Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free-space Path Loss

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Free-space Path Loss'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Free-space Path Loss"

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M. Africa, Aaron Don. "Radio Wave Propagation: Simulation of Free Space Propagation Path Loss." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/07822020.

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Kharchenko, Volodymyr, Yuri Barabanov, and Andrii Grekhov. "MODELING OF ADS-B DATA TRANSMISSION VIA SATELLITE." Aviation 17, no. 3 (October 7, 2013): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2013.840057.

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For modelling transmission of ADS-B messages via low-orbit satellite constellation Iridium, the original model of a communication channel “Aircraft-to-Satellite-to-Ground Station” was built using MATLAB Simulink. The model comprises “Aircraft Uplink Transmitter” (Bernoulli Random Binary Generator, Convolutional Encoder, BPSK Baseband Modulator, High Power Amplifier with a memoryless nonlinearity, Transmitter Dish Antenna Gain), “Uplink Path” (Free Space Path Loss, Phase/Frequency Offset), “Satellite Transponder” (Receiver Dish Antenna Gain, Satellite Receiver System Temperature, Complex Baseband Amplifier, Phase Noise, Transmitter Dish Antenna Gain), “Downlink Path” (Free Space Path Loss, Phase/Frequency Offset), “Ground Station Downlink Receiver” (Receiver Dish Antenna Gain, Ground Receiver System Temperature, Viterbi Decoder), “Error Rate Calculation” block and “Display”. The modelling was realized without and with convolutional coding (r = 3/4, K = 7) at different noise temperatures and free space losses. Dependencies of a Bit Error Rate on free space path losses, antenna's diameter, phase/frequency off-sets, satellite transponder linear gain, aircraft and satellite transponder high power amplifier back-off level, and phase noise were received and analysed.
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Israr, Imran, Mahmood Ashraf Khan, Shahzad A. Malik, Shahid A. Khan, and Mustafa Shakir. "Path Loss Modeling of WLAN and WiMAX Systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i5.pp1083-1091.

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<p>With the advancement in technology, there was need for efficient and high speed internet through which we could have access to multiple networks as per the user requirement. WLAN met this need to some extent but, due to its low range it was not recommended commercially. With the introduction of WiMAX there was an emerging need to select the best network amongst WiMAX or WLAN depending upon the user location. Pathloss with respect to these particular networks also needs to be compared. In this paper we compare the pathloss modelling for WiMAX and WLAN systems. Different Models have been compared with each other to know which model performs better by keeping same simulation environment. Path Loss models used for WLAN are Okumura, Hata, Cost-231 and Free Space Path Loss whereas models used for WiMAX are Free Space Path Loss, Okumura-Hata, Cost231-Hata and Stanford University Interim. In case of WiMAX three different scenarios Urban, Sub-Urban and Rural is considered where as in case of WLAN only outdoor environment is considered. With the Path Loss comparison, power received for these two technologies; WiMAX, and WLAN is also simulated. MATLAB is the tool used for simulations. Antenna Specifications for WiMAX and WLAN is kept same for all simulation environments.</p>
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Al-samman, Ahmed M., Tharek Abd Rahman, and Marwan Hadri Azmi. "Indoor Corridor Wideband Radio Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for 5G Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications at 19 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz Bands." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6369517.

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This paper presents millimeter wave (mmWave) measurements in an indoor environment. The high demands for the future applications in the 5G system require more capacity. In the microwave band below 6 GHz, most of the available bands are occupied; hence, the microwave band above 6 GHz and mmWave band can be used for the 5G system to cover the bandwidth required for all 5G applications. In this paper, the propagation characteristics at three different bands above 6 GHz (19, 28, and 38 GHz) are investigated in an indoor corridor environment for line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. Five different path loss models are studied for this environment, namely, close-in (CI) free space path loss, floating-intercept (FI), frequency attenuation (FA) path loss, alpha-beta-gamma (ABG), and close-in free space reference distance with frequency weighting (CIF) models. Important statistical properties, such as power delay profile (PDP), root mean square (RMS) delay spread, and azimuth angle spread, are obtained and compared for different bands. The results for the path loss model found that the path loss exponent (PLE) and line slope values for all models are less than the free space path loss exponent of 2. The RMS delay spread for all bands is low for the LOS scenario, and only the directed path is contributed in some spatial locations. For the NLOS scenario, the angle of arrival (AOA) is extensively investigated, and the results indicated that the channel propagation for 5G using high directional antenna should be used in the beamforming technique to receive the signal and collect all multipath components from different angles in a particular mobile location.
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Chen, Jie, Dong Ya Shen, Na Yao, and Ren Zhang. "3-D Research about Walfisch-Bertoni Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1527.

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Walfisch - Bertoni model is used to predict the average signal field intensity of the main street. The model considers the path loss of the free space, diffraction loss along the path, and the influence of the height of the building. There are six City parameters in Walfisch - Bertoni model influence communication quality. In this paper, the researches about path loss and its characteristics is under the case of considering two city parameters at the same time. Facts have proved that this case is more close to the actual that the wireless signal propagation environment. This paper mainly researched the path loss, probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the path loss.
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Balaguer, C., A. Barrientos, F. J. Rodriguez, R. Aracil, E. A. Puente, and U. Peter. "Reduction of free-space-loss for good and rapid 3D path planning of 6DOF robots." Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 13, no. 3 (July 1995): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01424010.

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Al-Saman, Ahmed, Marshed Mohamed, and Michael Cheffena. "Radio Propagation Measurements in the Indoor Stairwell Environment at 3.5 and 28 GHz for 5G Wireless Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (December 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6634050.

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To cover the high demand for wireless data services for different applications in the wireless networks, different frequency bands below 6 GHz and in millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) above 24 GHz are proposed for the fifth generation (5G) of communication. The communication network is supposed to handle, among others, indoor traffic in normal situations as well as during emergencies. The stairway is one of those areas which has less network traffic during normal conditions but increases significantly during emergencies. This paper presents the radio propagation in an indoor stairway environment based on wideband measurements in the line of sight (LOS) at two candidate frequencies for 5G wireless networks, namely, 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz. The path loss, root mean square (RMS) delay spread, K-factor results, and analysis are provided. The close-in free-space reference distance (CI), floating intercept (FI), and the close-in free-space reference distance with frequency weighting (CIF) path loss models are provided. The channel parameters such as the number of clusters, the ray and cluster arrival rates, and the ray and cluster decay factors are also obtained for both frequencies. The findings of the path loss show that the CI, FI, and CIF models fit the measured data well in both frequencies with the path loss exponent identical to the free-space path loss. Based on clustering results, it is found that the cluster decay rates are identical at both bands. The results from this and previous measurements indicate that at least one access point is required for every two sections of the stairway to support good coverage along the stairwell area in 5G wireless networks. Moreover, for 5G systems utilizing mm-Wave frequency bands, one access point for each stair section might be necessary for increased reliability of the 5G network in stairwell environments.
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Mohd Razali, Siti Harliza, Razali Ngah, Yoshihide Yamada, and Kamilia Kamardin. "Performance analysis of patch antenna for underwater wireless communication in seawater." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp857-865.

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<span lang="EN-US">Underwater wireless communication in seawater is becoming more interesting and challenging in recent years. The development of antenna for underwater wireless communication in seawater at 900 MHz UHF range frequency is implemented by using patch antenna. In this paper, the antennas were designed using FEKO, an electromagnetic simulation software, and a suitable size for rectangular patch antenna for seawater application was developed to study the relevance between λ0 with W and L in seawater. The difference between the patches in free space and seawater was the L size, which was slightly bigger, about 0.9 mm, than free space size. But the gain for patch antenna in seawater was found at -2.51 dBi, lower than patch antenna in free space, which was 5.76 dBi due to the path loss in seawater. This shows that attenuation happened, and a better antenna will be design. The one that has better gain, which is around above 2 dBi in seawater, in order to get better performance antenna in seawater environment.</span>
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Mohd Nordin, Muhammad Akramuddin, and Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 5G PATH LOSS MODELS FOR RURAL MACROCELL ENVIRONMENT." IIUM Engineering Journal 21, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v21i1.1247.

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5G networks are expected to use the Millimeter Wave (mmWave) frequency band and this frequency provides wider bandwidth allowing a better quality of service to be offered to the users. However, the mmWave frequencies may lead to a higher path loss due to several factors including blockages,rain and atmosphere. Therefore, to allow optimal positioning of the 5G base stations, the study of path loss model in this 5G mmWave frequencies is crucial. This paper investigates the 5G path loss models as well as their parameters that are most suitable for cross-polarized antennas under rural macrocell environment in Malaysia. Path loss models namely Close In Free Space Reference Distance Path Loss Model (CI) model, and Alpha Beta Gamma (ABG) or Floating Intercept (FI) Model along with their parameters achieved from the previous studies were evaluated by comparing the parameters and models that are closest to the sampled path loss when using antennas that have different patterns and polarizations in an open-source simulator. Results obtained indicate that FI model can be adapted to the majority of the environment where this model showed the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The study of path loss models by using advanced simulator or field measurement, and studies on other rural areas from other states in Malaysia will be considered in future works.
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Subramanyam, A. V. G., D. Siva Reddy, V. K. Hariharan, V. V. Srinivasan, and Ajay Chakrabarty. "High Power Combline Filter for Deep Space Applications." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2014 (September 14, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/396494.

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An S-band, compact, high power filter, for use in the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), has been designed and tested for multipaction. The telemetry, tracking, and commanding (TT&C) transponder of MOM is required to handle continuous RF power of 200 W in the telemetry path besides simultaneously maintaining an isolation of greater than 145 dBc to its sensitive telecommand path. This is accomplished with the help of a complex diplexer, requiring high power, high rejection transmit path filter, and a low power receive path filter. To reduce the complexity in the multipaction-free design and testing, the transmit path filter of the diplexer is split into a low rejection filter integral to the diplexer and an external high rejection filter. This paper highlights the design and space qualification phases of this high rejection filter. Multipaction test results with 6 dB margin are also presented. Major concerns of this filter design are isolation, insertion loss, and multipaction. Mission performance of the on-board filter is normal.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free-space Path Loss"

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Vyčítal, Jaroslav. "Šíření signálů bezdrátových komunikačních systémů IEEE 802.11." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377156.

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This paper deals with the propagation of waves. Here is the wavelength distribution according to the wavelength. It focuses on the UHF and SHF band in which IEEE802.11n operates. Contains model breakdown by cell type. Describes which propagation methods are dominant in the cell type. Several propagation patterns are presented, which are then modeled in Matlab environment.The models are then compared to experimental measurements.
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Oliveira, Leonardo Dantas de. "Extens?es ao Projeto LVWNet: mobilidade, intera??o com equipamentos reais, comunica??o direta, e registro din?mico de n?s." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18114.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoDO_DISSERT.pdf: 3357434 bytes, checksum: 75c2c837997e2220e8de164c844c9b5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-05
Due to the constantly increasing use of wireless networks in domestic, business and industrial environments, new challenges have emerged. The prototyping of new protocols in these environments is typically restricted to simulation environments, where there is the need of double implementation, one in the simulation environment where an initial proof of concept is performed and the other one in a real environment. Also, if real environments are used, it is not trivial to create a testbed for high density wireless networks given the need to use various real equipment as well as attenuators and power reducers to try to reduce the physical space required to create these laboratories. In this context, LVWNet (Linux Virtual Wireless Network) project was originally designed to create completely virtual testbeds for IEEE 802.11 networks on the Linux operating system. This paper aims to extend the current project LVWNet, adding to it the features like the ability to interact with real wireless hardware, provides a initial mobility ability using the positioning of the nodes in a space coordinates environment based on meters, with loss calculations due to attenuation in free space, enables some scalability increase by creating an own protocol that allows the communication between nodes without an intermediate host and dynamic registration of nodes, allowing new nodes to be inserted into in already in operation network
Com o crescimento constante da utiliza??o de redes sem fio em ambientes dom?sticos, empresariais e at? industriais, aparecem novos desafios. A prototipa??o de novos protocolos nesses ambientes tipicamente ? restrita a ambientes de simula??o, onde existe a necessidade de uma dupla implementa??o, uma no ambiente de simula??o, onde se realiza uma prova de conceito inicial e outra em um ambiente real. Al?m disso, uma vez que se parta para ambientes reais, n?o ? trivial a cria??o de um testbed para redes sem fio de alta densidade, dada a necessidade de uso de v?rios equipamentos reais, e uso de atenuadores, redutores de pot?ncia, para tentar reduzir o espa?o f?sico necess?rio para cria??o desses laborat?rios. Nessa lacuna, o projeto LVWNet (Linux Virtual Wireless Network) foi inicialmente concebido para cria??o de testbeds completamente virtuais para redes IEEE 802.11 sobre o sistema operacional Linux. Este trabalho tem como objetivo extender o atual projeto LVWNet adicionando a ele os recursos de possibilitar a intera??o com hardwares wireless reais, dar um suporte inicial ? mobilidade atrav?s do posicionamento dos n?s em um ambiente de coordenadas no espa?o baseado em metros, j? com c?lculos de perda decorrente da atenua??o em espa?o livre, aumentar a escalabilidade com a cria??o de um mecanismo que permita a comunica??o direta entre os n?s sem necessidade de um host intermedi?rio al?m do registro din?mico de n?s, de modo que novos n?s podem ser inseridos na rede com a mesma j? em opera??o
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Book chapters on the topic "Free-space Path Loss"

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Rout, Ashima, Anurupa Kar, and Srinivas Sethi. "Analysis of Trustworthiness and Link Budget Power Under Free Space Propagation Path Loss in Secured Cognitive Radio Ad hoc Network." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 465–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3153-3_46.

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Mohammed, Habib, Tessema T. Terefe, and Sultan Feisso. "Coverage Determination of Incumbent System and Available TV White Space Channels for Secondary Use in Ethiopia." In Vision Sensors [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98784.

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Different path loss modelsare used to analyze the behavior of terrestrial television signals. The path loss calculated by one model differs from the other depending on different factors they consider. Frequency is one of the main factors included in each model. The frequency variation in the electromagnetic spectrum causes different response for each model. In terrestrial TV signal representation, since it is operating under VHF and UHF spectrum range, the propagation model used to model the signal must be less invariant when the transmitter is operating in VHF and UHF. If the pathloss model used is very variant it is difficult to define the coverage of the transmitters. This causes interference among transmitters and between the digital terrestrial TV transmitters and TV white space devices. Different propagation models are analyzed by their sensitivity to frequency variation from very-high and ultra-high frequency spectrums. After the best model is selected, we have used this model to find the coverage of the incumbent transmitter, which then is used to analyze free channels for secondary use. First the pathloss at VHF and then for UHF is calculated. This difference is then compared and the result indicates that ITU-R P.1546–5, which incorporate terrain data is best of others. Using this model and further analyze the coverage and free channels, we have found a minimum of 408 MHz free contiguous bandwidth, by considering a worst-case scenario, which is placing a WSD at the incumbent transmitter.
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"Modeling of Aircraft and RPAS Data Transmission via Satellites." In Recent Advances in Satellite Aeronautical Communications Modeling, 1–64. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8214-4.ch001.

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This chapter is devoted to the modeling of aircraft data transmission via low-orbit satellites. Satellite communication channel models were designed, which allow to investigate BER dependencies on the type of signal modulation, information transfer rate, signal power, antenna diameters, and nonlinearity of a high power amplifier. Impact of a modulation type (BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM), Eb / N0, satellite transponder amplifier gain without and with coding on a BER was investigated. Effectiveness of error detection and correction was analyzed using classic linear block and convolutional codes. Free space path loss, AWGN, and radio frequency satellite channels were considered. MIMO 2 × 1 and 3 × 2 fading uplink/downlink channels with antenna diversity were analyzed. Results were compared with AWGN uplink/downlink channels. On the base of these models, channels integrity was investigated.
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"Parameters Estimation of Aircraft and RPAS Satellite Channels Based on IEEE 802.11a Standard." In Recent Advances in Satellite Aeronautical Communications Modeling, 65–132. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8214-4.ch002.

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This chapter deals with parameters estimation of satellite channels based on IEEE 802.11a standard. Dependencies of a signal to noise ratio on free space path loss for different types of modulation (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM), noise temperatures, number of OFDM symbols, Doppler frequency offsets, satellite amplifier gain, and aircraft antenna diameter were received using model “OFDM_FSPL_Sat_FSPL_802.11a.” A method for parameters estimation of satellite OFDM communication channel was proposed. The spectrums and signals constellations of received signals were compared for different types of the amplifier nonlinearity. The developed model allows predicting spectral regrowth of digitally modulated OFDM signals due to the amplifier nonlinearity. Channel parameters were received for the Rayleigh and Rician fading, different types of Doppler spectrum, the gain of multipath channels, the delay time of message flow using models “OFDM_Multipath_Sat_Multipath_802.11a,” “OFDM_AWGN_Sat_Multipath_802.11a,” and “OFDM_FSPL_Sat_Rician_802.11a.”
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Grekhov, Andrii Mikhailovich. "Modeling of Aircraft and RPAS Data Transmission via Satellites." In Research Anthology on Reliability and Safety in Aviation Systems, Spacecraft, and Air Transport, 187–236. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5357-2.ch009.

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This chapter is devoted to the modeling of aircraft data transmission via low-orbit satellites. Satellite communication channel models were designed, which allow to investigate BER dependencies on the type of signal modulation, information transfer rate, signal power, antenna diameters, and nonlinearity of a high power amplifier. Impact of a modulation type (BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM), Eb / N0, satellite transponder amplifier gain without and with coding on a BER was investigated. Effectiveness of error detection and correction was analyzed using classic linear block and convolutional codes. Free space path loss, AWGN, and radio frequency satellite channels were considered. MIMO 2 × 1 and 3 × 2 fading uplink/downlink channels with antenna diversity were analyzed. Results were compared with AWGN uplink/downlink channels. On the base of these models, channels integrity was investigated.
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Conference papers on the topic "Free-space Path Loss"

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Ahmad, Faheem, Sathisha Ramachandrapura, Jyothsna KM, Rabindra Biswas, and Varun Raghunathan. "Lens design-based optimization of path loss in a high data-rate indoor visible light communication link." In Free-Space Laser Communications XXXII, edited by Hamid Hemmati and Don M. Boroson. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2545939.

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Katircioglu, Ozkan, Hasan Isel, Osman Ceylan, Firat Taraktas, and H. Bulent Yagci. "Comparing ray tracing, free space path loss and logarithmic distance path loss models in success of indoor localization with RSSI." In 2011 19th Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/telfor.2011.6143552.

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Shittu, W. A., B. G. Bajoga, F. Anwar, and M. J. E. Salami. "Prediction of received signal power and propagation path loss in open/rural environments using modified Free-Space loss and Hata models." In 2008 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rfm.2008.4897406.

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Paganelli, Davide. "A New Singularity-Free Path-Planning Method for a Class of Fully-Parallel Planar Manipulators." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34345.

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Two severe problems may arise, while planning a path for a parallel manipulator. First, it might be impossible to reach a desired configuration at all, and second, any possible path leading to a desired configuration might cross a parallel singularity, which could provoke the loss of platform control and jeopardize the structural integrity of links and actuators. These two problems are strictly related to the topological properties, connectedness in particular, of the configuration space and of the singularity locus. This paper presents a new numerical method based on differential topology, which is able to identify and count the disjoint regions composing the configuration space, and the disjoint regions into which the configuration space is split by the singularity locus. After this classification, it is always possible to find a path connecting any two configurations, if any exists. This path is singularity-free, if any singularity-free path exists. The method is applied to 3RRR planar manipulators, with actuators on the middle joint of each leg.
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Vithanawasam, Chamath Kalanaka, Yi Lung Then, and Hieng Tiong Su. "Calculation of Data Rates for Varying Scenarios Using Free Space Path Loss and Okumura-Hata Model in the TVWS Frequency Band." In 2020 IEEE 8th R10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/r10-htc49770.2020.9357022.

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Kakkar, Deepti, Amarah Zahra, Hritwik Todawat, Vaishnawi Singh, Farhana Shahid, and Vidhya Sagar. "Outdoor Radio Propagation Model Optimization Using Genetic Algorithm." In International Conference on Women Researchers in Electronics and Computing. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.114.44.

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Path loss which is one of the main issues in wireless communication system and has been studied for long time. With the tremendous increase in demand in wireless technology, this Path loss needs to be optimized. Therefore, it is very important to analyse these different propagation models in order to get some useful information out and develop a system based on it. This is done to get the optimum path loss from different models. These are useful tools which makes the designers capable of designing a wireless system with great efficiency. In pursuit of the same, this paper attempts to optimize free space propagation model and hata model using GA algorithm, and shows a comparison by putting them side by side. This paper gives an insight of comparison between free space and Hata model in wireless communication taking different propagation environments into consideration.
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Tang, Lei, Kuang-Ching Wang, Yong Huang, and Fangming Gu. "Radio Channel Characteristics of Zigbee Wireless Sensors in Machine Shop for Plant Floor Process Monitoring." In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21115.

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Wireless sensors are envisioned to be useful for plant floor process monitoring with unprecedented flexibility and low costs, where data can be relayed via a wireless network formed among the sensors. Factory environments, however, are known harsh for radio communications. For sensor radios engineered with extremely low power and simple circuitry, the sensor radio channel characteristics must be identified for optimal network design and reliability assessment. In this paper, a preliminary radio channel measurement study was performed based on the wireless sensor pairs in normal communication at the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band to assess the sensor radio channel properties in a university machine workshop. The effect of both stationary and moving (forklift) obstacles on the radio propagation in terms of the received signal power, bit error and packet error rates was studied. The effect of stationary obstacles was further analyzed against a simple path loss model to find the path loss exponent. A spectrum analyzer was also used to capture the noise backgrounds in free space and the machine shop, which shows significantly different radio activities among the investigated scenarios. The proposed channel measurement methodology through directly utilizing the sensor platforms will help future radio channel characterization studies in manufacturing plant floor environments.
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Prevenslik, Thomas. "Heat Transfer in Nanoelectronics by Quantum Mechanics." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73173.

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Today, the transient Fourier heat conduction equation is not considered valid for the derivation of temperatures from the dissipation of Joule heat in nanoelectronics because the dimension of the circuit element is comparable to the mean free path of phonon energy carriers. Instead, the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for ballistic transport based on the scattering of phonons within the element is thought to govern heat transfer. However, phonons respond at acoustic frequencies in times on the order of 10–100 ps, and therefore the BTE would not have meaning if the Joule heat is conserved by a faster mechanism. Unlike phonons with response times limited by acoustic frequencies, heat transfer in nanoelectronics based on QED induced heat transfer conserves Joule heat in times < 1 fs by the creation of EM radiation at optical frequencies. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. In effect, QED heat transfer negates thermal conduction in nanoelectronics because Joule heat is conserved well before phonons respond. QED induced heat transfer finds basis in Planck’s QM given by the Einstein-Hopf relation in terms of temperature and EM confinement of the atom as a harmonic oscillator. QM stands for quantum mechanics and EM for electromagnetic. Like the Fourier equation, the BTE is based on classical physics allowing the atom in nanoelectronic circuit elements to have finite heat capacity, thereby conserving Joule heat by an increase in temperature. QM differs by requiring the heat capacity of the atom to vanish. Conservation of Joule heat therefore proceeds by QED inducing the creation of excitons (hole and electron pairs) inside the circuit element by the frequency up-conversion of Joule heat to the element’s TIR confinement frequency. TIR stands for total internal reflection. Under the electric field across the element, the excitons separate to produce a positive space charge of holes that reduce the electrical resistance or upon recombination are lost by the emission of EM radiation to the surroundings. TIR confinement of EM radiation is the natural consequence of the high surface to volume ratio of the nanoelectronic circuit elements that concentrates Joule heat almost entirely in their surface, the surfaces coinciding with the TIR mode shape of the QED radiation. TIR confinement is not permanent, present only during the absorption of Joule heat. Charge creation aside, QM requires nanoelectronics circuit elements to remain at ambient temperature while dissipating Joule heat by QED radiation to the surroundings. Hot spots do not occur provided the RI of the circuit element is greater than the substrate or surroundings. RI stands for refractive index. In this paper, QED radiation is illustrated with memristors, PC-RAM devices, and 1/ f noise in nanowires, the latter of interest as the advantage of QM in avoiding hot spots in nanoelectronics may be offset by the noise from the holes created in the circuit elements by QED induced radiation.
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