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Journal articles on the topic 'Freeze fracturing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Rades, Thomas. "Freeze Fracturing of Hot Samples." Microscopy Today 5, no. 6 (1997): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500056066.

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Liquid crystals are substances which combine properties of both liquids and solids. To investigate the structures and slructurai defects of liquid crystals, freeze fracturing of these gel-Like substances has been performed successfully for many years. In the TEM the structures of the different types of liquid crystals have been investigated and the results confirmed the earlier investigations using polarizing light microscopy. These TEM studies extended the knowledge of structures and structural defects of this fascinating state of matter. However, freeze fractures were only carried out on liq

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2

Freire-Lista, D. M., R. Fort, and M. J. Varas-Muriel. "Freeze–thaw fracturing in building granites." Cold Regions Science and Technology 113 (May 2015): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.01.008.

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3

Vlahou, I., and M. G. Worster. "Freeze fracturing of elastic porous media: a mathematical model." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2175 (2015): 20140741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0741.

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We present a mathematical model of the fracturing of water-saturated rocks and other porous materials in cold climates. Ice growing inside porous rocks causes large pressures to develop that can significantly damage the rock. We study the growth of ice inside a penny-shaped cavity in a water-saturated porous rock and the consequent fracturing of the medium. Premelting of the ice against the rock, which results in thin films of unfrozen water forming between the ice and the rock, is one of the dominant processes of rock fracturing. We find that the fracture toughness of the rock, the size of pr

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4

Bagger-sjöbäck, Dan, Berit Engström, Lena Steinholtz, and Maria Hillerdal. "Freeze Fracturing of the Human Stria Vascularis." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 103, no. 1-2 (1987): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016488709134699.

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5

Fujimoto, K., T. Noda, and T. Fujimoto. "A simple and reliable quick-freezing/freeze-fracturing procedure." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 107, no. 1 (1997): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050091.

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6

McCarthy, P. L., and C. W. Price. "Evaluation of sectioning techniques for Electron Microscopic analyses of low-density polyethylene foams." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 880–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100145741.

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Cell sizes of low-density polyethylene foams in the range of 0.5 to 5μm are most conveniently measured by SEM analyses. Unfortunately, the cell walls are relatively weak and fragile membranes that either collapse or are severely distorted by conventional surface preparation and sectioning techniques. Sectioning damage can be circumvented to some extent by freeze fracturing. However, fractures tend to propagate through the weakest structural features, they can be associated with severe deformation, even at liquid nitrogen temperatures, and they frequently do not yield planar surfaces for reliab

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7

Walther, P. "Recent progress in freeze-fracturing of high-pressure frozen samples." Journal of Microscopy 212, no. 1 (2003): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.2003.01236.x.

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8

Engström, Berit, Maud Hoffstedt, and Dan Bagger-sjöbäck. "A Technique for Freeze-Fracturing of the Organ of Corti." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 99, sup423 (1985): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016488509122910.

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9

Ryan, U. S., and M. A. Hart. "Electron microscopy of endothelial cells in culture: III. Freeze-fracturing." Journal of Tissue Culture Methods 10, no. 1 (1986): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01404589.

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10

Menco, Bert Ph M. "A survey of ultra-rapid cryofixation methods with particular emphasis on applications to freeze-fracturing, freeze-etching, and freeze-substitution." Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 4, no. 3 (1986): 177–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060040302.

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11

Lee, D. L., K. A. Wright, and R. R. Shivers. "A freeze-fracture study of the cuticle of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda)." Parasitology 107, no. 5 (1993): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000068128.

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SUMMARYThe surface of the cuticle of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis has been studied by means of the freeze-fracture technique and by transmission electron microscopy. Some of the surface coat appears to have been shed from the surface of the cuticle of adults fixed in situ in the intestine of its host and from the surface of individuals removed from the intestine and freeze-fractured. Freeze-fracturing the cuticle of individuals removed from the host has shown that this surface coat varies in thickness from 30 to 90 nm. The epicuticle is about 20 nm thick and cleaves readily to expose E-

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12

Kachar, B., N. A. Christakis, T. S. Reese, and N. J. Lane. "The intramembrane structure of septate junctions based on direct freezing." Journal of Cell Science 80, no. 1 (1986): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.80.1.13.

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Smooth septate junctions from the midgut of the cricket, Acheta, and the horseshoe crab, Limulus, as well as Hydra-type septate junctions from the epidermis of Hydra have been studied by freeze-fracture after direct freezing using the liquid helium-cooled copper block/slam freezing method. The exoplasmic fracture face at both types of septate junction exhibits rows of closely packed but irregularly shaped intramembrane particles. Complementary to these particle rows, on the protoplasmic fracture face, are sharply defined grooves with a periodic variation in depth and width that was conspicuous

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13

Müller, Theo, and Heinz Gross. "Discerning water contamination during freeze—fracturing on stearic acid crystal sheets." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (1992): 758–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100124197.

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In high vacuum (HV) systems, as well as in ultra high vacuum (UHV) systems that have not been sufficiently baked out, the main component of the residual gas atmosphere is water. Adsorbed water is present on all surfaces of the vacuum chamber. Whether or not ice introduced into such a vacuum system sublimes depends on its saturation pressure (at the surface, as a function of the specimen temperature )and on the surrounding partial pressure of water (pH2O). These facts must be considered when fracturing frozen biological material in vacuum systems. Thus the critical condensation temperature ( 16

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14

van Aelst, A. C., C. J. Keijzer, and H. J. Wilms. "SEM visualization of male germ unit in pollen after freeze-fracturing." Ultramicroscopy 19, no. 1 (1986): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(86)90025-2.

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15

Cai, Chengzheng, Gensheng Li, Zhongwei Huang, Zhonghou Shen, and Shouceng Tian. "Rock Pore Structure Damage Due to Freeze During Liquid Nitrogen Fracturing." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 39, no. 12 (2014): 9249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1472-1.

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16

Dinda, Maria, Carol Quirt, William Mackillop, and Michael Singer. "Freeze fracturing properties of native and heat-adapted Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 67, no. 8 (1989): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o89-075.

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Chinese hamster ovary cells were either maintained at 37 °C (native cells) or heat adapted by exposure to a temperature of 40 °C for 2 h. Thereafter, native and heat-adapted cells were incubated at different temperatures for various times, harvested, fixed with glutaraldehyde and glycerol, and studied by freeze fracture microscopy. We observed that the fracture plane either passed through the cell, exposing cytoplasm, or stayed within the plasma membrane, and that the location of the fracture plane was strongly determined by the previous thermal history of the cell. We believe that these diffe

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17

Wergin, William P., Eric F. Erbe, and Robert W. Yaklich. "Low temperature SEM comparisons of adjacent freeze-fractured and freeze-etched areas on frozen, hydrated samples." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 1066–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100141706.

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Most biological samples contain 70-95% water, consequently cryofixation and freeze-fracturing result in relatively smooth surfaces that exhibit few structural details. Freeze-etching, a technique that solved this problem, was initially developed for TEM observations of virus particles by Steere nearly 40 years ago. The technique, which sublimes water-ice from the surface of a fractured sample, produces surface topography that corresponds to the structural components on the freeze-etched face. This technique was further enhanced by recovering the complementary halves of a fractured sample, etch

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18

Müller, Wally H., Adriaan C. van Aelst, Theo P. van der Krift, and Teun Boekhout. "Scanning electron microscopy of the septal pore cap of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 10 (1994): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-139.

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As part of a comparative study of the structure and function of pore structures in heterobasidiomycetous yeasts, dikaryotic hyphae of Schizophyllum commune were subjected to chemical fixation, freeze fracturing, maceration, and freeze substitution, and were subsequently prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The interior of the hyphal cell was visualized and revealed the perforated septal pore cap or parenthesome, mitochondria, vacuoles, and tubular endoplasmic reticulum. The septal pore cap showed connections with tubular endoplasmic reticulum. This tubular endoplasmic reticulum covered t

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19

LIU, QUANSHENG, GUANGMIAO XU, and XIAOYAN LIU. "EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY ON FREEZE-THAWING DAMAGE PROPAGATION OF SATURATED ROCKS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (2008): 1853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047523.

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The freezing and thawing cycles tests were conducted on red sandstone and shale. In this paper, freezing-thawing damage propagation processes are analyzed, and two deterioration modes, i.e. scaling mode for red sandstone and fracturing mode for shale, are suggested. The uniaxial compression tests are also conducted on the two types of rock subjected to different freeze-thaw cycles at room temperature. It is shown that the uniaxial compression strength and the elastic modulus of rocks at low-temperature depended on the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The mechanism and influence factors of rock de

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20

Abe, A., Y. Tsuchiya, N. Sugiura, H. Saisho, K. Nishimura, and K. Takeo. "Ultrastructure of cholesterol gallstones as observed by electron microscopy after freeze-fracturing." Tissue and Cell 29, no. 2 (1997): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-8166(97)80018-3.

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21

Fuchs, Felix M., Gudrun Holland, Ralf Moeller, and Michael Laue. "Directed freeze-fracturing of Bacillus subtilis biofilms for conventional scanning electron microscopy." Journal of Microbiological Methods 152 (September 2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.08.005.

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22

Müller, Theo. "Gel structures in TEM visualized by freeze-fracturing and rotary/portrait shadowing." Ultramicroscopy 31, no. 4 (1989): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(89)90398-7.

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23

Schmitt, U., H. Petzold, and R. Marwitz. "Bud-like structures of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) demonstrated by freeze-fracturing." Naturwissenschaften 74, no. 8 (1987): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00405473.

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24

Li, Bo, Lulu Zhang, Jianping Wei, and Yongjie Ren. "Pore Damage Properties and Permeability Change of Coal Caused by Freeze-Thaw Action of Liquid Nitrogen." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (October 2, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5076391.

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A laboratory test was conducted to investigate the effect of the freeze-thaw action of liquid nitrogen on the pore structure and permeability of coal rock. First, coal rock samples with similar sound velocities and permeabilities were selected. These samples were prepared in different water saturation levels and subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test before and after the freeze-thaw action. Furthermore, the freeze-thaw cycle of liquid nitrogen, freezing time, and water saturation of coal rocks were controlled in permeability test. Results showed that the pore diameter, porosity, an

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25

Branton, Daniel. "Visualizing replicas of molecules made in a fully automated freeze-fracture machine." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100146126.

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We have designed and constructed an automated, computer driven freeze-etch apparatus that optimizes all of the standard operating procedures through which biological samples are normally processed to create a replica suitable for electron microscopy. Although designed for automated freeze-etching, manual intervention is possible at any step and the apparatus may be used to facilitate any or several sequences of computer driven or manual steps (Figure 1) that render a high resolution replica of a frozen or dried biological specimen.The gradual evolution and improvement of scientific apparatus a

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26

Sudesh, Kumar, Toshiaki Fukui, Tadahisa Iwata, and Yoshiharu Doi. "Factors affecting the freeze-fracture morphology of in vivo polyhydroxyalkanoate granules." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 4 (2000): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-150.

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Interesting morphologies were observed when Comamonas acidovorans containing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) of various compositions was freeze-fractured at temperatures far below the glass transition temperatures of PHA. In vivo granules of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) comparatively showed the most ductility, and could be stretched extensively. Contrary to the uniform needle-type deformation shown by the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) homopolymer when fractured at -110°C, copolymers containing 3-hydroxyvalerate units showed various deformation structures. Similar observations were made w

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27

Beckett, A., and R. Porter. "The use of complementary fractures and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy to study hyphal – host cell surface adhesion between Uromyces viciae-fabae and Vicia faba." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 4 (1988): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-091.

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A modified specimen stub, for use with the EMscope SP2000 Sputter Cryo Preparation Unit, that will facilitate the production of complementary fracture faces is described. The application of complementary fractures for studying hypha–host surface adhesion within freeze-fractured leaves is reported for the first time. Freeze fracturing results in the rupture of either the hyphal wall or the host cell wall or both, at the edge of, or just beyond, the adhesive matrix pad that binds the two together. The implication that the adhesive is stronger than either of the two individual apposed walls is di

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28

Rydzyński, Konrad, and Jarosław Dastych. "Early stages of anaphylactic reaction in rat mast cells revealed with freeze-fracturing." Agents and Actions 16, no. 3-4 (1985): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01983128.

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29

Walther, Paul. "Cryo-SEM and TEM of High Pressure Frozen Cells - Some Technical Contributions." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029718.

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Imaging of fast frozen samples is the most direct approach for electron microscopy of biological specimen in a defined physiological state. It prevents chemical fixation and drying artifacts. High pressure freezing allows for ice-crystal-free cryo-fixation of tissue pieces up to a thickness of 200 urn and a diameter of 2 mm without prefixation. Such a frozen disc, however, is not directly amenable to electron microscopic observation: The structures of interest have to be made amenable to the electron beam, and the structures of interest must produce enough contrast to be recognized in the elec

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30

Spricigo, Poliana Cristina, Jéssica Prada Trento, Joana Dias Bresolin, et al. "Methods of preparing flower stem samples for scanning electron microscopy." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 1 (2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/rbho.v21i1.771.

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Brazil has great capacity for expansion in the floriculture sector. Studies on postharvest cut flowers contribute to development of the sector, helping to maintain the quality of domestic production. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool that allows viewing of flower structures and also microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods of preparing flower stem samples for viewing in SEM as a support for studies on postharvest cut flowers. Ways of cutting, fixing, and drying samples were tested. Cutting with a stainless steel blade and through freeze-fracture were te

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31

McCarren, J., J. Heuser, R. Roth, N. Yamada, M. Martone, and B. Brahamsha. "Inactivation of swmA Results in the Loss of an Outer Cell Layer in a Swimming Synechococcus Strain." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 1 (2005): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.1.224-230.2005.

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ABSTRACT The mechanism of nonflagellar swimming of marine unicellular cyanobacteria remains poorly understood. SwmA is an abundant cell surface-associated 130-kDa glycoprotein that is required for the generation of thrust in Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102. Ultrastructural comparisons of wild-type cells to a mutant strain in which the gene encoding SwmA has been insertionally inactivated reveal that the mutant lacks a layer external to the outer membrane. Cryofixation and freeze-substitution are required for the preservation of this external layer. Freeze fracturing and etching reveal that thi

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32

Hrubanova, Kamila, Jana Nebesarova, Filip Ruzicka, and Vladislav Krzyzanek. "The innovation of cryo-SEM freeze-fracturing methodology demonstrated on high pressure frozen biofilm." Micron 110 (July 2018): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2018.04.006.

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33

Mack, A., and H. Wolburg. "Heterogeneity of glial membranes in the rat olfactory system as revealed by freeze-fracturing." Neuroscience Letters 65, no. 1 (1986): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(86)90113-8.

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34

Wolburg, H., and K. Berg. "Heterogeneity of Müller cell endfeet in the rabbit retina as revealed by freeze-fracturing." Neuroscience Letters 82, no. 3 (1987): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(87)90268-0.

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35

Harris, John, Aaron Partridge, Joshua Partridge, and Randy Nielsen. "Cryo-Scanning tunneling microscopy of DNA." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100086246.

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Scanning tunneling microscopy has found increasing interest in biological sciences. Several problems face the investigator imaging samples of biological origin. These include low conductivity, poor attachment of the sample to substrate and thermal/mechanical drift of the sample while scanning. Several approaches have tried to overcome these problems. These include coating with metal, freeze drying and/or freeze fracturing and tunneling in water. Another useful method is to freeze the sample on the STM holder and image frozen. The biological structure should stay rigid under the scanning tip, s

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36

Hohenberg, H. "Micro- and Cryo-Techniques Prevent the Loss of Structural Information. EM-Studies on High-Pressure Frozen Tissues, Suspensions and Cell Monolayer." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (1999): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015476.

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Cells are information driven systems. Cellular information is stored in certain molecules, at certain places, in a certain concentration, at a particular time and under given physiological conditions. The goal of biological electron microscopy is to provide this information network, to correlate the cellular ultrastructure and its function. In this sense, it is essential to combine the high resolution of our electron optical instruments with a high information density of the biological system. Most of the structural information is lost in the course of the different preparation steps prior to

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37

Rash, J. E., L. R. Whalen, P. B. Guthrie, M. Morita, R. Dillman, and D. Fay-Guthrie. "“Grid-mapped” freeze-fracture: Three-Dimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy for directed fracturing and histological mapping of neurons in spinal cord and brain." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100146163.

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A new correlative microscopic technique, “grid-mapped” freeze fracture, is introduced. This technique allows individual cells in histological slices to be freeze fractured, and their ultrastructural details to be correlated with conventional histological and gross anatomical features. Adult male rats were anesthetized, the sciatic nerve was exposed and crushed, and rhodaminefilled latex microspheres (Lumafluor, Inc) were injected at the crush site to label motor neurons. After 3-7 days, rats were fixed by whole-body perfusion. The brains and spinal cords were removed, embedded in 5% gelatin, a

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38

Koike, H., and T. Inoué. "Low-temperature Scanning Electron Microscope constructed with high-excitation objective lens." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155645.

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Low temperature microscope technology can be traced back to the last century including the time of light microscope, and its history is over a hundred years. In the field of electron microscopy, low temperature techniques such as the freeze-fracture replica, freeze-sectioning, freeze-substitution, etc. were tested up to early 1960s. According to the progress of the rapid-freezing method, the freeze-substitution and freeze-etching replica methods have provided great successful results.The low temperature scanning electron microscope (LTSEM) was also tested by Echlin et al. in 1970, and thereaft

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Seki, N., Y. Toyama, and T. Nagano. "Freeze-fracture observations on changes in the distribution of Filipin-sterol complexes during epididymal maturation and capacitation of boar spermatozoa." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100157991.

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It is believed that i ntramembra.nous sterols play an essential role in membrane stability and permeability. To investigate the distribution changes of sterols in sperm membrane during epididymal maturation and capacitation, filipin has been used as a cytochemical probe for the detection for membrane sterols. Using this technique in combination with freeze fracturing, we examined the boar spermatozoa under various physiological conditions.The spermatozoa were collected from: 1) caput, corpus and cauda epididymides, 2) sperm rich fraction of ejaculates, and 3)the uterus 2hr after natural coitio

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Han, Tielin, Junping Shi, and Xiaoshan Cao. "Fracturing and Damage to Sandstone Under Coupling Effects of Chemical Corrosion and Freeze–Thaw Cycles." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 49, no. 11 (2016): 4245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1028-7.

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41

Köling, A. "Membrane architecture of myelinated nerve fibres in the human dental pulp studied by freeze-fracturing." Archives of Oral Biology 30, no. 2 (1985): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(85)90103-7.

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42

Emons, Anne Mie C., and Henk Kieft. "Comparison of embryogenic and non-embryogenic suspension cells of maize by means of freeze-fracturing." Micron and Microscopica Acta 21, no. 4 (1990): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0739-6260(90)90135-3.

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43

Lee, Kyung-Dall, and John C. Owicki. "A rapid-freezing and freeze-fracturing method applied to the aggregation of hapten-bearing liposomes." Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 13, no. 4 (1989): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060130409.

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44

Hrubanova, Kamila, Kateřina Mrázová, Pavel Urban, et al. "Freeze-fracturing of microbes producing biopolymers at liquid Helium temperature: cryo-SEM application in biotechnology." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, S1 (2021): 3164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621010941.

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45

Harder, D. E., J. Chong, R. Rohringer, et al. "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of extramural substances associated with intercellular hyphae of several rust fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (1989): 2043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-258.

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Several types of extramural substance(s) associated with rust fungal intercellular hyphae were identified using a variety of tissue processing techniques. With conventional glutaraldehyde–OsO4 fixing and uranyl acetate – lead citrate staining, little material could be discerned on the hyphal surfaces in nonsporulating areas except at locations of cell–cell contact, where a lightly staining fibrous or darker staining amorphous material was apparent. Freeze-substitution or freeze-fracturing preserved greater amounts of coating material, which could be distinguished from the outer fungal wall lay

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46

Gruijters, W. T. M., and S. Bullivant. "Freeze-fracturing at defined temperatures provides information on temperature rise during fracture, and on membrane complementarity." Journal of Microscopy 141, no. 3 (1986): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1986.tb02723.x.

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47

KNAUF, Gertrude M., and Kurt MENDGEN. "Secretion systems and membrane-associated structures in rust fungi after high pressure freezing and freeze-fracturing." Biology of the Cell 64, no. 3 (1988): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0248-4900(88)90010-x.

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48

Vreeman, Henk J., Bas W. van Markwijk, and Paula Both. "Size distribution and average size parameters of casein micelles determined by electron microscopy in bovine milk between pH 5·5 and 6·7. A comparison of several evaluation methods." Journal of Dairy Research 58, no. 3 (1991): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900029873.

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SummaryThe conversion of the two-dimensional size distribution of casein micelles, observed by electron microscopy in a plane section, to the three dimensional distribution is discussed and the average size parameters evaluated by several methods are compared. It is shown that parameters containing the −1 moment of the two-dimensional distribution, i.e. Dn, the number of micelles per unit volume and the width of the size distribution, are sometimes uncertain. The occurrence of negative numbers in some of the classes of the distribution is discussed and remedies are suggested. Sections were mad

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Hols, Hans, Jan J. Sixma, J. Leunissen-Bijvelt, and Arie Verkley. "Freeze-Fracture Studies of Human Blood Platelets Activated by Thrombin Using Rapid Freezing." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 54, no. 03 (1985): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660073.

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Abstract:

SummaryIn this study the influence of thrombin activation on human blood platelets has been followed by freeze-fracturing electron microscopy using rapid freezing in order to catch the initial changes in shape and the morphological alterations during the process of exocytosis of secretory granules. We found that isolation of the platelets by itself leads to some degree of shape change, which made it impossible to study the resting discoid platelet by rapid freezing.Activation of the platelets by thrombin induced dilation of the “surface connecting system (SCS)” with formation of large vacuoles

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50

Haggis, G. H. "Freeze-fracture of cell nuclei for high-resolution SEM and deep-etch tem." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127347.

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Abstract:

The results reported in this paper form a direct extension of the work of Heuser and Kirschner. These authors permeabilized cultured fibroblasts with Triton X-100 prior to rapid freezing, freeze-drying and rotary platinum coating for TEM viewing. We have permeabi1ized 3T3 cells in a stabilization buffer similar to that used by Heuser and Kirschner, rapidly frozen and fractured the permeabilized cells, rotary coated the preparations with platinum after both deep etching and critical-point drying and viewed them by both TEM and high-resolution SEM. By fracturing the cells we obtain an internal v

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