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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Free to be'
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McGowan, Kathleen Grace. "Free art, free love, free money: a Free @rt school communique." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/551.
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O'Shea, S. "Stably free modules over virtually free groups." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383774/.
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We study stably free modules over various group rings Z[G], using the method of Milnor patching. In particular, we construct innite sets of stably free modules of rank one over various rings. Let Fn denote the free group on n generators. The two classes of group rings under consideration are: (i) Z[GxFn], where G is nite nilpotent and of non square-free order, and n > 2; (ii) Z[Q(12m) x C1], where Q(12m) is the binary polyhedral group of order 12m. The modules in question are constructed as pullbacks arising from bre square decompositions of the group rings. We also study the D(2)-problem of low-dimensional topology. We give an affirmative answer to the D(2)-problem for the dihedral group of order 4n, assuming the group ring Z[D4n] satisfies torsion free cancellation. By results of Swan, Endo, and Miyata, this happens for a number of small primes n. Johnson has shown that the groups D4n+2 satisfy the D(2)-property, but his result relies on the fact that D4n+2 has periodic cohomology, a property not shared by D4n. This forces us to introduce the torsion free cancellation hypothesis, and to explicitly realize the group of k-invariants (Z/4n).
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Lindskoug, Atle, and Anastasia Niemi. "Free from what? Limitations on Free Play." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-29232.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur den fria leken på svenska förskolor är begränsad för att gå i linje med förskolans uppdrag som det är presenterat i läroplanen. För att uppnå detta har vi intervjuat sju förskollärare på två svenska förskolor angående deras syn på den fria leken och hur den är begränsad. Det insamlade materialet är sedan analyserat med hjälp av Michel Foucaults teorier samt Jennifer M. Gores mikro-praktiker om makt för att synliggöra hur den fria leken är begränsad och varför. De tre centrala teman som presenteras i läroplanen är: säkerhet och välmående; grundläggande och demokratiska värderingar samt lärande, utveckling och livslångt lärande. En hierarki bland dessa teman blev uppenbar där säkerhet ses som viktigast följt av de grundläggande och demokratiska värdena och sist lärande, utveckling och livslångt lärande. Vi fann även att förskollärarna hellre reglerar leken så att den stämmer överens med läroplanen än att bryta den samt att läroplanens tolkningsbarhet leder till olika strategier bland förskollärarna för att uppnå deras önskade resultat.
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Jung, Munhee. "Is free trade free of environmental cost?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59295.
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The impact of international trade on the environment has been the field of focus since the 1970’s. There have been a number of empirical studies exploring the environmental consequence of free trade but the results are mixed and only a few environmental indicators have been used in place of the total environmental impact. In this study, I used combined environmental cost data which converted environmental impact indicators into US$ terms (the data is taken from World Bank database). Also, by taking advantage of panel data (observations from 60 countries over 25 years) and (two-way) fixed effects model, I attempted to reduce the threat of endogeneity problem. Most importantly, environmental impact which is filtered through the trade induced changes of economic activity was analyzed in parallel with unfiltered through effects. And the results revealed that trade openness reduces national level environmental cost rather than increasing it. Meanwhile, income related technique effect was found to be underperforming and when the full sample was split into four income groups, the income-environment relationship appeared to be closer to N-shape as opposed to the inverted U-shaped environmental kutznets curve hypothesis.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Wilson, Kenneth Mitchell. "Augustine's conversion from traditional free choice to "non-free free will" : a comprehensive methodology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:823cd43d-04f5-4c5d-ab0a-43be52ca1077.
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This thesis will explore whether Augustine of Hippo altered his theological views and what influences might have precipitated the alleged modifications. Augustine’s early "De libero arbitrio" argued for an individual’s ability to respond freely to God while his later anti-Pelagian writings rejected any human ability to believe until God infuses grace creating belief as his gift. Does his theology exhibit continuity or discontinuity? Four commonplace assertions within Augustinian studies are questioned in this thesis: 1.) Augustine changed his theology in AD 396; 2.) while he was writing the letter to Bishop Simplicianus (Simpl.); 3.) with his transition occurring through reading scripture (Rom.7, 9;1 Cor.15); 4.) which he developed through merely modifying prevalent doctrines. No scholarly work has researched Augustine’s entire corpus from AD 386–430 specifically analyzing his theology in the five final doctrines of: 1.) God giving initial faith as a gift, 2.) inherited damnable reatus from Adam, 3.) the gift of perseverance, 4.) unilateral pre-determination of persons’s eternal destinies independently of foreknowledge, and 5.) God’s neither desiring nor providing for the salvation of all persons. Only a comprehensive methodological approach—reading systematically, chronologically, and comprehensively through his entire corpus—can legitimately demonstrate changes. Did a Patristic consensus exist regarding post-Adamic free choice? What was Augustine’s contribution to this theology? To what degree did the combination of Stoicism, Neoplatonism, and Manichaeism contribute to his liberum arbitrium captivatum? Chapters include an introduction followed by chapters on free choice versus determinism in the: 1.) ancient philosophical-religious world, 2.) Christian authors AD 95–215, 3.) Christian authors AD 216–430, 4.) Augustine’s works AD 386–395, 5.) Augustine’s works AD 396–411, 6.) Augustine’s works AD 412–426, 7.) Augustine’s works AD 427–430, 8.) sermons and epistles, 9.) Augustine’s exegesis of scripture, and 10.) conclusion. Conclusions will be established via extensive primary quotations and references with supporting secondary sources.
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Vaidyanathan, Rajan. "Spray generation from free and half-free jets." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA361417.
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Dion, Carolyn. "Free fiddleheads." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ48262.pdf.
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Avni, Delys Beck. "Flying free." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7754.
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Bibliography: page 293.Phillip Grier, architect and artist has told his students they should visit White Gables Hotel in order to understand the significance of urban and architectural planning. It is there he encounters Jenny who, seeking temporary accommodation, has taken her lecturer's advice. Their meeting is unusuaL He is drunk; on a bender to escape his inadequacies and obsessions, the result of a traumatic childhood. She is patently terrified at finding herself in such a disreputable place and clings to him for protection. Discovering that they were both abandoned at the same orphanage, children who were "not quite right", they form a deep bond of supportive friendship.
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Croft, James. "Free Thinking." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25499788.
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In this dissertation I offer a justification of the claim that the development of those faculties necessary for autonomy should be a primary goal of public education, available to all children. To do this I 1) place autonomy into the framework of Capability Theory, showing why autonomy is essential to a full concept of human freedom, cleaning up some rough edges in the Capability Theory literature in the process; 2) demonstrate how thinking of freedom in terms of Capability Theory elucidates perennial questions and debates in the Philosophy of Education literature concerning autonomy; and 3) dig deeper into what educating for autonomy in terms of Capability Theory might look like through an analysis of rigor.
The questions which will guide my research are as follows:
1. What is "autonomy", and why is it a valuable goal to pursue in education?
2. Why must the state ensure that every child have the opportunity to become autonomous?
3. How can autonomy be developed, through schooling and through life?
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Dabrowski, Yoann. "Free entropies, free Fisher information, free stochastic differential equations, with applications to Von Neumann algebras." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1015.
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Ce travail étend nos connaissances des entropies libres et des équations différentielles stochastiques (EDS) libres dans trois directions. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que l'algèbre de von Neumann engendrée par au moins deux autoadjoints ayant une information de Fisher finie n'a pas la propriété $Gamma$ de Murray et von Neumann. C'est un analogue d'un résultat de Voiculescu pour l'entropie microcanonique libre. Dans un second temps, nous étudions des EDS libres à coefficients opérateurs non-bornés (autrement dit des sortes d' EDP stochastiques libres ). Nous montrons la stationnarité des solutions dans des cas particuliers. Nous en déduisons un calcul de la dimension entropique libre microcanonique dans le cas d'une information de Fisher lipschitzienne. Dans un troisième et dernier temps, nous introduisons une méthode générale de résolutions d'EDS libres stationnaires, s'appuyant sur un analogue non-commutatif d'un espace de chemins. En définissant des états traciaux sur cet analogue, nous construisons des dilatations markoviennes de nombreux semigroupes complètement markoviens sur une algèbre de von Neumann finie, en particulier de tous les semigroupes symétriques. Pour des semigroupes particuliers, par exemple dès que le générateur s'écrit sous une forme divergence pour une dérivation à valeur dans la correspondance grossière, ces dilatations résolvent des EDS libres. Entre autres applications, nous en déduisons une inégalité de Talagrand pour l'entropie non-microcanonique libre (relative à une sous-algèbre et une application complètement positive). Nous utilisons aussi ces déformations dans le cadre des techniques de déformations/rigidité de PopaThis works extends our knowledge of free entropies, free Fisher information and free stochastic differential equations in three directions. First, we prove that if a $W^{*}$-probability space generated by more than 2 self-adjoints with finite non-microstates free Fisher information doesn't have property $Gamma$ of Murray and von Neumann (especially is not amenable). This is an analogue of a well-known result of Voiculescu for microstates free entropy. We also prove factoriality under finite non-microstates entropy. Second, we study a general free stochastic differential equation with unbounded coefficients (``stochastic PDE"), and prove stationarity of solutions in well-chosen cases. This leads to a computation of microstates free entropy dimension in case of Lipschitz conjugate variable. Finally, we introduce a non-commutative path space approach to solve general stationary free Stochastic differential equations. By defining tracial states on a non-commutative analogue of a path space, we construct Markov dilations for a class of conservative completely Markov semigroups on finite von Neumann algebras. This class includes all symmetric semigroups. For well chosen semigroups (for instance with generator any divergence form operator associated to a derivation valued in the coarse correspondence) those dilations give rise to stationary solutions of certain free SDEs. Among applications, we prove a non-commutative Talagrand inequality for non-microstate free entropy (relative to a subalgebra $B$ and a completely positive map $eta:Bto B$). We also use those new deformations in conjunction with Popa's deformation/rigidity techniques, to get absence of Cartan subalgebra results
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Collins, Justin Andrew. "Velocity and free surface measurements of free plane jets." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17888.
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Richards, Sean Dennis. "Towards feeder-free and serum-free growth of cells." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16598/.
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The in-vitro culture of human embryonic stem and keratinocyte cells has great potential to revolutionise the therapeutics industry. Indeed it is hoped that these cells will provide a superior alternative to current tissue and organ transplantation. However, both of these cell types require animal and/or donor products for their successful maintenance in-vitro. This requirement results in a significant risk of cross contamination from the animal or donor products to either the primary keratinocyte or hES cells. These potentially transplantable cells therefore need to be cultured in an environment free from animal or donor products to remove the risk of contamination to the patient. The ideal growth conditions must comprise of two attributes; firstly they must be free from animal or donor products, and secondly the culture system must be fully defined. Recently, it was discovered that an extra-cellular matrix protein, vitronectin, could be used in conjunction with growth factors and growth factor-binding proteins (VN:GF combination), to promote enhanced cell migration and growth through the co-activation of integrin and growth factor receptors. Given that growth factors and serum are clearly important in supporting the in-vitro cultivation of mammalian cells, and that vitronectin is an abundant protein in serum, I hypothesised that these VN:GF combinations could be translated into a serum-free medium that would support the serial propagation and self renewal of primary keratinocytes and hES cells. As reported in this thesis I have developed a defined, serum-free media for the culture of these cells that incorporates the VN:GF combinations. While the two media differ slightly in their compositions, both support the serial, undifferentiated expansion of their respective cells types. Together, this represents a significant advance that will ultimately facilitate the therapeutic use of these cells. However, the in-vitro expansion of these cells in these new media still required the presence of a feeder cell layer. In view of this I aimed to explore the in-vitro micro-environment of primary keratinocytes using a novel proteomic approach in an attempt to find candidate factors that could be used in conjunction with the VN:GF media to replace both serum and the feeder cells. The proteomic approach adopted examined the secretion of proteins into the defined, minimal protein content VN:GF media when the feeder cells were cultured alone, as well as in co-culture with primary keratinocytes. This strategy allowed assessment of proteins/factors that are secreted in response to both autocrine and paracrine cellular interactions and revealed a number of candidate factors that warrant further investigation. Ultimately this proteomic information and the associated new insights into the keratinocyte in-vitro culture microenvironment may lead to the development of a culture system for these cells that is not reliant on either a feeder cell layer or serum for their successful propagation. Moreover, it is likely that this will also be relevant to the feeder cell-free propagation of hES cells. This has obvious advantages for the culture of primary keratinocytes and hES cells in that it will allow a safe defined culture system for the undifferentiated propagation of these cells. This will facilitate the generation of cells and tissues free from xenogeneic and allogeneic contaminants, thus ensuring any therapeutics developed from these cell types are approved for therapeutic applications and importantly, will minimise risks to patients.
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Kilburn, J. Duncan. "Local free volume, free volume distributions and polymeric properties." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413617.
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Wolsing, Jennifer. "Free at last a libertarian defense of free will /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3162290.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Philosophy, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed April 15, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: A, page: 0207. Chair: Timothy O'Connor.
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Economopoulos, Andrew James. "Impact of free banking on the free banking market." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54288.
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This dissertation examines the free banking laws of seven states and the impact of three provisions of the laws on the states' banking experience. In Chapter I, a review of two current theories of the free banking experience is presented. One theory contends that the laws themselves induced the banking experience of the states. The second theory asserts that economic activity induced the banking experience. This study includes a discussion of both theories in the analysis of the provision's effect on the banking experience.
In Chapter II, a simple model of the operations of a free bank is presented. Also, the laws of the seven states that determine the establishment and the operations of a free bank are reviewed. The review reveals that the states enacted similar provisions, but restrictions included in the provisions differ considerably.
In Chapter III, the experiences of the states are examined. The states represent a spectrum of banking experiences. The experiences of each state are characterized by four measures; the entry rate, the failure rate, the below par rate, and the average loss per dollar. Each of these measures reflects a different aspect of banking behavior and each is examined in order to determine the effect of the provision and the effect of economic activity on the behavior of the free banks. The analysis shows that both the provisions and the economic activity influence bank behavior.
In Chapter IV, a theoretical analysis of the effect of the stockholders liability provision on entry and on the bank's portfolio is developed. The theory shows that an increase in the stockholders liability of a free bank reduces entry into the free banking market and increases the risky asset-capital ratio of the free bank.
The testing of the theories is presented in Chapter V. The empirical evidence confirms the hypothesis that an increase in the liability of the stockholders increases the risky asset-capital ratio. The evidence does not confirm the hypothesis that an increase in the liability of the stockholder reduces entry.Ph. D.
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Karlsson, Jonathan, and Kristoffer Engman. "Free to Play eller Free to Pay : En utforskande studie om hur Free to Play påverkarspelupplevelse." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-120385.
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This paper deals with the relatively new business model for digital games called Free toPlay and how aspects of that business model can affect the players gaming experience. Thestudy is done through user studies with the use of interviews, observations and diaries. Forour analysis of the data we’ve looked for themes and then categorized the data intoelements from the CEGE Model by E.H Cavillo-Gámez et al. that we use to measure howFree to Play affects the Core Elements of the Gaming Experience. The paper concludes thatwhen measuring gaming experience and business model together one might have to add asub-element that represents the business model, which can affect the elements all togetheror one by one.
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Jarrold, Timothy Mark. "Non-free, stably free right ideals and their endomorphism rings." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254527.
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Song, Jianwei. "On free spaces." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0015/NQ43520.pdf.
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Wilhelmi, Roger Francis, Trevor Cuthbertson, Jon Yang, and Alex Harris. "Gluten-Free Beer." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/244819.
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The goal of the project is to design a plant that is capable of converting feedstock of primarily sorghum into a gluten-free beer. This product is intended to be sold as a replacement of malt based beers for consumption by those who suffer from celiac disease or other gluten intolerances. The waste streams from this process include spent grains and yeast, and will be given to ranchers for the use as animal feed. This beer is created through a standard fermentation process. This includes mashing, boiling, filtering, fermenting, maturing, and packaging for distribution. A process hazard analysis was conducted to identify and help reduce safety and environmental hazards. An economic analysis showed that the plant's net present value for a project life of ten years with an interest rate of 15% is $1.08 million; therefore, it was recommended that the plant be built at this time. Future work includes scaling up the process for better profit margins, and finding more ways to reduce the amount of water and energy used.
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Schindler, Thomas. "Type-free truth." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-183351.
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This book is a contribution to the flourishing field of formal and philosophical work on truth and the semantic paradoxes. Our aim is to present several theories of truth, to investigate some of their model-theoretic, recursion-theoretic and proof-theoretic aspects, and to evaluate their philosophical significance.
In Part I we first outline some motivations for studying formal theories of truth, fix some terminology, provide some background on Tarski’s and Kripke’s theories of truth, and then discuss the prospects of classical type-free truth. In Chapter 4 we discuss some minimal adequacy conditions on a satisfactory theory of truth based on the function that the truth predicate is intended to fulfil on the deflationist account. We cast doubt on the adequacy of some non-classical theories of truth and argue in favor of classical theories of truth.
Part II is devoted to grounded truth. In chapter 5 we introduce a game-theoretic semantics for Kripke’s theory of truth. Strategies in these games can be interpreted as reference-graphs (or dependency-graphs) of the sentences in question. Using that framework, we give a graph-theoretic analysis of the Kripke-paradoxical sentences. In chapter 6 we provide simultaneous axiomatizations of groundedness and truth, and analyze the proof-theoretic strength of the resulting theories. These range from conservative extensions of Peano arithmetic to theories that have the full strength of the impredicative system ID1.
Part III investigates the relationship between truth and set-theoretic comprehen- sion. In chapter 7 we canonically associate extensions of the truth predicate with Henkin-models of second-order arithmetic. This relationship will be employed to determine the recursion-theoretic complexity of several theories of grounded truth and to show the consistency of the latter with principles of generalized induction. In chapter 8 it is shown that the sets definable over the standard model of the Tarskian hierarchy are exactly the hyperarithmetical sets. Finally, we try to apply a certain solution to the set-theoretic paradoxes to the case of truth, namely Quine’s idea of stratification. This will yield classical disquotational theories that interpret full second-order arithmetic without set parameters, Z2- (chapter 9). We also indicate a method to recover the parameters.
An appendix provides some background on ordinal notations, recursion theory and graph theory.
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Biddiscombe, Martin David. "Free market communications." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325627.
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Nicholas, David. "Limitless and free." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/33/.
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Stenström, Harald. "Free ensemble improvisation /." Göteborg : Faculty of Fine, Applied and Performing Arts, Academy of Music and Drama, University of Gothenburg, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/20293.
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Smith, Adam. "Disorder-free localization." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/282870.
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The venerable phenomena of Anderson localization, along with the more recent many-body localization (MBL), both depend crucially on the presence of disorder. Here we introduce a family of simple translationally invariant models of fermions locally coupled to spins, which have a disorder-free mechanism for localization. This mechanism is due to a local $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge symmetry and we uncover the connection to lattice gauge theories. We diagnose the localization through long-time memory of initial conditions after a global quantum quench. One of the defining features of the models that we study is the binary nature of the emergent disorder, related to the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ degrees of freedom. This results in a qualitatively different behaviour in the strong effective disorder limit compared to typically studied models of localization. For example it gives rise to the possibility of a delocalization transition via quantum percolation in higher than one dimension. In connection to the recently proposed quantum disentangled liquid (QDL) we also study the entanglement properties of our models. The QDL provides an alternative to both complete localization and to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. Our models highlight the subtlety of defining a QDL and we offer new insights into their entanglement properties. While the simplest models we consider can be mapped onto free fermions, we also include interactions which leads to MBL-like behaviour characterised by logarithmic entanglement growth. We further consider interactions that generate dynamics for the conserved charges, which give rise to only transient localization behaviour, or quasi-MBL. Finally, we present a proposal for the experimental measurement of gauge field correlators for our model in two-dimensions. This proposal is based on interferometric techniques which are feasible using current experimental capabilities. Furthermore, the interacting generalizations of our models can be similarly implemented in experiments, providing access to the dynamics of strongly interacting lattice gauge theories, beyond what can be simulated on a classical computer.
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Sotelo, Miranda Ximena Alexandra, Salcedo Carlos Gustavo Eliseo Urquiaga, and Melgarejo Patricia Evelyn Arroyo. "Boutique Be Free." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625525.
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Esta tesis es una idea de negocios que está conformado por estudiantes de la carrera de Administración de Empresas, nace en el salón de clase, después de conocernos y mientras conversábamos con los integrantes del equipo nos preguntábamos que en el Perú hay pocas tiendas de venta de cosmético por catalogo que ofrezcan sus productos en tiempo real, donde uno pueda experimentar la textura y los colores de los diversos productos a vender , saliendo de lo tradicional y apostando por las nuevas tendencias de modas, mejorando su estilo propio con el deseo de verse y sentirse bien. Muchas mujeres tiene la necesidad de adquirir productos cosméticos, pero el principal problema que tienen es la falta de disponibilidad de estos productos y el desconocimiento del correcto uso de los mismos. El objetivo de esta tesis es la venta de los productos cosméticos para mujeres de cuatro de las mejores marcas de venta por catalogo, complementándolo con un servicio de asesoría personalizado en técnicas de maquillaje y cuidado de la piel, llevándose las clientas una buena experiencia de compra, relajándose, resolviendo sus dudas y adquiriendo un buen aprendizaje a casa que se le haga fácil aplicarlo en la vida diario, contaremos además, con un historial de cada cliente desde su primera visita, así nuestros profesionales de la belleza sabrán rápidamente que es lo que mas le beneficia a cada clienta y que promociones brindarle, logrando un mejor servicios en su asesoría de imagen y cuidado personal.This thesis is a business idea that is conformed by students of the Business Administration career, it was born in the classroom, after knowing each other and while we were talking with the members of the team we asked ourselves that in Peru there are few stores selling cosmetic by catalog that offer their products in real time, where one can experience the texture and colors of the various products to sell, leaving the traditional and betting on the new fashion trends, improving their own style with the desire to see and feel good. Many women have the need to acquire cosmetic products, but the main problem they have is the lack of availability of these products and the lack of knowledge of their correct use. The objective of this thesis is the sale of cosmetic products for women from four of the best brands of sale by catalog, complementing it with a personalized advice service in techniques of makeup and skin care, taking customers a good shopping experience , relaxing, solving their doubts and taking a good learning home that is easy to apply in daily life, we will also have a history of each client since their first visit, so our beauty professionals will quickly know what is what more benefits to each client and what promotions to provide, achieving better services in their image and personal care advice
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Beardmore-Gray, Tim. "Nietzsche's free self." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nietzsches-free-self(454c718c-d83a-45c9-a613-e3a534e679b4).html.
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Nietzsche’s accounts of selfhood and freedom appear to contain inconsistencies. At a theoretical level, Nietzsche suggests that our common conceptions of selfhood and freedom are poisonous illusions. However, his practical philosophy utilises both concepts. This thesis explores and resolves these inconsistencies. It is argued that Nietzsche’s practical philosophy does not require the concepts that he theoretically rejects. Without presupposing consistency, it is shown that an attempt to resolve the inconsistencies should be undertaken. Nietzsche was not deliberately inconsistent in these areas. To set the scene for a positive account of Nietzschean selfhood, an analysis of Nietzsche’s drive psychology and treatment of conscious deliberation is undertaken. The Nietzschean self should be understood as a complex structure of interacting drives and affects. This account of selfhood maintains Nietzsche’s rejection of metaphysical and transcendental conceptions of self whilst avoiding excessive reductionism. It is argued that by redefining selfhood, Nietzsche can coherently endorse a drive-based fatalism and the ideal of self-creation. Importantly, it is shown how self-creation can be a self-consciously subjective act. One achieves subjectivity when one comes to view oneself as a Nietzschean self. Nietzsche finds freedom within his fatalistic framework in two ways. Firstly, Nietzschean autonomy is achieved when one follows values legislated by one’s own will to power. Secondly, ultimate freedom is constituted by a freedom from nihilism. One achieves such freedom when one can affirm the doctrine of eternal recurrence. It is also argued that Nietzsche’s general philosophical project can be reconciled with his fatalism. Far from a contradiction, Nietzsche’s practical philosophy is a total reckoning with and overcoming of his theoretical work. The result is an ambitiously subversive philosophy.
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Elageili, Ragab. "Free Heyting algebras." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535683.
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Escobar, Velásquez Karla, Silvera Mónica Yulissa Gutiérrez, Pinzón Luis Alberto Rosales, and Carrera Irma Jeaniffer Meylin Valdivia. "Loncherita Free Hands." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626062.
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El negocio presentado consiste en la elaboración de una lonchera desplegable con su complemento que son envases de material biodegradable, son productos que cumplen los estándares de calidad y contribuyen al medio ambiente, que brindan la facilidad de transportar los alimentos de un lugar a otro, sin llevar tantas cosas en las manos y puedan continuar con la rutina diaria con satisfacción.
Estos productos serán mostrados a través de nuestra página web, radio y redes sociales. Toda esta gestión será supervisada por los perfiles de puestos idóneos para cada actividad dentro de la empresa, que fueron seleccionados a gran detalle para evitar falencias y/o incidentes a futuro en los procesos internos de la empresa.
La inversión estimada para iniciar las operaciones en la empresa será S/ 444,814.38 soles, esto permitirá implementar la creación de la página Web y cubrir los gastos de marketing, iniciando de esta manera la elaboración y comercialización de los productos y con esto obtener una proyección de ventas favorable durante los 05 primeros años. Los emprendedores aportaran el 40% del capital, pero se necesitará de inversión externa para cubrir el otro 60%. Donde se le retribuirá al inversionista una rentabilidad de 13% anual y una participación del 2% de las ventas para el segundo año.
El equipo de emprendedores está integrado por 4 futuros egresados de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias aplicadas, todos con experiencia en diferentes campos empresariales sobre las cuales se apoya y recae este proyecto innovador y rentable que le facilitara la vida a muchas personas.The presented business consists in the elaboration of a folding lunchbox with its complement that are containers of Eco-friendly material, they are products that meet quality standards and contribute to the environment, which provide the facility to transport food from one place to another, without carry so many things in your hands and can continue with the daily routine with satisfaction. These products will be shown through our website, radio and social networks. All this management will be supervised by the profiles of suitable positions for each activity within the company, which were selected in great detail to avoid failures and / or future incidents in the internal processes of the company. The estimated investment to start operations in the company will be S / 444,814.38 soles, this will allow the implementation of the website and cover the marketing expenses, thus initiating the preparation and marketing of the products and thus obtaining a projection of favorable sales during the first 5 years. Entrepreneurs will contribute 40% of the capital, but external investment will be needed to cover the other 60%. Where the investor will be rewarded with a 13% annual return and a 2% share of sales for the second year. The team of entrepreneurs is composed of 4 future graduates of the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, all with experience in different business fields on which this innovative and profitable project is based and which will make life easier for many people.
Tesis
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Sanhueza, Acosta Héctor, and Ejzman Rubén Carreño. "Chile free riders." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137568.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en AdministraciónHéctor Sanhueza Acosta [Parte I], Rubén Carreño Ejzman [Parte II]
El proyecto presentado persigue cubrir la necesidad creciente de un universo emergente de turistas globales, caracterizados por la búsqueda de experiencias auténticas, contacto con culturas locales, y actividades orientadas al turismo aventura. Hoy a Chile se le reconoce mundialmente por sus ventajas para practicar turismo aventura, lo cual representa una clara oportunidad en un segmento de mercado que ha crecido en forma exponencial en los últimos años, tanto en clientes como en ingresos. Chile Free Riders vincula el uso de plataformas campers con el turismo aventura de tipo ecológico, étnico y explorador, en un formato flexible y respetuoso del medioambiente y del entorno sociocultural a través del arriendo de vehículos campers, asistencia en ruta, programación de viajes y asesoría de un guía presencial. La propuesta apunta a que el cliente intervenga directamente en el diseño de las experiencias que busca para su viaje, generando flexibilidad y valor agregado en la asesoría de éste. De la investigación de campo se pudo determinar que la idea es familiar en el 52% de los turistas que se encuestaron, sin embargo un 62% no lo harían en Chile básicamente por desconocimiento de las rutas atractivas, necesidad que se busca cubrir a través del diseño personalizado de rutas y la asistencia en viaje. La industria del turismo mundial acusa un crecimiento sistemático y sostenido en el tiempo, lo que apoyado por políticas públicas locales, planes de desarrollo sistemático de institucionalidad y apoyo constante de comercialización de la imagen país en el mundo generan un ambiente propicio para lograr que este tipo de iniciativas prosperen con éxito. La recuperación de la inversión se haría en 3 años y 9 meses, se espera un VAN de $ 239 millones y una TIR de 25.79 %, esto evaluado a una tasa de descuento del 12,39 %.
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Compère, Geoffrey, Samuel E. Gralla, and Alexandru Lupsasca. "Force-free foliations." AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622485.
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Electromagnetic field configurations with vanishing Lorentz force density are known as force-free and appear in terrestrial, space, and astrophysical plasmas. We explore a general method for finding such configurations based on formulating equations for the field lines rather than the field itself. The basic object becomes a foliation of spacetime or, in the stationary axisymmetric case, of the half-plane. We use this approach to find some new stationary and axisymmetric solutions, one of which could represent a rotating plasma vortex near a magnetic null point.
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Ahmadizadeh, Victoria M. "free & content." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4187.
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I draw on my natural interest in my family’s eclectic collections – both traditional and personal – to create poetic portraits composed of carefully made and arranged objects. The goal of my portraiture is not to convey physical likeness; superseding the imitation of appearance is psychological portrayal of the desires and disappointments of the sitter. Often, a fragmented sense of self is revealed – both in others and in myself – and I seek to depict the kaleidoscopic nature of individuals in their given situations. Possessing whimsical, playful elements as well as encounters with lack and longing, I create work to escape what in my life is unbearable as well as to finally embrace that which I cannot possibly escape.
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Hussain, Mudassar. "Free Viewpoint TV." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Informationskodning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-63565.
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This thesis work regards free viewpoint TV. The main idea is that users can switch between multiple streams in order to find views of their own choice. The purpose is to provide fast switching between the streams, so that users experience less delay while view switching. In this thesis work we will discuss different video stream switching methods in detail. Then we will discuss issues related to those stream switching methods, including transmission and switching. We shall also discuss different scenarios for fast stream switching in order to make services more interactive by minimizing delays. Stream switching time varies from live to recorded events. Quality of service (QoS) is another factor to consider which can be improved by assigning priorities to the packets. We will discuss simultaneous stream transmission methods which are based on predictions and reduced quality streams for providing fast switching. We will present prediction algorithm for viewpoint prediction, propose system model for fast viewpoint switching and make evaluation of simultaneous stream transmission methods for free viewpoint TV. Finally, we draw our conclusions and propose future work.Degree project
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Ignace, Richard. "Long-Wavelength, Free–Free Spectral Energy Distributions from Porous Stellar Winds." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2685.
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The influence of macroclumps for free–free spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of ionized winds is considered. The goal is to emphasize distinctions between microclumping and macroclumping effects. Microclumping can alter SED slopes and flux levels if the volume filling factor of the clumps varies with radius; however, the modifications are independent of the clump geometry. To what extent does macroclumping alter SED slopes and flux levels? In addressing the question, two specific types of macroclump geometries are explored: shell fragments (pancake-shaped) and spherical clumps. Analytic and semi-analytic results are derived in the limiting case that clumps never obscure one another. Numerical calculations based on a porosity formalism is used when clumps do overlap. Under the assumptions of a constant expansion, isothermal, and fixed ionization wind, the fragment model leads to results that are essentially identical to the microclumping result. Mass-loss rate determinations are not affected by porosity effects for shell fragments. By contrast, spherical clumps can lead to a reduction in long-wavelength fluxes, but the reductions are only significant for extreme volume filling factors.
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Hylamia, Abdullah. "Towards Battery-free Radio Tomographic Imaging : Battery-free Boundary Crossing Detection." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-234819.
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Radio tomographic imaging (RTI) is a novel device-free localization technique which utilizes the changes in radio signals caused by obstruction to enable various sensing applications. However, the deployment of these applications is hindered by the energy-expensive radio sensing techniques employed in these systems. In this thesis, we tackle this issue by introducing a novel way to realize a battery-free RTI sensor. We go through the design process and produce and evaluate a working prototype that operates on minuscule amounts of energy. Our design reduces power consumption by orders of magnitude compared to traditional RTI sensors by eliminating the energy-expensive components used in current RTI systems, enabling battery-free operation of RTI sensors. We demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of our system in a boundary crossing scenario. We Discuss its limitations and tackle some of the security threats correlated with the deployment of such a system.Radiotomografisk avbildning (RTA) är en ny, anordningsfri lokaliseringstekniksom utnyttjar förändringarna i radiosignaler orsakat av obstruktioner för att möjliggöraolika avkänningsapplikationer. Utvecklingen av dessa applikationer hindrasemellertid av de energiineffektiva radioavkännande tekniker som användsi dessa system. I denna avhandling behandlar vi problemet genom att introduceraen ny metod för att skapa en batterifri RTA-sensor. Vi går igenom konstruktionsprocessenoch producerar och utvärderar en arbetsprototyp som kräver minusklermängder energi. Vår design minskar energiförbrukningen signifikantjämfört med traditionella RTA-sensorer, genom att eliminera de energiineffektivakomponenterna som används i dagens RTA-system, vilket möjliggör batterifridrift av RTA-sensorer. Vi demonstrerar effektiviteten och noggrannheten hos vårtsystem i ett gränsöverskridande scenario. Vi diskuterar begränsningarna och taritu med några av de säkerhetshot som är korrelerade med utplaceringen av ettsådant system.
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Kielak, Dawid. "Free and linear representations of outer automorphism groups of free groups." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f2045fba-1546-4dd3-af9f-7d02c4fc505e.
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For various values of n and m we investigate homomorphisms from Out(F_n) to Out(F_m) and from Out(F_n) to GL_m(K), i.e. the free and linear representations of Out(F_n) respectively. By means of a series of arguments revolving around the representation theory of finite symmetric subgroups of Out(F_n) we prove that each homomorphism from Out(F_n) to GL_m(K) factors through the natural map p_n from Out(F_n) to GL(H_1(F_n,Z)) = GL_n(Z) whenever n=3, m < 7 and char(K) is not an element of {2,3}, and whenever n>5, m< n(n+1)/2 and char(K) is not an element of {2,3,...,n+1}. We also construct a new infinite family of linear representations of Out(F_n) (where n > 2), which do not factor through p_n. When n is odd these have the smallest dimension among all known representations of Out(F_n) with this property. Using the above results we establish that the image of every homomorphism from Out(F_n) to Out(F_m) is finite whenever n=3 and n < m < 6, and of cardinality at most 2 whenever n > 5 and n < m < n(n-1)/2. We further show that the image is finite when n(n-1)/2 -1 < m < n(n+1)/2. We also consider the structure of normal finite index subgroups of Out(F_n). If N is such then we prove that if the derived subgroup of the intersection of N with the Torelli subgroup T_n < Out(F_n) contains some term of the lower central series of T_n then the abelianisation of N is finite.
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Shchatsinin, Ihar [Verfasser]. "Free clusters and free molecules in strong, shaped laser fields / Ihar Shchatsinin." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1023664178/34.
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Feifel, Raimund. "Resonant and Non-Resonant Electron Spectroscopy of Free Molecules and Free Clusters." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5566-2/.
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Grossmann, Cesar Marino Villavicencio. "The discourse of free improvisation : a rhetorical perspective on free improvised music." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502150.
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How can we talk about free improvised music? Would it be possible to teach free improvisation? It seems that because of the absence of· pre-specified rules and prescriptive materials, this practice presents itself as impermeable to analysis. Also, developing guidelines for teaching free improvised music may be considered difficult This study presents rhetoric as a suitable area for establishing a discourse on free improvisation. Rhetoric is being tested in understanding this music in structural and intentional terms. Using the combination of examining the author's own development as improviser, and the results from seven improvisation projects, this investigation has set out to propose that the social environment in which this music activity is realised is crucial for understanding this practice. The creation of form and content collectively has uncovered ethics as the primary force in establishing the style of free improvised music. Ethics, the driving force in rhetorical theory, helps us to understand this music aesthetically, opening ways for the development ofpedagogical approaches. It appears that the realisation of this activity is important for developing individual expressiveness and may be a model for a new music educational system.
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Martino, Armando. "On automorphisms of free groups and free products and their fixed points." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1998. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25565.
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Free group outer automorphisms were shown by Bestvina and Randell to have fixed subgroups whose rank is bounded in terms of the rank of the underlying group. We consider the case where this upper bound is achieved and obtain combinatorial results about such outer automorphisms thus extending the work of Collins and Turner. We go on to show that such automorphisms can be represented by certain graph of group isomorphisms called Dehn Twists and also solve the conjuagacy problem in a restricted case, thus reproducing the work of Cohen and Lustig, but with different methods. We rely heavily on the relative train tracks of Bestvina and Randell and in fact go on to use an analogue of these for free product automorphisms developed by Collins and Turner. We prove an index theorem for such automorphisms which counts not only the group elements which are fixed but also the points which are fixed at infinity - the infinite reduced words. Two applications of this theorem are considered, first to irreducible free group automorphisms and then to the action of an automorphism on the boundary of a hyperbolic group. We reduce the problem of counting the number of points fixed on the. boundary to the case where the hyperbolic group is indecomposable and provide an easy application to virtually free groups.
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Walsgrove, Derek. "Increasing free time, diminishing free space: a reflexive study on youth unemployment." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12212/.
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Nilsson, John-Olof. "Infrastructure-free pedestrian localization." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Signalbehandling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133443.
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Knowledge of your own and other's positions are frequently a prerequisite for acting, leading others, and interacting in and with the environment; to retrieve relevant information and to process and interpret it; and to understand, compile, and learn from observations of the surrounding and its dynamics. This holds for humans as well as for machines and systems made for supporting and controlling them. Consequently, systems which automatically provide position information of peoples are of interest and the larger subject area of this thesis. Position can be obtained from well-known infrastructure based systems such as GPS. However, these systems carry obvious drawbacks in their infrastructure dependence which gives them limited coverage and system robustness. By observing our own ability to localize ourselves, it is obvious that localization without infrastructure at with a better (relative) accuracy is achievable. The development over the last decades of sensor and processing hardware and statistical methods have started to make such localization possible. This thesis specifically concerns systems and statistical methods for infrastructure-free localization. The this primarily deals with statistical methods but also describe hardware in terms of high-level system designs. For many critical applications such as positioning of emergency responders, dismounted soldiers, and security personnel, it is unsuitable for the positioning system to be dependent on infrastructure or prior knowledge about the environment. Consequently, this thesis deals with systems and methods for infrastructure-free and prior-knowledge-free pedestrian localization. The thesis is specifically concerned with statistical methods but will also cover hardware in terms of high-level system designs. The thesis is composed of an introduction followed by a collection of papers which are divided into two parts, each concerning a separate problem area. The introduction motivates and describes the localization problem in general terms and gives a coherent guide to the articles. The first group of articles together describes an infrastructure-free system for tactical localization of small units of agents. The physical implementation of the localization system carries the name TOR (Tacitcal lOcatoR) and have been tested on fire fighters during realistic smoke diving exercises. This system primarily depends on pedestrian dead-reckoning based on foot-mounted inertial navigation and inter-agent radio ranging. The core parts of the system which are dealt with are: foot-mounted inertial navigation units which provides dead reckoning of individual agents, system structure and estimation algorithms which, based on the dead reckoning and inter-agent ranging, provides estimates of the agent positions, initialization algorithms for the estimation, and a user interface which exploits voice radio communication and 3D-audio to let the agents hear where they have each other. The second group of articles concerns low-level processing for extraction of spatial information of camera images (video), a prevailing infrastructure-free data source for relating an agent's position to the environment. These articles are focused on formalization and fast implementations of fundamental processing steps. An implementation of scale-space only relying on integer signal representation of image data and simple arithmetic operations is presented. Further, a unifying theory of feature point orientation assignment is derived and a novel method for the same is presented. Thereafter, the small but frequently occuring processing step in which image gradient samples are binned based on their argument, is treated and three fast solutions with varying properties are suggested. Finally, a localization system based on inertial navigation aided by imagery data is presented.QC 20131105
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Morris, James Alexander, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The metaphysician's free lunch." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2001, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/120.
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In this paper, I begin to develop a theory called Paradise on the Cheap - in so doing, I intend to provide a rival to David Lewis' modal realism. Paradise on the Cheap grounds possibilia in the features of the actual world; and so, it does not require realist commitments to the existence of non-actual worlds and individuals. I explain modality, conterfactuals, content, and properties in terms of recombinations of actual-world features, second-order mathematical schemata, and the similarity relations which hold between these things and parts of the actual world. Because the ontology of Paradise on the Cheap promotes unity and economy of theory to a greater extent than does model realism's ontology, I argue that we should accept the former theory instead of the latter. Moreover, I address the question of whether inference to the best explanation is an argumentative strategy that is even available to modal realists.vii, 141 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Oury, David. "Free braided pivotal categories." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97984.
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Free braided pivotal categories are equivalent to free strict monoidal categories on a graph with relations. This is important in the study of knot invariants in that new invariants can be constructed simply by finding suitable strict monoidal categories.This is demonstrated by developing the formal language of strict monoidal categories on a graph with relations, creating categories with relations corresponding to the Reidemeister moves of knot theory and finally showing that these categories are in fact free braided pivotal categories and further equivalent to the categories of link diagrams from knot theory.
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Carroll, John B. "Free-surface/vorticity interaction." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA273263.
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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering and Mechanical Engineer) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1993.Thesis advisor(s): Turgut Sarpkaya. "September 1993." Bibliography: p. 46-47. Also available online.
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Föbelberg, Stefan. "Portable Free Drifting Wavebuoy." Thesis, KTH, Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11103.
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This survey is about how to measure the sea state. A view of the existing tecniques on the market and, when possible, the prices of now existing products is presented. The main purpose is to investigate the possibility to measure waves with an inexpensive freedrifting wavebuoy. The maximum material cost has been set to around 3000 kr, which severely limits the possibilitis. Ideas of how to analyse data from such a buoy and analysehow reliable this data can possibly become, is presented. A prototype of a wavebuoy is described and also the test results of the buoy, together whith descriptions of how the tests have been conducted. Effort has been made to put light on the kind of problems and errors that may occure when using these methods. The tests have shown that it is possibleto measure waves with a free floating wavebuoy with only one accelerometer as active sensor. The design of the buoy is important to minimize the movements of the buoy,since when tilted the buoy does not give accurate data. The incoming data must be filtered and when that is done the band whith of the buoy decreases. In this case the buoycan measure waves with frequencies over 0.14 Hz, which in deep water means waves with wavelength less than 80 m. It is important to know that far too few tests in different wavespectras have been conducted to be sure of the achieved results. Further tests and investigations should be made and this survey is to be seen as a first step.
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Morris, James Alexander. "The metaphysician's free lunch." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq61043.pdf.
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Miller, Sheila Kirstin. "Free left distributive algebras." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256445.
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Barreto, Joao Pedro Cabaco Moniz. "Dioxygen free radical reactions." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389105.
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Zhu, Zangyuan. "Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.581971.
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Legislation arising from health and environmental concerns has intensified research into finding suitable alternatives to lead-based electroceramics. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) has been developed over several decades to become the market-leading piezoelectric ceramic. Lead-free solid solutions based on sodium potassium niobate, Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN), show promising dielectric and piezoelectric properties. 1-2 The related (l-x)( Na0.5K0.5NbO3)-xBiScO3 binary system (NKN-BS) has been reported to exhibit maximum d33 values of 200 pCIN at 2 mol% BS.3 Similarly, an optimal d33 value has been reported for the binary NKN-LT system at 5-6 mol% LiTa03.4 In this work, a series of compositions along the compositional join in the ternary NKN-LT-BS system, extending from 0. Na0.5K0.5NbO3 -0.02BiScO3 toward LiTa03 have been prepared and characterized. A 0.98[0.98NKN - 0.02(LiTaO3)] - 0.02[BiScO3] (NKN- 2L T -2BS) composition showed enhanced piezoelectric properties, relative to similar compositions, with d33 values of 215 pCIN. This can be attributed to a phase content of mixed orthorhombic (or monoclinic) and tetragonal phases at ambient temperatures. Variable temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dielectric measurements as a function of temperature, indicated phase transitions (on heating) from an orthorhombic (or monoclinic) crystal system to tetragonal and then cubic crystal systems at ~25°C and ~370°C respectively. Different types of dielectric behaviour were observed on increasing the LT content. A NKN-5%LT-2%BS composition exhibited twin dielectric peaks at high temperatures (~370°C and ~470°C), along with broad X-ray diffraction peaks and a fine grain size, < 0.5 μm. The twin dielectric peaks suggest that chemical inhomogeneities may have been present; this was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Elemental segregation was observed within individual grains, such that a core-shell grain structure was evident. The twin high temperature dielectric peaks are attributed to the separate response from the core and shell regions, each of which have a characteristic Curie temperature range. Subsequently, a series of other compositions were prepared in the wider Na0.5K0.5NbO3 - LiTaO3-BiScO3 ternary system. Considering the combined data from XRD, dielectric measurements, SEM, TEM and piezoelectric properties for a wide range of compositions within the NKN-rich region of the NKN-LT-BS system, materials may be grouped into three categories, exhibiting the following defining characteristics. Type I: single, sharp dielectric Curie peak (~ 370°C); single phase by XRD; large grain size (5-10μm); chemically uniform by TEM-EDX. Type II: broad, single dielectric peak (~ 350°C); single phase by XRD; large grain size; no obvious chemical segregation. Type Ila: twin, broad dielectric peak(s) (~ 370°C and ~ 470°C); broad XRD peaks; small grain size (~ O.5μm); chemical segregation (core-shell structure) identified by TEM-EDX. Reasons for the properties of these three classes of material are discussed; comparisons are drawn with other lead-free dielectrics and piezoelectrics; finally, the potential of the materials in future device applications are considered.
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Brogan, Alex P. S. "Solvent-free liquid proteins." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573415.
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The work presented in this thesis represents the first investigation into the structure, function, and material properties of solvent-free liquids of globular proteins. Using myoglobin as an archetypal system, it has been shown that solvent-free liquid proteins can be synthesized through the engineering of protein surfaces with an organic corona made from polymer surfactants. These novel materials have been shown to be stoichiometric constructs of protein and surfactant, with respect to charge, that once lyophilized form liquid-like materials with unique thermal properties and very low water contents. The generality of the synthetic procedure was tested with the formation of solvent-free liquid proteins with a variety of surfactants. The result of which was that for myoglobin, there was a surfactant molecular weight limit of c. 700 mg.mL-1 with respect to the constructs that possessed liquid phases. The suggestion of which was that the corona had to extended from the surface of the protein enough to satisfy the interparticle interactions required to yield an accessible liquid state. Spectroscopic measurements were used to assess the secondary structure of proteins in the solvent-free liquid state. UV/Vis spectroscopy showed that the prosthetic heme of myoglobin (and hemoglobin) was retained in a structurally conserved environment, and CD spectroscopy showed the retention of a significant amount of secondary structure. These studies were extended to show that in the absence of water, proteins retained the ability to thermally denature and subsequently refold. This proceeded with extraordinary thermal stability, with solvent-free liquid myoglobin exhibiting a half denaturation temperature of c. 160 QC. With the persistence of secondary structure in solvent-free liquid proteins, the function of myoglobin was also investigated. It has been shown that in the absence of water, oxygen binding was achievable up to 125 QC.