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Selleri, Andrea. "Free Will." Victorian Literature and Culture 51, no. 3 (2023): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150323000323.
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Sa'diyah, Futikatus, and Azwar Sani. "Doktrin Qadar Dalam Islam: Memahami Dinamika antara Free Will dan Determinisme." ISME : Journal of Islamic Studies and Multidisciplinary Research 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.61683/isme.vol12.2023.11-23.
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Dinamika antara kebebasan kehendak dan determinisme dalam doktrin Qadar dalam Islam memunculkan perdebatan panjang. Konsep Qadar mencakup elemen-elemen deterministik yang kuat, seperti ketetapan Allah, takdir, pengujian, dan pengetahuan Allah tentang masa depan Ini menciptakan keseimbangan unik antara determinisme dan kebebasan manusia dalam Islam. Pemikiran kontemporer tentang Qadar mencerminkan keragaman pandangan, termasuk perdebatan antara tradisionalis dan modernis, serta pertanyaan tentang sejauh mana determinisme mempengaruhi kebebasan manusia. Berbagai pendekatan interpretatif terhadap Qadar dalam Islam mencerminkan keragaman budaya, sosial, dan intelektual dalam dunia Muslim. Diskusi tentang kebebasan kehendak dan determinisme dalam konteks Qadar adalah isu yang kompleks dan mendalam dalam pemikiran Islam. Konsep Qadar mencakup elemen deterministik yang kuat, tetapi juga mengakui kebebasan manusia dalam membuat pilihan. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan kualitatif yang mendalam dan berfokus pada analisis literatur. Sebagian besar data diperoleh dari karya-karya cendekiawan dan pemikir terkemuka yang membahas konsep Qadar dalam Islam. Penelitian ini dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai penelitian kepustakaan (Library Research). Data sekunder juga diambil dari buku-buku kalam dan jurnal yang relevan. Pendekatan eksploratif-fenomenologis digunakan untuk mendalamkan pemahaman tentang konsep Qadar dalam konteks Islam.
Kata Kunci: Kebebasan Kehendak; Determinisme; Qadar; Islam.
The dynamics between free will and determinism in the doctrine of Qadar in Islam have sparked lengthy debates. The concept of Qadar encompasses strong deterministic elements, such as Allah's decree, destiny, testing, and Allah's knowledge of the future. This creates a unique balance between determinism and human freedom in Islam. Contemporary thinking on Qadar reflects a diversity of perspectives, including debates between traditionalists and modernists, as well as questions about the extent to which determinism influences human freedom. Various interpretative approaches to Qadar in Islam reflect cultural, social, and intellectual diversity within the Muslim world. Discussions about free will and determinism in the context of Qadar are complex and profound issues in Islamic thought. The concept of Qadar includes strong deterministic elements but also acknowledges human freedom in making choices. This research adopts a deep qualitative approach focusing on literature analysis. Most of the data are derived from the works of scholars and leading thinkers who discuss the concept of Qadar in Islam. This research can be classified as library research. Secondary data are also drawn from relevant philosophy books and journals. An exploratory-phenomenological approach is used to deepen the understanding of the concept of Qadar in the context of Islam.
Keywords: Free Will; Determinism; Qadar; Islam.
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Jack, Alexander H., Stephanie Wilson, and Vincent Egan. "Am I free to practice? A training package concerning free will and forensic psychology." Forensic Update 1, no. 126 (December 2017): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfu.2017.1.126.4.
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Lay beliefs in free will (FW) are widely held, and have been shown to impact significantly on behaviours and attitudes. However, no literature has focused on how such beliefs affect the approach of individuals in forensic practice. This is important, as the FW versus determinism debate is particularly relevant to forensic psychologists due to the centrality of questions of responsibility, punishment and rehabilitation to the discipline. Resultantly, this report details a training package concerning FW and determinism, delivered to 15 Forensic Psychologists in Training (Trainees) studying at the University of Nottingham. Evaluation of the training package revealed that FW beliefs were prominent within the cohort and it was notable that trainees did report an increased awareness of how philosophical concepts could impact on their practice after the session. The authors argue that such learning enhances contemplation, reflection, and thoughtful practice, and that provision for such training might be a meaningful addition to the BPS forensic syllabi.
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Wang, Hui. "We Are Not Free to Choose: Class Determinism in Zadie Smith’s NW." arcadia 51, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2016-0029.
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AbstractNW by Zadie Smith opens with a multicultural and multiracial scene and revolves around the crises in the lives of four people with longstanding connection to Northwest London. The Northwest London in NW is a besieged city, and the people therein could not see any possibility of getting out because the gate has been latched with the concept of social class. In NW, the social class is materialized as space, economic position and race. Geographically NW features the main areas of London, and considers the role of that city in shaping the consciousness of the major characters, a partly spatial configuring of identity. In addition, the major characters in NW also suffer from occupational exclusion and economic exploitation, which then lead to their lower-class position since social class is constructed in such a way that agents are distributed according to their positions in the statistical distribution based on the economic and cultural capital. Finally the racial discrimination encountered by the characters in NW shows that class relations shape the form that racial oppression takes. The racialization of class issues becomes a politically effective tool for the wealthy to divide and rule the lower classes. In NW, Smith thus has adopted a more political attitude than in her previous books, so the relatively new perspective of her fiction might be the attention she draws to the persistent obstacles to class crossing and the acknowledgment of the rigid lines that still define the social classes.
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Disanto, Michael John. "Free Will and Determinism in Joseph Conrad's Major Novels by Ludwig Schnauder." Conradiana 48, no. 1 (2016): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cnd.2016.0008.
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Yu, Shuying. "Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Free Will." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 46, no. 1 (April 19, 2024): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/46/20230886.
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This essay explores the mechanism behind choice-making and the concept of free will from an evolutionary psychology perspective. The methods consist of a literature review of evolutionary psychology theories related to decision-making and an analysis of how these theories inform the dominant philosophical positions on free will from the lens of determinism, indeterminism, and compatibilism. The literature review finds that evolutionary psychology explains decision-making as the result of evolved cognitive mechanisms that weigh costs and benefits. The analysis suggests that these mechanisms support a compatibilist view that free will can exist within a deterministic universe. Though human actions have antecedent causes, evolutionary psychology indicates humans have adapted limited, pragmatic free will to make choices that aid survival and reproduction. The cognitive mechanisms behind choice-making evolved because they conferred fitness advantages, not because they allowed uncaused choices. In conclusion, evolutionary psychology offers a naturalistic understanding of the origins and limitations of free will.
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Noia, Justin. "In the Beatific Vision, both Freedom and Necessity." TheoLogica: An International Journal for Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2018): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/thl.v2i2.2113.
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According to Aquinas, the souls in heaven (hereafter, the blessed) are both necessitated (i.e., determined) and free in their choice to love God. But if Aquinas is right, it may seem that we cannot give an incompatibilist account of the freedom of the souls in heaven to love God. Roughly put, incompatibilism is the thesis that free will is incompatible with determinism. In this paper, I take inspiration from Kevin Timpe and Timothy Pawl’s account of the impeccability of the blessed to argue for a more refined view of incompatibilism, consistent with some of the literature, according to which free will is compatible with a certain kind of determinism. I then modify Timpe and Pawl’s account along Thomistic lines, removing a problematic character-based contingency, to argue that anyone, regardless of character, is necessitated to love God in the beatific vision – necessitated in a sense consistent with incompatibilism.
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Thoma, Niki. "The Question of Free Will, Determinism and Responsibility in the Social Sciences." History & Philosophy of Psychology 10, no. 1 (2008): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2008.10.1.9.
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Starting with the definition of free will within the compatibility notion, and with the experiential/everyday meaning of the concept, we can examine what we really mean by “free will”, which is a necessary precondition for responsibility. Free will is the feeling and the possibility that having personal needs on the one hand and morality or “my principles” on the other, one can choose between the two.In this paper, historical notions of free will and determinism are examined, including the atomic/materialistic theory of Democritus, the empiricism of D. Hume, the practical reason of Kant, the Existentialism of J.P. Sartre, and the panoptic eye of M. Foucault. An analysis is attempted, proposing that there is a misunderstanding of the term free will, as various concepts from different levels of analysis are confused in the literature. A brief analysis of responsibility is also attempted, in which I focus on the difference between responsibility as possible choice and lack of responsibility when heavy influences and pressures are applied to the individual by social/psychological factors.The term (lack of) responsibility can be viewed as responsible for some of the hopelessness in individuals (and students!), whom we influence on the side of morality and healthy citizenship, putting forward the need for moral choice, cultivating healthy choice in citizenship curricula or infusing social responsibility in the latent curriculum for behaviour.
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Keršys, Matas. "Epicurus’ Swerve and the Randomness Objection to Free Will." Literatūra 64, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2022.64.3.3.
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Modern opponents of free will often aim to demonstrate its unviability by employing the standard argument against free will, which claims that either determinism or randomness is true, and that both options preclude free will. It is frequently assumed that Epicurus defended free will by positing the swerve as a third, uncaused type of atomic motion. This makes Epicurus vulnerable to criticism via the standard argument by seemingly committing him to randomness. This paper asks whether Epicurus can avoid the criticisms of the standard argument and seeks to show that he is not as vulnerable as first appearances indicate. A closer look at De Rerum Natura 2.251–293 reveals the important role of the independent deliberating mind in acts of free volition, while the claim that free volitions are a basic, sense-perceptible aspect of reality raises the question as to whether the swerve really was Epicurus’ main defence of free will.
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Goodell, Neil K. "To Think or Not: A Structural Resolution to the Mind-Body and Free Will-Determinism Problem." Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41560346.
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Abstract The mind-body and free will-determinism problem is presented as an instance of the more general top-down versus bottom-up process model. The construct of a metaphysical hierarchy consisting of 3 levels (matter, life and mind) is introduced, with each level governed by emergent, non-overlapping fundamental causal forces. Rand's theories of epistemology, language, and volition are shown to be inherently circular and impossible to be true. The concepts of metaphysical identity and epistemological identity are introduced. Metaphysics and epistemology are recharacterized in exclusively bottom-up terms informed by recent advances in the natural sciences, along with theories for perception, similarity, language, and volition.
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Goodell, Neil K. "To Think or Not: A Structural Resolution to the Mind-Body and Free Will-Determinism Problem." Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jaynrandstud.9.1.0001.
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Abstract The mind-body and free will-determinism problem is presented as an instance of the more general top-down versus bottom-up process model. The construct of a metaphysical hierarchy consisting of 3 levels (matter, life and mind) is introduced, with each level governed by emergent, non-overlapping fundamental causal forces. Rand's theories of epistemology, language, and volition are shown to be inherently circular and impossible to be true. The concepts of metaphysical identity and epistemological identity are introduced. Metaphysics and epistemology are recharacterized in exclusively bottom-up terms informed by recent advances in the natural sciences, along with theories for perception, similarity, language, and volition.
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ULLRICH, DAVID W. "Free Will versus Determinism in "This Side of Paradise": Bodily Signifiers, Heredity, and Altruism in Fitzgerald's First Novel." F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/fscotfitzrevi.9.1.0041.
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Bissell, Roger E. "Where There’s a Will, There’s a “Why?” Part 2: Implications of Value Determinism for the Objectivist Concepts of “Value,” “Sacrifice,” “Virtue,” “Obligation,” and “Responsibility”." Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 251–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jaynrandstud.22.2.0251.
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ABSTRACT The author continues his challenge to the “official” Objectivist view of free will by addressing the implications of his value-determinism/conditional-volition model for various Objectivist moral concepts including value, sacrifice, virtue, obligation, and moral and legal responsibility and accountability. He argues that based on Rand’s definitions, the conventional understandings of sacrifice or betrayal of values, lapses in virtue, and breaches in morality need considerable reconceptualizing. The author gives special attention to Rand and Kant with regard to lying, use of force, and acts of generosity, finding not nearly as much difference between them as is commonly believed.
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Kane, Robert. "Free Will, Complexity, Dynamical Systems, and All That Jazz." Harvard Review of Philosophy 30 (2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview20245856.
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Over the past half century, I have been developing and defending a libertarian view of free will that is incompatible with determinism. In the past decade, I have made changes to this view in response to the large critical literature that has developed around it since the publication of my book The Significance of Free Will (Oxford University Press, 1996). This paper describes and defends some of the more significant of these new aspects of my view. Section 1 describes the problem of free will as conceived traditionally and in modern times, as well as the various competing positions on it (compatibilist, libertarian, skeptical, and so forth). In section 2 I concede to compatibilists that there are many meanings of freedom, and that many of them could exist in a thoroughly determined world. But there is one kind of traditional freedom, I argue, that could not exist in a thoroughly determined world—freedom of will. Sections 3 and 4 explain what this freedom of will requires and why it is important. Sections 5–11 then discuss and answer many arguments that have been made against the possibility of such a free will requiring indeterminism.
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Mahmood, Mohammed Khalid. "Toothache in the Literature: Dostoyevsky’s ‘Notes From Underground’ and Hans Christian Anderson’s ‘Aunty Toothache’ as Examples." International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): 4723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i10-42.
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Every form of art bears tracks from the artist’s real or fictive experience. Physical pain as an important human experience have been discussed, described and painted in many literary works. In addition, there are enough proofs to believe that toothache – a unique representative of bodily pains- is an old friend of humanity. Hence, it is more than natural to see the reflections of this symptom in the written literature. In this essay we are going to focus on two particular literary works of different genres; a novella and a fairy tale: Dostoyevsky’s ‘Notes from Underground’ and Hans Christian Anderson’s ‘Aunty Toothache’. These two authors and these two particular works have been studied in many different aspects. However, the place and importance of the concept of ‘Toothache’ was not investigated in previous analyses. Therefore, the subject of this paper is justified in one hand, original and unprecedented on the other hand. As it shall be seen, Dostoyevsky uses toothache as a tool to attack the basics of ‘Rational Egoism’ in 19th Russia and employs it to counter-argument against natural and historical determinism in favor of human’s free will. In the case of Anderson, toothache is an allegory about friendship and art in which toothache accompanies, and is compared with the pain of striving to produce a piece of art.
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Kratzke, Peter. "Dark, Darker, Darkest: The Mood and Genre of Sardonic Death in “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” as Told by Ambrose Bierce, Robert Enrico, and Rod Serling." Genre 52, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-7585867.
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Comparing Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” (as framed by Bierce’s illuminating philosophical attitude) with the Frenchman Robert Enrico’s film adaptation (how his adaptation decisions are manifest in the film) and Rod Serling’s use of that film for an episode of The Twilight Zone (as the show’s cultural context was and is perfect for the task) reveals afresh that mood (involving an author’s attitude toward content) is necessarily more important than genre (involving content itself) when narrative content approaches the unknowable. What perhaps surprises in this comparison is that, arguably, Bierce’s short story is the least dark of the three versions of what may be called the mood and genre of sardonic death, for it only denounces (especially in terms of free will versus determinism) the doomed man, while Enrico’s film elicits sympathy and Serling’s episode empathy.
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Noletto, Israel A. C., and Sebastião A. T. Lopes. "Heptapod B and the Paradox of Foreknowledge: Confronting Literature and its Filmic Adaptation." arcadia 54, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2019-0003.
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Abstract Ted Chiang’s Story of Your Life (1998) and its filmic adaptation Arrival (2016) both use Heptapod B, an artificial language from extra-terrestrial origin, capable of conferring on its speakers the ability of precognition, as a primordial narrative framework. Innovative as it is, it not only determines the way the stories are recounted, but also raises some very interesting philosophical issues. Focusing on that fantastical language, we promote a comparative analysis of the differing perspectives of the novella writer and the filmmakers regarding the free will and determinism dichotomy in connection with foreknowledge, and how these distinct views may have been influenced by the adaptation process. With the aim of providing a solid basis for such discussion, we collect and review the contributions of Linda Hutcheon, Brian McFarlane, George Bluestone, Linda Gualda as well as of others in relation to the plot developments in the literary text and its filmic adaptation. As a result, we point out what is prioritized or transformed in the adaptation process, thus offering a theoretical and philosophical criticism on the two stories and a comprehensive exegesis of the texts.
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Monier, Cyril, and Mehdi Khamassi. "Liberté et Cognition. Une autre voie est possible. Introduction." Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive 75, no. 2 (2021): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/intel.2021.1999.
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Freedom & Cognition. Another Way is Possible. The question of the relationship between freedom and determinism has been one of the most debated topics in philosophy since antiquity. In recent decades, investigations in the sciences of cognition and neurosciences have greatly revived the debate on free will by studying, for example, decision-making, volition, the feeling of agency or even metacognition. These studies have generated important exchanges between philosophers and scientists and this 75th issue of Intellectica is a continuation of these exchanges. Contributions to the issue come from both philosophers and neuroscientists. They offer a wide variety of positions on freedom and responsibility, the societal issues that this generates, and give rise to a number of avenues for discussion with cognitive sciences. One of the important questions raised in this issue is whether the knowledge brought to us today by cognitive science research can help us increase our freedom. This issue is also an opportunity to take stock of the current state of philosophical debates on free will. Finally, this issue is also an opportunity to shed light on the Spinozist notion of free necessity, and to compare it in more detail with the literature on free will and with knowledge resulting from work in the field of cognitive sciences.
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Alsoud, Tariq Jameel. "Torn between Determinism and Freewill: Self-alienation and Hiding of Identity in Barbery’s The Elegance of the Hedgehog." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (September 26, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p28.
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This essay explores the influence of discourses of determinism and free will on the major heroines’ decisions and behavior when trying to comprehend and apply these philosophies to themselves. The conflicting ideologies of the philosophers create a state of confusion, which in turn has led to the decisions of self-isolation and hiding the real identities to avoid a possible clash with members of the other social classes. The major heroines, Renée and Paloma, hide their intelligence as well because of their firm conviction in the futility of cultural discussions with narrow-minded people who believe in restrictions on social classes boundaries. Therefore, the essay investigates how Barbery addresses both of the philosophical ideologies and trends that control and shape the heroines’ behavior and reactions. It also highlights the influence of these phenomenological philosophies on Renée’s struggle and suffering, which eventually lead to the dualism of her identity and patterns of tensional reactions and ambivalence because she does not understand these theories deeply. The harmonious and amicable relationship between Renée and Paloma who belong to different social classes indicates the author’s hope for a new generation who renounces disagreement and class prejudice; the proximity between them also undermines tools of determinism and discourses of social antagonism among the educated. Finally, the novel manifests itself as an irony of a woman in her fifties who rediscovers her femininity and reprioritizes her needs after years of displacement and self-concealment, and as a paradox for a precocious preteen girl who acts like adults.
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Chowdhury, Tanzil. "Time Frames and Legal Indeterminacy." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 30, no. 1 (February 2017): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2017.3.
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A consensus has long been established that adherents of the Critical Legal School (and to a lesser extent, Legal Realism) exaggerated their claims of law’s indeterminacy. This paper however, attempts to resurrect the indeterminacy debate by articulating, developing and elevating a particular strand of it; namely, the use of unrestrained time frames in factual construction. This claims that factual construction in adjudication is, in part, contingent on the time frames adopted—though absent some metaprinciple on whether to adopt broad or narrow time frames—indeterminacy rears its head. The paper primarily argues that time frame indeterminacy is important as it actually underwrites the attacks levelled by both Critical Legal Studies (CLS) and American Legal Realism (ALR) on legal liberalism. It nourishes ALR critiques by enriching the strict and loose articulations of precedent authored by Karl Llewellyn, and also connects some of the definitive themes that underline the CLS literature, specifically the rules-standards and free will-determinism contradictions in legal liberal discourse.
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Spender, J. C., and Jeroen Kraaijenbrink. "The Paradox of Strategizing: Embracing Managerial Agency without Throttling it." Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 04, no. 01 (June 8, 2022): 12–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.04.01.03.
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Strategizing implies making agentic choices in some middle ground between un-analyzable free will and agency-denying determinism. Paradoxically, neither view can capture the strategist’s situation or process. So how are strategy theorists approach agency? In our opening sections, we review the mainstream literature and find seven main arguments or tracks. Five, by improving methodological accuracy and reducing variance, effectively throttle or deny the strategist’s agency. The two other tracks offer agency an ontological or epistemological place in the analysis but underplay the synthetic nature of the strategist’s practice. In our final sections, we treat strategizing as handling the practice-based constraints to the strategist’s agency. A positivist approach makes little sense here for ex definition strategy supposes a finite option-space into which the strategist’s agency is ‘thrown’. Practitioners focus on their choices within this space rather than on the application of a generalized ‘theory of strategy’. There is little new here; but analyzing it means moving away from causal modeling and towards exploring the options remaining after all reasonable determining causes have been identified - leaving the strategist with the under-determined middle ground s/he ‘synthesizes’ from incommensurable theories and empirically justified heuristics. Concluding, we propose a novel track of theorizing for those strategists seeking to engage their agentic capabilities rather than theorizing about agency as a component of a rigorous academic model.
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Semenova, N. V., I. M. Madaeva, and L. I. Kolesnikova. "Free Radical Oxidation and Sleep Disorders in Andro- and Menopause (Literature Review)." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2020-5.1.4.
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This review presents data on changes in the physiology of sleep during reproductive aging. It is noted that insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are the main sleep disorders. The results of foreign and domestic studies in the field of free radical oxidation during sleep deprivation in animal models are presented, indicating the dependence of processes on the duration of sleep deprivation. The largest number of studies of free radical processes in a person with somnological pathology was carried out in the study of OSAS. Blood, urine, saliva, condensate of exhaled air can be biomaterial for determining the parameters of free radical oxidation. It was shown that the intensity of oxidative stress depends on the severity of OSAS, as evidenced by the positive correlation of the level of active products of thiobarbituric acid, the products of oxidation of proteins and carbonyl groups with the apnea/hypopnea index, determining the development of not only oxidative, but also carbonyl stress in patients with a severe degree OSAS. Biomarkers such as thioredoxin, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reduced iron have shown a more stable relationship between increased oxidative stress and OSA. Despite the results obtained, the question of the association of oxidative stress and hypoxia in OSA remains debatable, which is associated with the opposite results of some studies. Insomnia, which occurs mainly in females, is accompanied by a high level of end products of lipid peroxidation with a decrease in the activity of antioxidants such as paraoxonase, an enzymatic component of the glutathione system. Along with this, menopausal women present low levels of uric acid, which correlates with high scores of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire. Recent studies have identified an association between the activity of the «lipoperoxidation – antioxidants» system and the Clock 3111T/C gene polymorphism in menopausal Caucasian women, indicating the protective role of the minor allele.
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Frolov, D. V., and I. A. Zaripov. "The Tabari’s Tafsir to Surah “Al-Fātiḥa”. Translation from Arabic and Comments. Part 4: Ayyats 6–7." Islam in the modern world 19, no. 4 (February 22, 2024): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2023-19-4-67-85.
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This article concludes a series of publications of the commented translation into Russian of the interpretation to the Surah “al-Fatiha” (No. 1) by the founder of classical Muslim exegesis Muḥammad ibn Jarīr aṭ-Ṭabari (839–923) from the book “Jāmi‘ al-bayān fī ta’wīl al-Qur’ān” (The Comprehensive Exposition of the interpretation of the Qur’ān). This part contains sections devoted to ayats 6–7 of this surah. Based on examples of pre- and early Islamic literature grammatical questions about the case of the word ghayr and the need for the use of the particle lā in these ayats are analyzed here in detail. The Tafsir to this verses also treats the theological problems related to the nature of God’s benefactions and His wrath, continues the controversy with the Qadarites regarding determinism and free will. There are also given here traditions ascribed to the Prophet Muhammad and the “ancient fathers of the Ummah” on the interpretation of these ayats. The conclusion speaks about the inimitability of the Qur’ān on the example of the surah “al-Fatiha”.
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Budzowska, Małgorzata. "In the Universe of Cassandra: The Ancient Topos of Clairvoyance in the Futuristic World of Minority Report (2002)." Text Matters, no. 10 (November 24, 2020): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.10.09.
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The figure of Cassandra is well-known from numerous representations in ancient and modern literature as an archetype of a woman who has the power to see the future, but whose visions are not believed. In ancient Greek literature, Cassandra was an important character serving as a prophet of an approaching catastrophe. In her modern adaptations, this figure became a metaphor in psychoanalytical research on human moral behaviour (Melanie Klein and the Cassandra complex) developed in feminist writing. Cassandra has also been of interest to filmmakers, with perhaps the best adaptation of the subject of Cassandra’s clairvoyance being Steven Spielberg’s film Minority Report. Loosely based on Philip K. Dick’s 1956 short story The Minority Report, the plot presents a version of the Cassandra myth, in which a woman together with male twins operate as a group mind to predict future crimes. Their visions are used by the state to prevent the crimes and imprison the would-be criminals. This article offers a thorough analysis of all the ancient and modern features of the metaphor of Cassandra employed in this movie within the overarching framework of the central theme of free will vs. determinism. According to this approach, the central theme is examined with reference to ancient Aristotelian and Stoic moral philosophy, the modern feminist psychoanalysis of Melanie Klein, and the political philosophy and legal issues in the post-9/11 world.
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Tangpong, Chanchai, Michael D. Michalisin, Rodney D. Traub, and Arlyn J. Melcher. "A review of buyer-supplier relationship typologies: progress, problems, and future directions." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-10-2012-0193.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to review the existing typologies of buyer-supplier relationships (BSRs) in the literature, to critically assess their dimensions and underlying assumptions, and to propose a more complete BSR typology and future directions for BSR typology research. Design/methodology/approach – This study takes a conceptual approach in highlighting the limitations of existing BSR typologies and synthesizing their key typology-defining variables when proposing an alternative BSR typology. Findings – The proposed BSR typology is based on alternative behavioral assumptions: bounded rationality and choice-determinism, and uses relationalism, supplier dependence and buyer dependence as the typology-defining variables. This BSR typology captures four prominent BSR types in the extant literature (i.e. market/discrete relationship, captive-buyer/supplier-dominant relationship, captive-supplier/buyer-dominant relationship and strategic/bilateral partnership) and four new BSR types developed in this study (i.e. supplier-led collaboration, buyer-led collaboration, competitive/win–lose partnership, and free will/voluntary collaboration). Research limitations/implications – The performance implications of the new BSR types have yet to be empirically tested; however, empirical approaches for future research are discussed. Originality/value – As BSR typology research has been conducted over the years, a thorough review and systematic assessment of the extant research in terms of fundamental assumptions, typology-defining variables, overall progress and limitations becomes an important reflective task in guiding future research efforts toward the collective advancement in this line of inquiry. Departing from the existing literature, this study also uses more realistic BSR assumptions and a more complete set of typology-defining variables in developing an alternative BSR typology, arguably more complete and more theoretically sound than the previous BSR typologies in the literature.
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Bayanbayeva, Aigul A., Alena S. Demchenko, and Viktor V. Barabash. "Genre Varieties of Modern Kazakh Russian Story." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 14, no. 3 (October 15, 2023): 910–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2023-14-3-910-930.
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The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the two main genre varieties of the modern Russian Kazakh story. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: theoretical, historical-literary, system-typological approach, poetic-structural analysis of the work. In Russian Kazakh literature, realism and postmodernism are developing in parallel. The story of Nikolai Verevochkin “Singing in the transitions” is a realistic work. Its artistic world contains an image of a system of literary heroes based on determinism, the conditionality of the formation and development of a person’s character by various factors. Determinism contains the strong connection of the structural elements of the story. Verevochkin gradually reveals the characters of the heroes in various situations. The problematics of the story also has a traditional character for the literature of realism. The author demonstrates commitment to humanism, which is the ideological basis of realism. The article also analyzes the work of postmodernism - the story of Asel Omar “Alphabet”. The definition of “story-lexicon”, introduced by the author of the article, reflects the genre and generic features of this work. The story-lexicon Asel Omar consists of micro-novellas, which at the same time are dictionary entries. The peculiarity of these articles is that they are based on a certain storyline. The micronovelas are arranged in alphabetical order, which gave the author of this article reason to call them dictionary entries. Asel Omar’s lexicon story, in contrast to Nikolai Verevochkin’s story, is written in a freer plot form. The application of the essay principle allowed the author to create a reasoning story. The main thing for Assel Omar is to express her thoughts on various topics. The work of Nikolai Verevochkin is a narrative story. Thus, in modern Russian Kazakh prose, two main types of story are presented - realistic and postmodern story. Due to historical and cultural reasons, the realistic story prevails. The work of Asel Omar “Alphabet” is a unique example of a postmodern story-lexicon in modern Kazakh literature.
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Burin, Heloísa P., Julio S. M. Siluk, Graciele Rediske, and Carmen B. Rosa. "Determining Factors and Scenarios of Influence on Consumer Migration from the Regulated Market to the Deregulated Electricity Market." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010065.
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Due to the constant evolution of the electricity markets around the world, new possibilities for contracting electricity are emerging. In Brazil, there are two models available to the consumer: the regulated contracting environment and the free contracting environment. Because of these possibilities for contracting electricity, it is important that consumers know how to migrate from the regulated to the free environment when it is an advantage. This study was conducted following the premises of three techniques: systematic literature review, gray literature review, and expert panel. The following question was asked: What are the determining factors to be considered by the consumer at the moment decision to migrate from the regulated electricity market to the free market? In total, 7 factors were identified and discussed in the literature review. The experts who participated in the study pointed out 3 influential scenarios in this decision making to migrate. The main contribution of this study is to provide the consumer with subsidies for decision making, given the determining factors to be taken into account when deciding on migration or not. In addition, the study contributed to the sector through a comprehensive discussion about the scenarios faced by consumers and how they can influence decision making.
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Kuznetsov, Nikita V., and Alexey M. Sokolov. "Russian Language and Historiosophy of Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 40, no. 1 (2024): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2024.101.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the correlation of language as a form of realization of the essence of a person who transforms the uncertainty of being into the ordering the world. The authors proceed from the axiomatic assumption that language is an integral activity of the human community, in the vocabulary and syntactic-semantic definiteness of which all contradictions that open up to people in their joint diverse experience of mastering the subject (presupposed) existence are removed. At the same time, human activity is the fulfillment of free transforming energy activated by an elementary (primary-fundamental) act of communication, Thanks to it, the determinism of the natural predestination of human presence in the Being is overcome, which manifests itself in the excessive effectiveness of people’s activities, opening the spiritual (supernatural) horizon of life. Literature is understood by the authors as a stylization of the national language, through which the content of national identity is determined, and, consequently, the general picture of the world created by a certain people. Literature can have two levels of implementation: artistic and theoretical ones, differing, on the one hand, in the way and degree of generalization, on the other — hand, in the form of expression. The peculiarity of the Russian self-consciousness, firstly, is on the stage of transition from the artistic to the theoretical levels; and, secondly, it is historiosophical, i. e. it not only retains the experience of the past, but also tends to the discretion of semantic perspective of the future associated with the activity of many generations of people of the Russian world. According to the authors, this circumstance is most adequately reflected in the Socialist Realism of Soviet literature.
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Saini, Divya, and Priti Sharma. "A Systematic Literature Review of Factors Influencing the Dividend Policy." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 07, no. 01 (September 1, 2022): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20220701a04.
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Dividend is the sum of money which is paid regularly out of profits to the shareholders of company. There are various factors which influence the decision of dividend payment. The main purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze the factors influencing the Dividend Policy by reviewing the variables determining the dividend policy based on summarized theoretical and empirical evidences available in previous studies. It is based on previous studies from Scopus and Web of Science database covering the entire time span available in the databases from 1982 to 2022. This review has been conferred in a systematic way which include different variables namely profitability, lagged dividend, size, firm Age, taxation, liquidity, business risk, growth opportunities, corporate social responsibility (CSR), leverage, free cash flow and net working capital etc. On basis of majority of previous studies, the present study concludes significant positive relation between profitability, lagged dividend, firm size, liquidity, corporate tax, firm age, CSR and net working capital. And on other hand dividend policy have significant Negative association with Investment opportunities, Free Cash Flow, Business Risk and Leverage. The main implication of the study is that it will provide base for further research and also gives information regarding literature gap.
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Əli qızı Quliyeva, Nazilə. "Rasul Rza's creativity as the beginning of the tradition of free poetry in Azerbaijani literature." SCIENTIFIC WORK 67, no. 06 (June 21, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/67/68-73.
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There was a certain tradition of free poetry in Azerbaijan until the 20th century. In the Middle Ages, along with the chain of eruz poetry, the increase of syllable rhythms is also a concrete practical indicator of the poem's internal struggle for liberation. The beginning of the stage of free poetry in the twentieth century was the logical result of centuries-old processes of liberation in Azerbaijani poetry. People's poet Rasul Rza's contribution to the transformation of free poetry into a special stage of development in Azerbaijani literature is unparalleled. The literary process, marked by the transition to figurative poetic thinking since the late 1950s, is enrichhed with a number of new forms and elements of expression that define the innovative direction of poetry. Since the early 1960s, our poetry has been characterized by a method of figurative-associative expression, the first examples of intellectual beginnings, which should be considered as a new form of return to tradition. Different forms of associative artistic thinking, which we find in folk poetry, especially in bayats and in our classical poetry, begin to acquire a new essence in the second half of the twentieth century with their rebirth in poetry. In the process of this development, the main factors determining R.Rza's creativity are the departure from rhetorical pathos, pathetic expression, the transition to concrete, figurative, and then associative thinking, and innovative qualities. Key words: Azerbaijani literature, free poetry, tradition, innovation, style poetry, Rasul Rza, poem, weight, inner rhyme
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Biriukov, Dmitry. "Certain Attitudes Towards Byzantium As Manifested in the Russian Historiosophical Literature of the Early and Middle 19th Century (Ivan Kireyevsky, Petr Chaadaev, Alexander Pushkin, Arist Kunik)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.2.
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Introduction. I expose in Ivan Kireyevsky a specific attitude to the Byzantium, which I qualify as byzantinocentric. Methods and materials. I use the historical method. Materials are Russian Historical and Publicistic Literature. Analysis. In the course of research, I identify two opposite lines in terms of perception of the image of Byzantium, manifested in the circle of Kireyevsky. One of these lines may be called anti-Byzantine, while the other Pro-Byzantine. The first line goes back to the anti-Byzantine message inherent for the age of Enlightenment. It found its expression in the “Lectures for the philosophy of history” by Georg Hegel, which became known in Russia soon after its publication. In this study, I point out in Kireyevsky the traces of an implicit polemic with Hegel’s anti-Byzantinism and reveal the context of this polemic in Russian literature. I find such a context in Arist Kunik’s papers. Results. This anti-Byzantine line is clearly seen in Petr Chaadaev, for whom the theme of the relationship of Russian civilization with the Byzantine was sensitive, because Chaadaev considered such a relationship very negatively. This view is the opposite of Kireyevsky’s one, for whom this relationship is also obvious, but Kireyevsky perceives it as happy. Alexander Pushkin – a close acquaintance of both Chaadaev and Kireyevsky (in pre-Slavophil period of the latter) – also recognizes this kinship and, like later Kireyevsky, perceives it as happy and beneficial for Russia (i.e. the both share the Pro-Byzantine line). At the same time, Pushkin’s view assumes freedom and the absence of determinism of Russia by Byzantium, which is inherent to Chaadaev’s position. The difference between Pushkin and Kireyevsky in this respect is that Kireyevsky’s byzantinocentrism includes the idea of a higher spiritual connection between Byzantium and Russia, whereas Pushkin leaves Russia free from Byzantium in this respect as well.
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Al-Sharo, Yasser Mohammad, Amer Tahseen Abu-Jassar, Svitlana Sotnik, and Vyacheslav Lyashenko. "Generalized Procedure for Determining the Collision-Free Trajectory for a Robotic Arm." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 30, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.15.
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Robotic systems play an important role in the development and modernization processes of production, facilitation of labor, and human life. The robotic manipulators are outstanding among such systems. Such robots can be used for various spheres of their application. In this case, there is the manipulator’s effective control problem in the working area, of which there may be various obstacles. Therefore, a procedure is required to find the optimal path for moving the robotic arm. To develop such a procedure, the literature was reviewed, and the structural diagram of the control system of such a robot and its components was summarized. It proposed a mathematical formalization of the search for the optimal path to move the robot arm, an algorithm based on a modified method of navigation graphs, to realize the more natural movement of the robot arm. Experimental studies were conducted with different numbers of objects on the path of robot arm movement, which were combined into groups. The temporal results of this process are presented in a diagram.
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Purtadi, Sukisman, Suyanta Suyanta, and Eli Rohaeti. "Science Process Skills as Learning Outcomes in Inquiry-Based Learning: A Literature Review." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2023): 1403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.4774.
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This literature review aims to determine 1) forms of Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) are applied to teach Science Process Skill (SPS), 2) forms of IBL implemented to teach specific SPS, and 3) the level of inquiry used in IBL. Based on these objectives, a literature review was carried out consisting of seven stages starting from determining the study questions, determining data sources, searching for articles from the database, selecting based on keywords, and determining which articles will be reviewed according to the criteria and whether there are answers to the study questions in the articles. There are 54 articles were obtained from this process which were then reviewed with the aid of the Atlasti.9 application. Several strategies can be used to carry out IBL, including POGIL, ADI, PCOI, and DOEI. These Various learning strategies are needed to support the attainment of SPS. IBL is implemented at various levels. Based on the review, it can be concluded that it prefers to use guided rather than free IBL, especially for students with new experience on inquiry.
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Khofifah Ichawati and Budi Priyo Prawoto. "Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Spread Model with Vaccine Administration and Use of Masks." Jurnal Matematika MANTIK 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/mantik.2022.8.1.18-27.
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The purpose of this study was to construct and determine the dynamics of the mathematical model of the reach of SARS-CoV-2 with the provision of vaccines and the use of masks. In this study, the modified SEIR model was used with the stages of conducting a literature study on mathematical modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, compiling initial assumptions, making compartment diagrams, constructing mathematical models, determining equilibrium points, determining basic reproduction numbers, conducting stability analysis and synchronization of analysis results by performing numerical simulations. In this study, two equilibrium points were obtained the disease-free equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point. Using the basic reproduction number, we get the stability conditions for the disease-free point and the endemic point. When the disease-free point is stable, SARS-CoV-2 will disappear from the population, while when the disease-free point unstable, SARS-CoV-2 will be exist’s in the population.
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Kim, Mose. "The Literary and Writer’s Theory of François Mauriac." Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Literature Studies 92 (November 30, 2023): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22344/fls.2023.92.61.
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The purpose of this study is to summarize the literary world of François Mauriac, through his writer’s theory. Mauriac’s literary theory, who was an advocate of traditional novels, especially Christian literature, is widely known to be in an opposing position to so-called existentialist literature and postmodern literature. However, combining Mauriac’s works and the ideas he mentioned in many places, it can be seen that his literature rather shows the possibility of literature after the postmodern era. In Mauriac’s literature, the author is in a variety of positions indeed. Sometimes the author claims to be the absolute owner and subject of the work. It takes the place of a creator in the ‘ontologico-théologique’ dimension that Roland Barthes spoke of. However, in some cases, the author retreats to the position of a minor actor standing at the end of the stage of literature. Sometimes the author grasps all of the characters’ intentions from an omniscient perspective and leads the fate of the characters, but sometimes gives up his intentions and direction in the face of the resistance of free-spirited characters. Sometimes the author seems to have absolute authority in determining the meaning of the work, but at every moment, he feels that the work and characters are separated from him and that the author himself has no choice but to disappear. Through this, in Mauriac’s literary theory, the concept of an ‘author’ with absolute authority as a creator, a free character who constantly resists the will of the ‘author’, and furthermore, a place for a reader who functions as a final stage in interpreting and determining the meaning of the work are all provided.
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Bhat, Abdur Rashid. "Free Will and Determinism." Journal of Islamic Philosophy 2, no. 1 (2006): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/islamicphil2006215.
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FREMLIN, J. H. "Free will and determinism." Nature 319, no. 6052 (January 1986): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/319352a0.
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ROBINSON, JOSEPH D. "Free will and determinism." Nature 319, no. 6052 (January 1986): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/319352c0.
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Cain, James. "Free Will, Resiliency and Flip-flopping." Southwest Philosophy Review 35, no. 1 (2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview20193519.
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Many philosophers accept with certainty that we are morally responsible but take it to be an open question whether determinism holds. They treat determinism as epistemically compatible with responsibility. Should one who accepts this form of epistemic compatibilism also hold that determinism is metaphysically compatible with responsibility—that it is metaphysically possible for determinism and responsibility to coexist? John Martin Fischer gives two arguments that appear to favor an affirmative answer to this question. He argues that accounts of responsibility, such as his, that are neutral with respect to whether responsible actions are determined have a “resiliency” that counts in their favor. Furthermore, he criticizes libertarians who argue on a priori grounds that determinism cannot coexist with responsibility and who admit that they would retract their argument if determinism were shown to hold; this “metaphysical fl ip-flopping” is said to render their positions implausible. I assess the merits of these arguments.
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Isfandyari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Farshid Danesh, and Nadia Hadji-Azizi. "Webometrics as a method for identifying the most accredited free electronic journals." Electronic Library 33, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-10-2012-0141.
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Purpose – The present study aims at determining the most accredited free English electronic journals (EJs) in Medical Sciences, as finding free scholarly EJs including medical ones is difficult in the web environment. Design/methodology/approach – The research population consisted of 700 free EJs of Medical Sciences, which were collected from two reputable websites, namely, Directory of Open Access Journals and Free Medical Journals. After first screening, 269 free EJs including 76 journals in health, 4 journals in nursing, 175 journals in medicine and 14 free EJs in dentistry remained for final investigation […]. Findings – The most accredited journals in four medical disciplines studied here are health: New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, PLoS Biology and Environmental Health Perspectives – National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; nursing: Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care and Online Journal of Nursing Informatics […]. Originality/value – This research can be treated as an addition to the webometrics literature.
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Purbayati, Radia, Kurnia Fajar Afgani, and Agil Krisna Rivanda. "A Review: Product Pricing of Islamic Banking in Indonesia." European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.856.
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Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world with a Muslim population reaching 87% of the total population. This is an opportunity for Islamic Banks to be able to grow and develop as a bank with the concept of a profit-sharing bank. It is appropriate for all operational activities, including pricing stipulations for Islamic banking products, to be free from the element of interest (interest rate free). However, in practice, there are still pricing stipulations in Islamic banking products that benchmark interest rates. This study aims to review the pricing determination of Islamic banking products in Indonesia. The method used in this research proposal is a literature review. The literature review produced several alternative purposed for the Islamic Pricing Benchmarking method as a benchmark that can be used by Islamic banking in determining the pricing of its products.
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Hernandez-Villafuerte, Karla, Alastair Fischer, Nicholas Latimer, and Chris Henshall. "VP87 Extrapolation From Progression Free Survival To Overall Survival In Oncology." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317003543.
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INTRODUCTION:The outcomes from clinical and other healthcare trials of most interest to patients and health systems are usually increases in the quality and length of life (overall survival (OS)). This poses a problem, because complete knowledge on the true increase in OS is not available until the last person in the trial dies. However, if OS is sufficiently correlated with a surrogate endpoint that is observable within the trial period or soon after the treatment has finished, this can be used to estimate OS, without much error. The most widely-used surrogate endpoint in oncology is progression-free survival (PFS). We aim at (i) analyzing the methods used to extrapolate from PFS to OS in the field of oncology; (ii) identifying whether a clear guidance exists in the literature about what is considered to be ‘best practice’ in extrapolation from PFS to OS; (iii) determining the key limitations, weaknesses and gaps in the current literature and method used to test PFS surrogacy.METHODS:We extend the literature review carried out previously (1), we interview experts from regulatory and reimbursement bodies, and we explore academic research into the methodology of surrogacy and the need for better reporting of surrogacy papers.RESULTS:A number of factors affect the relationship between PFS and OS. Therefore, there is no unique correct answer for the question of whether PFS is an appropriate surrogate for OS in oncology. Many of these factors are related to the length and characteristics of post-progression survival (PPS).CONCLUSIONS:Any consideration of evidence relating to PFS should consider both tumour type and other factors, particularly those related to PPS. Protocols of future follow-up of clinical trial patients should specify procedures for gathering information about the effect of post-progression management of the disease. This should allow stronger conclusions to be extracted from statistical analyses. Improved reporting standards will aid in achieving this goal. In addition, it is very likely that increasing the use of IPD will result in greater precision in estimating the benefits of worthwhile drugs.
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van de Pas, John. "Ad fontes! Books on shelves!" New Library World 115, no. 5/6 (May 6, 2014): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nlw-05-2014-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a signpost to the librarian that might be helpful in making strategic assessments for the future of the public library, and helping in the process of decision-making about the course to be followed. Thereby critical remarks about the Internet-based “virtual library lobby” are summed up as arguments against following that path blindly, and alternatives to a technology-centred approach are put forward by focusing on the cultural uses of the library as a public place. Design/methodology/approach – In this article a viewpoint is developed, based on an exploration of selected literature on the function of the library as an institution in society, and different viewpoints that are put forward in the debate on the future of libraries in the Internet era are analyzed. Some contend that going virtual is the only feasible course to take. Others emphasize that many functions of the library are unquantifiable because of their cultural nature, and rooted in physical interaction of citizens with a real space of bricks, mortar and books. These functions may never be fully virtualized, but are deemed essential to the community in which the library institution is rooted, and even society at large. Findings – If librarians choose the technological path of the virtual library, they are rapidly being made obsolete by the multinational commercial information aggregators, where free access to information is no longer provided. If the library takes the cultural path, defining its future as an institution instrumental to “the commons” providing freedom to citizens, the actual use citizens make of library as public places should be taken as central starting point for a feasible future, and technology should be used as a means to that end. Research limitations/implications – The article is a viewpoint, based on a limited selection of literature. Practical implications – The viewpoint offers a critical assessment relevant to those librarians responsible for creating a roadmap for the future of their public library. Social implications – This study underpins the importance of the public library as one of the last true public areas, open to all for the benefit of the community. Originality/value – This study offers a different point of view, possibly even a warning call, against embracing technological determinism that brings with it enclosure of The Commons, which the Public Library in its true meaning should offer. Internet-based services are often put forward (and welcomed by many) as the solution for the future for free access to information. In the article, the case is made that unfettered free access for information to citizens is at odds with actual developments on the Internet, that according to leading Internet critics is rapidly being turned into a commercial advertising platform or market place.
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HAYNES, SANDRA D. "FREE WILL, DETERMINISM, AND PUNISHMENT." Psychological Reports 93, no. 7 (2003): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.93.7.1013-1021.
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HAYNES, SANDRA D. "FREE WILL, DETERMINISM, AND PUNISHMENT." Psychological Reports 93, no. 8 (2003): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.93.8.1013-1021.
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KyungsukChoi. "Free Will and Neural Determinism." Korean Journal of Medical Ethics 16, no. 2 (August 2013): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35301/ksme.2013.16.2.249.
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Rossi, Ernest Lawrence. "Chaos, determinism, and free will." Psychological Perspectives 20, no. 1 (January 1989): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332928908407754.
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Cobb, Jeffrey. "DETERMINISM, AFFIRMATION, AND FREE CHOICE." Southern Journal of Philosophy 24, no. 1 (March 1986): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.1986.tb00433.x.
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Haynes, Sandra D., Don Rojas, and Wayne Viney. "Free Will, Determinism, and Punishment." Psychological Reports 93, no. 3_suppl (December 2003): 1013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3f.1013.
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Determinists were compared with weak, moderate, and strong libertarians with respect to philosophy of punishment. Data provided support for the contention that determinists are less punitive than libertarians.
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Steward, Helen, and Stephen Law. "Free Will: Helen Steward Interviewed by Stephen Law." Think 22, no. 65 (2023): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175623000167.
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AbstractDo we have free will? In this interview, Helen Steward explains part of her very distinctive approach to the philosophical puzzle concerning free will vs determinism. Steward rejects determinism, but not because she denies that we are not material beings (because, for example, we have Cartesian, immaterial souls that have physical effects). Her reasons for rejecting determinism are very different.