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Journal articles on the topic 'Freeboard'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Gregory, William, Isobel R. Lawrence, and Michel Tsamados. "A Bayesian approach towards daily pan-Arctic sea ice freeboard estimates from combined CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3 satellite observations." Cryosphere 15, no. 6 (2021): 2857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2857-2021.

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Abstract. Observations of sea ice freeboard from satellite radar altimeters are crucial in the derivation of sea ice thickness estimates, which in turn provide information on sea ice forecasts, volume budgets, and productivity rates. Current spatio-temporal resolution of radar freeboard is limited as 30 d are required in order to generate pan-Arctic coverage from CryoSat-2 and 27 d are required from Sentinel-3 satellites. This therefore hinders our ability to understand physical processes that drive sea ice thickness variability on sub-monthly timescales. In this study we exploit the consisten

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Price, D., J. Beckers, R. Ricker, et al. "Evaluation of CryoSat-2 derived sea-ice freeboard over fast ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 226 (2015): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j157.

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AbstractUsing in situ data from 2011 and 2013, we evaluate the ability of CryoSat-2 (CS-2) to retrieve sea-ice freeboard over fast ice in McMurdo Sound. This provides the first systematic validation of CS-2 in the coastal Antarctic and offers insight into the assumptions currently used to process CS-2 data. European Space Agency Level 2 (ESAL2) data are compared with results of a Waveform Fitting (WfF) procedure and a Threshold-First-Maximum-Retracker-Algorithm employed at 40% (TFMRA40). A supervised freeboard retrieval procedure is used to reduce errors associated with sea surface height iden

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Khvorostovsky, Kirill, and Pierre Rampal. "On retrieving sea ice freeboard from ICESat laser altimeter." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (2016): 2329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2329-2016.

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Abstract. Sea ice freeboard derived from satellite altimetry is the basis for the estimation of sea ice thickness using the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. High accuracy of altimeter measurements and freeboard retrieval procedure are, therefore, required. As of today, two approaches for estimating the freeboard using laser altimeter measurements from Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), referred to as tie points (TP) and lowest-level elevation (LLE) methods, have been developed and applied in different studies. We reproduced these methods for the ICESat observation periods

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4

Yi, Donghui, H. Jay Zwally, and John W. Robbins. "ICESat observations of seasonal and interannual variations of sea-ice freeboard and estimated thickness in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica (2003–2009)." Annals of Glaciology 52, no. 57 (2011): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931480.

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AbstractSea-ice freeboard heights for 17 ICESat campaign periods from 2003 to 2009 are derived from ICESat data. Freeboard is combined with snow depth from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) data and nominal densities of snow, water and sea ice, to estimate sea-ice thickness. Sea-ice freeboard and thickness distributions show clear seasonal variations that reflect the yearly cycle of growth and decay of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) pack ice. During October–November, sea ice grows to its seasonal maximum both in area and thickness; the mean freeboards are

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Kacimi, Sahra, and Ron Kwok. "The Antarctic sea ice cover from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2: freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness." Cryosphere 14, no. 12 (2020): 4453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4453-2020.

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Abstract. We offer a view of the Antarctic sea ice cover from lidar (ICESat-2) and radar (CryoSat-2) altimetry, with retrievals of freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness that span an 8-month winter between 1 April and 16 November 2019. Snow depths are from freeboard differences. The multiyear ice observed in the West Weddell sector is the thickest, with a mean sector thickness > 2 m. The thinnest ice is found near polynyas (Ross Sea and Ronne Ice Shelf) where new ice areas are exported seaward and entrained in the surrounding ice cover. For all months, the results suggest that ∼ 65 %–70 %

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Koo, YoungHyun, Hongjie Xie, Nathan T. Kurtz, Stephen F. Ackley, and Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez. "Weekly Mapping of Sea Ice Freeboard in the Ross Sea from ICESat-2." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (2021): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163277.

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NASA’s ICESat-2 has been providing sea ice freeboard measurements across the polar regions since October 2018. In spite of the outstanding spatial resolution and precision of ICESat-2, the spatial sparsity of the data can be a critical issue for sea ice monitoring. This study employs a geostatistical approach (i.e., ordinary kriging) to characterize the spatial autocorrelation of the ICESat-2 freeboard measurements (ATL10) to estimate weekly freeboard variations in 2019 for the entire Ross Sea area, including where ICESat-2 tracks are not directly available. Three variogram models (exponential

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Schwegmann, S., E. Rinne, R. Ricker, S. Hendricks, and V. Helm. "About the consistency between Envisat and CryoSat-2 radar freeboard retrieval over Antarctic sea ice." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 5 (2015): 4893–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-4893-2015.

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Abstract. Knowledge about Antarctic sea-ice volume and its changes over the past decades has been sparse due to the lack of systematic sea-ice thickness measurements in this remote area. Recently, first attempts have been made to develop a sea-ice thickness product over the Southern Ocean from space-borne radar altimetry and results look promising. Today, more than 20 years of radar altimeter data are potentially available for such products. However, data come from different sources, and the characteristics of individual sensors differ. Hence, it is important to study the consistency between s

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8

Schwegmann, Sandra, Eero Rinne, Robert Ricker, Stefan Hendricks, and Veit Helm. "About the consistency between Envisat and CryoSat-2 radar freeboard retrieval over Antarctic sea ice." Cryosphere 10, no. 4 (2016): 1415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1415-2016.

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Abstract. Knowledge about Antarctic sea-ice volume and its changes over the past decades has been sparse due to the lack of systematic sea-ice thickness measurements in this remote area. Recently, first attempts have been made to develop a sea-ice thickness product over the Southern Ocean from space-borne radar altimetry and results look promising. Today, more than 20 years of radar altimeter data are potentially available for such products. However, the characteristics of individual radar types differ for the available altimeter missions. Hence, it is important and our goal to study the consi

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Brett, Gemma M., Daniel Price, Wolfgang Rack, and Patricia J. Langhorne. "Satellite altimetry detection of ice-shelf-influenced fast ice." Cryosphere 15, no. 8 (2021): 4099–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4099-2021.

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Abstract. The outflow of supercooled Ice Shelf Water from the conjoined Ross and McMurdo ice shelf cavity augments fast ice thickness and forms a thick sub-ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound. Here, we investigate whether the CryoSat-2 satellite radar altimeter can consistently detect the higher freeboard caused by the thicker fast ice combined with the buoyant forcing of a sub-ice platelet layer beneath. Freeboards obtained from CryoSat-2 were compared with 4 years of drill-hole-measured sea ice freeboard, snow depth, and sea ice and sub-ice platelet layer thicknesses in McMurdo Sound in Nove

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Victor, Lander, and Peter Troch. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE OVERTOPPING BEHAVIOUR OF STEEP SLOPES – TRANSITION BETWEEN MILD SLOPES AND VERTICAL WALLS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.61.

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Extensive knowledge is available on the overtopping behaviour of traditional smooth impermeable sea defence structures, such as mildly sloping dikes and vertical walls, both typically featuring a high crest freeboard to reduce wave overtopping. A particular design application emerges in the development of wave energy converters of the overtopping type, where maximisation of wave overtopping is required, i.e. smooth impermeable steep sloping structures with low crest freeboards subjected to non-breaking waves. To date, only relatively limited knowledge is available on the overtopping behaviour

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Lawrence, Isobel R., Michel C. Tsamados, Julienne C. Stroeve, Thomas W. K. Armitage, and Andy L. Ridout. "Estimating snow depth over Arctic sea ice from calibrated dual-frequency radar freeboards." Cryosphere 12, no. 11 (2018): 3551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3551-2018.

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Abstract. Snow depth on sea ice remains one of the largest uncertainties in sea ice thickness retrievals from satellite altimetry. Here we outline an approach for deriving snow depth that can be applied to any coincident freeboard measurements after calibration with independent observations of snow and ice freeboard. Freeboard estimates from CryoSat-2 (Ku band) and AltiKa (Ka band) are calibrated against data from NASA's Operation IceBridge (OIB) to align AltiKa with the snow surface and CryoSat-2 with the ice–snow interface. Snow depth is found as the difference between the two calibrated fre

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Zhang, Qingchuan, Fei Li, Jintao Lei, et al. "Freeboard height and snow depth observed by floating GPS on land-fast sea ice in Nella Fjord, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 61, no. 82 (2020): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.41.

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AbstractAlthough altimeters have been widely used to monitor the spatiotemporal variation of sea-ice thickness, they are unable to separate sea-ice freeboard from snow depth. We use a floating GPS deployed on sea ice to derive the freeboard and snow depth near China's Zhongshan Station. Our results show that the standalone floating GPS can monitor freeboard with a precision of 4.2 cm. If time-varying dynamic ocean topography provided by, for example, a bottom pressure gauge is available, then the precision of GPS-derived freeboard can improve to 1.3 cm. The daily snow depth inverted by GPS int

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Zhang, Shengkai, Yue Xuan, Jiaxing Li, Tong Geng, Xiao Li, and Feng Xiao. "Arctic Sea Ice Freeboard Retrieval from Envisat Altimetry Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (2021): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081414.

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Arctic sea ice variations are sensitive to Arctic environmental changes and global changes. Freeboard and thickness are two important parameters in sea ice change research. Satellite altimetry can provide long-time and large-scale sea ice monitoring. We estimated the Arctic sea ice freeboard and its variations for the period from 2002 to 2012 from Envisat satellite altimetry data. To remove geoid undulations, we reprocessed the Envisat data using a newly developed mean sea surface (MSS) model, named DTU18. Residuals in the static geoid were removed by using the moving average technique. We the

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Kern, Stefan, and Gunnar Spreen. "Uncertainties in Antarctic sea-ice thickness retrieval from ICESat." Annals of Glaciology 56, no. 69 (2015): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015aog69a736.

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AbstractA sensitivity study was carried out for the lowest-level elevation method to retrieve total (sea ice + snow) freeboard from Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) elevation measurements in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Varying the percentage (P) of elevations used to approximate the instantaneous sea-surface height can cause widespread changes of a few to ˃10cm in the total freeboard obtained. Other input parameters have a smaller influence on the overall mean total freeboard but can cause large regional differences. These results, together with published ICESat elevation prec

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Guerreiro, Kevin, Sara Fleury, Elena Zakharova, Alexei Kouraev, Frédérique Rémy, and Philippe Maisongrande. "Comparison of CryoSat-2 and ENVISAT radar freeboard over Arctic sea ice: toward an improved Envisat freeboard retrieval." Cryosphere 11, no. 5 (2017): 2059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2059-2017.

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Abstract. Over the past decade, sea-ice freeboard has been monitored with various satellite altimetric missions with the aim of producing long-term time series of ice thickness. While recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of the CryoSat-2 mission (2010–present) to provide accurate freeboard measurements, the current estimates obtained with the Envisat mission (2002–2012) still require some large improvements. In this study, we first estimate Envisat and CryoSat-2 radar freeboard by using the exact same processing algorithms. We then analyse the freeboard difference between the two esti

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Guan, Zhenfu, Xiao Cheng, Yan Liu, Teng Li, Baogang Zhang, and Zhitong Yu. "Effectively Extracting Iceberg Freeboard Using Bi-Temporal Landsat-8 Panchromatic Image Shadows." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (2021): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030430.

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The freshwater flux from icebergs into the Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global climate through its impact on the deep-water formation. Large uncertainties exist in the ice volume transported by Southern Ocean icebergs due to the sparse spatial and temporal coverage of observations, especially observations of ice thickness. The iceberg freeboard is a critical geometric parameter for measuring the thickness of an iceberg and then estimating its volume. This study developed a new, highly efficient shadow-height method to precisely measure the freeboard of various icebergs surroun

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Goudarzi, Mohammad Ali, Mojtaba Moosapoor, and Mohammad Reza Nikoomanesh. "Seismic design loads of cylindrical liquid tanks with insufficient freeboard." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 4 (2020): 1844–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020926191.

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Cylindrical liquid tanks are essential elements of lifelines that should maintain performance during and immediately after an earthquake. Sloshing of liquid in a tank without sufficient freeboard in response to an earthquake can redistribute the hydrodynamic pressure on the tank shell. This study aims to explore changes in the seismic design load caused by insufficient freeboard using experimental and numerical methods. A series of shaking table tests on a small-scale tank subjected to seismic excitation are performed and the effects of insufficient freeboard on the hydrodynamic base shear are

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Kern, S., K. Khvorostovsky, H. Skourup, et al. "About uncertainties in sea ice thickness retrieval from satellite radar altimetry: results from the ESA-CCI Sea Ice ECV Project Round Robin Exercise." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 2 (2014): 1517–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-1517-2014.

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Abstract. One goal of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative sea ice Essential Climate Variable project is to provide a quality controlled 20 year long data set of Arctic Ocean winter-time sea ice thickness distribution. An important step to achieve this goal is to assess the accuracy of sea ice thickness retrieval based on satellite radar altimetry. For this purpose a data base is created comprising sea ice freeboard derived from satellite radar altimetry between 1993 and 2012 and collocated observations of snow and sea ice freeboard from Operation Ice Bridge (OIB) and CryoSat Va

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Kern, S., K. Khvorostovsky, H. Skourup, et al. "The impact of snow depth, snow density and ice density on sea ice thickness retrieval from satellite radar altimetry: results from the ESA-CCI Sea Ice ECV Project Round Robin Exercise." Cryosphere 9, no. 1 (2015): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-37-2015.

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Abstract. We assess different methods and input parameters, namely snow depth, snow density and ice density, used in freeboard-to-thickness conversion of Arctic sea ice. This conversion is an important part of sea ice thickness retrieval from spaceborne altimetry. A data base is created comprising sea ice freeboard derived from satellite radar altimetry between 1993 and 2012 and co-locate observations of total (sea ice + snow) and sea ice freeboard from the Operation Ice Bridge (OIB) and CryoSat Validation Experiment (CryoVEx) airborne campaigns, of sea ice draft from moored and submarine upwa

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Kwok, Ron, and Sahra Kacimi. "Three years of sea ice freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness of the Weddell Sea from Operation IceBridge and CryoSat-2." Cryosphere 12, no. 8 (2018): 2789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2789-2018.

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Abstract. We examine the variability of sea ice freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness in three years (2011, 2014, and 2016) of repeat surveys of an IceBridge (OIB) transect across the Weddell Sea. Averaged over this transect, ice thickness ranges from 2.40±1.07 (2011) to 2.60±1.15 m (2014) and snow depth from 35.8±11.5 (2016) to 43.6±10.2 cm (2014), suggesting a highly variable but broadly thicker ice cover compared to that inferred from drilling and ship-based measurements. Spatially, snow depth and ice thickness are higher in the more deformed ice of the western Weddell. The impact of und

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Alexandrov, V., S. Sandven, J. Wahlin, and O. M. Johannessen. "The relation between sea ice thickness and freeboard in the Arctic." Cryosphere 4, no. 3 (2010): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-373-2010.

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Abstract. Retrieval of Arctic sea ice thickness from CryoSat-2 radar altimeter freeboard data requires observational data to verify the relation between these two variables. In this study in-situ ice and snow data from 689 observation sites, obtained during the Sever expeditions in the 1980s, have been used to establish an empirical relation between thickness and freeboard of FY ice in late winter. Estimates of mean and variability of snow depth, snow density and ice density were produced on the basis of many field observations. These estimates have been used in the hydrostatic equilibrium equ

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Alexandrov, V., S. Sandven, J. Wahlin, and O. M. Johannessen. "The relation between sea ice thickness and freeboard in the Arctic." Cryosphere Discussions 4, no. 2 (2010): 641–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-4-641-2010.

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Abstract. Retrieval of Arctic sea ice thickness from radar altimeter freeboard data, to be provided by CryoSat-2, requires observational data to verify the relation between the two variables. In this study in-situ ice and snow data from 689 observation sites obtained during the Sever expeditions in the 1980s have been used to establish an empirical relation between ice thickness and freeboard. Estimates of mean and variability of snow depth, snow density and ice density were produced based on many field observations, and have been used in the isostatic equilibrium equation to estimate ice thic

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Malhotra, Praveen K. "Sloshing Loads in Liquid-Storage Tanks with Insufficient Freeboard." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 4 (2005): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2085188.

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Seismic ground motions excite long-period sloshing response in liquid-storage tanks. A minimum freeboard is needed to prevent the sloshing waves from impacting the roof of tanks. Since freeboard results in unused storage capacity, many tanks are not provided with the sufficient freeboard. As a result, sloshing waves impact the roof, generating additional forces on the roof and tank wall. This article presents a simple method of estimating these forces.

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Kwok, Ron, Alek A. Petty, Marco Bagnardi, et al. "Refining the sea surface identification approach for determining freeboards in the ICESat-2 sea ice products." Cryosphere 15, no. 2 (2021): 821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-821-2021.

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Abstract. In Release 001 and 002 of the ICESat-2 sea ice products, candidate height segments used to estimate the reference sea surface height for freeboard calculations included two surface types: specular and smooth dark leads. We found that the uncorrected photon rates, used as proxies of surface reflectance, are attenuated due to clouds resulting in the potential misclassification of sea ice as dark leads, biasing the reference sea surface height relative to those derived from the more reliable specular returns. This results in higher reference sea surface heights and lower estimated ice f

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Zhang, S., Y. Zuo, F. Xiao, L. Yuan, T. Geng, and Y. Xuan. "PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF SEA ICE FREEBOARD MEASUREMENTS OF BEAUFORT SEA FROM CRYOSAT-2 ALTIMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 5, 2019): 1811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-1811-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Satellite altimetry has been used to observe the Arctic sea ice in long term and large scale, and the records show a continued decline for Arctic sea ice thickness over decades. In this study, the sea ice freeboard in Beaufort Sea of Arctic have been estimated using CryoSat-2 data, and validated with Upward Looking Sonar (ULS) data of Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project (BGEP). The results show an obvious seasonal variation of the Beaufort Sea with a high reliability estimation of the sea ice freeboard. The average height of the sea ice freeboard i

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Schlemm, Tanja, and Anders Levermann. "A simple stress-based cliff-calving law." Cryosphere 13, no. 9 (2019): 2475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2475-2019.

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Abstract. Over large coastal regions in Greenland and Antarctica the ice sheet calves directly into the ocean. In contrast to ice-shelf calving, an increase in calving from grounded glaciers contributes directly to sea-level rise. Ice cliffs with a glacier freeboard larger than ≈100 m are currently not observed, but it has been shown that such ice cliffs are increasingly unstable with increasing ice thickness. This cliff calving can constitute a self-amplifying ice loss mechanism that may significantly alter sea-level projections both of Greenland and Antarctica. Here we seek to derive a minim

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Lu, Peng, and Zhijun Li. "Uncertainties in retrieved ice thickness from freeboard measurements due to surface melting." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 66 (2014): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog66a188.

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AbstractAirborne and spaceborne remote sensing of ice freeboard offers a good method of retrieving ice thickness in the polar oceans. However, its accuracy is highly limited by the factors altering the hydrostatic equilibrium of ice floes, such as snow cover and melt ponds which change the surface loading on the ice volume. In contrast to the abundant studies on snow loads, little attention has been paid to the role of melt ponds, partly owing to the difficulties of freeboard measurements during the melt season. To help fill this gap and provide a basis for possible instruments and algorithms

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Haapala, Jari, Mikko Lensu, Marie Dumont, Angelika H. H. Renner, Mats A. Granskog, and Sebastian Gerland. "Small-scale horizontal variability of snow, sea-ice thickness and freeboard in the first-year ice region north of Svalbard." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 62 (2013): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog62a157.

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AbstractVariability of sea-ice and snow conditions on the scale of a few hundred meters is examined using in situ measurements collected in first-year pack ice in the European Arctic north of Svalbard. Snow thickness and surface elevation measurements were performed in the standard manner using a snow stick and a rotating laser. Altogether, 4109 m of measurement lines were surveyed. The snow loading was large, and in many locations the ice freeboard was negative (38.8% of snowline measurements), although the modal ice and snow thickness was 1.8 m. The mean of all the snow thickness measurement

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Sun, Ye, Zhan Xia Di, Hai Feng Li, Zhi Guo Luo, and Zong Shu Zou. "Numerical Simulation of Temperature in the Freeboard of COREX Melting Gasifier." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1165.

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The freeboard, which is an important region in COREX melter gasifier, has drawn more and more attentions, and as a key parameter for COREX melter gasifier operation, the temperature in freeboard must be within a certain range. In this paper, the temperature field of freeboard is simulated with computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The results show that the temperature in bottom is lower than that in upper. The temperature when oxygen nozzles are open is higher than that when oxygen nozzles are off, and the temperature under different operation conditions is all about 1000 °C.

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Brown, Alan, and Martin Hewitt. "FRS4: options for wave freeboard." Dams and Reservoirs 28, no. 4 (2018): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jdare.18.00045.

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Kolsky, P., D. Butler, S. Cairncross, U. J. Blumenthal, and M. Hosseini. "Modelling drainage performance in slums of developing countries: how good is good enough?" Water Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (1999): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0494.

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A model for the dual drainage system in a flat 20 hectare slum in Indore, India was developed to evaluate the factors which influence drainage performance. Performance was defined by the depth, extent, duration, and frequency of flooding during the 1994 monsoon. This paper reports on the conceptual problem of model validation, particularly for “flooding” or “not flooding”. The model's predictions for maximum depth during verification were reasonable, as 72% of maximum depth predictions were within +/− 0.10 m of observed values. The predictions for the binary variable of flooding at a point wer

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Ricker, R., S. Hendricks, V. Helm, H. Skourup, and M. Davidson. "Sensitivity of CryoSat-2 Arctic sea-ice freeboard and thickness on radar-waveform interpretation." Cryosphere 8, no. 4 (2014): 1607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1607-2014.

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Abstract. In the context of quantifying Arctic ice-volume decrease at global scale, the CryoSat-2 satellite was launched in 2010 and is equipped with the Ku band synthetic aperture radar altimeter SIRAL (Synthetic Aperture Interferometric Radar Altimeter), which we use to derive sea-ice freeboard defined as the height of the ice surface above the sea level. Accurate CryoSat-2 range measurements over open water and the ice surface of the order of centimetres are necessary to achieve the required accuracy of the freeboard-to-thickness conversion. Besides uncertainties of the actual sea-surface h

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Mathiot, P., C. König Beatty, T. Fichefet, H. Goosse, F. Massonnet, and M. Vancoppenolle. "Better constraints on the sea-ice state using global sea-ice data assimilation." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 6 (2012): 1501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1501-2012.

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Abstract. Short-term and decadal sea-ice prediction systems need a realistic initial state, generally obtained using ice–ocean model simulations with data assimilation. However, only sea-ice concentration and velocity data are currently assimilated. In this work, an ensemble Kalman filter system is used to assimilate observed ice concentration and freeboard (i.e. thickness of emerged) data into a global coupled ocean–sea-ice model. The impact and effectiveness of our data assimilation system is assessed in two steps: firstly, through the use of synthetic data (i.e. model-generated data), and s

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Mathiot, P., C. König Beatty, T. Fichefet, H. Goosse, F. Massonnet, and M. Vancoppenolle. "Better constraints on the sea-ice state using global sea-ice data assimilation." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, no. 2 (2012): 1627–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-1627-2012.

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Abstract. Short-term and decadal sea-ice prediction systems need a realistic initial state, generally obtained using ice-ocean model simulations with data assimilation. However, only sea-ice concentration and velocity data are currently assimilated. In this work, an Ensemble Kalman Filter system is used to assimilate observed ice concentration and freeboard (i.e. thickness of emerged sea ice) data into a global coupled ocean–sea-ice model. The impact and effectiveness of our data assimilation system is assessed in two steps: firstly, through the assimilation of synthetic data (i.e., model-gene

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Fritsen, Christian H., Susan L. Coale, Diann R. Neenan, Angela H. Gibson, and David L. Garrison. "Biomass, production and microhabitat characteristics near the freeboard of ice floes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the austral summer." Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818653.

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AbstractThe physical, chemical and biological characteristics of surface and freeboard habitats in the summer pack ice in the eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica, were documented in a continuing effort to determine the factors controlling the distribution, production and succession of sea-ice biota. Three longitudinal transects from approximately 65° to 74° S in the western Ross Sea along 135°, 150° and 165° W were visited where samples of slush and slush interstitial water from surface and freeboard habitats as well as sea water were collected at every degree of latitude. Freeboard and surface habit

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Bekker, Jeroen, Bas Hofland, and Greg Smith. "EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF FREEBOARD ON THE STABILITY OF A BREAKWATER CROWN WALL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.9.

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A crown wall is a gravity based structure on top of a rubble mound breakwater which gains stability due to its own weight and friction between the base and contact surface of the rubble mound. An experimental research is carried out in which the global stability of a crown wall is investigated depending on, amongst other things, freeboard. Until now, these structures tend to be designed in a too conservative way, when the vertical distance between base slab and water level (base freeboard) increases. It was concluded that current design methods overpredict vertical loads for increasing freeboa

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Shi, Hoyeon, Byung-Ju Sohn, Gorm Dybkjær, Rasmus Tage Tonboe, and Sang-Moo Lee. "Simultaneous estimation of wintertime sea ice thickness and snow depth from space-borne freeboard measurements." Cryosphere 14, no. 11 (2020): 3761–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3761-2020.

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Abstract. A method of simultaneously estimating snow depth and sea ice thickness using satellite-based freeboard measurements over the Arctic Ocean during winter was proposed. The ratio of snow depth to ice thickness (referred to as α) was defined and used in constraining the conversion from the freeboard to ice thickness in satellite altimetry without prior knowledge of snow depth. Then α was empirically determined using the ratio of temperature difference of the snow layer to the difference of the ice layer to allow the determination of α from satellite-derived snow surface temperature and s

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Farrell, Sinéad L., Kelly M. Brunt, Julia M. Ruth, John M. Kuhn, Laurence N. Connor, and Kaitlin M. Walsh. "Sea-ice freeboard retrieval using digital photon-counting laser altimetry." Annals of Glaciology 56, no. 69 (2015): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015aog69a686.

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AbstractAirborne and spaceborne altimeters provide measurements of sea-ice elevation, from which sea-ice freeboard and thickness may be derived. Observations of the Arctic ice pack by satellite altimeters indicate a significant decline in ice thickness, and volume, over the last decade. NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is a next-generation laser altimeter designed to continue key sea-ice observations through the end of this decade. An airborne simulator for ICESat-2, the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL), has been deployed to gather pre-launch data f

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Fons, Steven W., and Nathan T. Kurtz. "Retrieval of snow freeboard of Antarctic sea ice using waveform fitting of CryoSat-2 returns." Cryosphere 13, no. 3 (2019): 861–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-861-2019.

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Abstract. In this paper we develop a CryoSat-2 algorithm to retrieve the surface elevation of the air–snow interface over Antarctic sea ice. This algorithm utilizes a two-layer physical model that accounts for scattering from a snow layer atop sea ice as well as scattering from below the snow surface. The model produces waveforms that are fit to CryoSat-2 level 1B data through a bounded trust region least-squares fitting process. These fit waveforms are then used to track the air–snow interface and retrieve the surface elevation at each point along the CryoSat-2 ground track, from which the sn

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Gaudette, M., and G. Bulota. "Improving the flood control at a lower cost for a future Hydro-Québec hydroelectric facility on the Toulnustouc River, Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 4 (2003): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-013.

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Prior to the construction of a new hydroelectric facility on the Toulnustouc River, Quebec, Canada, optimization was carried out on the dams and spillway design, resulting in a CAN$6 million reduction in the total project cost while improving flood control. This result was obtained using a new approach to the design of civil works, in which the dam and spillway were in complete interaction with one another. In this approach, the possibility of increasing the freeboard of the dams more than that usually required by Hydro-Québec criteria was allowed. The additional freeboard or reservoir volume

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Romanov, Yuri A., Nina A. Romanova, and Peter Romanov. "Shape and size of Antarctic icebergs derived from ship observation data." Antarctic Science 24, no. 1 (2011): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102011000538.

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AbstractWe have examined information on the shape and size of Antarctic icebergs as derived from the ship data archive of Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. The data in the archive cover the period from 1957–2009. For each of five major iceberg shapes we have established their relative frequency of occurrence in the Southern Ocean and the frequency distribution of the iceberg length and freeboard. Weathered and tabular icebergs were observed most often and comprised 66.9% and 22.6% of all reported icebergs respectively. Sloping, pinnacle, and dome icebergs represented correspondingly onl

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Braakmann-Folgmann, Anne, Andrew Shepherd, and Andy Ridout. "Tracking changes in the area, thickness, and volume of the Thwaites tabular iceberg “B30” using satellite altimetry and imagery." Cryosphere 15, no. 8 (2021): 3861–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3861-2021.

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Abstract. Icebergs account for half of all ice loss from Antarctica and, once released, present a hazard to maritime operations. Their melting leads to a redistribution of cold fresh water around the Southern Ocean which, in turn, influences water circulation, promotes sea ice formation, and fosters primary production. In this study, we combine CryoSat-2 satellite altimetry with MODIS and Sentinel-1 satellite imagery and meteorological data to track changes in the area, freeboard, thickness, and volume of the B30 tabular iceberg between 2012 and 2018. We track the iceberg elevation when it was

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Kim, Sung Won, Won Namkung, and Sang Done Kim. "Solids Behavior in Freeboard of FCC Regenerator." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 33, no. 1 (2000): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.33.78.

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Farag, Ihab H., and Kun-Yung Tsai. "Fluidized bed freeboard measurements of heat transfer." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 70, no. 4 (1992): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450700408.

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Schubert, G., and A. P. S. Reymer. "Continental volume and freeboard through geological time." Nature 316, no. 6026 (1985): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316336a0.

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Aldenhoff, Wiebke, Céline Heuzé, and Leif E. B. Eriksson. "Sensitivity of Radar Altimeter Waveform to Changes in Sea Ice Type at Resolution of Synthetic Aperture Radar." Remote Sensing 11, no. 22 (2019): 2602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11222602.

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Radar altimetry in the context of sea ice has mostly been exploited to retrieve basin-scale information about sea ice thickness. In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of altimetric waveforms to small-scale changes (a few hundred meters to about 10 km) of the sea ice surface. Near-coincidental synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and CryoSat-2 altimetric data in the Beaufort Sea are used to identify and study the spatial evolution of altimeter waveforms over these features. Open water and thin ice features are easily identified because of their high peak power waveforms. Thicker ice f

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Prasad, Siva, Igor Zakharov, Peter McGuire, Desmond Power, and Martin Richard. "Estimation of sea ice parameters from sea ice model with assimilated ice concentration and SST." Cryosphere 12, no. 12 (2018): 3949–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3949-2018.

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Abstract. A multi-category numerical sea ice model CICE was used along with data assimilation to derive sea ice parameters in the region of Baffin Bay and Labrador Sea. The assimilation of ice concentration was performed using the data derived from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E and AMSR2). The model uses a mixed-layer slab ocean parameterization to compute the sea surface temperature (SST) and thereby to compute the freezing and melting potential of ice. The data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR-only optimum interpolation analysis) were used to assimila

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Xu, Shiming, Lu Zhou, and Bin Wang. "Variability scaling and consistency in airborne and satellite altimetry measurements of Arctic sea ice." Cryosphere 14, no. 2 (2020): 751–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-751-2020.

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Abstract. Satellite and airborne remote sensing provide complementary capabilities for the observation of the sea ice cover. However, due to the differences in footprint sizes and noise levels of the measurement techniques, as well as sea ice's variability across scales, it is challenging to carry out inter-comparison or consistently study these observations. In this study we focus on the remote sensing of sea ice thickness parameters and carry out the following: (1) the analysis of variability and its statistical scaling for typical parameters and (2) the consistency study between airborne an

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Baldock, T. E., D. Peiris, and A. J. Hogg. "Overtopping of solitary waves and solitary bores on a plane beach." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2147 (2012): 3494–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0729.

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The overtopping of solitary waves and bores present major hazards during the initial phase of tsunami inundation and storm surges. This paper presents new laboratory data on overtopping events by both solitary waves and solitary bores. Existing empirical overtopping scaling laws are found to be deficient for these wave forms. Two distinct scaling regimes are instead identified. For solitary waves, the overtopping rates scale linearly with the deficit in run-up freeboard. The volume flux in the incident solitary wave is also an important parameter, and a weak dependence on the nonlinearity of t

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Riha, Jaromir, and Miroslav Spano. "The Influence of Current on the Height of Wind Wave Run-Up: A comparison of experimental results with the Czech National Standard." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 60, no. 3 (2012): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-012-0015-2.

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The Influence of Current on the Height of Wind Wave Run-Up: A comparison of experimental results with the Czech National StandardOne of the basic questions related to the safety of dikes and river levees is the size of the freeboard. One of the important parameters for freeboard design is the height of waves and wave run-up on levee slopes. Routine and standardised calculations of wave run-up deal with the freeboards of dams where wind waves originate on the still water of the reservoir. In the case of running water in streams (thereinafter only "currents") the effect of wave and current inter

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