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1
Farge, Brenda Doyle. "Homeless Women and Freedom of Choice." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 8, no. 1 (April 1989): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1989-0010.
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Birnbaum, David. "Freedom of choice requires availability of choice options." Clinical Governance: An International Journal 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cgij-05-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe divergent recent developments in provision of reproductive health services to North Americans. Design/methodology/approach – Narrative review. Findings – Two North American countries with very different histories present similar governance challenges today. The challenge is to provide all women with the full range of reproductive health options to which they are legally entitled now. In Canada, those contraception and abortion options are covered under the medical service plan insurance but not always available in convenient locations. In USA, those options are not uniformly covered under health insurance plans due to statutory limitations. In Canada, where federal law limiting abortion was struck down as unconstitutional, the leader of one of its three major federal political parties sees the way forward being to limit his party to pro-choice candidates. In USA, where new laws limiting abortion have been introduced at an unprecedented rate, the judiciary is being asked to define the way forward. Originality/value – Clinical governance needs to balance the moral beliefs of individual providers against the rights of patients to have their lawful choices available within reasonable convenience. Progress has been made but needs are still not adequately met, in these North American examples.
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Wesselhoeft, Kirsten. "The Constraints of Choice: Secular Sensibilities, Pious Critique, and an Islamic Ethic of Sisterhood in France." Sociology of Islam 7, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00704006.
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Muslim women in France engage with moral language of choice, freedom, and rights in a way that offers a framework for the intensification rather than the dilution of pious aspirations. At the same time, the centrality of choice in French state discourses pertaining to Muslim women over-determines the language of choice, freedom, and rights through association with political secularism. Against the background of the valorization of gender mixing (mixité) in state discourses, all-female Islamic social settings reconfigure gender separation (non-mixité) through a pious ethos of rights, freedoms, and personal development that makes up part of the “assemblage” of secularity in the French context, even as these settings are opposed to political secularism.
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Klajn-Tatic, Vesna. "Current problems regarding abortion, prenatal genetic testing and managing pregnancy." Stanovnistvo 49, no. 1 (2011): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1101033k.
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Current ethical and legal issues with regard to abortion, prenatal genetic testing and managing pregnancy are discussed in this paper. These problems are considered from the legal theory point of view as well as from the standpoint of the Serbian Law, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, European Court of Human Rights, legal regulations of several EU countries, the USA, Japan, and their judicial practice. First, the pregnancy termination standards that exist in Serbia are introduced. Then the following issues are explained separately: the pro life and pro choice approaches to abortion; abortion according to the legal approach as a way of survival; the moral and legal status of the fetus; prenatal genetic testing, and finally matters regarding managing pregnancy today. Moral and legal principals of autonomy, namely freedom of choice of the individual, privacy and self-determination give women the right to terminate unwanted pregnancies. In addition, the basic question is whether the right of the woman to abortion clashes with the rights of others. Firstly, with the right of the "fetus to life". Secondly, with the right of the state to intervene in the interest of protecting "the life of the fetus". Third, with the rights of the woman?s partner. The fetus has the moral right to life, but less in relation to the same right of the woman as well as in relation to her right to control her life and her physical and moral integrity. On the other hand, the value of the life of the fetus increases morally and legally with the maturity of gestation; from the third trimester, the interest of the state prevails in the protection of the "life of the fetus" except when the life or health of the pregnant woman are at risk. As regards the rights of the woman?s partner, namely the husband?s opinion, there is no legal significance. The law does not request his participation in the decision on abortion because the decision is exclusively brought by the pregnant woman. Critics of prenatal genetic testing claim that the woman?s autonomous choice is seriously prejudiced, as the women are pressured first with genetic testing and then with abortion, if the test is positive. However, there are views that many parents are left to bring their decisions in a vacuum because the physicians do not discuss all possible available options with them out of fear that they will be perceived as orders. Genetic counseling has an aim to facilitate informed reproductive decisions. Rigid application of policies on non-directive genetic counseling make pregnant women and families unaware of the nature and consequences of the genetic state which could affect the future child. If the real goal is an informed choice then it is the obligation of the physician-specialist to inform the parents with the facts and familiarize them with the true state. Managing pregnancies today medicalizes and pathologizes all pregnancies, and not only the risky ones. Since these techniques are becoming a routine part of medicalized pregnancy managing, pregnant women find it difficult to resist undertaking such technologies or to refuse them. Thus the question on how much these technologies offer sensible choices is imposed. Generally speaking, it is stated that women are becoming observers rather than active participants in giving birth to a new life. Attempts of legal control over a pregnant woman for the protection of "the life of the fetus" violate the woman?s human rights in democratic societies.
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Snyder-Hall, R. Claire. "Third-Wave Feminism and the Defense of “Choice”." Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709992842.
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How should feminist theorists respond when women who claim to be feminists make “choices” that seemingly prop up patriarchy, like posing for Playboy, eroticizing male dominance, or advocating wifely submission? This article argues that the conflict between the quest for gender equality and the desire for sexual pleasure has long been a challenge for feminism. In fact, the second-wave of the American feminist movement split over issues related to sexuality. Feminists found themselves on opposite sides of a series of contentious debates about issues such as pornography, sex work, and heterosexuality, with one side seeing evidence of gender oppression and the other opportunities for sexual pleasure and empowerment. Since the mid-1990s, however, a third wave of feminism has developed that seeks to reunite the ideals of gender equality and sexual freedom. Inclusive, pluralistic, and non-judgmental, third-wave feminism respects the right of women to decide for themselves how to negotiate the often contradictory desires for both gender equality and sexual pleasure. While this approach is sometimes caricatured as uncritically endorsing whatever a woman chooses to do as feminist, this essay argues that third-wave feminism actually exhibits not a thoughtless endorsement of “choice,” but rather a deep respect for pluralism and self-determination.
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Martin, Remi. "The Freedom Machine." After Dinner Conversation 2, no. 6 (2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/adc20212654.
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If you could have a tool always whispering in your ear the best choices, would you use it? Is being the best version of yourself the point of life? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Kiki has a problem, the computer program that continually whispers the best choices, the Infinity System, is broken. She has been using it for years and simply doing what it says. Following its advice has become second nature to her. She heads into the shop to get it looked at, and finds out it must be sent off for repairs. She will be making choices on her own for a few days. The friendly “Mastermind” service representative at the shop asks her out on a date. Without her Infinity System giving her advice, she decides to take a chance and say yes. She ends up getting drunk and sleeping with him. When she heads into the store to check to see if her Infinity System is repaired, she sees the same “Mastermind” using the same pickup lines on a new woman. She storms out. Finally, after several lost days, her repaired Infinity System is repaired and sent to her house. Now she is stuck with the final decision, will she start using it again?
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Hassan, Ahmad Muhyuddin, Zulkiflee Haron, and Mansoureh Ebrahimi. "Islamic Feminism from A Liberal Muslim Perspective." UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 7, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/umran2020.7n3.368.
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The challenge addressed herein are impacts from feminism on Muslims in particular. The authors discuss this based on an understanding of the position of women in the west vis-à-vis variegated Muslim societies. Some believe that Islamic feminism obtains full sovereignty for women and thus gel with western rejection of male chauvinism and dominance with arguments straight from the Quran. Liberal Muslim feminists believe a woman must be given equal considerations in various circumstances to include inheritance rights, legal testimony and so forth. Based on hermeneutic interpretations, socio-historical analysis and relativism, Muslim feminists believe the Quran needs a robust dusting and reinterpretation that allow socio-historical reconsiderations for this worthy cause. Since Muslim societies embrace Islam and its prevailing patriarchal culture, it is difficult to accept the concept of Islamic feminism. This paper investigates feminism from a liberal muslim perspective. A literature review provides a thematic analysis that refers to emerging trends in gender issues. Findings reveal that ideas and practices regarding rights and freedom seek to enhance the status of women. The discussion solely focuses on historical and contextual analysis to realize the expanding potential of feminism’s path to freedom of choice in the Islamic context.
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Storton, Sharon. "Step 4: Provides the Birthing Woman With Freedom of Movement to Walk, Move, Assume Positions of Her Choice." Journal of Perinatal Education 16, no. 1 (2007): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1624/105812407x173164.
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Mitchell-Reichert, Modrea. "Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and Other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s. By Angela J. Latham. Hanover, NH, and London: Wesleyan University Press, 2000; pp. 224. Illustrations, notes, and bibliography. $19.95 paperback." Theatre Survey 42, no. 2 (November 2001): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557401270124.
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As women emerged from the constraints of whalebone corsets, trailing skirts, and woolen knickers into skirts that skimmed their ankles or even knees, socioeconomic and political forces were massing against this new physical freedom. The questions Posing a Threat asks are how did women test their newborn freedom through fashionable clothing choices — primarily bathing costumes — and what were the lasting consequences of these experiments? “Flappers” and chorus girls were the principle targets of self-proclaimed moralists and socially prominent spokesmen in the twenties. The emergence of the working-class woman and her fashion decisions created an amalgam of conflicting social, economic, and moral attitudes, and forced negotiations with the hegemonic dictators of acceptable female behavior.
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Lane, Jan-Erik. "Kierkegaard: Towards a New Interpretation." Journal of Research in Philosophy and History 1, no. 1 (March 16, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v1n1p32.
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<p><em>Kierkegaard’s originality as philosopher comes out more clearly if he is analysed without any preconception. His view on man and woman is based on indeterminist foundations, approaching individual behavior as choice, alternatives of action and degrees of freedom in the present and for the future. Determinism ex post</em><em>-</em><em>indeterminism ex ante. His rejection of Hegelian macro determinism and social teleology anticipates 20<sup>th</sup> century revolution in the social sciences, namely game theory.</em></p>
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Rogers, Imogen. "Freedom of choice in childbirth: women need time to make a decision." British Journal of Midwifery 17, no. 8 (August 2009): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2009.17.8.43644.
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da Matta Machado Fernandes, Luísa, Sônia Lansky, Hozana Reis Passos, Christine T. Bozlak, and Benjamin A. Shaw. "Brazilian women’s use of evidence-based practices in childbirth after participating in the Senses of Birth intervention: A mixed-methods study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0248740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248740.
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Brazil has a cesarean rate of 56% and low use of Intrapartum Evidence-based Practices (IEBP) of 3.4%, reflecting a medically centered and highly interventionist maternal health care model. The Senses of Birth (SoB) is a health education intervention created to promote normal birth, use of EBP, and reduce unnecessary c-sections. This study aimed to understand the use of intrapartum EBP by Brazilian women who participated in the SoB intervention. 555 women answered the questionnaire between 2015 and 2016. Bivariate analysis and ANOVA test were used to identify if social-demographic factors, childbirth information, and perceived knowledge were associated with the use of EBP. A qualitative analysis was performed to explore women’s experiences. Research participants used the following EBP: birth plan (55.2%), companionship during childbirth (81.6%), midwife care (54.2%), freedom of mobility during labor (57.7%), choice of position during delivery (57.2%), and non-pharmacological pain relief methods (74.2%). Doula support was low (26.9%). Being a black woman was associated with not using a birth plan or having doula support. Women who gave birth in private hospitals were more likely not to use the EBP. Barriers to the use of EBP identified by women were an absence of individualized care, non-respect for their choices or provision of EBP by health care providers, inadequate structure and ambiance in hospitals to use EBP, and rigid protocols not centered on women’s needs. The SoB intervention was identified as a potential facilitator. Women who used EBP described a sense of control over their bodies and perceived self-efficacy to advocate for their chosen practices. Women saw the strategies to overcome barriers as a path to become their childbirth protagonist. Health education is essential to increase the use of EBP; however, it should be implemented combined with changes in the maternal care system, promoting woman-centered and evidence-based models.
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Levine, Philippa. "“So Few Prizes and So Many Blanks”: Marriage and Feminism in Later Nineteenth-Century England." Journal of British Studies 28, no. 2 (April 1989): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385931.
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Marriage, for the nineteenth-century woman, was perhaps the single most profound and far-reaching institution that would affect the course of her life. For the woman who did not marry, whether by choice or by chance, spinsterhood marked her as one of society's unfortunates, cast aside from the common lot of the sex. For the woman who did enter wedlock, marriage spelled, simultaneously, a loss of freedom in both political and financial matters, perhaps domestic drudgery and frequent pregnancy, but undoubtedly a clear elevation in social status. Class position aside, marriage had a far greater effect on the lives of women than of men, and the pressures for women to marry were correspondingly far greater than those brought to bear upon men.The meaning and significance of marriage in Victorian England represented a central pressure point in the lives of all women. It was undoubtedly one of the major agencies of socialization to which women were exposed; the pressures it imposed were enormously persuasive and difficult to resist. Family expectation and even self-esteem competed with the public assessment of women on the basis of their marital status. For women, marriage and its effects permeated every aspect of their daily existence and shifted the focus of their emotional and social contacts—what Patricia Jalland has dubbed their “bedroom-bathroom intimacy”—from their own families to those of their husbands.The growing demographic imbalance between the sexes during the course of the nineteenth century was viewed with alarm by contemporary commentators who feared that the changing ratio of men to women would increase the numbers of unmarried women.
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Momodu, Benedicta Ehi. "Implication of Freedom and Change in Nigeria’s Women Education Programme: Is Autonomy Necessary?" International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 24 (March 2014): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.24.64.
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The clamour for equal treatment and opportunity has made women desirous in their struggle to break the shackles of cultural imperative, which they believe have enslaved them. Social indicators reveal that women deserve equal opportunity with their male counterparts. The trend of women education and the current of socialization among social crusaders, gender practitioners and women showed freedom as both a cherished goal and threat to the girl-child. Can freedom therefore be something essential in women education and socialization? Put differently, can the nourishing of the tendency towards autonomous activities in a “proper” social environment not bring about the inherent freedom and the noblest image of the girl-child? In an attempt to provide answers to this questions and other issues, the a priori-deductive method of analysis was employed in examining autonomy, human aspect of freedom, women education, and socialization. It was emphasized that to enjoy freedom without some degree of autonomy is gross abuse of freedom. The inherent freedom is realizable only if women education is refocused towards encouraging independence, self-knowledge, and rational choice.
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Martin, Patricia A. "The Role of Women in Abortion Jurisprudence: From Roe to Casey and Beyond." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2, no. 3 (1993): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318010000431x.
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In many ways, Roe v. Wade marked a new chapter in American life. By assuring women of greater reproductive freedom., It gave women greater economic and social freedom, Inflamed a partisan battle between pro-life and pro-choice camps, and provoked a public debate regarding the proper sphere of judicial action. Hence, just as Roe has been critical to the changing politics of gender, it has been the focus of a political debate about the meaning of personhood and morality of abortion, the scope of individual freedom, and the judiciary's role in effecting social change.
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Santana, Ariane Teixeira de, Ridalva Dias Martins Felzemburgh, Telmara Menezes Couto, and Lívia Pinheiro Pereira. "Performance of resident nurses in obstetrics on childbirth care." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 19, no. 1 (March 2019): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042019000100008.
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Abstract Objectives: to describe good practices on childbirth care and obstetric interventions performed by resident nurses in obstetrics during the obstetric childbirth risk at a public maternity hospital in Salvador. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, based on the of 102 parturients, between February and April 2016. The data collection was performed through the collection of information on clinical files for analysis by using descriptive statistics with absolute and relative frequencies for the evaluated categorical variables. Results: it was observed that 100.0% of the women used some kind of non-pharmacological method for pain relief, although the method of choice was to take a hot bath; 99.0% of the women drank liquids; 94.0% had the presence of a companion of free choice; 99.0% walked during labor; 100.0% had the freedom to choose a position during childbirth. It is noteworthy that no woman in this study was submitted to episiotomy, and more than 70.0% were not submitted to any obstetric intervention. Conclusions: the Programa de Residência em Enfermagem (Residency Nursing Program) an important point in the childbirth humanization process is directly associated to the increase in the normal childbirth rates, the highest use on good practices in childbirth care, and the reduction on obstetric interventions.
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Heise, Lori L. "Reproductive Freedom and Violence against Women: Where are the Intersections?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 21, no. 2 (1993): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1993.tb01243.x.
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There isn’t much understanding in some marriages. My sister has six [children] and another has eight. I said to one of them that she shouldn’t have any more. And she said “What can I do? When my husband comes home drunk, he foxes me to sleep with him.” And that is what happens to a lot of women. And if the women don’t do it, the men hit them, or treat them badly. Or the men get jealous and think their wives are with other men.—Rene, a 29-year old Peruvian womanGender violence is a major yet often underrecognized obstacle to reproductive choice. In both the abortion rights movement in the United States and the reproductive health movement globally, the “enemy” of self-determination and choice is usually seen as imposing from the top down. In the North, it is the government—through the courts, the legislature, and bureaucratic rulemaking—that threatens to “take away” women’s reproductive autonomy. The image is one of the public sphere invading that which is private—of the state interfering with a woman’s right to control her own body.
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Brison, Susan J. "Contentious Freedom: Sex Work and Social Construction." Hypatia 21, no. 4 (2006): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2006.tb01136.x.
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In this article, Brison extends the analysis of freedom developed in Nancy J Hirschmann's book, The Subject of Liberty: Toward a Feminist Theory of Freedom, to an area of controversy among feminist theorists: that of sex work, including prostitution and participation in the production of pornography. This topic raises some of the same issues concerning choice and consent as the three topics Hirschmann discusses in her book—domestic violence, the current welfare system in the United States, and Islamic veiling—but it also raises some distinct ones concerning the social construction of sexuality and possible conflicts between the freedom of some women (who may choose to engage in sex work) and the freedom of others (who may be harmed by the contribution of such work to the social construction of categories such as “women” and “sex”).
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Kaushal, Kaushambi. "No Honour in Honour Killing: Comparative Analysis of Indian Traditional Social Structure vis-à-vis Gender Violence." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 5, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632719880870.
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India is always proud of its democracy, secularism between and after so many years of Independence. However, ethos of marriage remains the same. Marriages tend to be a holy sacrament solemnized by families. In some of the cases, young innocent women are subjected to horrific and horrendous waves of massacring for choosing the life partner according to their wish and choice. Moreover, this choice makes the women vulnerable to the alleged supreme caste, religious group and old guards of the society. A killing in the name of honour inculcates torture and rejection of equalitarianism, which is a corner stone of the Indian Constitution. Furthermore, it manifests how the value of feudalism and patriarchy is rooted in our social system in some corner. The qualitative- and quantitative-based comparative analyses of the study would depict various perspectives of violence, its vulnerability and peril nature towards some of Indian Women. In this backdrop, it is difficult to state the precise number of Honour Killings because many cases go unreported. In some of the cases, the perpetrators go unpunished and the concept of the honour becomes justified in the eyes of societies. It is estimated by the United Nations Population Funds that 5,000 women and girls are killed by their own family members. According to the recent report of National Crime Record Bureau, 356 cases of Honour Killing were reported along with 65 cases of culpable homicide in India. There are laws in Indian Penal Code for the Honour Killings; but it is just an antidote to such dishonourable practices. Law should be amended and made stringent towards it. It is manifested that a wide range of moderation is needed in order to effectively battle against patriarchal crimes and women’s sovereignty in India. It is not out of the context to mention here that ‘The Freedom of Belief doesn’t mean Freedom to Kill. Everyone has right to live there life with dignity, grace and equality. A woman deserves respect with dignity. There is No Honour in Honour Killings’.
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Burningham, Sarah. "Constitutional Law and Abortion in Saskatchewan: The Freedom of Informed Choice (Abortions) Act." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 35, no. 1 (April 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2019.43.
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AbstractThis paper reviews the history of Bill 53, the Freedom of Informed Choice (Abortions) Act. A private member’s bill introduced in the Saskatchewan Legislative Assembly in 1985, Bill 53 would have imposed additional consent requirements on women seeking abortions. After concerns about its constitutionality were raised, the Bill was referred to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal, which found it fell outside provincial jurisdiction. This paper explores the connection between Bill 53 and its more well-known cousins, Morgentaler and Borowski, and examines judicial and political decision-making in the early Charter era.
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Pennington, Sarah. "Sterilized by Grief." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 5, no. 1 (2016): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2016.5.1.37.
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In this poetry-infused autoethnography, I reflect on how the experience of my baby brother's death influenced my choice not to have children of my own. In reviewing the extant literature about women who choose to remain childless, I found my experience is not reflected, as much of what is written about the increasing number of women who are childless by choice focuses on reasons such as finances, freedom, and career. With this in mind, I offer my story and present an alternative narrative of grief impacting the choice to remain childless.
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Camiscioli, Elisa. "Coercion and Choice." French Historical Studies 42, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 483–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-7558357.
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Abstract This article employs police investigations of the “traffic in women” between France and Argentina in the first three decades of the twentieth century to highlight the multiple narratives in play when contemporaries talked about trafficking and relayed their experiences of it. While the dominant narrative of “white slavery” in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries emphasized coercion, sexual exploitation, and victimization, many young working-class women described the journey to Argentina in terms of perceived opportunity, whether for money, travel, or freedom. This is not to downplay the social and economic vulnerability of these women and the precarious lives they led in French and Argentine cities. Instead, the article emphasizes the inadequacy of many existing frameworks for discussing sex trafficking, and prostitution more generally, as they rely too heavily on a stark division between coercion and choice. Cet article repose sur une analyse d'enquêtes de police portant sur la « traite des femmes » entre la France et l'Argentine durant le premier tiers du vingtième siècle. Il met l'accent sur la multiplicité des discours évoquant la traite, et l'expérience des femmes impliquées. Si, à la fin du dix-neuvième et au début du vingtième siècle, le discours dominant à propos de la « traite des blanches » souligne la coercition, l'exploitation sexuelle et la victimisation, de nombreuses femmes appartenant à la classe ouvrière décrivent leur périple en Argentine comme une opportunité de gagner plus d'argent, de voyager, ou de saisir leur liberté. Cet article ne vise cependant à minimiser ni le rôle de la vulnérabilité économique et sociale de ces femmes, ni leur vie précaire dans les villes de France et d'Argentine. Il cherche plutôt à mettre en évidence le caractère inadapté des différents paradigmes existants pour aborder le sujet du trafic sexuel, et plus généralement de la prostitution, ainsi que la manière dont ces paradigmes reposent sur une division trop marquée entre le choix et la contrainte.
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Dor, Asnat. "Single Motherhood by Choice: Difficulties and Advantages." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 11, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v11n1p18.
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This qualitative phenomenological study focuses on the advantages and difficulties encountered by 20 single mothers by choice (SMC). Research has addressed the difficulties that single mothers face, and the present study will discuss these, as well as the advantages that SMC see in this family structure. The research tool was semi-structured in-depth, non-directive interviews. Findings revealed that the difficulties SMCs face are similar to those faced by women who are single mothers due to life circumstances. The fact that they are solely responsible for their child/ren is a source of emotional stress, and they must deal with society’s ambivalent attitudes. At the same time, SMCs emphasized their freedom to decide exclusively, and their success in maintaining a calm atmosphere at home, devoid of possible tension with a partner. This study suggests that although the women had chosen to become single mothers, the choice does not ease their difficulties. However, it allows SMCs to acknowledge the advantages of this family structure.
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Patton, Venetria K. "Something Akin to Freedom: The Choice of Bondage in Narratives by African American Women." African American Review 44, no. 4 (2011): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/afa.2011.0051.
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Marshall, Jill. "The legal recognition of personality: full-face veils and permissible choices." International Journal of Law in Context 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552313000372.
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AbstractA woman's freedom to develop her personality or identity as she sees fit is supposed to be legally protected in twenty-first century Europe. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) provides a right to respect for one's private life in Article 8 which has been judicially interpreted to provide a right to identity or personality development. Additionally, Article 14 provides for non-discrimination and Articles 9 and 10 for freedom of expression, including that which is religious. Arguments are examined of some different interpretations of the overall purpose of human rights law − to respect human dignity and human freedom. These are examined by reference to the recent criminalisation of wearing face coverings in public places in certain European countries where the intention is to prevent the wearing of the Islamic full-face veil.1It is argued that each woman's identity is legally recognised when the concepts of human dignity and human freedom are interpreted as empowering and self-determining rather than constraining and paternalistic. Legally banning full-face veils, in liberal democracies in situations where an adult woman says she has freely chosen to wear such a garment, misrecognises her and disrespects her identity or personality: as a human being, as a member of a religious or cultural group and as an individual person capable of subjectively interpreting her own identity or personality as she sees fit.
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Čakardić, Ankica. "Down the Neoliberal Path: The Rise of Free Choice Feminism." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 14 (October 15, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i14.215.
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The free choice ideology dictates that any time a woman makes a choice it is an act of feminism. The idea that personal choice presupposes the faraway horizons of freedom and its guarantee, as well as the undoubted potentials of women’s empowerment, makes up the central position of the critique in this essay. Our text is divided into two parts. In the first part of the paper we are going to outline the basic assumptions of neoliberalism, in order to use them as foundations for the argument about its feminist affirmation. We will illustrate the relationship between neoliberalism and feminism by using the example of women's entrepreneurship, which is usually interpreted as a strategy of undeniable emancipation. In the second part of the essay, as a concrete response to ‘neoliberal feminism’, we are going to point to the progressive potential of social reproduction theory and socialist-feminist practice to be further developed out of it. Given the intention of this text is not to exhibit a detailed historical-comparative analysis of feminism, we are merely going to use concrete examples to illustrate the link between feminism and neoliberalism, and to map the shift from early second-wave feminism to identity politics and the cultural turn that swallows up the critique of political economy. Article received: June 2, 2017; Article accepted: June 16, 2017; Published online: October 15, 2017; Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Čakardić, Ankica. "Down the Neoliberal Path: The Rise of Free Choice Feminism." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 14 (2017): 33-44. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i14.215
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Li, Alex Yang, and Virginia Braun. "Pubic hair and its removal: A practice beyond the personal." Feminism & Psychology 27, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353516680233.
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Pubic hair removal, now common among women in Anglo/western cultures, has been theorised as a disciplinary practice. As many other feminine bodily practices, it is characterised by removal or alteration of aspects of women's material body (i.e., pubic hair) considered unattractive but otherwise “natural.” Emerging against this theorisation is a discourse of personal agency and choice, wherein women assert autonomy and self-mastery of their own bodies and body practices. In this paper, we use a thematic analysis to examine the interview talk about pubic hair from 11 sexually and ethnically diverse young women in New Zealand. One overarching theme – pubic hair is undesirable; its removal is desirable – encapsulates four themes we discuss in depth, which illustrate the personal, interpersonal and sociocultural influences intersecting the practice: (a) pubic hair removal is a personal choice; (b) media promote pubic hair removal; (c) friends and family influence pubic hair removal; and (d) the (imagined) intimate influences pubic hair removal. Despite minor variations among queer women, a perceived norm of genital hairlessness was compelling among the participants. Despite the articulated freedom to practise pubic hair removal, any freedom from participating in this practice appeared limited, rendering the suggestion that it is just a “choice” problematic.
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Bachleda, Catherine, Nicolas Hamelin, and Oumaima Benachour. "Does religiosity impact Moroccan Muslim women’s clothing choice?" Journal of Islamic Marketing 5, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-05-2013-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore whether religiosity impacts the clothing style Moroccan Muslim women choose to wear in the public setting. Design/methodology/approach – The framework chosen for this study was the theory of planned behaviour. Data were gathered by a questionnaire administered to 950 Muslim women located throughout in Morocco. Findings – Results indicate that a woman’s religiosity cannot be determined simply by what she wears, with age, marital status and education found to have far greater impact on a woman’s choice of clothing than religiosity. Practical implications – In countries where women have freedom to choose what they wear, Muslims should not be treated homogeneously, but rather as a heterogeneous segment with different social classes, different sects and different ways of expressing and experiencing their faith in daily life. Originality/value – Currently there is limited literature that explores the relationship between religiosity and a woman’s choice of dress, outside of the hijab. Moreover, in spite of the significance of religion in the lives of many individuals, its role in consumer choice is not clear. This research provides some clarity within the context of clothing choice for Moroccan Muslim women.
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Temudo, Marina Padrão. "Between ‘forced marriage’ and ‘free choice’: social transformations and perceptions of gender and sexuality among the Balanta in Guinea-Bissau." Africa 89, no. 1 (February 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972018000670.
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AbstractAfrican women are frequently portrayed as a subaltern group in need of external support, used as property in forging social relations, producing wealth in people and doing most of the agricultural work to feed household members in societies where ‘modernization’ does not always seem to change their unfortunate predicament. This article destabilizes such narratives by showing the complexities of marriage practices and the difficult dialectics between freedom and subjugation in one West African agrarian society – the Brasa-speaking people of Guinea-Bissau. Among this patrilineal and virilocal group, marriage was usually arranged at birth or when girls were still small children. However, after marriage, women enjoyed great freedom of movement to have distant sexual partners and to pursue private profit-making activities. Paradoxically, while at present most young women are allowed to marry a young husband of their choice, having lost the support of their descent groups they are becoming more subjected to their husbands’ power and control.
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Pradhan, Manas Ranjan, Surendra Kumar Patel, and Antim Alok Saraf. "Informed choice in modern contraceptive method use: pattern and predictors among young women in India." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 6 (December 19, 2019): 846–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000828.
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AbstractResearch on informed choice in modern contraceptive method acceptance by young married women is pertinent in the broader context of individual freedom and reproductive rights, especially in countries where women continue to have limited control over their reproductive and contraceptive choices. This study in India asked: (1) is young married women’s acceptance of specific modern contraceptive methods an informed choice? and (2) what are the enablers and barriers to informed choice? The study used data for currently married women aged 15–24 (N = 20,752) from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16. A Method Information Index (MII) was calculated as a measure of informed choice from the percentage of users who responded ‘yes’ to all three questions on: whether they were informed about methods other than the one they received, told about the method-specific side-effects, and advised what to do if they experienced side-effects. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to examine the adjusted effect of factors associated with the MII separately for female sterilization, the intrauterine device and the oral contraceptive pill, and a combined MII including all three methods plus injectables. One-fifth of the study women used any modern contraceptive method at the time of survey, of which only 36% had fully informed choice. The likelihood of being informed about the methods was significantly higher among those using the oral contraceptive pill (OR: 1.75, CI 1.58–1.94), IUD (OR: 2.23, CI 1.97–2.52) and injectables (OR: 1.37, CI 0.97–1.94) compared with those who were sterilized. Informed choice varied by region and the socioeconomic profile of the users. Inadequately informed choice violates the reproductive rights of young women and might result in higher post-use health problems, discontinuation of and unmet need for contraceptives, unintended pregnancies, induced abortions and regret, adversely affecting women’s health. Training of health/family planning workers in India about the importance of reproductive rights is urgently required to enhance informed contraceptive choice and improve the health of young married women.
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Telford, Nicole. "Can Canadian Women Have it All? How Limited Access to Affordable Child Care Restricts Freedom and Choice." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy27146.
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The objective of this essay is to provide an historical account of the attempts made to implement a universal child care policy in Canada. Since World War II, we have been seeing large numbers of women entering the workforce and have had no centralized child care policy in place. This contributes to role strain on women as there appears to be little choice in work and family life. This paper explores the effort made by the feminist movement and women’s advocates to establish a universal child care system. I hope to achieve a clear understanding that the need for child care remains an equality issue. Throughout this paper, I will shed light on the effects child care has on women, their families, and society. I will also address the current policies in place and what is to come under the new Liberal government.
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Cheruvallil-Contractor, Sariya. "The Right to be Human: How Do Muslim Women Talk about Human Rights and Religious Freedoms in Britain?" Religion & Human Rights 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18710328-13011172.
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Abstract This article examines existing literature and data from qualitative fieldwork with Muslim women in Britain to analyse their narratives of human rights and freedom, as they live within plural European contexts. In scared, securitised and polarised Europe, Muslim women have become visible markers of otherness. Each Muslim woman becomes a fulcrum upon which Western values and morality are measured against the “other”, its values, its beliefs and its choices. In exploring the implications of societal othering on Muslim women’s experiences of their human rights, this article concludes that in social contexts that are polemical, becoming the other dehumanises Muslim women who thus become ineligible for “human” rights. In such contexts, a human rights-based approach alone is insufficient to achieve “dignity and fairness” in society. In addition to human rights, societies need robust and rigorous dialogue so that societal differences become part of a new mediated plural reality.
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Hass, Bat-sheva. "The Burka Ban: Islamic Dress, Freedom and Choice in The Netherlands in Light of the 2019 Burka Ban Law." Religions 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11020093.
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This article, part of an evolving and large project, examines the relationship between clothing, freedom and choice, and specifically Islamic dress in shaping the identity of Dutch Muslim women after the Burka Ban that was voted into law on 1 August 2019 in the Netherlands. It discusses the debates before and after this date, as well as the background to the ban. A veil covering the face is a garment worn by some Muslim women to adhere to an interpretation of hijab (modest dress). It can be referred to as a burqa or niqab. In the aftermath of the Burka Ban that prompted considerable public alarm on the part of Muslim men and women, niqab-wearing women, as well as women who do not wear a veil, but are in solidarity with their niqabi sisters, raised a number of questions that form the basis for the analysis presented here: how do Dutch Muslim women shape their identity in a way that it is both Dutch and Muslim? Do they incorporate Dutch parameters into their Muslim identity, while at the same time weaving Islamic principles into their Dutch sense of self? The findings show how Islamic clothing can be mobilized by Dutch Muslim women to serve identity formation and personal (religious) choice in the Netherlands, where Islam is largely considered by the non-Muslim population to be a religion that is oppressive and discriminatory towards women. It is argued that in the context of being Dutch and Muslim, these women express their freedom of choice through clothing, thus pushing the limits of the archetypal Dutch identity and criticizing Dutch society while simultaneously stretching the meaning of Islam to craft their own identity.
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Reines, Victoria. "Quieting Speech: Establishing a Buffer Zone Around Reproductive Freedom." American Journal of Law & Medicine 42, no. 1 (March 2016): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858816644722.
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The First Amendment and reproductive freedom have recently been pitted against each other on more than one occasion. In June 2014, the Supreme Court held that a Massachusetts law creating a buffer zone in front of abortion-providing centers was a violation of the First Amendment. In Maryland, the city of Baltimore and Montgomery County have passed ordinances to regulate crisis pregnancy centers (“CPCs”), which would effectively require the facilities to advertise that they are not medically licensed and do not provide abortion care. The president of a group of CPCs describes CPCs as “organizations out to offer ‘pro-life counseling;’” pro-choice proponents, however, “argue that the centers are deceptive, presenting themselves as medical facilities and even abortion clinics in order to lure pregnant women in, and then bombard them with guilt trips, emotional abuse, and even lies in an effort to keep them from having abortions.” In two cases, CPCs in Maryland have sued to enjoin these ordinances.
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Marshall, Jill. "Giving birth but refusing motherhood: inauthentic choice or self-determining identity?" International Journal of Law in Context 4, no. 2 (June 2008): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174455230800205x.
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AbstractIssues of what personal autonomy and identity means are investigated in the context of the European Court of Human Rights’ development of Article 8’s right to respect one’s private life into a right to personal autonomy, identity and integrity with particular reference to French anonymous birthing as explored by that court in Odièvre v France and feminist literature on mothering and autonomy. Although much critiqued by feminists, personal autonomy has been reconceptualised to mean something of worth to women. Yet, this version of autonomy can diverge into two directions in terms of individual identity as evidenced in Odièvre and in feminist literature: self-determination or self-realisation/authenticity. Conclusions are reached that making autonomy dependent on claims to ‘authenticity’ restricts personal freedom and thus ultimately identity.
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Fjelkestam, Kristina. "Den sentimentala romanen och kampen om medborgarskap: Rousseaus Julie och Staëls Delphine." Sjuttonhundratal 6 (October 1, 2009): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.2758.
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<p>The sentimental novel and the struggle for citizenship: Rousseau’s <em>Julie </em>and Staël’s<em> Delphine</em></p><p>The tragic fates of a great number of women in sentimental novels of the eighteenth century can be viewed against the background of classic liberal theory. They provide examples of how individual freedom and restraint in the name of common good can be reconciled. Faced with the impossible choice between a life guided by the principle of love and that of virtue, women often choose self-sacrifice as a means of preserving a sense of individuality in the face of the demands of public universality. The epistolary novels, <em>Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse </em>(1761) of Jean Jacques Rousseau and the <em>Delphine </em>(1802) of Germaine de Staël, present two rather different treatments of this problem. Rousseau’s Julie is a woman whose unquenchable desire transforms her into a prototype of female unreliability not worthy of societal recognition. Staël’s Delphine, in turn, unmasks a ruthless and unprincipled society which prohibits her from becoming its full-fledged member.</p>
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Zafar, Rida. "Impact of Income and Education on Socio-Political Values of Women: An Empirical Study of Pakistani Working Women." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619830718.
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A significant number of studies indicate that economic prosperity promotes higher values such as democracy, equality and freedom of choice. Pakistan has witnessed a considerable increase in the size of the middle class contributing to the increased participation of women in the labour force. This increase may translate into higher values among working women across income classes. This article draws on structured interviews ( n = 350) with working women in the metropolis Lahore to investigate the extent their socioeconomic status is linked with self-expressive values. By using the ordinal logit model, this paper observes that significant differences exist in women’s perceptions and values across income and education groups. This study confirms that women with higher income and education levels are more independent in their choices. They exercise more authority in their personal and public life. Results also confirm their considerable interest in the democratization process and diminishing involvement in religious practices relative to middle- and lower-income and education groups. JEL Classification: A13, F63 Z13, C30
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Soylu Yalcinkaya, Nur, and Glenn Adams. "A Cultural Psychological Model of Cross-National Variation in Gender Gaps in STEM Participation." Personality and Social Psychology Review 24, no. 4 (August 13, 2020): 345–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868320947005.
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Gender gaps in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) participation are larger in societies where women have greater freedom of choice. We provide a cultural psychological model to explain this pattern. We consider how individualistic/post-materialistic cultural patterns in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic) settings foster a self-expressive construction of academic choice, whereby affirming femininity/masculinity and ensuring identity fit become primary goals. Striving to fulfill these goals can lead men toward, and women away from, STEM pursuit, resulting in a large gender gap. In Majority World settings, on the contrary, collectivistic/materialistic cultural patterns foster a security-oriented construction, whereby achieving financial security and fulfilling relational expectations become primary goals of academic choice. These goals can lead both women and men toward secure and lucrative fields like STEM, resulting in a smaller gender gap. Finally, gender gaps in STEM participation feed back into the STEM=male stereotype. We discuss the implications of our model for research and theory, and intervention and policy.
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Nurtjahyo, Lidwina Inge. "The Issue of Rights of Religious Freedom in Some Domestic Violence Cases in Indonesia." Religions 12, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12090733.
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Based on the National Commission for the Protection of the Rights of Women and Children of Indonesia’s annual report, in 2020 there were 11,105 cases of domestic violence reported. Those domestic violence cases were caused by complex factors. One of the causes is the limitation of religious freedom in the family. In Indonesia, between 2010 and 2019, there were several cases of domestic violence caused by women choosing different religions from their parents or husband. Domestic violence involving limitation of the rights of religious freedom is sometimes resolved by divorcing or by completing it with coercive efforts. The rights of religious freedom in Indonesia, although protected by the Constitution and by the Act of Protection of Human Rights No. 39 of 1999, still face various challenges in implementation. The choice of religion in some families is highly influenced and determined by the authority in the family. This article analyzes the secondary data from online news, verdicts, and statistics from the Supreme Court Directory between 2010 and 2019. Findings are analyzed using the perspective of gender studies and anthropology of law.
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Markovits, Elizabeth K., and Susan Bickford. "Constructing Freedom: Institutional Pathways to Changing the Gender Division of Labor." Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 1 (March 2014): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592713003721.
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In recent years, there has been renewed public discussion regarding the relationship between women’s equality and their traditional responsibility for carework. In this essay, we analyze the structures of choice and constraint that continue to produce the gender division of family labor and thus women's unequal participation in the public sphere. We conceptualize this as a problem of democratic freedom, one that requires building institutional pathways to sustain women's participation. Drawing on Nancy Hirschmann's arguments about processes of social construction and their relation to freedom, we argue that gender inequality in the public sphere means that women are unfree, in the sense that they are not participating as peers in the material and discursive processes of social construction that then help to shape their own desires and decisions. We use that framework to analyze the current landscape in which different subgroups of women make decisions about paid labor and care work. Our goal is to bring into view the way the social construction of desire interacts with the material context to underwrite inequality between women and men and across different groups of women. Gender equality and the project of democracy require participatory parity between women and men in the public sphere. We therefore turn in our last section to an effort to imagine how public policies could construct pathways that can help interrupt and undo the gender division of labor, and thus better support democratic freedom.
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Gozdecka, Dorota Anna. "Backlash or Widening the Gap?: Women’s Reproductive Rights in the Twenty-First Century." Laws 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws9010008.
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This article examines legal challenges to women’s reproductive rights in Ireland and the United States, arguing that backlash against reproductive rights is a consequence of the long unsettled position of women’s reproductive freedom in liberal democracies and the catalogue of rights. It examines the legal foundations of reproductive rights and their perceived conflicts with other values, such as religion, and focuses on the current legal challenges to women’s bodily autonomy regarding choice and motherhood. It demonstrates the many contexts in which women have not acquired full reproductive freedom, and explores the nature of the current backlash. It argues that the nature of the backlash is not simply a reclamation of what has been legally guaranteed, but instead a deepening of the preexisting divides within reproductive justice globally.
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Gomółka, Krystyna. "The Self-employment of Women in Azerbaijan." Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 25, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.2.2021.8.
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Azerbaijan has a population of more than 10 million, of which women accounted for 50% in 2020. At the same time, 93% of Azerbaijan’s citizens describe themselves as Muslims. Since the beginning of independence, Azerbaijan has been a secular state by virtue of Article 48 of the Constitution, which guarantees the freedom of worship, choice, or nonpractice of religion and the freedom of expression of one’s own views on religion. This article aims to assess the changes in the self-employment of women in Azerbaijan through a deductive analysis of data and observation of changes in the structure of resources based on generally available macroeconomic data. This study focuses on the situation of women on the Azerbaijani labour market over the two decades of the 21st century. The numbers of economically active women, including those in employment and the unemployed, and economically inactive women are specified. Further, the government’s legal and financial policy in respect of women’s self-employment is analysed. The author determines what percentage of companies were set up by women and in which sectors and locations.
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Gribaldo, Alessandra. "Veline, ordinary women and male savages: Disentangling racism and heteronormativity in contemporary narratives on sexual freedom." Modern Italy 23, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.5.
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This article takes as its starting point the so-called ‘sex scandals’ surrounding Italy’s former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi during the last years of his premiership (2009–2011), which have filled Italian newspaper columns and legal case files. Political discourses and media interpretations of women’s freedom at the time represented genders through the eroticisation of power. The deployment of postfeminist and stereotyped representations of gender relations produced a complex and ambivalent frame for female sexuality and agency which reproduced the hegemonic neoliberal rhetoric that locates freedom and emancipation in the market. This narrative was further inflected by class and race, as it was deployed through the opposed images of white, Italian, respectable, caring women, and cynical young women and migrants using their bodies as a resource in a sexual-economic exchange with men occupying positions of power. Through feminist reflections on work I frame and discuss the use of the notions of choice and freedom in these discourses. Shifting the focus from women’s behaviour to the analysis of a peculiar image of masculinity displayed by the then premier, the article highlights how racism, colonial legacies and homophobia are enmeshed in this historically and culturally based gender imagery.
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Moors, Annelies, Martijn de Koning, and Vanessa Vroon-Najem. "Secular Rule and Islamic Ethics: Engaging with Muslim-Only Marriages in the Netherlands." Sociology of Islam 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 274–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00603002.
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From the mid-2000s, Dutch policy makers, the media, and others have started to define Muslim-only marriages as a problem. This contribution unpacks a recent hype, when a Dutch TV station broadcasted the conclusion of a polygamous marriage at a mosque, while simultaneously the largest right-wing political party presented an initiative to further criminalize Muslim-only marriages. In both the TV program and the policy initiative, the same feminist organization, Femmes for Freedom, was involved. Using liberal arguments such as freedom of partner choice to limit the freedom of a religious minority, interestingly, the dividing lines were neither between Muslims and non-Muslims, nor between more ‘mainstream’ and more ‘Salafi-oriented’ mosques. Arguing for the need to protect women, many supported the current Dutch law demanding that couples conclude a civil marriage prior to a religious marriage, as the former would protect women better, while others called for better educating Muslims about women’s rights in Islam. Whereas the voices of women in Muslim-only marriages were not heard, our research with converts entering into polygamous marriages indicates that they may opt for these marriages themselves with their main concerns centering on the equal treatment of wives and men’s openness about polygamy.
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Solbjør, Marit, and Karen Willis. "Informed Choice and Nudging in Mammography Screening: A Discourse Analysis of Australian and Scandinavian Webpages." Science, Technology and Society 26, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971721820964890.
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The tension between providing adequate information and achieving sufficiently high participation in population-based screening programmes, such as mammography, represents an ongoing challenge for health authorities. The theory of nudge illuminates how individuals may be nudged towards healthy behaviours without restricting individual freedom of choice. We analyse information provided on health authority webpages and uncover the subject positions available to healthy women deciding whether to participate in screening. We do so by comparing different policy contexts where women must opt in to screening (Australia) or opt out (Scandinavia). We conclude that information is used to nudge women towards screening. Alongside focus on the ease of being screened, tensions exist in simultaneously portraying women as being at risk of breast cancer and providing reassurance of their healthy state. We identify persuasive devices that emphasise responsibility to participate in screening and conclude that webpages play a dynamic role in authorities’ attempts to, on one hand, achieve high participation in screening, and on the other, promote mammography screening as an individual choice.
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Szczepankiewicz, Jan. "Czy przedsiębiorczość ma płeć?" Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 2 (January 1, 2006): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.2.22.
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The goal of this article is to take into consideration a problem of entrepreneurship among men and women. In author’s opinion this problem is unilaterally overused as an element of economical struggle and that is why it is harmful for activities of both parties. Author notes that the work of many politicians and women’s organizations impedes a natural entrepreneurship development, which takes into account all the conditions related to how the individuals function in the society. Excessive interference in customs, some legislation in Labor Law, breaking the rules of free market, all of them cause the lost of a natural competitiveness, restrictions on freedom of choice and tendencies to excessive control. Author highlights that more freedom in economic, social and political life, less detailed regulations, state interferences and short-term politics mean better conditions for the entrepreneurship development of both genders - in forms appropriate for men and women - more social justice and better protection for our property.
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Matondang, Armansyah, and Yurial Arief Lubis. "Siladang Women and Regional Head Election in Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v1i4.107.
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Perempuan Siladang is an ethnic minority that dwells in Mandailing Godang (Gross Mandailing) in the designation of the Dutch colonial government. This ethnicity has a patrilineal kinship system. The area is now in Mandailing Natal District and precisely in the present Panyabungan sub-district. As a minority the Siladang people tend to be retarded. Compared to neighboring ethnic groups which have been more advanced since the colonial era. Siladang people also did not escape the dynamics of local politics in Mandailing Natal District, their most obvious involvement can be seen when regional elections took place and it was known that their level of understanding of democracy was still very low. Their motives in making choices and voting are still laden with interests in the form of direct material rewards and indirectly strengthened in return. It is known that there is freedom in determining the choice and voting for the pairs of regional head candidates by Siladang women even though there is a dynamic process with other family members in the election process.
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Atukunda, Esther C., Godfrey R. Mugyenyi, Celestino Obua, Angella Musiimenta, Edgar Agaba, Josephine N. Najjuma, Norma C. Ware, and Lynn T. Matthews. "Women’s Choice to Deliver at Home: Understanding the Psychosocial and Cultural Factors Influencing Birthing Choices for Unskilled Home Delivery among Women in Southwestern Uganda." Journal of Pregnancy 2020 (June 3, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6596394.
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Background. Utilization of perinatal services in Uganda remains low, with correspondingly high rates of unskilled home deliveries, which can be life-threatening. We explored psychosocial and cultural factors influencing birthing choices for unskilled home delivery among postpartum women in rural southwestern Uganda. Methods. We conducted in-depth qualitative face-to-face interviews with 30 purposively selected women between December 2018 and March 2019 to include adult women who delivered from their homes and health facility within the past three months. Women were recruited from 10 villages within 20 km from a referral hospital. Using the constructs of the Health Utilization Model (HUM), interview topics were developed. Interviews were conducted and digitally recorded in a private setting by a native speaker to elicit choices and experiences during pregnancy and childbirth. Translated transcripts were generated and coded. Coded data were iteratively reviewed and sorted to derive categories using inductive content analytic approach. Results. Eighteen women (60%) preferred to deliver from home. Women’s referent birth location was largely intentional. Overall, the data suggest women choose home delivery (1) because of their financial dependency and expectation for a “natural” and normal childbirth, affecting their ability and need to seek skilled facility delivery; (2) as a means of controlling their own birth processes; (3) out of dissatisfaction with facility-based care; (4) out of strong belief in fate regarding birth outcomes; (5) because they have access to alternative sources of birthing help within their communities, perceived as “affordable,” “supportive,” and “convenient”; and (6) as a result of existing gender and traditional norms that limit their ability and freedom to make family or health decisions as women. Conclusion. Women’s psychosocial and cultural understandings of pregnancy and child birth, their established traditions, birth expectations, and perceptions of control, need, and quality of maternity care at a particular birthing location influenced their past and future decisions to pursue home delivery. Interventions to address barriers to healthcare utilization through a multipronged approach could help to debunk misconceptions, increase perceived need, and motivate women to seek facility delivery.
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Singh, Srishti, Meenakshi Kalhan, J. S. Malik, Anuj Jangra, Nitika Sharma, and Srijan Singh. "Understanding unmet need for family planning." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 6 (May 26, 2018): 2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182384.
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Unmet need represents the gap between women’s reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. There are some 225 million women in the world who want to use safe and effective family planning methods are unable to do so. Control over fertility is very important not only because of its far-reaching implications on prosperity and overall growth of the nation, but also because of its impact on the freedom of young women to lead life of their own choice. Reduction in unmet need for family planning is critical for the overall development of the society. Combination of the mutually reinforcing effects of investments in education, health and family planning programmes is needed.
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Nishiyama, Yasuo, Angelo A. Camillo, and Robert C. Jinkens. "Gender and motives for accountancy." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 15, no. 2 (September 2, 2014): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-02-2013-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether some motives for the choice of an accounting career, disproportionately stronger among women than among men, explain disproportionately more women (60 percent) than men (40 percent) in the accounting profession. Design/methodology/approach – The ordered probit model is used to analyze online survey data of approximately 580 responses collected from members of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Findings – This study finds three reasons why more women (than men) enter the accounting profession: locational freedom, social status, and income stability. Women who choose accounting as a career value these three offered by accounting more than do men who choose accounting as a career. These findings represent mainly those of older CPAs (who are older than 50). The finding related to social status is reversed in the case of younger CPAs. Research limitations/implications – The paper's findings may be limited to some extent because the authors investigate only three motives for the choice of an accounting career. Also, the online survey data may not be generalized to the entire CPA population. Originality/value – The hypothesis that relates motives for the choice of an accounting career to more women in the accounting profession is carefully derived using Bayes’ theorem. This hypothesis is tested by the ordered probit method.