Shengli, Jiankun Zhang, and Anhong Dang. "Adjustable, high-sensitivity optical collimating scheme for free-space optic links." Optical Engineering 55, no. 11 (2016): 110505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.55.11.110505.

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33

Shi-Sheng Lee, Long-Sun Huang, Chang-Jin Kim, and M. C. Wu. "Free-space fiber-optic switches based on MEMS vertical torsion mirrors." Journal of Lightwave Technology 17, no. 1 (1999): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.737414.

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34

Schulkin, B., and Xi-Cheng Zhang. "Active Balance in Free-Space Electro-Optic Detection of Terahertz Waves." Journal of Lightwave Technology 27, no. 17 (2009): 3773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2008.2008103.

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35

Witas, Karel, and Jan Nedoma. "Free Space Optic Receiver with Strongly Overlapped Photodetectors’ Field of View." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (2019): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020343.

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In this study, we designed a mobile free space optic receiver that uses several photodetectors to provide omnidirectional receiving capability. Assuming only one transmitter, it is a receiver which builds a single input multiple output optical channel. The photodetectors are fixed to truncated pyramid walls. Electrical signals from the photodetectors are processed using an equal gain combining technique. This architecture allows simple circuits and enables additive noise suppression. The minimum angle between the pyramid base and the direction of falling rays was calculated to determine the th

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S. Selva Nidhyananthan, Et al. "Development of Opto-Electronic Free Space Optics Rain Attenuation Mathematical Model with Optisystem for Topological Optical link Analysis." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 30, no. 2 (2023): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cana.v30.264.

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The major obstacle in free space optics FSO is how the data penetrates atmospheric attenuation disturbances like rain, fog, dust storms and snow. The performance of FSO communications is greatly influenced by how one can choose the desired modulation technique. The proposed FSO circuit is designed with a free space range stretching up to 1.85 km. Even though it covers a small radius, we can implement this technique in areas where installing fiber optic cables is impractical. The goal of the proposed work is to use this system to create a new rain attenuation model TSNGH for our region with cur

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37

Kumar, Kakarla Phaneendra, and T. Sreenivasulu Reddy. "High speed space division multiplexing based integrated fiber transmission system and its impact on atmospheric conditions." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 15, no. 2 (2025): 1745–53. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1745-1753.

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With several advantages over traditional wireless and fiber optic cables, free space optical communication is becoming more and more popular because of its high speed and bandwidth applications. In particular, the high transmission capacity of free space optics (FSO) communication systems makes them preferred, which enables them to handle the growing amount of internet traffic. Because FSO has no regulatory limitations, operates over large distances with high levels of security, and transmits data faster than radio frequency communication technologies are widely utilized. However, given differ

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38

Yao, Cheng-Kai, Hsin-Piao Lin, Chiun-Lang Cheng, et al. "Fiber/Free-Space Optics with Open Radio Access Networks Supplements the Coverage of Millimeter-Wave Beamforming for Future 5G and 6G Communication." Fibers 13, no. 4 (2025): 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13040039.

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Conceptually, this paper aims to help reduce the communication blind spots originating from the design of millimeter-wave (mmW) beamforming by deploying radio units of an open radio access network (O-RAN) with free-space optics (FSOs) as the backhaul and the fiber-optic link as the fronthaul. At frequencies exceeding 24 GHz, the transmission reach of 5G/6G beamforming is limited to a few hundred meters, and the periphery area of the sector operational range of beamforming introduces a communication blind spot. Using FSOs as the backhaul and a fiber-optic link as the fronthaul, O-RAN empowers t

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Kim, Minchul, Kyongchun Lim, Joong‐Seon Choe, et al. "Free‐space quantum key distribution transmitter system using WDM filter for channel integration." ETRI Journal 46, no. 5 (2024): 806–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2024-0142.

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AbstractIn this study, we report a transmitter system for free‐space quantum key distribution (QKD) using the BB84 protocol, which does not require an internal alignment process, by using a wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM) filter and polarization‐encoding module. With a custom‐made WDM filter, the signals required for QKD can be integrated by simply connecting fibers, thus avoiding the laborious internal alignment required for free‐space QKD systems using conventional bulk‐optic setups. The WDM filter is designed to multiplex the single‐mode signals from 785‐nm quantum and 1550‐nm synchr

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Hearne, Shane, Jerry Horgan, Noureddine Boujnah, and Deirdre Kilbane. "Wavelength Selection for Satellite Quantum Key Distribution." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031308.

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Current distance limitations of quantum key distribution (QKD) over fibre optic networks suggest that satellite (free-space optical) QKD networks will be required to enable global quantum communications. However, the operational availability of these systems is limited by background noise and strong attenuation caused by turbulence and adverse weather conditions. Using the decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol, we evaluate the secret key rate for a range of wavelengths, receiver sizes and initial beam waists through a variety of atmospheric conditions. We combine filtering techniques, adaptive optics,

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Mustafa, Fatin Hamimi, Abu Sahmah M. Supaat, and Nachimani Charde. "Effect of Rain Attenuations on Free Space Optic Transmission in Kuala Lumpur." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 1, no. 4 (2011): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.1.4.70.

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Wan Lingyu, 万玲玉, 周煜 Zhou Yu, 刘立人 Liu Liren, and 孙建锋 Sun Jianfeng. "A Free-Space 2×4 90° Optical Hybrid with Electro-Optic Modulation." Acta Optica Sinica 32, no. 7 (2012): 0723002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201232.0723002.

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43

Rahman, A. K., N. Julai, M. Jusoh, et al. "High range free space optic transmission using new dual diffuser modulation technique." EPJ Web of Conferences 162 (2017): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201716201026.

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44

Deng, Xiaoxu, Pingping Xiao, Xiang Zheng, et al. "An electro-optic polymer modulator based on the free-space coupling technique." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 10, no. 1 (2007): 015305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/10/01/015305.

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45

Afiansyah, Muhammad Fachrul, Rika Susanti, Teddy Purnamirza, and Fitri Amillia. "Free Space Optic MIMO pada Kondisi Hujan dan Angin di Kota Pekanbaru." JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 9, no. 1 (2024): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/sst.v9i1.2637.

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<p><strong>The FSO communication system is a communication system that uses the atmosphere as a propagation medium </strong><strong>for</strong><strong> light, which is used as an optical source to transmit data to the receiver. </strong><strong>Due to </strong><strong>using the atmosphere as a propagation medium causes the FSO communication system to be susceptible to signal weakening caused by varying atmospheric attenuation. So, it is necessary to conduct research on FSO performance based on atmospheric conditions. This research ca

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Lopes, Minal, and Nisha Sarwade. "Optimized decoy state QKD for underwater free space communication." International Journal of Quantum Information 16, no. 02 (2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749918500193.

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Quantum cryptography (QC) is envisioned as a solution for global key distribution through fiber optic, free space and underwater optical communication due to its unconditional security. In view of this, this paper investigates underwater free space quantum key distribution (QKD) model for enhanced transmission distance, secret key rates and security. It is reported that secure underwater free space QKD is feasible in the clearest ocean water with the sifted key rates up to 207[Formula: see text]kbps. This paper extends this work by testing performance of optimized decoy state QKD protocol with

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Kang, Jin-Seob, and Jeong-Hwan Kim. "Planar Offset Short Applicable to the Calibration of a Free-Space Material Measurement System in W-Band." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 21, no. 1 (2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2021.21.1.51.

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The electrical properties of materials and their dependence on frequency and temperature are indispensable in designing electromagnetic devices and systems in various areas of engineering and science for both basic and applied researches. A free-space transmission/reflection method measuring the free-space scattering parameters of a material under test (MUT) located at the middle of transmit/receive antennas in a free space is suitable for non-destructively testing the MUT without prior machining or physical contact in high-frequency range. This paper describes a planar offset short applicable

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48

Kumar, Kakarla Phaneendra, and T. Sreenivasulu Reddy. "High speed space division multiplexing based integrated fiber transmission system and its impact on atmospheric conditions." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 15, no. 2 (2025): 1745. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1745-1753.

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With several advantages over traditional wireless and fiber optic cables, free space optical communication is becoming more and more popular because of its high speed and bandwidth applications. In particular, the high transmission capacity of free space optics (FSO) communication systems makes them preferred, which enables them to handle the growing amount of internet traffic. Because FSO has no regulatory limitations, operates over large distances with high levels of security, and transmits data faster than radio frequency communication technologies are widely utilized. However, given differ

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Ura, Shogo, Katsuya Shimizu, Yuki Kita, Kenji Kintaka, Junichi Inoue, and Yasuhiro Awatsuji. "Integrated-Optic Free-Space-Wave Coupler for Package-Level On-Board Optical Interconnects." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 17, no. 3 (2011): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2010.2070789.

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50

Lu, Z. G., P. Campbell, and X. C. Zhang. "Free-space electro-optic sampling with a high-repetition-rate regenerative amplified laser." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 5 (1997): 593–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119803.

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