Relevant bibliographies by topics / Freedmen in Rome

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Academic literature on the topic 'Freedmen in Rome'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Freedmen in Rome"

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Hemelrijk, Emily. "Op weg naar vrijheid en burgerschap." Lampas 53, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2020.3.003.heme.

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Summary In Rome, Ostia, and other cities of Italy in the imperial period the over-whelming majority of the grave monuments were set up by freed people. Since this predominance does not reflect demographic realities, we may infer that freedmen and freedwomen had strong incentives to set up funerary monuments. This article looks at their tombs from the perspective of freedwomen. How were they portrayed in the reliefs and inscriptions on their tombs? It will be argued that while most presented themselves according to the ideals of the Roman matrona, the respectably married citizen woman, some emphasized their profession as part of their social identity or were portrayed in the guise of female deities following the example of the empresses. Thus, the portraits and epitaphs of freedwomen show a greater diversity than those of freeborn women.
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McInerney, Jeremy. "Interpreting Funerary Inscriptions from the City of Rome." Journal of Ancient History 7, no. 1 (May 26, 2019): 156–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2019-0008.

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Abstract The thousands of funerary inscriptions from the city of Rome published in CIL VI are a rich source of demographic data but are also the subject of serious debate regarding the epigraphic habit of the Romans. Do the inscriptions represent a cross-section of Roman society or are they largely the creation of the lower classes? Fixing the milieu from which the inscriptions come is difficult, because the exact status of more than 50 % of the commemorating population is unstated. The first section of the paper lays out the criteria according to which individuals, both those of certain status and those of uncertain status, may be classified as freeborn, freed or servile. The second section tabulates the results and argues that the practice of commemoration by modest titulus was overwhelmingly a phenomenon of the milieu of the freed. Since this is not a self-perpetuating population (the children of freedmen being freeborn), the prevalence of freedmen in the tituli shows it was among those families in transition from slavery to liberty that titular commemoration was most common. The freed drew attention to their own freedom, and even more proudly advertised the freeborn status of their children.
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Friedman, David A. "Josephus on the Servile Origins of the Jews." Journal for the Study of Judaism 45, no. 4-5 (September 23, 2014): 523–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12340063.

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The story of the Israelites’ slavery in Egypt and subsequent redemption is the central narrative element of the Pentateuch. Josephus’ claim that he was providing an accurate account of the Jews’ ancient history in Jewish Antiquities thus meant that he had to address the Jews’ servile origins; however, first-century Roman attitudes toward slaves and freedmen would have made this problematic for ideological and political reasons. Although Josephus added references to Jews’ slavery to the account of Jewish history in Jewish Antiquities, he appears deliberately to downplay the Jews’ servile origins at key parts of the narrative, including God’s promise to Abraham in Gen 15 and the account of the Jews’ enslavement in Exod 1. Josephus also demonstrates a concern with the servile status of Jacob’s secondary wives Zilpah and Bilhah. The account of Joseph’s life in Jewish Antiquities emphasizes his non-servile qualities and his chance enslavement. Roman hostility to slaves and freedmen, Josephus’ own personal experience of captivity, and the likely presence in Rome of Jewish freedmen might explain Josephus’ sensitivity to the Jews’ servile origins.
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Fuks, Gideon. "Where Have All the Freedmen Gone? On an Anomaly in the Jewish Grave-Inscriptions from Rome." Journal of Jewish Studies 36, no. 1 (April 1, 1985): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/1179/jjs-1985.

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Retief, Francois P., and Louise C. Cilliers. "Claudius, the handicapped Caesar (41-54 A.D.)." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 29, no. 2 (January 13, 2010): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v29i2.8.

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Claudius, fourth Caesar of the Roman Empire, proved himself an able administrator, but physically and emotionally handicapped from birth. His parents, members of the imperial family, considered him mentally deficient and he was isolated from the general public and put in the care of an uneducated tutor who firmly disciplined the youngster. The historians report that he had a weak constitution caused by frequent illness, and when he appeared in public he was muffled in a protective cloak. To avoid possible embarrassment the ceremony of the toga virilis, at approximately 14 years of age, was a secretive affair held at midnight and devoid of the traditional procession. His grandfather, Augustus Caesar, had some sympathy for the young lad, but did not consider him capable of managing any position of public office appropriate for his age and position. This would also be the approach of the succeeding emperor, Tiberius. Claudius spent the fi rst four decades of his life in relative idleness, isolated from his family and upper class Romans, consorting with the lower classes, playing dice and revelling in excessive eating and drinking. He did, however, also involve himself seriously in a study of the sciences, literature, Greek and history – his role model in the latter being Livy. During his life time he published quite extensively, including dramas, an autobiography, a work in defence of Cicero, histories of Rome, Carthage and Etruria, and a book on dice. His first public office (besides an augurship under Augustus) was at the age of 47 years when the new emperor, Gaius (Caligula) made him a consul for two months. The Knights and a section of Senate now warmed towards Claudius, but Gaius and the majority of aristocratic Romans still despised him as dull-witted. After the assassination of Gaius, the Praetorian Guard in an extraordinary step, proclaimed a protesting Claudius (50 years old) as emperor, and convinced an astounded Senate to endorse this action. In spite of having had no significant preparation for the task, Claudius proved a most sensible and effective manager, improving the effectivity of Senate, putting the legal system on a sound footing, enlarging the borders of the Empire (including the conquest of England), extending citizenship to some of the provincials, foreigners and freedmen. Sensible building programs were initiated as well as the upgrading of roads and communication systems and the ensuring of an efficient food supply to Rome. Grand and regular gladiatorial games and other forms of public entertainment endeared him to the people. But he was also periodically responsible for mismanagement, corruption and brutality; much of this was subsequently blamed on the inordinate influence of people near him, and his trusted freedmen and wives in particular. The last two of his six wives (Messalina and Agrippina) were particularly guilty, and his death of poisoning at the age of 64 years (54 A.D.) was engineered by Agrippina. Through his life Claudius showed evidence of significant physical and psychological/emotional impediments. By many he was considered mentally deficient, but his impressive record as student of literature and history, and his administrative skill as emperor are ample evidence of his intellectual abilities. Physical abnormalities included an ungainly gait due to weakness of his right leg and probably arm. He had a tremor of the limbs and involuntary shaking of the head. He spoke indistinctly in a coarse, stuttering way, his mouth often drooled, his nose tended to run, and he had an uncouth laugh. He was emotionally labile, and when upset the above symptoms worsened and he became prone to irresponsible actions. We suggest that this symptom complex fits in with the diagnosis of cerebral palsy, and probably its extrapyramidal variant, although one-sided weakness suggests an additional component of hemiplegic paresis.
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Jewell, Evan. "(Re)moving the Masses: Colonisation as Domestic Displacement in the Roman Republic." Humanities 8, no. 2 (March 28, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8020066.

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Metaphors move—and displace—people. This paper starts from this premise, focusing on how elites have deployed metaphors of water and waste to form a rhetorical consensus around the displacement of non-elite citizens in ancient Roman contexts, with reference to similar discourses in the contemporary Global North and Brazil. The notion of ‘domestic displacement’—the forced movement of citizens within their own sovereign territory—elucidates how these metaphors were used by elite citizens, such as Cicero, to mark out non-elite citizens for removal from the city of Rome through colonisation programmes. In the elite discourse of the late Republican and early Augustan periods, physical proximity to and figurative equation with the refuse of the city repeatedly signals the low social and legal status of potential colonists, while a corresponding metaphor of ‘draining’ expresses the elite desire to displace these groups to colonial sites. The material outcome of these metaphors emerges in the non-elite demographic texture of Julius Caesar’s colonists, many of whom were drawn from the plebs urbana and freedmen. An elite rationale, detectable in the writings of Cicero, Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and others, underpins the notion of Roman colonisation as a mechanism of displacement. On this view, the colony served to alleviate the founding city—Rome—of its surplus population, politically volatile elements, and socially marginalised citizens, and in so doing, populate the margins of its empire too. Romulus’ asylum, read anew as an Alban colony, serves as one prototype for this model of colonisation and offers a contrast to recent readings that have deployed the asylum as an ethical example for contemporary immigration and asylum seeker policy. The invocation of Romulus’ asylum in 19th century debates about the Australian penal colonies further illustrates the dangers of appropriating the asylum towards an ethics of virtue. At its core, this paper drills down into the question of Roman colonists’ volition, considering the evidence for their voluntary and involuntary movement to a colonial site and challenging the current understanding of this movement as a straightforward, series of voluntary ‘mass migrations’. In recognising the agency wielded by non-elite citizens as prospective colonists, this paper contends that Roman colonisation, when understood as a form of domestic displacement, opens up another avenue for coming to grips with the dynamics of ‘popular’ politics in the Republican period.
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Mouritsen, Henrik. "Freedmen and Decurions: Epitaphs and Social History in Imperial Italy." Journal of Roman Studies 95 (November 2005): 38–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000005784016315.

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The article investigates the social profile of Roman funerary epigraphy, focusing on Ostia and Pompeii, and reconsiders the predominant role of freedmen in this material. Comparing the epigraphic behaviour of decurions and freedmen, it concludes that the ‘epigraphic habit’ was not uniformly adopted throughout Roman society; different classes used inscriptions in different ways and for different purposes. The epitaphs do not therefore reflect the overall composition of the Roman population as much as the particular concerns and aspirations of individual social groups and categories within it.
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Houston, George W. "The Slave and Freedman Personnel of Public Libraries in Ancient Rome." Transactions of the American Philological Association 132, no. 1 (2002): 139–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apa.2002.0006.

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Hewson, Claire. "Cold calling." Early Years Educator 22, no. 6 (January 2, 2021): S8—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2021.22.6.s8.

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Where Snowflakes Fall by Claire Freedman is a picture book that explores the beauty of the polar regions and is perfect for inspiring children to create role-play scenarios that will lay the foundation for early writing.
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Woods, David. "The Role of Lucius Vitellius in the Death of Messallina." Mnemosyne 70, no. 6 (October 26, 2017): 996–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342273.

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AbstractThe role of Lucius Vitellius in the events leading to the death of Valeria Messallina, the third wife of the emperor Claudius, in autumn 48 ad is re-examined. It is argued that the freedman Narcissus delayed his action against Messallina for her dangerous affair with Gaius Silius until he could be sure of the tacit support of Vitellius, where Vitellius had been hoping for a practical opportunity to strike against Messallina ever since she had forced him to play a key part in the trial of his friend Valerius Asiaticus in late 47 ad.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Freedmen in Rome"

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Wellebrouck, Gurvane. "Présence et ambitions des affranchis dans l'Empire Romain." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040070.

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Présenter la situation de la société romaine, à l’époque de l’Empire, par le biais d’une partie de sa population, celle des affranchis, nous permet d’étudier une situation particulière vécue à cette époque. En effet, les anciens esclaves deviennent, par la manumissio, des citoyens romains mais une dichotomie se dégage assez clairement : non seulement les affranchis supportent la macula, cette infériorité sociale due à leurs origines serviles, mais nombre d’entre eux vont chercher aussi à dépasser cette fatalité dans l’espoir de se hisser au rang des citoyens les plus influents de la cité. Pourtant, juridiquement, politiquement, intellectuellement, l’image que Rome renvoie des affranchis est souvent dévalorisée ; cela se révèle autant par le vocabulaire officiel et juridique qui servait à les désigner que dans les portraits que la littérature latine nous en a fait. De plus, cette inégalité sera considérée par les affranchis comme un obstacle à leur individualité et ils chercheront alors, grâce à leurs compétences, à leurs ambitions personnelles, parfois à leurs intrigues, à se rendre visibles aux yeux des Romains de naissance libre. A la lumière des sources épigraphiques, nous verrons les secteurs, publics comme privés, dans lesquels cette présence s’est affirmée et comment Rome a pris en compte cette population. La présence et l’influence que les affranchis eurent sur les traditions morales et culturelles de l’époque, créèrent des sujets de réflexion, qu’ils soient, le plus souvent, nés d’esprits critiques ou moqueurs mais aussi le début d’une nouvelle opinion sur la société romaine
Drawing the situation of the Imperial roman society, through a part of her population, the freedmen’s one, let us study a particular and real life of this period. Indeed, formers slaves become, by the manumissio, Roman citizens but a dichotomy clearly emerge : freedmen not only endure the macula, this social inferiority due to their slavish origins, but a lot of them also were trying to overstep this fatality in order to raise themselves in the rank of the most influential citizens of the city. Nevertheless, by law, politics and intellect, the image of the freedmen in Rome was often devaluated. It is revealing as much in legal and official vocabulary used for define them as in portrays which Latin literature makes of them. Moreover, this inequality was considered by the freedmen like an obstruction to their individuality and so, they had to search, by their competences, their personal ambitions, sometimes their arrangements, to be visible for the free-born citizens. By the light of epigraphically sources, we want to see the different sectors, public or private, in which this presence has spread and how Rome has considered this population. Freedmen’s presence and effect on the moral and cultural traditions of Imperial period created thoughts matters, issued often from critical or mocking spirits but the beginning of a new thinking about the Roman society too
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Demaille, Julien. "Une société mixte dans un cadre colonial : l'exemple de la colonie romaine de Dion (Piérie, Macédoine) du Ier siècle a.C. au IIIe siècle p.C." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA1009.

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Fondée sur les ordres de Jules César peu de temps avant les Ides de Mars, la colonie de Dion (Piérie, Macédoine) fait partie d’un vaste programme de colonisation qui a touché tout l’empire à l’époque césaro-augustéenne. Les données épigraphiques, rassemblées en un corpus des inscriptions latines et grecques de Dion et de son territoire, permettent d’analyser, dans le temps et dans l’espace, les évolutions d’une société mixte, constituée des colons romains, de leurs descendants et des anciens habitants grecs. Dans cette société qui s’hellénise peu à peu, se met en place un panthéon original qui mêle les divinités romaines aux divinités grecques et orientales. Les éléments de romanité, dominant au début de la période, s’atténuent progressivement, alors que les institutions perdurent jusqu’à une date avancée du Bas-Empire
Founded on Julius Cesar's orders, shortly before the Ides of March, the Dion colony (Pieria, Macedonia) was part of a large colonization program that involved the whole empire at the Caesar and Augustan time period. The epigraphic data, in the form of a corpus collecting the Latin and Greek inscriptions from Dion and its territory, make it possible to analyse, in time and space, the evolution of a mixed society constituted of Roman settlers and their descendants, as well as native Greeks. In this progressively hellenising society, a distinctive pantheon arises, mixing Roman gods to Greek and Oriental ones. The roman elements, while dominating in the early era, will progressively fade although, the institutions will remain much later during the Late Empire
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Sibley, Matthew John. "Explaining the success of Roman freedmen : a pseudo-Darwinian approach." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25787.

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In Roman society, freed slaves were elevated to a citizen-like status, yet they never had the full rights of their free-born counterparts. Despite the inequality of the system, many freedmen appear to have found great success in the realm of business. This report endeavors to reveal why it was that this group prospered within the Roman economy using a pseudo-Darwinian perspective. Scholarship has, for the most part, tended to avoid Darwinian lines of thought in sociological studies but this report shows the power of this type of thinking. The first chapter clarifies the nature of slavery in the Roman world and the wide variety of experiences that slaves could have. Chapter two considers the different ways that slaves could be manumitted and how a freedman’s status could differ depending on the formality of his release from servitude. The third chapter examines the literary representations of freedmen in the genre of comedy and Petronius’ Satyricon. Chapter four turns to the archaeological evidence and provides a sense of how freedmen represented themselves to the wider community. Lastly, the fifth chapter, using a pseudo-Darwinian model, will show that the image of the successful freedman is not an anomaly of the archaeological record or a trope of Latin literature but an inevitable outcome of the intense selection that slaves underwent.
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Books on the topic "Freedmen in Rome"

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Roman freedmen during the late Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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The role of southern free Blacks during the Civil War era: The life of free African Americans in Richmond, Virginia, 1850 to 1876. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2015.

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Mouritsen, Henrik. Freedman in the Roman World. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2015.

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Familia Caesaris: A Social Study of the Emperor's Freedmen and Slaves. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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The Freedman In The Roman World. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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MacLean, Rose. Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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Mouritsen, Henrik. Manumission. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.31.

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While manumission has been practised in almost all slave societies the Romans appear to have freed their slaves with unparalleled frequency. The chapter looks at three aspects of Roman manumission: the status of freedmen, the Augustan reforms of manumission and the legal discourse on freedmen under the Empire. It is suggested that the background for the Roman practice of enfranchising former slaves should be sought in the social and legal structures of early Rome, which delegated many “state” functions to the heads of households. The enfranchisement of freedmen was compatible with the political structures of the Republic, but in response to changes to the Roman citizenship the first emperor introduced a new legal framework, which remained until late Antiquity. The details of this framework were refined over the following centuries, as jurists explored a wide range of complex legal issues associated with manumission and the place of freedmen in society.
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Bruun, Christer. Slaves and Freed Slaves. Edited by Christer Bruun and Jonathan Edmondson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.028.

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Slavery was a fundamental feature of Roman society. This chapter considers how critical epigraphy is for the study of Roman slavery. Questions that epigraphy help to answer include modes of enslavement, the identification of slaves and freed slaves, the slave trade, the private life of slaves (family, wealth, religion), their role in business, manufacture, agriculture, and the household, slave resistance, manumission and the position of ex-slaves in Roman society, and imperial slaves and freedmen (the familia Caesaris).
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Slavery, Freedom and Gender: The Dynamics of Caribbean Society. University of the West Indies Press, 2001.

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Omand, Sir David. Observations on Whitehall and Academia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851163.003.0019.

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This chapter explores a key facet of Freedman’s life as an academic – his work with policymakers and the scholarly connections between King’s College London and Whitehall that he developed. It explores the utility of academic research to policymakers, concluding that much of it has the potential to be of value. However, part of the problem is that the pace of life for politicians and civil servants is relentless, and the need for experts is often driven by unanticipated events. The relationship between the academy and policy makers can have genuine benefits, but isn’t always easy, particularly when evidence bases go against political will as was the case with ‘soft’ drugs. The chapter concludes by recognizing the role played by Freedman in pioneering links between Whitehall and the academy.
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Book chapters on the topic "Freedmen in Rome"

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"Slaves and Freedmen." In Ancient Rome, 302–45. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203559291-11.

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Herrmann-Otto, Elisabeth. "Slavesand freedmen*." In The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome, 60–76. Cambridge University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cco9781139025973.006.

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Rio, Alice. "Freedmen and Manumission." In Slavery After Rome, 500-1100, 75–132. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704058.003.0004.

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"3. The Rhetoric of Freedmen: The Fables of Phaedrus." In Latinity and Literary Society at Rome, 73–109. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9781512800999-005.

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Andreau, Jean. "Article 28. Freedmen in the Satyrica." In Économie de la Rome antique. Histoire et historiographie. Recueil d’articles de Jean Andreau, 403–10. UN@ Éditions, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46608/primaluna4.9782356133731.35.

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"Masters and Freedmen: Junian Latins and the Struggle for Citizenship." In Integration in Rome and in the Roman World, 105–26. BRILL, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004256675_009.

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Flower, Harriet I. "Celebrating Lares." In The Dancing Lares and the Serpent in the Garden. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175003.003.0003.

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This chapter focuses on the mid-winter festival of Compitalia, the most important celebration of the lares compitales at their crossroads shrines, whether in town or on the farm. The rituals and practices used for their annual festival at the crossroads shrines provide vivid glimpses of what was a high point in the year for many ordinary people, including especially slaves and freedmen. The chapter has three related themes that are explored in some detail. These include the annual festival itself, the relationship of the compital shrines to their local administrative structure(s), and the practice of local politics in a compital context in republican Rome.
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Urban, Andrew. "Humanitarianism’s Markets." In Brokering Servitude. NYU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814785843.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 focuses on the period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, when formerly enslaved persons, classified as “contrabands” and refugees, were placed as domestic workers in northern households. The involvement of the Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and Abandoned Lands (the Freedmen’s Bureau) in the placement of refugees as servants prefigured the federal government’s expanded role as a broker of immigrant labor in the decades that followed, yet proved controversial. Designed to reduce government expenditures on the relief of refugees in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere, the Freedmen’s Bureau’s financing of black servants’ migration was viewed with skepticism by detractors who claimed that it revived—under the thin veneer of “free” labor—a version of the slave trade. Due to insufficient federal funding, the reluctance of black refugees to relocate to uncertain job situations in the North, and constant questions about its efficacy, the Freedmen’s Bureau—after contracting thousands of women and children to service positions—was ultimately forced to disband this initiative.
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Guelzo, Allen C. "2. Alienation: December 1865–March 1867." In Reconstruction: A Very Short Introduction, 30–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190454791.003.0003.

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The Radical Republicans arrived in Washington for the opening of Congress on December 4, 1865 with two major weapons in their hands: one was the party caucus and the other was the lopsided majorities Republicans had won in the House and Senate. ‘Alienation, December 1865–1867’ outlines how the Republican juggernaut would produce, over the next seven months, a flurry of legislation, speeches, and reports designed to dissolve the self-reconstructed governments, extend voting rights to the freedmen by national authority, and reach over Johnson’s hands to seize the reins of Reconstruction for Congress. Despite Johnson vetoing legislation, Congress over-rode these vetoes; presidential-style reconstruction was dead.
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Treggiari, Susan. "Childhood (c.100–c.88)." In Servilia and her Family, 47–69. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0003.

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Stories about the Younger Cato as a child may give some insight into the childhood of his older half-sister, Servilia. She grew up in a rich household, the headquarters of her uncle M. Drusus’s intense political activity. Her academic and social education will have been given by slaves, freedmen, and male and female relations. Drusus, who was trying to enfranchise the Italians, was murdered in his home. Servilia’s father Q. Caepio was killed in war. Servilia and her siblings were left probably to the care of a grandmother, Cornelia. A circle of kin, especially women, was available to provide support, role models, and an involvement with politics.
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Conference papers on the topic "Freedmen in Rome"

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Huang, Alex Q., and Jay Baliga. "FREEDM System: Role of power electronics and power semiconductors in developing an energy internet." In IC's (ISPSD). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispsd.2009.5157988.

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