Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free trade – Environmental aspects – Bangladesh

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Academic literature on the topic 'Free trade – Environmental aspects – Bangladesh'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Free trade – Environmental aspects – Bangladesh"

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Anbumozhi, V., and J. Radhakrishnan. "Effects of Agricultural Free Trade on Environmental Quality." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2005): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000054224355.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) initiated the globalization of world trade, and increasing concerns for the quality of the environment have resulted in discussions about agricultural policy involving many different perspectives. There are several issues linking trade liberalization, agriculture and the environment, one implicitly assuming that the more efficient allocation of resources and high income are associated with the improvement of agro-environmental quality. Another view is that agricultural trade policies influence crop-production patterns, farming practices and input use. The net effect is that each approach cancels out some of the influence of the other. Two examples from Mexico and Bangladesh point out that agro-environmental responses to free trade are non-linear and that it is not easy to draw a simple causal relationship between free trade and the agroenvironment. A basic challenge before the research community is to confront reductionist approaches, as traditional research into trade–agriculture–environment interactions reveals difficulty in dealing with the knowledge gaps. A transdisciplinary, systems approach provides one possibility for dealing with the needs of free trade in agriculture.
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Fritz Carrapatoso, Astrid. "Environmental aspects in free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific region." Asia Europe Journal 6, no. 2 (2008): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10308-008-0178-y.

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Feddersen, Christoph. "Recent EC Environmental Legislation and its Compatibility with WTO Rules: Free Trade or Animal Welfare Trade?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 7, Issue 7 (1998): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1998034.

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The "free trade" or "fair trade" debate has various aspects. One facet is the possible contradiction between national environmental law and rules governing international trade. Different levels of national environmental protection - as recently exemplified in the well-known "Tuna I Dolphin" controversy - can lead to serious legal problems. This article analyzes a recent EC Regulation regarding the ban on cruel leghold traps and its compatibility with WTO rules, searching for the answer to the question "free trade or animal welfare trade?"
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Corbin, LaRue, Lisa Kirby, Bill Stith, and Debra Weldon. "The Environment, Free Trade, and Hazardous Waste: A Study of the U.S.-Mexico Border Environmental Problems in the Light of Free Trade." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 1, no. 1 (1994): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v1.i1.6.

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This paper will examine the environmental issues that currently affect this relationship, as well as the potential effect of free trade. Section I examines the current problems in the border area, including the maquiladora industry and its impact on these concerns. Section II addresses the environmental regulatory schemes of the United States and Mexico and what current laws might contribute possible solutions to the environmental problems presented by NAFTA. Then, Section III discusses existing international environmental accords, such as the Integrated Border Environmental Plan. Section IV describes and critiques the environmental aspects of NAFTA. Finally, Section V addresses ways to minimize and resolve environmental disputes in order to expedite cleanup.
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Awan, Asma, and Sidra Nawaz. "Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress and Investigating Its Determinants in South Asia." Journal of Economic Impact 4, no. 3 (2022): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei4032212.

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Keeping in view the global environmental emergency Green Growth assessment will show policymakers how to maximize economic outcomes while ensuring environmental sustainability. This study aims to construct a Green Growth (GG) Index and empirically test its long-run and short-run determinants for the time series data from 1990 to 2021 in the case of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. A set of nineteen indicators covering three dimensions, including resource productivity, environmental quality and economic and social aspects, is used to develop the GG index through the principal component methodology. Given the mixed order of integration, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method is utilized to check the co-integration relationship of variables. The results of this study depict that in the case of Bangladesh, there are three significant determinants in which urbanization and forest area are positively associated with GG and trade openness negatively. In India, GG is significantly and positively influenced by urbanization and forest area, while socio-economic conditions impair it. For the third country, Pakistan, urbanization, trade openness, law and order have significant and positive associations with GG, while socio-economic conditions have significant but negative relationships. Based on the study's outcomes, dependent variables show divergence from their short-run equilibrium with error correction terms -0.726, -0.914 and -0.439 for Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, respectively. Therefore, this study suggests implementing policies related to urbanization, trade openness, forest area, law and order and socio-economic conditions to stimulate GG.
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Gruni, Giovanni. "Towards a Sustainable World Trade Law? The Commercial Policy of the European Union After Opinion 2/15 CJEU." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 1 (2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018002.

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Opinion 2/15 provides an undisputable exclusive competence to the EU for the inclusion of labour and environmental standards in EU Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). However, most of the possible policies to include sustainable development in world trade law would affect trade clauses of FTAs and World Trade Organization law for which the exclusive competence of the EU was not in doubt (e.g. free movement of goods and services, intellectual property). Accordingly, a holistic approach of the EU considering sustainability issues when negotiating any aspects of international trade treaties is required if sustainable development is to play a role in the future of world trade law. The article highlights potential consequences of Opinion 2/15 for the trade policy of the European Union in three areas: sustainable development clauses, trade negotiations and the participation of the EU in the WTO.
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Hou, Yumei, Wasim Iqbal, Ghulam Muhammad Shaikh, Nadeem Iqbal, Yasir Ahmad Solangi, and Arooj Fatima. "Measuring Energy Efficiency and Environmental Performance: A Case of South Asia." Processes 7, no. 6 (2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060325.

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When assessing energy efficiency, most studies have frequently ignored environmental aspects even though the concept has been widely used in the past. This study evaluates the energy efficiency and environmental performance of South Asia by using DEA (data envelopment analysis) like mathematical composite indicator. We construct a comprehensive set of indicators, including an energy self-sufficiency ratio, energy production over consumption ratio, energy imports, diversification index of energy imports, energy reserve ratio, GDP productivity, energy intensity, per capita energy consumption index, carbon emission index, carbon emission index per unit of energy consumption and share of renewable energy in order to develop an energy efficiency and environmental performance index. Unlike other studies, this study first examines each indicator and then estimates a combined score for each country. The results reveal that Bhutan as a more secure country and Pakistan showed a decreasing trend, while Sri Lanka and India performed satisfactorily. Remarkably, Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan showed a decreasing trend. This study proposes a policy that increases the cross-border trade of renewable energy for long term energy efficiency and environmental performance.
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Hossain, Md Junaed Al, Md Zakir Hasan, Md Hasanuzzaman, Md Ziaur Rahman Khan, and Mohammad Ahsan Habib. "Affordable Electric Three-Wheeler in Bangladesh: Prospects, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010149.

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With rapid urbanization and population growth, there has been a significant increase in the demand for public transport. Fossil-fuel-based internal combustion vehicles are increasingly fulfilling the transport demand and are creating negative impact on the environment. Electric three-wheeler (E3W) vehicles have better prospects in public transport in Bangladesh. The demand and usage of E3W vehicles are increasing rapidly because of their pollution-free and passenger-friendly services. However, there are many challenges, including vehicle stability, regulation, energy supply, battery disposal, etc. This paper discusses the prospects and challenges of the E3Ws in Bangladesh in terms of technological and environmental aspects. The paper addresses the issues of E3W, such as existing structural problems, inherent limitations, consequences of uncontrolled battery charging, and improper battery disposal. Potential solutions to tackle these challenges have been suggested for future sustainable transport in Bangladesh. An overview of existing policies regarding E3W in Bangladesh has been presented, and some recommendations have been made to facilitate the integration of E3Ws in the public transport domain. A review of the technologies can provide a base for strategic E3W policy for the next generation of sustainable transport policies and can help policymakers to frame strategies aiming for clean technology and sustainable development of the transportation system in Bangladesh.
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POPOVIC, TANJA, ØRJAN OLSVIK, PAUL A. BLAKE, and KAYE WACHSMUTH. "Cholera in the Americas: Foodborne Aspects." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 9 (1993): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.9.811.

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Over 100 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae exist, but generally the toxigenic strains of the serogroup O1 cause cholera and possess documented epidemic potential. The main symptom of cholera is a profuse diarrhea resulting in dehydration, that if untreated, leads to death. Seven pandemics of this contagious disease have been recorded during the last 200 years. A sick person secrets in his stool billions of organisms daily, and water and food contaminated with such a stool are the primary sources of infection during the epidemics. With the increase of the international food trade, food is often shipped from countries with endemic or epidemic cholera. With one exception, no documented cases of cholera have been reported, as a result of the internationally regulated food trade. However, during the present Latin American epidemic, inadequately cooked seafood has been implicated as a source of cholera. As a result of the epidemic, over 100 cases of cholera have occurred in the United States related to seafood consumed during a visit to Latin America or after its noncommercial transport into the country. Furthermore, V. cholerae persists as a free-living organism in environmental reservoirs in Australia and the U.S. Gulf Coast; there have been 65 domestically acquired cases of cholera in the United States since 1973. Molecular typing methods have enabled us to identify and characterize endemic and epidemic strains, and to document transmission of cholera when food was implicated epidemiologically as a vehicle of transmission.
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Yang, Jing, Xiaoying Zhang, and Xiuying Yang. "Evaluation of the Development Potential of Hainan Free Trade Port Industrial Chain Driven by the Internet of Things Distribution Mechanism." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8146926.

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This paper starts from the industrial structure and characteristics of the Internet of Things and compares and analyzes the development ideas of the Internet of Things industry in the market economy under different systems. We also discuss IoT business model innovations and analyze the inadequacies of current IoT business models. We use the cost-benefit analysis method to analyze, from the aspects of social benefits, economic benefits, environmental benefits, and externalities. In this paper, factor analysis and quantitative statistics are used to calculate the weight of influencing factors, and the multilevel fuzzy evaluation method is used to score the influencing factor indicators to calculate the final score result, so as to judge the applicability of the multilevel fuzzy evaluation method to judge the profit model. In order to verify whether the establishment of economic regions plays a positive role in regional economic development, a double-difference model is established. Two sets of data from the Free Trade Zone and Hainan Free Trade Zone are selected for regression analysis, and robustness tests of various methods are carried out. This paper regresses various samples of the Hainan Free Trade Zone by region and city level to explore their characteristics in different regions. From the empirical results, it can be seen that the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Zone has indeed promoted the economic development of the region where it is located, and this result is still significant after repeated robustness tests. Judging from the regression results by region, the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Zone has a greater role in promoting the economic development of the eastern and western regions and it has a stronger pulling effect on the western regions than in the western regions. The policy effect of establishing a free trade zone may not be significant due to too few samples and short establishment time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free trade – Environmental aspects – Bangladesh"

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De, Icaza Aneiros Carlos. "The effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement on Mexican environmental laws and policies and their enforcement : evaluating six years of cooperation (1994-2000)." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31155.

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During the last fifty years trade liberalization has stimulated different levels of industrial and technological development and economic growth around the world. However, during that same period, the world has witnessed a rapid degradation of the environment and an excessive exploitation of natural resources. The urgency of the situation requires the reconciliation of trade liberalization and environmental protection goals.<br>In this context, on January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement entered into between Canada, Mexico and the United States came into force. This agreement has significant environmental content and includes a side agreement on environmental matters. This new framework of environmental protection is serving to reconcile trade and environmental goals in the region, and is shaping the new legal framework for environmental protection and enforcement in Mexico.
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Deumié, Florence. "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the international trade of genetically modified organisms : a new element of the conflict between trade and the environment." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31156.

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The present thesis deals with the international legal consequences of the Biosafety Protocol. If this Protocol answers the problem of GMOs, by enforcing the application of the precautionary principle to the international trade of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), it does not solve the conflict between the interests of trade and those of the environment. On the contrary, the Biosafety Protocol conflicts with the rules of the GATT and the national norms inspired by it would risk being contested before the dispute-settlement institutions of the World Trade Organisation. The Protocol therefore constitutes a new element in the conflict, pre-existing and unsolved, which sets the implicit supremacy of the GATT against the international environmental norms. It confirms the necessity to find a solution enabling the equal authority and mutual respect of the international environmental and trade rules.<br>All information is correct as at 14 November 2000.
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Wei, De Cai. "Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.

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Manjoro, Faith Tendayi. "International trade and environmental disputes : an analysis of Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) and environmental policies of the developing and developed world." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007444.

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A major problem emanating from the trade/environment conflict is the use of trade measures, such as restrictions and sanctions, as tools for environmental protection. Proponents of free trade argue that the use of these measures is tantamount to abuse of environmental standards for protectionist ends. This is particularly so if the imposition of the standard amounts to a unilateral act which blocks the entry of a specified product into the market of another member state for reasons other than environmental protection. Environmentalists at the same time argue that free trade will lead to environmental degradation and therefore advocate for the use of trade-restrictive measures to safeguard against the destruction of the environment. The GATT has proved problematic when it comes to the resolution of trade/environment conflicts. The GATT aims at trade liberalisation yet most environmental policies are enforced through trade-restrictive devices like quotas and licences. Article XX of the GATT is anomalous: it does not explicitly mention the environment, yet member states rely on it as an environmental protection clause. This thesis discusses the various issues emanating from the trade/environmental debate. The history of Article XX is reviewed and the issues that arise in the adjudication of Articles XX (b) and (g) in a trade/environment context are analysed in light of the decisions by the GATTIWTO dispute settlement bodies. The role played by Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in protecting the environment is discussed. However, the relationship between MEAs and the WTO is also scrutinised as these rule-making bodies often come into conflict: firstly, because they serve two differing interests - on the one hand, MEAs allow for the use of trade restrictive measures in environmental agreements and on the other, the WTO calls for unrestricted trade unless exceptional circumstances exist; and secondly, member states that are party to both the WTO and MEAs are often forced to subscribe to international trade rules that are incompatible with those in environmental agreements. The trade/environmental debate is important to both the developed and developing worlds. The developed world is in favour of environmental policies which protect the environment from degradation. On the other hand, the developing world is in desperate need of the benefits of trade liberalisation so as to cater for high unemployment rates and poor economic growth. The question thus arises as to whether, when environmental issues are promoted, developing countries will not suffer at the expense of developed nations which may engage in protectionist measures under the pretext of environmental conservation. The divide between developed and developing countries is illustrated in Chapter 5 through case studies on coal mining in the USA and South Africa. The conclusion reached is that total co-operation is essential between developed and developing states for success in safeguarding the environment from degradation. Accordingly, the trade/environmental debate cannot be isolated from the conflicting approaches in developed and developing countries. The conclusions in the final chapter seek to strike a balance between trade liberalisation and environmental protection. Recommendations are made on how the trade/environmental challenges could be dealt with and the regulation of trade restrictive devices to exclude, or at least limit, protectionism.
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Zhu, Yun. "Trade and environmental protection within the World Trade Organization framework." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12305.

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The issue of tensions between market access and environmental protection is relatively new focus in the domain of international trade. This article suggests solutions to this conflict within the WTO framework so that while pursuing the goals of free trade and promoting development of economy the objective of 'sustainable development' can be achieved at the same time. This article includes an introduction, the main body (three chapters) and conclusion. j The Introduction starts by describing the development of the regimes of market access and environmental protection; it goes on to analyze the causes of the tension between the two and finally emphasizes the importance of resolving this tension within the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework. Chapter One elaborates on the existing principles, regulations and exception in the WTO framework and states that these regulations cannot live up to expectations of the developed countries and environmentalists. The conclusion is that it is impractical for the developing countries to avoid this issue. Chapter Two starts with an inquiry into the crux of tensions between free trade and environmental protection. It goes on to enlist different proposals by academic scholars and compare these principles' application in European Community Treaty (EC) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), hoping to resolve the tensions between market access and environmental protection. Chapter Three summarizes academic proposals and experiences of EC and NAFTA and discusses possible practical resolutions within WTO including both short-term measures and long-term ones. This chapter concludes by suggesting possible courses of action for China that could allow it to sustain the 'green challenge.' The Conclusion discusses the objectivity and unavoidability of the tensions between the free trade and the environment protection and reinforces the importance of resolving the problem within the WTO framework as well as the necessity of amending related regulations and harmonizing environmental standards of the WTO members.
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Books on the topic "Free trade – Environmental aspects – Bangladesh"

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Free trade today. Princeton University Press, 2002.

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Alam, Shawkat. Sustainable development and free trade. Routledge, 2007.

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Antweiler, Werner. Is free trade good for the environment? National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (Canada). Trade, competitiveness and the environment. National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1993.

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University of Dhaka. Bureau of Business Research., ed. Environmental considerations in institutional lending in Bangladesh. Bureau of Business Research, Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka, 1998.

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Ederington, Josh. Footloose and pollution-free. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Christie, Keith H. Stacking the deck: Compliance and dispute settlement in international environmental agreements. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1993.

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Ozuna, Teofilo. The environment and U.S.-Mexico agricultural trade. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A&M University, 1993.

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Riipinen, Toni. The Interaction of environmental and trade policies. Helsinki School of Economics, 2003.

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Grossman, Gene M. Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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