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Journal articles on the topic 'Freedom Fighters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Akbari, Bahman. "Freedom Fighter or Terrorist?" International Law Research 12, no. 1 (February 7, 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v12n1p76.

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In certain cases, making a distinction between freedom fighters and terrorists is a matter of dispute between states. This article examines the main reason for this disagreement and suggests some criteria for separating these two concepts. By referring to the practice of states as well as some regional counter-terrorism conventions, this article argues that the root cause of the issue arises from the legal interpretation of self-determination at the present postcolonial epoch. Therefore, permissions and limitations arising from the right to self-determination clarify the main differences between freedom fighters and terrorists. Finally, the article concludes that a freedom fighter is someone who fights for legal rights in conformity with the law of armed conflict; while a terrorist is someone who fights to achieve illegal advantages by means of targeting civilian objects.

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2

Ford, Pauline. "Freedom fighters." Elderly Care 2, no. 6 (August 1990): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/eldc.2.6.30.s21.

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3

Nelkin, Dana, and Sam Rickless. "Freedom fighters." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 54 (2011): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20115457.

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4

Dittmer, John, and Hilary Herbold. "Freedom Fighters." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 5 (1994): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2962421.

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5

DuBois, E. C. "Freedom Fighters." History Workshop Journal 71, no. 1 (February 25, 2011): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbq059.

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6

Cook, Blanche Wiesen, Elisabeth Israels Perry, Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Pauli Murray, Virginia Foster Durr, and Hollinger F. Barnard. "Freedom Fighters." Women's Review of Books 6, no. 9 (June 1989): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4020512.

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7

Marsden, George M., and Allen C. Guelzo. "Calvinist Freedom Fighters." Reviews in American History 18, no. 3 (September 1990): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2702663.

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8

Dr Sumanta Bhattacharya and Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev. "Impactful role of women for freedom struggle in India and their contribution." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.3.0994.

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The untold, unheard and unseen facts of the struggle for an Independent India. The role of Indian women freedom fighters in the journey of freedom struggle. Everyone speaks about the prominent role played by the male freedom fighter. However, without female freedom fighters achieving Independent India would remain a dream. From being considered as second citizens, being victims of domestic violence, uneducated population, practising sati system to transforming themselves into great freedom fighter leaders has remained unknown to a lot of people. Indian women have played an impactful role in this journey from being part of the non-cooperation movement to practising saytagraha and promoting Khadi and picketing up of liquor shops. Women like Usha Mehta, Rajkumari Gupta, Aruna Asaf Ali, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Rani Gaidinliu, Amal Prabha Das, Azizam Bai, Gulan Kaur, Sarojini Naidu has played paramount role in making India free from British rules. Their participation in all the freedom struggle is significant and respectful.

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9

Haider, Shawkat Ara, Md Titu Miah, Rahnuma Jarrin, and Mohammad Ashik Imran Khan. "Assessment of the Ability to Perform Activities of Daily Living: A Study Among Freedom Fighters in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 46, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v46i3.52253.

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Background: Bangladesh got its glorious victory of independence in 1971 from Pakistan after nine months of the liberation war. After 47 years, freedom fighters are in geriatric age. Objective: The study was aimed to assess the ability to perform daily living activities among the Freedom fighters of Bangladesh. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study and a mixed-method qualitative and quantitative. It was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018. A total of 153 freedom fighters who actively participated in the Liberation War were randomly selected from eight Bangladesh divisions. The Sami-structure questionnaire was collected in quantitative data. Qualitative data was collected by key informant interviews (KII) Physical functional status was determined by Activity of Daily Living Scales (ADLS) and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living Scales (IADLS). Freedom fighters who actively participated in the Liberation War and gladly participated were included in the study. Results: Among the 153 respondents, 92.8% were Muslim and mean age 68.50±5.808 years. Their monthly family income was a minimum of 6000 BDT and a maximum of 500000 BDT, and 92.2% received the freedom fighter allowance. Most of them lived with their family members and about half of them took care of themselves. Activities of the daily living scale showed that two-third of them had difficulties in one or more activities. The Instrumental Activities of daily living scale revealed that most of them had problems in one or more instrumental activities. Conclusion: This study revealed that the ability to perform daily living activities was so difficult for Freedom fighters at their old ages. Further large-scale studies involving all living freedom fighters could show a more complex scenario. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2020; 46(3): 184-188

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10

Voss, David. "Space: Freedom fighters defeated." Physics World 4, no. 7 (July 1991): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/4/7/6.

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11

Shinar, Chaim. "Chechens: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?" European Review 27, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798718000625.

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This article seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) why have the Chechen leaders become extremely religious, whereas at the beginning of the Russo-Chechen conflict in the 1990s, they were predominantly secular; and (2) what led the Chechens to use terrorism to fulfil their aspirations for complete independence from Russia. The article shows that the flow of foreign religious terrorists into the republic, as well as financial assistance to the Chechen population and its fighting leaders, turned the Chechen leaders from predominantly secular ones into extremely religious ones. At the same time, the traumatization of the Chechens by Russia’s disproportionate use of force against civilians was the reason that Chechens use terrorism against the Russian forces.

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12

Thompson, W. Scott. "Freedom fighters and peace movements." Society 22, no. 3 (March 1985): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699024.

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13

Malik, Dr Parul. "Forgotten Flames of Bravery: Unsung Heroes of Inidia’s Struggle for Freedom." JOURNAL GLOBAL VALUES XIV, S.Issue (December 31, 2023): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31995/jgv.2023.v14is3.029.

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Every Individual in India knows about a country’s struggle story for freedom. India was ruled by several European powers from time to time, i.e., Portuguese, Dutch, English, Danish and France. The most recent rulers were the British rulers, and they ruled for a long time. Indian freedom fighters had a dream of removing British rule. The Indian freedom fighters were the brave-hearted souls who did not think twice about sacrificing themselves and liberating us from the British rule. It is because of these brave souls that we are living happily and peacefully in an independent nation, so as a responsible citizen it is our duty to discuss these freedom fighters who fought our future. There were possibly thousands of unsung Heroes of the freedom movement in India. Thus, India’s independence would not have been possible without sacrifices and struggles made by freedom fighters. Aside From Subhash Chandra Bose, Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh. Rani Laxmi Bai, many hidden gems have given their lives to make our nation free from the British Raj.

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14

O’g’li, Iskandarov Shodiyor Nurdullo. "EMIGRATION OF BUKHARA INDEPENDENCE AND FREEDOM FIGHTERS TO AFGHANISTAN." International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 03, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-06-56.

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This article contains scientific information about the severe consequences of the colonial system in Bukhara at the beginning of the 20th century, the gradual exploitation of the local people for the benefit of the center, and the struggle for independence and freedom that began against this colonialism, as a result of which the patriots left their homeland and went to Afghanistan to emigrate. is analyzed.

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15

Goss, Robert E. "Erotic Contemplatives and Queer Freedom Fighters." Journal of Men’s Studies 4, no. 3 (February 1996): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106082659600400305.

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16

Kovacich, Gerald L. "Hackers: Freedom fighters of the 21st Century." Computers & Security 18, no. 7 (January 1999): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(99)82003-3.

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17

Hughes, James. "The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?" Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/demo.15.3.293-311.

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18

Statulevičiūtė-Kaučikienė, Rūta. "What Kind of Lithuania are We Fighting for When We Fight for the Lithuanian Freedom Fighters’ Memorial?" Politologija 106, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 53–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/polit.2022.106.2.

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Efforts to build a memorial to Lithuanian freedom fighters in Lukiškės Square in Vilnius have been fruitless for the third decade. During this period, as many as four competitions for artistic ideas were organized, but due to the dissatisfaction of various groups in society, no project was implemented in the square. The article analyzes the 2012-2020 period, which is framed by two state-organized competitions. Applying Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theory, it is aimed to open the very core of the conflict and to explain how and what historical memories of the Lithuanian freedom fighters are articulated by competing discourses consisting of linguistic and non-linguistic practices. Statements of politicians, cultural professionals, and the public in the national media and their modus operandi allow to identify opposite concepts of freedom, state, freedom fighters, monument, and its functions, and to single out the essential trophy of the competing discourses, an idea on which the public sharply disagrees.

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19

Kangwa, Jonathan. "Reading The Bible With African Lenses: Exodus 20:1–17 As Interpreted by Simon Kapwepwe." Expository Times 132, no. 11 (June 23, 2021): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00145246211021861.

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The bible has been differently received, read, interpreted and appropriated in African communities. Political freedom fighters in Zambia used the bible to promote black consciousness and an awareness of African identity. The first group of freedom fighters who emerged from the Mwenzo and Lubwa mission stations of the Free Church of Scotland in North Eastern Zambia read and interpreted the bible in a manner that encouraged resistance against colonialism and the marginalization of African culture. This paper adds to current shifts in African biblical scholarship by considering Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe’s interpretation of Exodus 20:1–17 in the context of Zambia’s movement for political and ecclesiastical independence. Kapwepwe belonged to the first group of freedom fighters - fighting alongside Kenneth Kaunda who would become the first President of Zambia. The present paper shows how Kapwepwe brought the biblical text into dialogue with the African context to address urgent issues of his time, including colonialism.

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20

Ngwane, Trevor. "‘Insurgent Democracy’: Post-Apartheid South Africa’s Freedom Fighters." Journal of Southern African Studies 45, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2019.1548136.

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21

Seller, Robbyn, Werner Zips, and Shelley L. Frisch. "Black Rebels. African Caribbean Freedom Fighters in Jamaica." Anthropologica 44, no. 1 (2002): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25606069.

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22

Festino, Cielo G. "Goa’s freedom struggle." Journal of Romance Studies 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jrs.2021.2.

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This article considers the literary network of anti-colonial literary narratives, short stories, and poems, by Indian, Goan, and Portuguese writers which appeared in the 1950s and 1960s in the left-wing Goan journal Free Goa, published in Bombay (now Mumbai) at a time when Goa’s freedom fighters were seeking India’s support in order to attain their independence from Portuguese colonial domination. Following Jean-Paul Sartre (1949) and Benoît Denis (2000), we claim that these literary works can be read as engaged literature since in elaborate or straightforward literary styles they urge Goans to look for inspiration in India’s independence from British domination (1947) and to free themselves from the Salazarist regime.

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23

Desai. "Mothers, Daughters of Freedom Fighters, and Tales of Activism." Visual Arts Research 40, no. 1 (2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/visuartsrese.40.1.0033.

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24

Rowe, P. "Freedom fighters and rebels: the rules of civil war." JRSM 95, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.95.1.3.

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25

Glynn, Ruth. "from freedom fighters to terrorists: women and political violence." Feminist Review 97, no. 1 (March 2011): e12-e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.2010.45.

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26

Satgar, Vishwas. "Black Neofascism? The Economic Freedom Fighters in South Africa." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 56, no. 4 (November 2019): 580–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cars.12265.

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27

Rowe, Peter. "Freedom Fighters and Rebels: The Rules of Civil War." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95, no. 1 (January 2002): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680209500102.

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28

Byrne, Jeffrey James. "Algiers, Third World capital: freedom fighters, revolutionaries, Black Panthers." Journal of North African Studies 25, no. 6 (November 18, 2019): 1038–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2019.1692325.

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29

FETTWEIS, CHRISTOPHER J. "Freedom Fighters and Zealots: Al Qaeda in Historical Perspective." Political Science Quarterly 124, no. 2 (June 2009): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00649.x.

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30

Murray, Hannah-Rose. "“The Black People’s Side of the Story”: The Historical and Transatlantic Roots of the Movement for Black Lives." African American Review 56, no. 1 (March 2023): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/afa.2023.a903595.

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Abstract: Black freedom fighters have always been at the forefront pushing the United States to accept the ideals it was founded on and were—are—unrelenting in their groundbreaking campaigns for abolition, equality, and social justice. In this article, I argue that to add nuance and a greater understanding to the philosophies developed by such freedom fighters, it is necessary to evaluate the transatlantic connections between the United States and Britain. Complicating and expanding their calls for antiracism and anti-oppression, Black activists have gained an alternative international perspective on British soil. Beginning with a discussion of the Movement for Black Lives in the US and its links with the UK, I analyze the movement’s historical and transatlantic roots.

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31

Weimann, Gabriel. "Terrorists or freedom fighters? Labeling terrorism in the Israeli press." Political Communication 2, no. 4 (January 1985): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1985.9962776.

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32

Nissen, Bruce. "Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 3 (May 2004): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610403300322.

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33

Mama, Amina. "‘We will not be pacified’: From freedom fighters to feminists." European Journal of Women's Studies 27, no. 4 (September 9, 2020): 362–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506820953459.

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Whether hailed for transitioning to the ballot box, or condemned for failing to hold elections, Africa’s postcolonial states exhibit profound contradictions in the arena of gender politics. Where reforms have been achieved, implementation remains minimal, as undemocratic state structures and uncivil societies alike lack the political will to change. This article addresses the emergence of feminism as an intellectual and political force for freedom that radically challenges the ongoing exploitation and oppression of women in Africa. It focuses on the contribution of radical intellectuals to the theory and practice of women’s movements, arguing that the research, analysis, and activism they carry out defines them as a radical public intellectual cadre that continuously mobilizes with, by, and for women to pursue liberation for themselves as much as others.

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34

Mpofu, Shepherd, Trust Matsilele, and Tawanda Nyawasha. "iconography of persuasion." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 40, no. 1 (October 5, 2022): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v40i1.1512.

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South Africa’s 2019 elections, like others before, will be remembered for the historical significancearound the ANC ruling party’s sharp decline in polls, the surging and re-emergence of theideologically extreme parties, the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) and the Freedom Front Plus(VF+). This election, for the first time since the rebranding of the main opposition, the DemocraticAlliance, saw that party losing its momentum, culminating in the eventual resignation of the party’sfirst black leader, Mmusi Maimane. This study examines how the three dominant parties in SouthAfrica contest with each other in the race to attract potential voters through poster advertising andcampaigns. Going into the 2019 election, the three dominant political parties were – the AfricanNational Congress (ANC), the Democratic Alliance (DA) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF).Specifically, the paper examines messages on the posters, the parties’ manifestos and speechesat different rallies before the elections. Drawing on our analysis, we make a claim in this paperthat the 2019 election in South Africa for the ANC, DA and EFF was largely about “unresolvedquestions”.

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35

Satish Kumar, S. "The Seeds of Revolutionary Ideas in the Indian Freedom Struggle." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 11, no. 3 (January 1, 2024): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v11i3.6899.

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Although much of India’s freedom struggle was non - violent, many revolutionary movements were launched aimed at winning independence for India. Revolutionary movements believed that India could be freed from British rule only through armed struggle. Many martyrs sacrificed their lives for the liberation of the motherland. Swami Vivekananda was the inspiration and seeds of revolutionaries and revolutionary movements. Bhagavat Gita was the driving force of freedom fighters.

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36

Juodis, D. "CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE UNIFICATION OF LITHUANIAN ANTI-SOVIET PARTISANS DURING 1946-1949." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 141 (2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.141.10.

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In 2019 comes the 70th anniversary of the founding of LLKS – the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters (Lietuvos Laisvės Kovos Sąjūdi). This underground organization had been founded in February of 1949. It united the people, who had been fighting against the Soviet power in Lithuania. Heads of the LLKS were active partisans and they called themselves freedom fighters. In the same time, other people called partisans ‘forest men’, ‘greens’ etc. The main purpose of this article – to consider the process of unification of the forces of Lithuanian partisans under unified command and to highlight the main circumstances of this process. The article is based on the archival materials and modern research writings. So far, very few research papers about Lithuanian anti-Soviet struggle have been published outside Lithuania. That’s why one of the goals of the author – to provide the information about this episode of the modern history of Lithuania to Ukrainian readers. Perhaps, the similarity with Ukrainian national insurgent movement during the 2nd World War will be found. The final ambition of the armed struggle of Lithuanian partisans was the creation of free democratic Lithuania. Partisans considered the mistakes of Lithuanian state-building during the interwar period, such as authoritarian regime and weak social politics. Freedom fighters hoped to get help from the West countries – Great Britain of the USA – through the mediation of Lithuanian emigrants. The unification of partisans was difficult because of the activity of infiltrated Soviet security agents. The chronological framework of the article covers the period of 1946-1949, when where held the main events of the unification of partisans. Active partisan struggle against the Soviet in Lithuania power lasted to 1953.

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37

Nandi, Proshanta. "Visions of Nationhood and Religiosity Among Early Freedom Fighters in India." Sociological Bulletin 48, no. 1-2 (March 1999): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022919990108.

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38

Pitts, Steven C. "Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism (review)." Labor Studies Journal 29, no. 2 (2004): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lab.2004.0024.

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39

Nieftagodien, N. "The Economic Freedom Fighters and the Politics of Memory and Forgetting." South Atlantic Quarterly 114, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2862820.

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40

Schäfer, Frank L. "The Polish Contribution to the Baden Revolution 1848/49." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 19, no. 2 (2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2020.19.02.04.

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This essay examines the work of the Polish freedom fighters in the revolution in southwest German Baden in 1848/49 by identifying the personal connections between the uprisings in Baden and Poznań and identifying Prussia as a common enemy. In particular, the role of the Polish military officer Ludwik Mierosławski as general of the Baden troops is honoured. The goal is thus to determine the exact contribution of Polish fighters in the Baden Revolution and how they interacted with the Baden revolutionaries. Thus, the essay also sheds light on the help of Baden for the Polish fight for freedom in the form of so-called Polish associations. For this purpose, the essay presents the eyewitness accounts of the year 1849 from the perspective of Baden and Polish participants. Methodologically, the article extracts the specific events in Baden and Poznań from the general revolutionary history of the years 1848/49. Chronologically, the essay also looks back at prehistory up to 1815 and offers a look at the life of the revolutionaries after 1849. The events in Baden and Poznań are finally placed in a larger context, especially in the context of the European freedom movements, the international cooperation of the revolutionaries, and Polandʼs striving for independence.

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41

Angelova, Milena. "Privileges and „Patronage“ instead of Social Care: "Fighters Against Fascism" in the Social Policies in Communist Bulgaria, 1944–1951." Balkanistic Forum 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i32.4.

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This article analyses the formation and institutionalisation of the system of privileges in communist Bulgaria. Right after September 1944, the establishment of a system of privileges was initiated, a system that created special categories of citizens opposed in this way to the rest of society. From 1944 on, former partisans became part of the rul-ing elite and granted themselves and their relatives many privileges, transforming themselves into a specially privileged caste. The analysis is based on the archive doc-uments of the Union of the People’s Guerrilla Fighters and the Union of the Fighters against Fascism – institutions existing in the period 1945–1951. The activities of the ‘fighters’ were aimed at substituting in very short terms after the take over the vectors of the public memory in order to legitimize the new power resources. The social system of total control and caste privileges discredited the idea of modern society, social freedom and equality. The author analyses both legislation as well as the ways in which privileges were constructed in social policies in communist Bulgaria.

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42

Davis, Jessica. "From freedom fighters to jihadists: human resources of non state armed groups." International Affairs 97, no. 2 (March 2021): 572–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab023.

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43

Fieldes, Diane. "Book Review: Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism." Journal of Industrial Relations 46, no. 2 (June 2004): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022185604046002013.

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44

BRAUN, VIKTOR, and CORNELIUS HERSTATT. "THE FREEDOM-FIGHTERS: HOW INCUMBENT CORPORATIONS ARE ATTEMPTING TO CONTROL USER-INNOVATION." International Journal of Innovation Management 12, no. 03 (September 2008): 543–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919608002059.

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Novel information and communication technologies, foremost the Internet, have revolutionised the innovation landscape. Mass-collaboration involving end-users is now, a critical component of many types of software improvement and has the potential to make users as the main innovation source of the 21st century. The vision of democratising innovation is not, however, in everybody's interest. Many incumbent corporations are actively engaging in efforts to prevent users from modifying and improving their products. In this paper, we investigate the barriers that incumbents impose upon potentially innovative users and ask under which conditions such behaviours are likely to be sustainable.

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45

Phadi, Mosa. "The Economic Freedom Fighters: rethinking Du Bois in a tale of reconstruction." Review of African Political Economy 47, no. 165 (July 2, 2020): 416–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1805730.

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46

Johnson, Christopher K. "Book Review: Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism." Journal of Black Studies 36, no. 4 (March 2006): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193470603600410.

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47

Magnarella, Paul J. "Algiers, Third World Capital: Freedom Fighters, Revolutionaries, Black Panthers by Elaine Mokhtefi." Journal of Global South Studies 36, no. 2 (2019): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gss.2019.0031.

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48

Wolf, Loammi. "The electoral deposit requirement: Economic Freedom Fighters v The President and Others." South African Journal on Human Rights 32, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2016.1210914.

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49

Christelow, Allan. "Algiers, Third World Capital: Freedom Fighters, Revolutionaries, Black Panthers by Elaine Mokhtefi." Maghreb Review 45, no. 2 (2020): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2020.0029.

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50

Bloom, Mia. "From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violenceby Paige Whaley Eager." Political Science Quarterly 124, no. 2 (June 2009): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb01884.x.

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