Journal articles: 'Freedom Force'

1

AFFELDT, STEVEN G. "The Force of Freedom." Political Theory 27, no. 3 (June 1999): 299–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591799027003001.

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Dalla, Vijay K., and Pushparaj M. Pathak. "Impedance control in multiple cooperative space robots pulling a flexible wire." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 2190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218781421.

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With the interaction between the space robot tip and the environment, the base’s position and orientation are disturbed leading to force and trajectory control complexity. Impedance control is a technique for force and trajectory control in a robotic system. This paper presents a strategy of impedance control in a multiple cooperative space robots pulling a flexible wire. First, the control strategy was developed for one degree of freedom multiple space robots. The developed control strategy was extended to two degree of freedom cooperative space robots. A flexible wire is pulled by a group of space robots with one degree of freedom and two degree of freedoms, respectively. In the impedance-based control strategy design, the process of modulating the robot tip impedance is a very significant feature. In this work, impedance control strategy between tip and environment is applied for pulling a wire by one degree of freedom and two degree of freedoms. Impedance depends on the gain compensation for passive degree of freedom dynamics. Simulation and the animation studies are carried out to validate the proposed control scheme. The results achieved are quite satisfactory and reveal that impedance controllers in a multiple cooperative space robots with one and two degree of freedoms can limit the interaction forces to a predefined value of 8 N. The bond graph modeling methodology is used in the dynamic system model for the generation of system equations.

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Gilroy, Paul. "“Rhythm in the Force of Forces”." Critical Times 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 370–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-7862525.

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Abstract This essay is addressed to discrepancies between musical and political time. It uses the death of Hugh Masekela to consider the changing pattern of intergenerational relationships and the place of music within local and transnational freedom movements. The impact of technological change on the mediation of political solidarity is then examined through two principal examples: the elaboration of generic racial identity and the weaponization of culture and information by the alt-right and its fellow travelers.

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Uliukaev, A. "Freedom as a Direct Productive Force." Problems in Economics 34, no. 1 (May 1991): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-199134016.

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Demers, J. G. S., J. M. A. Boelen, and I. P. W. Sinclair. "Freedom 6S Force Feedback Hand Controller." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 33 (October 1998): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)38396-9.

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Wei, Baochen, and Feng Gao. "Output force capacity polytope approach for actuator forces selection of three degrees of freedom excavating manipulator." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 11 (December 2, 2013): 2007–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213512629.

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Output force or velocity polytopes are usually used as an index of the manipulability of robot. This paper discusses the relationship between the actuator force and the variation of the output force capacity polytope and proposes the output force capacity polytope method for the selection of actuator forces of a three degrees of freedom excavating manipulator with the requirement that the output force on the end effector is a set of all possible forces rather than a single force. In this paper, the method to calculate capacity polytope is introduced with the consideration of gravity effect. With the concept that the required output force space should be within the output capacity polytope, the output force capacity polytope approach for selecting actuator forces is proposed.

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7

Scase, Richard, and Reinhard Bendix. "Force, Fate and Freedom: On Historical Sociology." British Journal of Sociology 37, no. 4 (December 1986): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590723.

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Dykhuis, Michele J., and Reinhard Bendix. "Force, Fate, and Freedom: On Historical Sociology." Social Forces 67, no. 2 (December 1988): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579197.

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9

Lloyd, Christopher, and Reinhard Bendix. "Force, Fate, and Freedom: On Historical Sociology." American Historical Review 93, no. 5 (December 1988): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873545.

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10

Fisher, Talia. "Force and Freedom: Can They Co-exist?" Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 24, no. 2 (July 2011): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005221.

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Force and Freedom, a new book by Professor Arthur Ripstein, offers a comprehensive and highly sophisticated articulation of Kant’s legal and political philosophy. While Kant’s thinking on metaphysics and ethics has received paramount attention in the academic discourse, his contribution to legal and political theory has been somewhat marginalized. One reason for Kant’s exclusion from the central canon of political and legal philosophy is the abstract and very complicated nature of Kantian writing on law and political power, most particularly in the Doctrine of Right. Another reason is the difficulties many writers have encountered in their attempts to reconcile Kant’s political and legal writing with his moral philosophy. Against this background, the novelty and importance of Force and Freedom cannot be overstated.

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Roth, Guenther, and Reinhard Bendix. "Force, Fate, and Freedom. On Historical Sociology." History and Theory 24, no. 2 (May 1985): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2505282.

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12

Owen, David. "Symposium on Ripstein's Force and Freedom: Introduction." European Journal of Philosophy 20, no. 3 (August 26, 2012): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0378.2012.00553.x.

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13

Shi, H., X. Wang, and Tao Lu. "Non-Free Cutting and Its Degree of Freedom Confinement." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830568.

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Plunge-turning processes of round-edged cutters is analyzed and its cutting force modeled in the light of a general theory of non-free cutting developed by the authors. In this study the whole cutting tool is treated as a combination of a series of Elementary Cutting Tools (ECTs). Due to the non-linearity of chip-ejection interference among all the ECTs the total cutting force of the whole cutter, however, cannot be calculated by simply superposing the incremental cutting forces generated by all the ECTs. A Non-Linear Synthesis Method (NLSM) is therefore suggested for modeling this non-free cutting force. The main feature of the method is that the chip-ejection interference is under consideration and modeled on the basis of the Principle of Minimum Energy (PME). Good agreement between the predicted and measured main cutting forces is identified. Furthermore, a Coefficient of Non-Free Cutting (CNFC) is applied to quantitatively indicate the strength of chip-ejection interference among the ECTs and the degree of freedom confinement of the cutting process.

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14

Ponomarev, Vitaliy. "Freedom of religion and belief in the practice of applying anti-extremist legislation in the Crimea and Central Asia." Religious Freedom 2, no. 19 (November 8, 2016): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/rs.2016.19.2.890.

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Currently, anti-extremist legislation, based on largely similar legal mechanisms, is in force in four post-Soviet countries - in Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. As will be shown below, this legislation and the law-enforcement practice based on it pose serious threats to fundamental freedoms and human rights, above all - freedom of expression and freedom of religion.

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15

Nurhadi, Nurhadi, Mochammad Nasir, Chandra Permana, and Endah Suwarni. "Design and Manufacture of 6 Axis Force and Moments Transducers for Seaplane Floaters Test in Towing Tank." EPI International Journal of Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.022020.12.

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To develop seaplanes as a means of inter-island transportation, it is necessary to have a simulation, testing, and analysis of force measurements that work so that the aircraft can be designed optimally in terms of function and safety. To fulfill one type of test, the seaplane floater model is pulled in the Towing Tank to determine the hydrodynamic forces acting on the floater which include resistance (Fx), side force (Fy), lift force (Fz), and moments in all three axes. A method of measuring the force of 6 axis force and moment or 6 degrees of freedom (6 Degree of Freedom, 6 DOF) was built and designed by combining several single load cells so that these forces can be known optimally. From the results of the 6 DOF transducer design, it is proven that it can be used well in measuring 6 forces and moments with force measurement errors ranging from 1.38%. The distance between the 6 DOF transducer capture point and the floater force capture point will affect the measured moment transformation.

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16

Kawakatsu, Hideki. "Detecting and controlling forces in atomic force microscopy with multidegrees of freedom." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 12, no. 3 (May 1994): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.587263.

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17

Shinar, Chaim. "Chechens: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?" European Review 27, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798718000625.

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This article seeks to answer the following research questions: (1) why have the Chechen leaders become extremely religious, whereas at the beginning of the Russo-Chechen conflict in the 1990s, they were predominantly secular; and (2) what led the Chechens to use terrorism to fulfil their aspirations for complete independence from Russia. The article shows that the flow of foreign religious terrorists into the republic, as well as financial assistance to the Chechen population and its fighting leaders, turned the Chechen leaders from predominantly secular ones into extremely religious ones. At the same time, the traumatization of the Chechens by Russia’s disproportionate use of force against civilians was the reason that Chechens use terrorism against the Russian forces.

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18

Ribeiro, Leonardo de Mello. "Revisiting Frankfurt on Freedom and Responsibility." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 48, no. 142 (October 31, 2016): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2016.235.

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According to Harry Frankfurt’s account of moral responsibility, an agentis morally responsible only if her reflected choices and actions are not constrained by an irresistible force —either from the first- or the third-person perspective. I shall argue here that this claim is problematic. Given some of the background assumptions of Frankfurt’s discussion, there seem to be cases according to which one may be deemed responsible, although one’s reflected choices and actions are constrained by an irresistible force. The conclusion is that Frankfurt should have acknowledged that freedom from an irresistible force is not a necessary condition for responsibility.

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19

Giangreco, Francesco, Eiji Yamamoto, Yoshinori Hirano, Milan Hodoscek, Volker Knecht, Matteo di Giosia, Matteo Calvaresi, et al. "Common Force Field Thermodynamics of Cholesterol." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/207287.

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Four different force fields are examined for dynamic characteristics using cholesterol as a case study. The extent to which various types of internal degrees of freedom become thermodynamically relevant is evaluated by means of principal component analysis. More complex degrees of freedom (angle bending, dihedral rotations) show a trend towards force field independence. Moreover, charge assignments for membrane-embedded compounds are revealed to be critical with significant impact on biological reasoning.

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20

Knight, Bradford, and Kevin Maki. "Multi-Degree of Freedom Propeller Force Models Based on a Neural Network and Regression." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020089.

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Accurate and efficient prediction of the forces on a propeller is critical for analyzing a maneuvering vessel with numerical methods. CFD methods like RANS, LES, or DES can accurately predict the propeller forces, but are computationally expensive due to the need for added mesh discretization around the propeller as well as the requisite small time-step size. One way of mitigating the expense of modeling a maneuvering vessel with CFD is to apply the propeller force as a body force term in the Navier–Stokes equations and to apply the force to the equations of motion. The applied propeller force should be determined with minimal expense and good accuracy. This paper examines and compares nonlinear regression and neural network predictions of the thrust, torque, and side force of a propeller both in open water and in the behind condition. The methods are trained and tested with RANS CFD simulations. The neural network approach is shown to be more accurate and requires less training data than the regression technique.

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21

Masters, Brett P., and Edward F. Crawley. "Multiple degree-of-freedom force-state component identification." AIAA Journal 32, no. 11 (November 1994): 2276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.12287.

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22

Mandle, Jon. "Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy." Dialogue 49, no. 3 (September 2010): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001221731000048x.

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23

Hollander, Paul. "Force, Fate, and Freedom: On Historical Sociology.Reinhard Bendix." American Journal of Sociology 91, no. 6 (May 1986): 1458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/228433.

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Zhao, G., A. Paknejad, A. Deraemaeker, and C. Collette. "ℋ∞ optimization of an integral force feedback controller." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 17 (June 2, 2019): 2330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319853165.

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This paper studies the performance of the classical integral force feedback (IFF) controller for suppressing the forced response of a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system. An ℋ∞ optimization criterion is used to derive the optimal feedback gain of the IFF controller contributed as a complement for the state of the art. This optimal gain is calculated in the closed-form based on a SDOF system which is then applied to a two degrees of freedom system to study its adaptability. It is found that the ℋ∞ optimal gain can be easily transposed into multi-degrees of freedom applications without introducing too many errors. An equivalent mechanical model is also developed to enable a straightforward interpretation of the physics behind the IFF controller.

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ARSLAN, YUNUS ZIYA, AZIM JINHA, MOTOSHI KAYA, and WALTER HERZOG. "PREDICTION OF MUSCLE FORCES USING STATIC OPTIMIZATION FOR DIFFERENT CONTRACTILE CONDITIONS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 03 (May 14, 2013): 1350022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941350022x.

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In this study, we introduced a novel cost function for the prediction of individual muscle forces for a one degree-of-freedom musculoskeletal system. Unlike previous models, the new approach incorporates the instantaneous contractile conditions represented by the force-length and force-velocity relationships and accounts for physiological properties such as fiber type distribution and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) in the cost function. Using this cost function, it is possible to predict experimentally observed features of force-sharing among synergistic muscles that cannot be predicted using the classical approaches. Specifically, the new approach allows for predictions of force-sharing loops of agonistic muscles in one degree-of-freedom systems and for simultaneous increases in force in one muscle and decreases in a corresponding agonist. We concluded that the incorporation of the contractile conditions in the weighting of cost functions provides a natural way to incorporate observed force-sharing features in synergistic muscles that have eluded satisfactory description.

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26

Līdaka, Anita. "Upbringing as a Necessity and Freedom." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (July 24, 2015): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2014vol3.706.

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Upbringing is a purposeful process of internal and external conditions of life activity affected the process by which students develop and implement personally important attitudes towards themselves, other people, nature, culture, work, society and the state, acquiring the necessary competence for independent work. On the one hand, upbringing is a public necessity, on the other hand - the phenomen of personal freedom. That is the relationship between these two trends who can be discerned as personality driving force. Hence the importance of a deep understanding the upbringing as a necessity and freedom, which connects the targeted claims against the younger generation and its efforts to understand themselves, self-realization, to meet their growing needs, involving all forces, talents and abilities.

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Harada, Takashi, and Podi Liu. "Internal and External Forces Measurement of Planar 3-DOF Redundantly Actuated Parallel Mechanism by Axial Force Sensors." ISRN Robotics 2013 (October 9, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/593606.

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This paper proposes a method for measuring the internal and external forces of a planar 3-DOF (degree of freedom) redundantly actuated parallel mechanism. The internal forces, force acts inside the endplate and mechanism constraint force, and the external forces, forces act on the endplate and thrusts by actuators, were measured simultaneously using the axial forces of the rods. Kinetostatic equations of the parallel mechanism were used to derive algorithms for measuring the internal and external forces. A link axis force sensor was developed using a strain gauge sensor. To verify the actual internal force of the endplate, a force sensor was also installed on the endplate. A real-time system for measuring the forces of the parallel mechanism was developed using RT-Linux. The external and internal forces were measured accurately.

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Sugano, Shigeki, Hideyo Namimoto, and Ichiro Kato. "Analysis of Hand-Arm Coordinate Motion on Constraint Tasks." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 3, no. 6 (December 20, 1991): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1991.p0497.

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This research was conducted to study the control strategy of manipulator based on clarifying the force control mechanism of the human hand-arm by analyzing human constraint tasks with respect to biomechanism. In this paper; we describe an investigation of hand-arm function share. In addition, we apply hand-arm coordination to manipulator control using experimental results of analyzing the human tasks of moving bead balls on a shaft, which is an example of a constraint task with one degree of freedom (d.o.f.). In the human motion analysis, 6 axes of force on the task object are measured and compared in the case of constraining the hands degree of freedom and making hand free as well as in the case of with or without forced displacement along the translational direction during motion. As a result, we found that human work was performed smoothly through absorption of rotational force using hand d.o.f. and translational force using arm d.o.f. Also, it was found that there are the direction of motion and the posture easily absorbable translational force. Finally, we propose to apply the human hand-arm coordination compliance control strategy setting translational compliance by arms and rotational compliance by hands, to manipulator with more than 7 degrees of freedom. Thus, the setting of optional compliance applicable to circumstance and the resulting force control due to this become possible.

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29

Shiva, Vandana. "Satyagraha: The Highest Practise of Democracy and Freedom." Social Change 51, no. 1 (March 2021): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085721993160.

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Satyagraha, or non-cooperation or passive resistance, did not begin with Mahatma Gandhi. As Gandhi acknowledged, he did not ‘invent’ satyagraha, he learnt it from the people of India. The contemporary movements against apartheid, separation on the basis of religion and race, are a continuation of the spirit of Gandhi, Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. For Gandhi, satyagraha, the force of truth, was the force not to cooperate with unjust laws that called for a ‘no’ from our deepest conscience. The Champaran Satyagraha against the forced cultivation of indigo and the Salt Satyagraha against the colonial salt law inspired us at Navdanya to start the Bija Satyagraha, which is the Seed Freedom Movement. These seeds have been given freely by nature and by our ancestors who have evolved them. It is our duty to save them and our biodiversity. Navdanya does not cooperate with laws that falsely claim that corporations have ‘invented’ seeds and therefore can take a patent on them: such unconscionable laws aim to criminalise a farmer’s saving and robs them of their seed freedom.

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Piva, Marco. "The behavior of gravitational force at small scales." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 14 (October 2019): 1944007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819440073.

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We point out the idea that, at small scales, gravity can be described by the standard degrees of freedom of general relativity, plus a scalar particle and a degree of freedom of a new type: the fakeon. This possibility leads to fundamental implications in understanding gravitational force at quantum level as well as phenomenological consequences in the corresponding classical theory.

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Silva-Navarro, Gerardo, Francisco Beltran-Carbajal, Luis Gerardo Trujillo-Franco, Juan Fernando Peza-Solis, and Oscar A. Garcia-Perez. "Online Estimation Techniques for Natural and Excitation Frequencies on MDOF Vibrating Mechanical Systems." Actuators 10, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10030041.

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An online algebraic estimation technique for natural and forcing frequencies for a class of uncertain and lumped-parameter vibrating mechanical systems with n degrees of freedom is described. In general, realistic vibrating systems can be affected by unknown exogenous excitation forces with multiple and independent frequency harmonic components. Hence, natural frequencies as well as excitation force frequencies can be simultaneously computed from an algebraic approach into a small interval of time during online operation of the mechanical system. Measurements of an available output signal, associated with some specific degree of freedom, are only required for frequency estimation in time-domain. Information on mass, stiffness and damping matrices are not necessary for multifrequency estimation algorithms. Some analytical, numerical and experimental results on a cantilever Euler–Bernoulli beam are described to show and validate the acceptable estimation of multiple frequencies in forced multiple degrees of freedom vibrating systems.

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32

Skillington, Tracey. "Climate justice without freedom." European Journal of Social Theory 18, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 288–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368431015579967.

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Storm surges, flooding, heatwaves, and prolonged drought, as ever more regular features of life under deteriorating climate conditions, are unmistakably violent. Their effects on the lives of vulnerable human populations and ecosystems across the world are widely known to be devastating. Yet a legal order that denies the victims of such ecological persecution safe haven, no matter how great its use of force (e.g., detention, arrest, forced return) cannot, by definition, be violent. The power of law, used to protect states’ rights to exclude from their jurisdictions growing numbers displaced involuntarily by global climate harms, in being a source of ‘legitimate right’, is never the same as violence. This article challenges the ongoing validity of this assumption. It points to some of the ways in which legal instruments are used today to deny those displaced by climatic conditions sufficient normative status to guarantee their safety. What is needed instead is a new critical normative understanding of the evolving relationship between climate change, violence, justice, and law, one that re-assesses the democratic justificatory grounds for the current positions of non-responsibility for the climate displaced whilst re-affirming such people’s legal and political status as equal co-members of the politically constituted international community of humanity.

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SCHLEICHERT, JAN, ILKO RAHNEBERG, and THOMAS FRÖHLICH. "CALIBRATION OF A NOVEL SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM FORCE/TORQUE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513600173.

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Multi-component force/torque transducers are used in a large field of scientific and industrial applications like robotics, biomechanics and even fluid mechanics. These sensors need to be calibrated for traceable measurements. As the calibration procedure determines the measurement uncertainty, it plays an important role in sensor development for reaching the required measurement specifications. For the application in local Lorentz Force Velocimetry (Ref. 1) a six degree of freedom force/torque sensor for measurement ranges of ± 0.2 N and ± 5 mNm was developed. This sensor can also be adapted to other applications that require multi-dimensional force/torque feedback in the μN- and μNm-range such as tactile dimensional measurements and micro-manipulation. This paper discusses the calibration and the evaluation of the properties of the calibration device and the calibration procedure of the sensor system. After a brief introduction of the sensor design and its working principle the calibration setup is described and the uncertainty contributions to the forces and torques are calculated. Then the calibration procedure is presented and the resulting output signals of the sensor are depicted. As a result of the calibration, the calibration matrix is given with a discussion of its major components.

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Burkhardt, Martin, Eric Hensel, and Welf-Guntram Drossel. "Test bench development and validation for blocked force measurements in six degree of freedom." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 3933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2561.

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For transfer path analysis (TPA) methods, the description of the source is essential. The possibilities of source characterization are as different as the TPA methods. For the classical methods, the source is considered in the installed state with feedback from the receiver structure, while for component-based TPA the source is described without feedback from the coupled structure. In addition to TPA, source characterization is also used in the product development process for evaluation or comparisons. Also in these cases, the source must be characterized without feedback from the test structure, which can generally be realized by measuring free velocities or blocked forces. Because of the need of external load to reach the components operating point, force measurements are often used. However, the realization of a reactionless test setup for the measurement of forces poses some challenges. The paper presents a setup that can be used to perform a direct force measurement at a point in six degrees of freedom. The necessary boundary conditions to approximate the idealized blocked force assumption are discussed, the calculation of the blocked force in six degrees of freedom is presented, the structural dynamic response at a reference point is calculated and compared with operational measurements.

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Benkunskas, Valdas. "PSICHIKOS SUTRIKIMŲ TURINČIŲ ASMENŲ PRIVERSTINIO HOSPITALIZAVIMO TEISINIO REGULIAVIMO YPATUMAI." Sveikatos mokslai 23, no. 6 (December 21, 2013): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2013.127.

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The article analyzes peculiarities of legal regulation of involuntary hospitalization of people with mental disorders in the context of Lithuania and other states. The analysis is based on jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and, especially, the criteria of legal involuntary hospitalization framed in the case Winterwerp v. Netherlands in 1979. Article 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms anchors that no one can be deprived of freedom, unless (among other cases) in case when “mentally ill” persons are detained. The judgement in the case Winterwerp v. Netherlands was the first to frame the three criteria, based on which it is stated that a person can be legally hospitalized by force under the Section (e) Part 1 Article 5 of the Convention. The first criterion is identification of the objective medical information on the impairment of mental health of a person. The criterion requires duly averment of that the person is “mentally ill” (has a mental disorder). If the event of mental disorder is confirmed, there is a formal possibility (in case of the aggregate of all preconditions) to hospitalize such person by force thus restricting his/her freedom and personal immunity and if, on the contrary, the fact of mental disorder is not confirmed, the person cannot formally be considered “mentally ill” or be hospitalized by force. The second criterion is gravity of a mental disorder, which means exacerbation of mental health of a person to the extent justifying the necessity to isolate the person by force. The precedent law of the ECHR directly relates gravity of a mental disorder to signs of hazard at self and others. Legal acts usually do not regulate the signs, based on which one could assess hazard of actions of a person. The duty to prove gravity of exacerbation of mental condition of a person, i.e. hazard of his/her actions, falls on psychiatrists. The third criterion guarantees restoration of the personal right for freedom in case restriction of such freedom becomes disproportionate to gravity of exacerbation of mental health of the person. A person hospitalized by force can be kept in a medical institution by force as long as his/her mental disorder and gravity of the mental disorder necessarily requires doing so. The requirement establishes the right for the person hospitalized by force to undergo periodical revisions of legality of such restriction of his/her freedom.

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Yankah, Ekow N. "Crime, Freedom and Civic Bonds: Arthur Ripstein’s Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy." Criminal Law and Philosophy 6, no. 2 (March 4, 2012): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11572-012-9145-1.

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Murakami, Chisato, Yusuke Ishikuro, and Makoto Takahashi. "Feasibility of novel four degrees of freedom capacitive force sensor for skin interface force." BioMedical Engineering OnLine 11, no. 1 (2012): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-925x-11-90.

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38

Juang, Jer-Nan, and J. R. Wright. "A Multi-Point Force Appropriation Method Based Upon a Singular Value Decomposition Approach." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930166.

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Force appropriation methods aim to provide an estimate for the force pattern required to excite a “pure” normal mode in a vibration test where multiple exciters are available. In this paper, a new method based upon a Singular Value Decomposition approach is presented. The appropriated force vector which minimizes the in-phase response components while maximizing the required quadrature components is found, subject to a fixed force norm. The method can accommodate more transducers than exciters and also more exciters than effective degrees of freedom. The method is demonstrated upon a six degree of freedom theoretical model and it is shown that an estimate for the effective degrees of freedom can be obtained.

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Ohishi, Kiyoshi, Masaru Miyazaki, and Masahiro Fujita. "Hybrid Position and Force Control Without Force Sensor." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 8, no. 3 (June 20, 1996): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1996.p0226.

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Generally, hybrid control is realized by sensor signal feedback of position and force. However, some robot manipulators do not have a force sensor due to the environment. Moreover, a precise force sensor is very expensive. In order to overcome these problems, we propose the estimation system of reaction force without using a force sensor. This system consists of the torque observer and the inverse dynamics calculation. Using both this force estimation system and <I>H</I>∞ acceleration controller which is based on <I>H</I>∞ control theory, it takes into account the frequency characteristics of both sensor noise effect and disturbance rejection. The experimental results in this paper illustrate the fine hybrid control of the three tested degrees-of-freedom DD robot manipulator without force sensor.

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Huber, Wolfgang. "Die Verbindlichkeit der Freiheit." Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 37, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-1993-0110.

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Abstract Freedom ist a basic theme oftheological ethics. In protestant theology it is treated in different forms. They can be clarified by the different ways in which freedom is related to the obligatory force (Verbindlichkeit) of ethical decisions. Freedom as obligation, freedom as the only reason for obligation, and historization of all obligations in the name of freedom are the three typical concepts. The discussion on obligation itself entails also three main answers: The obligatory force ofthe given reality, the universal communicability of ethical norms and the sola scriptura are here the three typical concepts. The article pleads for a processual understanding of obligation in Christian ethics and uses as model the ecumenical concept of conciliarity. This concept shows a specific correspondence to the Christian understanding of freedom as communicative freedom.

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Bode, Niels, Silvia Viola Kusminskiy, Reinhold Egger, and Felix von Oppen. "Current-induced forces in mesoscopic systems: A scattering-matrix approach." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 3 (February 20, 2012): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.15.

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Nanoelectromechanical systems are characterized by an intimate connection between electronic and mechanical degrees of freedom. Due to the nanoscopic scale, current flowing through the system noticeably impacts upons the vibrational dynamics of the device, complementing the effect of the vibrational modes on the electronic dynamics. We employ the scattering-matrix approach to quantum transport in order to develop a unified theory of nanoelectromechanical systems out of equilibrium. For a slow mechanical mode the current can be obtained from the Landauer–Büttiker formula in the strictly adiabatic limit. The leading correction to the adiabatic limit reduces to Brouwer’s formula for the current of a quantum pump in the absence of a bias voltage. The principal results of the present paper are the scattering-matrix expressions for the current-induced forces acting on the mechanical degrees of freedom. These forces control the Langevin dynamics of the mechanical modes. Specifically, we derive expressions for the (typically nonconservative) mean force, for the (possibly negative) damping force, an effective “Lorentz” force that exists even for time-reversal-invariant systems, and the fluctuating Langevin force originating from Nyquist and shot noise of the current flow. We apply our general formalism to several simple models that illustrate the peculiar nature of the current-induced forces. Specifically, we find that in out-of-equilibrium situations the current-induced forces can destabilize the mechanical vibrations and cause limit-cycle dynamics.

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Fukuda, Toshio, Ken Shimonaka, and Hidemi Hosokai. "Coordination Control of Artificial Five Fingers With Multiple Degrees of Freedom and a Concept of Three Dimensional Stable Grasping." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 1, no. 2 (August 20, 1989): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1989.p0098.

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The flexible functions of a human five finger hand with a palm were studied from the viewpoint of force sensory manipulation, unlike the conventional viewpoint of position based manipulation. It was clear that more than half of human hand work is related to force sensory information. Based on this examination, the degree of freedom of an articulated finger hand is determined to realize such a flexible manipulation as a human hand, so that twenty five degrees of freedom are necessary for a hand with consideration of joints inside the palm which have not been taken into account previously. An artificial finger hand with twenty five degrees of freedom was built for experiments by employing a wire and spring mechanism. Finally, an evaluation concept of three dimensional grasping is presented as a crosssection method by calculating applied forces and moments in a plane virtually cut at arbitrary inclined angles around the center of a grasped object.

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Stites, Nick, Jonathan White, Douglas E. Adams, and Matt Triplett. "Minimal-Sensing, Passive Force Identification Techniques for a Composite Structural Missile Component." Shock and Vibration 16, no. 2 (2009): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/245046.

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Structural health monitoring systems are often limited to the use of one sensor due to cost, complexity, and weight restrictions. Therefore, there is a need to develop load and damage identification techniques that utilize only one sensor. Two passive force estimation techniques are investigated in this work. The techniques focus on either the shape or the amplitude of the magnitude of the applied force in the frequency domain. Both techniques iteratively reduce an underdetermined set of equations of motion into many overdetermined systems of equations to solve for the force estimates. The techniques are shown to locate and quantify impulsive impacts with over 97% accuracy and non-impulsive impacts with at least 87% accuracy. A filament-wound rocket motor casing is used as a test structure. Impacts not acting at a specific input degree of freedom are also accurately located depending on the distance away from the modeled input degrees of freedom, and damaging impact forces are quantified by making assumptions about the impulsive nature of the applied force.

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Yang, B. D., and C. H. Menq. "Modeling of Friction Contact and Its Application to the Design of Shroud Contact." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817082.

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Designers of aircraft engines frequently employ shrouds in turbine design. In this paper, a variable normal load friction force model is proposed to investigate the influence of shroudlike contact kinematics on the forced response of frictionally constrained turbine blades. Analytical criteria are formulated to predict the transitions between stick, slip, and separation of the interface so as to assess the induced friction forces. When considering cyclic loading, the induced friction forces are combined with the variable normal load so as to determine the effective stiffness and damping of the friction joint over a cycle of motion. The harmonic balance method is then used to impose the effective stiffness and damping of the friction joint on the linear structure. The solution procedure for the nonlinear response of a two-degree-of-freedom oscillator is demonstrated. As an application, this procedure is used to study the coupling effect of two constrained forces, friction force and variable normal load, on the optimization of the shroud contact design.

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Herzog, Walter. "Sensitivity of Muscle Force Estimations to Changes in Muscle Input Parameters Using Nonlinear Optimization Approaches." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 114, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2891382.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the sensitivity of muscle force calculations to changes in muscle input parameters. Force sharing between two synergistic muscles was derived analytically for a one-degree-of-freedom system using three nonlinear optimization approaches. Changes in input parameters that are within normal anatomical variations often caused changes in muscular forces exceeding 100 percent. These results indicate that errors in muscle force calculations may depend as much on inadequate muscle input parameters as they may on the choice of the objective and constraint functions of the optimization approach.

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Kazerooni, H., and Jenhwa Guo. "Human Extenders." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 115, no. 2B (June 1, 1993): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899068.

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A human’s ability to perform physical tasks is limited by physical strength, not by intelligence. We coined the word “extenders” as a class of robot manipulators worn by humans to augment human mechanical strength, while the wearer’s intellect remains the central control system for manipulating the extender. Our research objective is to determine the ground rules for the control of robotic systems worn by humans through the design, construction, and control of several prototype experimental direct-drive/non-direct-drive multi-degree-of-freedom hydraulic/electric extenders. The design of extenders is different from the design of conventional robots because the extender interfaces with the human on a physical level. The work discussed in this article involves the dynamics and control of a prototype hydraulic six-degree-of-freedom extender. This extender’s architecture is a direct drive system with all revolue joints. Its linkage consists of two identical subsystems, the arm and the hand, each having three degrees of freedom. Two sets of force sensors measure the forces imposed on the extender by the human and by the environment (i.e., the load). The extender’s compliances in response to such contact forces were designed by selecting appropriate force compensators. The stability of the system of human, extender, and object being manipulated was analyzed. A mathematical expression for the extender performance was determined to quantify the force augmentation. Experimental studies on the control and performance of the experimental extender were conducted to verify the theoretical predictions.

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Xiong, Y. L., D. J. Sanger, and D. R. Kerr. "Geometric modelling of bounded and frictional grasps." Robotica 11, no. 2 (March 1993): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700019299.

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SUMMARYThis paper, as an extension of an earlier paper, presents a geometrical representation and theoretical foundation of robot grasping that is affected by friction and by the magnitudes of normal contact forces. Grasp analysis and synthesis are based on the concepts of constraint cone (region), restraint cone and freedom cone in the force screw-space and location screw-space. In fact, the freedom cone is the aggregate of all the screws repelling and reciprocal to the grasp geometry (denoted by the restraint cone). Moreover, the constraint cone and the constraint region describe the effect of friction and the influence of the amplitudes of normal forces. The conditions of equilibrium grasp, stable grasp, form closure, force closure, and relative form closure are derived from the geometrical representation, and approaches are suggested for the design of adaptable fixtures, and for automatic grasp planning. It is shown that relative form closure is of great significance for frictional grasp, since it is possible to generate enough internal forces in the subspace spanned by the contacts and consequently produce corresponding friction forces in the reciprocal subspace.

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Wan, Khairunizam, H. E. Nabilah, Nor Farahiya, M. Hazwan Ali, Rashidah Suhaimi, D. Hazry, A. B. Shahriman, and Zuradzman M. Razlan. "Fingertip Force Measurement of GloveMAP by Using a Flexi Force Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 780 (July 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.780.1.

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Modernization of human technologies overtime results the need of more freedom technology likes the use of natural interaction to replace a current trend interface devices such as joysticks, mice, keyboards and other related output devices. Dataglove is one of the interface devices that could serve a natural interaction between user and computers. In this paper, a dataglove called GloveMAP is introduced which has the capability of measuring fingertip force. The flexible force sensors are attached to the fingers location of the glove. Several object grasping experiments are conducted and the grasping force signals are measured. A Gaussian filter is introduced to smoothen the acquired force signals.

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DAAMS, BRECHTJE J. "Static force exertion in postures with different degrees of freedom." Ergonomics 36, no. 4 (April 1993): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139308967897.

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Myhrer, Fred, and J. Wroldsen. "The nucleon-nucleon force and the quark degrees of freedom." Reviews of Modern Physics 60, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 629–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.60.629.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Freedom Force'

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