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Journal articles on the topic 'Freezing injury'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Yin, Jian Min, Qi Long Miao, and Pin Kong. "Products Design of Weather-Based Index Insurance for Nanfeng Citrus Freezing Injury." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5411.

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Abstract: Freezing injury in winter is the key meteorological disaster during Nafeng citrus cultivating. Based on the data of the Nanfeng citrus yield, planting area and freezing injury lost and the minimum air temperature in winter from 1961-2010, the meteorological yield was decomposed. By using the risk assessment methods, weather index and yield loss rate caused by freezing injury was determined, and weather-based index for Nanfeng citrus freezing injure insurance was designed. Occurrence probability of freezing injury was determined by extreme value theory, premium rate was counted and we

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2

Imray, Chris HE. "Non-freezing cold injury." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 165, no. 6 (2019): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-001145.

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3

Hödl, Stefan. "Treatment of freezing injury." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 155, no. 7-8 (2005): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10354-005-0165-5.

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4

Glennie, JS, and R. Milner. "Non-freezing cold injury." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 100, no. 3 (2014): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-100-268.

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AbstractNon-freezing cold injury can be a diagnostic challenge for clinicians in the United Kingdom Armed Forces. It is associated with operations in adverse climatic conditions, and may result in significant long-term morbidity. In this article we discuss the operational importance of this condition and the current best practice in its management and prevention.

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5

EL-KEST, SOUZAN E., and ELMER H. MARTH. "Freezing of Listeria monocytogenes and Other Microorganisms: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 8 (1992): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.8.639.

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When the temperature of microbes is lowered rapidly, some are injured through thermal shock. Frozen cells can be injured mechanically by intra- and extracellular ice crystals. During freezing, as water is removed, there is a concentration of cell solutes which can lead to dissociation of cellular lipoprotein. Warming of frozen cells can be accompanied by growth of ice crystals which then can physically affect cells. Freeze-thaw injury of microbes is manifested by an increase in fastidiousness and by changes in cellular morphology, release of materials from the micro- and macrostructure of cell

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6

QUAMME, HARVEY A. "LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 4 (1987): 1135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-153.

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Crop losses from winter injury and spring frosts which involve freezing injury are of major importance to the Canadian horticultural industry, whereas chilling injury which is produced at temperatures just above freezing is of minor importance. The technology to prevent crop losses from freezing injury to horticultural crops is well developed and includes site selection; plant protection with covers, protected-environmental structures heaters, and wind machines; control of ice-nucleating bacteria; selection of management practices to maximize plant resistance; and breeding for resistance. Impr

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7

Levitt, J. "FREEZING INJURY OF PLANT TISSUE." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 85, no. 2 (2006): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb49983.x.

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8

Manter, Daniel K., and William H. Livingston. "Influence of thawing rate and fungal infection by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii on freezing injury in red spruce (Picea rubens) needles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 6 (1996): 918–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-101.

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Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) decline has been observed in northeastern North America for the last 30 years. A major inciting stress involved in this decline is freezing injury of foliage. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to examine how photosynthesis, needle electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll loss, needle reddening, needle loss and bud break respond to single freezing events down to −45 °C on 3-year-old seedlings; (ii) to test if faster thawing rates increase the amount of freezing injury; and (iii) to measure how Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák inoculations interact with fr

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9

Guo, Jiahui, Xionghui Bai, Weiping Shi, et al. "Risk assessment of freezing injury during overwintering of wheat in the northern boundary of the Winter Wheat Region in China." PeerJ 9 (September 9, 2021): e12154. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12154.

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Freezing injury is one of the main restriction factors for winter wheat production, especially in the northern part of the Winter Wheat Region in China. It is very important to assess the risk of winter wheat-freezing injury. However, most of the existing climate models are complex and cannot be widely used. In this study, Zunhua which is located in the northern boundary of Winter Wheat Region in China is selected as research region, based on the winter meteorological data of Zunhua from 1956 to 2016, seven freezing disaster-causing factors related to freezing injury were extracted to formulat

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10

Yu, Duk Jun, and Hee Jae Lee. "Evaluation of freezing injury in temperate fruit trees." Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 61, no. 5 (2020): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13580-020-00264-4.

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Abstract Freezing is a major environmental stress limiting the geographical distribution, growth, and productivity of temperate fruit trees. The extent of freezing injury in the trees depends on the rate at which the temperature decreases, the minimum temperature reached, and the duration of the freezing conditions. The ability to tolerate freezing temperatures under natural conditions varies greatly among fruit tree species, cultivars, and tissues. Freezing injury must be precisely evaluated to reliably predict the winter survival and productivity of the trees in specific regions, to screen f

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11

Meryman, Harold T. "GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FREEZING AND FREEZING INJURY IN CELLULAR MATERIALS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 85, no. 2 (2006): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb49978.x.

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12

Fennell, Anne. "Freezing Tolerance and Injury in Grapevines." Journal of Crop Improvement 10, no. 1-2 (2004): 201–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j411v10n01_09.

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13

Costanzo, J. P., R. E. Lee, and M. F. Wright. "Glucose loading prevents freezing injury in rapidly cooled wood frogs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 6 (1991): R1549—R1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.6.r1549.

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The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is the most commonly studied of ten species of freeze-tolerant vertebrates. Under natural (i.e., slow) rates of cooling, freezing initiates the production of the cryoprotectant glucose, which is mobilized from the liver and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Rapid cooling during freezing is injurious to wood frogs, probably because cryoprotectant production and mobilization are inhibited. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether rapid-cooling injury is reduced if exogenous glucose is experimentally introduced to tissues before freezing. Glucose-l

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14

McCamant, Thaddeus, and R. Alan Black. "Cold hardiness in coastal, montane, and inland populations of Populus trichocarpa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 1 (2000): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-195.

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Freezing tolerance was studied in laboratory and field tests using black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, clones collected from eight populations within the coastal, montane, and inland regions of the Pacific Northwest. Freezing tolerance varied among different populations and was dependent on growing environment. Clones from coastal populations grown in a coastal common garden (Puyallup, Wash.) had 50% less injury in laboratory tests compared with the same clones grown in an inland common garden (Pullman, Wash.). In contrast, clones from inland populations grown in an inland

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15

Štětina, T., L. E. Des Marteaux, and V. Koštál. "Insect mitochondria as targets of freezing-induced injury." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1931 (2020): 20201273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1273.

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Many insects survive internal freezing, but the great complexity of freezing stress hinders progress in understanding the ultimate nature of freezing-induced injury. Here, we use larvae of the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza costata to assess the role of mitochondrial responses to freezing stress. Respiration analysis revealed that fat body mitochondria of the freeze-sensitive (non-diapause) phenotype significantly decrease oxygen consumption upon lethal freezing stress, while mitochondria of the freeze-tolerant (diapausing, cold-acclimated) phenotype do not lose respiratory capacity upon the same

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16

Kuht, J., B. Smith, and A. Brown. "Field recognition and management of freezing and non-freezing cold injuries." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 104, no. 1 (2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-104-41.

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AbstractPeripheral cold injuries have disabled entire armies in the past and, as recently as the Falklands conflict of 1982, jeopardised the success of an entire military operation. They can be divided into those that involve freezing of the peripheral tissue and those that do not, termed Freezing Cold Injury (FCI) and Non-Freezing Cold Injury (NFCI) respectively.This article focuses on the recognition and management of cold injuries in the field. It draws from the current literature, briefly outlining the pathophysiological basis of the two injuries, then focuses on the challenges of field re

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17

Stegner, Matthias, Tanja Schäfernolte, and Gilbert Neuner. "New Insights in Potato Leaf Freezing by Infrared Thermography." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050819.

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Infrared thermography has been widely used to study freezing processes in freezing resistant plants but hardly in freezing susceptible species. Solanum tuberosum leaves get frost killed at −3 °C and are unable to frost harden. The basic nature of frost injury to potato leaves is not clear. By employment of infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA) in combination with viability assessment, we aimed to clarify the mechanistic relationship between ice formation and frost injury. During controlled freezing of potato leaves two distinct freezing events were detected by IDTA. During the first fr

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18

Uemura, Matsuo, and Shizuo Yoshida. "Studies on Freezing Injury in Plant Cells." Plant Physiology 80, no. 1 (1986): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.80.1.187.

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19

VanGelder, Carin M., and Robert L. Sheridan. "Freezing Soft Tissue Injury from Propane Gas." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 46, no. 2 (1999): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199902000-00029.

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20

Mori, Yoki, Hiroko Suzuki, and Tokio Nei. "Freezing injury in the yeast respiratory system." Cryobiology 23, no. 1 (1986): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(86)90019-2.

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21

Muldrew, Ken, Mark Hurtig, Kelli Novak, Norman Schachar, and Locksley E. McGann. "Localization of Freezing Injury in Articular Cartilage." Cryobiology 31, no. 1 (1994): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cryo.1994.1004.

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22

Zhang, M. I. N., and J. H. M. Willison. "Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: in vivo detection of freezing injury." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 11 (1992): 2254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-279.

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Freezing injury of potato tuber tissue was studied by measuring electrical impedance, in the range of 100 Hz to 800 KHz, while the tissue was subjected to a −3 °C environment. It was found that a greater proportion of total impedance was due to electrode polarization in frozen tissues than in nonfrozen tissues. In frozen tissue, electrode impedance could be so great that tissue impedance could not be measured reliably. Analysis of tissue impedance using complex nonlinear least squares revealed some dynamics of the process of tissue freezing. After 1 h of exposure to freezing conditions, extrac

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23

Equiza, María A., and David A. Francko. "Assessment of Freezing Injury in Palm Species by Chlorophyll Fluorescence." HortScience 45, no. 5 (2010): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.5.845.

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Freezing temperatures present major constraints for palm cultivation in temperate regions. As a result of their landscape value, there is a constant need for appropriate species and cultivars for freeze-prone areas. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of the chlorophyll fluorescence technique for quantitative assessment of freezing injury in palms. Five palm species known to differ in their freezing tolerance were selected: Copernicia alba, Washingtonia filifera, Sabal palmetto, Trachycarpus fortunei, and Rhapidophyllum hystrix. Leaf segments were frozen at –5, –

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24

SEPPÄNEN, M. M., O. NISSINEN, and S. PERÄLÄ. "Freezing and low temperature photoinhibition tolerance in cultivated potato and potato hybrids." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 3 (2001): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5690.

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Four Solanum tuberosum L. cultivars (Nicola, Pito, Puikula, Timo) and somatic hybrids between freezing tolerant S. commersonii and freezing sensitive S. tuberosum were evaluated for their tolerance to freezing and low temperature photoinhibition. Cellular freezing tolerance was studied using ion leakage tests and the sensitivity of the photosynthetic apparatus to freezing and high light intensity stress by measuring changes in chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM) and oxygen evolution. Exposure to high light intensities after freezing stress increased frost injury significantly in all genotypes stu

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25

Miralles-Crespo, Julián, Juan Antonio Martínez-López, José Antonio Franco-Leemhuis, and Sebastián Bañón-Arias. "Determining Freezing Injury from Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Potted Oleander Plants." HortScience 46, no. 6 (2011): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.6.895.

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Physiological and biochemical indicators that reflect the responses of plants to chilling stress could be useful for identifying plant damage caused by freezing or other stresses. The objective of this study was to determine any relationship between changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and the appearance of visual symptoms resulting from freezing temperatures in two cultivars of oleander. In the least frost-sensitive cultivar (yellow oleander), freezing temperatures (–4 °C for 3 h) did not produce changes in the photochemical parameters. In the more frost-sensitive cultivar (pink oleander), non

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26

Irwin, Michael S., Roy Sanders, Colin J. Green, and Giorgio Terenghi. "Neuropathy in Non-Freezing Cold Injury (Trench Foot)." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90, no. 8 (1997): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689709000805.

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Non-freezing cold injury (trench foot) is characterized, in severe cases, by peripheral nerve damage and tissue necrosis. Controversy exists regarding the susceptibility of nerve fibre populations to injury as well as the mechanism of injury. Clinical and histological studies (n=2) were conducted in a 40-year-old man with severe non-freezing cold injury in both feet. Clinical sensory tests, including two-point discrimination and pressure, vibration and thermal thresholds, indicated damage to large and small diameter nerves. On immunohistochemical assessment, terminal cutaneous nerve fibres wit

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27

Tang, Ming, Yong Tian, Xiao Bo Mu, and Ming Jiang. "The Pore Fractal Characteristics of Concrete Materials under Salt Freezing Conditions in Cold Area." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2522.

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For further research on durability of concrete material under salt frozen conditions in cold area, the non air-entraining concrete with water-binder ratio of 0.4 and 0.28, air-entraining concrete with water-binder ratio 0.28 and the air content 7.0% are studied respectively. The fractal dimension of three kinds of concrete pore at different pore diameter range were determined by MIP(mereury intrusion porosimetry) before and after salt freezing and were studied in a comparative way. The research shows that the fractal dimension of pore diameter at range of 50nm ~ 550nm after salt freezing chang

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28

OHNISHI, Shigehiko, Tomoyuki FUJII, and Osato MIYAWAKI. "Freezing Injury and Rheological Properties of Agricultural Products." Food Science and Technology Research 9, no. 4 (2003): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.9.367.

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29

Muldrew, K., and L. E. McGann. "The osmotic rupture hypothesis of intracellular freezing injury." Biophysical Journal 66, no. 2 (1994): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80806-9.

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30

Eglin, Clare M., Hugh Montgomery, and Michael J. Tipton. "Non-freezing cold injury: a multi-faceted syndrome." Brain 141, no. 2 (2018): e9-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx321.

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31

Lund, A. E., and W. H. Livingston. "Freezing cycles enhance winter injury in Picea rubens." Tree Physiology 19, no. 1 (1999): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.1.65.

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32

Coleman, W. K. "Electrical impedance and freezing injury in apple shoots." Journal of Horticultural Science 64, no. 3 (1989): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1989.11515952.

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33

Ujihira, Masanobu, Ryou Yamaguchi, Naoki Aizawa, and Kazuo Tanishita. "Injury of Larger Biological Tissue by Extracellular Freezing." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 61, no. 588 (1995): 3066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.61.3066.

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34

Boorse, G. C., T. L. Bosma, F. W. Ewers, and S. D. Davis. "Comparative Methods of Estimating Freezing Temperatures and Freezing Injury in Leaves of Chaparral Shrubs." International Journal of Plant Sciences 159, no. 3 (1998): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297568.

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35

Zimmerman, E. M., L. G. Jull, and A. M. Shirazi. "Effects of Salinity and Freezing on Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, and Viburnum lantana." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 3 (2005): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.3.138.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaCl and freezing temperatures on dormant lateral buds of Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple), Tilia cordata Mill. (littleleaf linden), and Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaringtree viburnum). The role of bud morphology was also examined. Buds were exposed to three NaCl concentrations [0, 2000, or 16,000 mg/liter (0, 2000, 16,000 ppm)] and eleven freezing temperatures [4, −4, −8, −12, −16, −20, −24, −28, −32, −36, and −40C (39, 25, 18, 10, 3, −4, −11, −18, −26, −33, −40F)] in November 2001 and January and March 2002. Electrolyte leakage

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36

Singh, J., and A. Laroche. "Freezing tolerance in plants: a biochemical overview." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 66, no. 6 (1988): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o88-074.

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Tolerance to extracellular freezing is an inducible and hereditable trait in many plants. Cellular membranes have been accepted as the sites of extracellular freezing injury, although not all cellular membranes exhibit similar degrees of sensitivity to freezing. Plasma membrane function and photosynthetic activity are among the first cellular activities to be affected after a freeze–thaw cycle. The structural nature of irreversible membrane alterations leading to cell injury during lethal freezing are well understood. However, although numerous biochemical changes have been observed during col

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37

Tanino, Karen K., and Bryan D. McKersie. "Injury within the crown of winter wheat seedlings after freezing and icing stress." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (1985): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-053.

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The cells in the crown of winter wheat cv. Fredrick critical for the survival of freezing and icing stress were identified using tetrazolium staining as a viability test. In acclimated seedlings, a freezing stress which lowered regrowth (−12 °C) also lowered tetrazolium staining in the vascular transition zone in the basal portion of the crown but generally did not affect the staining of the apical meristem. The majority of cells in the crown, including the apical meristem, were able to reduce tetrazolium after a lethal freezing stress. Thus, survival was limited by the freezing tolerance of a

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38

Lim, Chon C., Rajeev Arora, and Edwin C. Townsend. "Comparing Gompertz and Richards Functions to Estimate Freezing Injury in Rhododendron Using Electrolyte Leakage." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 2 (1998): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.246.

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Seasonal patterns in freezing tolerance of five Rhododendron cultivars that vary in feezing tolerance were estimated. Electrolyte leakage was used, and raw leakage data were transformed to percent leakage, percent injury, and percent adjusted injury. These data were compared with visual estimates of injury. Percent adjusted injury was highly correlated (0.753) to visual estimates. Two asymmetric sigmoid functions—Richards and Gompertz—were fitted to the seasonal percent adjusted injury data for all cultivars. Two quantitative measures of leaf freezing tolerance—Lt50 and Tmax (temperature at ma

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39

Forney, Charles F., Michael A. Jordan, Kumudini U. K. G. Nicholas, and Jennifer R. DeEll. "Volatile Emissions and Chlorophyll Fluorescence as Indicators of Freezing Injury in Apple Fruit." HortScience 35, no. 7 (2000): 1283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1283.

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Use of volatile emissions and chlorophyll fluorescence as indicators of freezing injury were investigated for apple fruit (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). `Northern Spy' and `Delicious' apples were kept at -8.5 °C for 0, 6, or 24 h, and then at 20 °C. After 1, 2, 5, and 7 d at 20 °C, fruit were analyzed for firmness, skin and flesh browning, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethylene, respiration rate, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Freezing caused skin and flesh browning and a loss of fruit firmness, which was greater in `Northern Spy' than in `Delicious'. In `Northe

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40

Schaberg, Paul G., Paul E. Hennon, David V. D'Amore, Gary J. Hawley, and Catherine H. Borer. "Seasonal differences in freezing tolerance of yellow-cedar and western hemlock trees at a site affected by yellow-cedar decline." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 8 (2005): 2065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-131.

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To assess whether inadequate cold hardiness could be a contributor to yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) decline, we measured the freezing tolerance of foliage from yellow-cedar trees in closed-canopy (nondeclining) and open-canopy (declining at elevations below 130 m) stands at three sites along an elevational gradient in the heart of the decline in southeastern Alaska. Foliar freezing tolerance was also assessed for sympatric nondeclining western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Measurements were made in the fall, winter, and spring to evaluate if seasonal dif

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41

Peart, David R., Matthew B. Jones, and Peter A. Palmiotto. "Winter injury to red spruce at Mount Moosilauke, New Hampshire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 9 (1991): 1380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-195.

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We report the severity and detailed spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) in the winter of 1988–1989 and assess support for the desiccation and freezing hypotheses. Foliar injury was quantified at three elevations (840, 990, and 1140 m) and on east- and west-facing slopes in the spruce-fir zone at Mount Moosilauke, New Hampshire. Overall, 29% of current-year foliage on red spruce trees was killed by winter injury. Injury increased with elevation. There was a weak tendency for winter injury to be higher on the sun-exposed south sides of crowns, but substantial inju

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42

Cleavitt, Natalie L., Timothy J. Fahey, Peter M. Groffman, Janet P. Hardy, Karen S. Henry, and Charles T. Driscoll. "Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 1 (2008): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-133.

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We reduced early winter snowpack in four experimental plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hamphire for 2 years to examine the mechanisms of root injury associated with soil freezing. Three lines of evidence suggested that direct cellular damage, rather than physical damage associated with frost heaving, was the principal mechanism of root injury: (i) decreases in root vitality were not greater on sites with more frost heaving, (ii) in situ freezing damage was confined to first- and second-order roots in the organic horizons rather than entire root systems, and (iii) tensile s

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43

Imray, C. H. E., and E. Oakley. "Cold Still Kills: Cold-Related Illnesses In Military Practice Freezing And Non-Freezing Cold Injury." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 151, no. 4 (2005): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-151-04-02.

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44

Ni, Tie Shan. "Experiments Study on Freezing Injury of Railway Subgrade Regulated Using Injecting Salt Method." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.834.

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In order to study the causes of freezing injury of railway subgrade and find out the effective method to solve this problem, so that the safety and comfort can be guaranteed through traveling. The author analyzes the reasons that cause the freezing injury of railway subgrade and propose injecting salt method to solve this problem through the experiments study on the frozen soil of railway subgrade at Jilin section of Beijing-Harbin line.

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45

SAGE, JAY R., and STEVEN C. INGHAM. "Evaluating Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Frozen and Thawed Apple Cider: Potential Use of a Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter–SD-39 Agar Method." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 4 (1998): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.4.490.

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To determine the susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to freezing and thawing in apple cider, methods that recover injured cells are needed for accurate enumeration. This study compared the ISO-GRID™ hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) SD-39 agar method to two other methods: a reference most probable number (MPN) method, and plating on sorbitol MacConkey agar (SMA). To determine numbers of injured cells, SMA spread plating was also compared to Trypticase soy agar (TSA) spread plating. Two strains of E. coli O157:H7, QA 326 and ATCC 43895, were inoculated into presterilized apple cide

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McGrath, J. J., and G. J. Morris. "Cold shock injury is a significant factor in freezing injury: A position for." Cryobiology 22, no. 6 (1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(85)90110-5.

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Fahy, Gregory M. "Cold shock injury is a significant factor in freezing injury: A position against." Cryobiology 22, no. 6 (1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(85)90111-7.

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Zhu, X. B., R. M. Cox, C. PA Bourque, and P. A. Arp. "Thaw effects on cold-hardiness parameters in yellow birch." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 4 (2002): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-022.

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One-year-old, cold-hardened, container-grown yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) seedlings were exposed to cold treatments after being pretreated with a simulated winter thaw. Freezing injury to roots and shoots was assessed by relative electrolyte leakage and triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction. Growth characteristics were also determined after 60 days under greenhouse conditions. Relative electrolyte leakage and triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction measurements showed that roots became increasingly damaged with decreasing cold-treatment temperatures. However, plants pretreated

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Costanzo, J. P., R. E. Lee, and P. H. Lortz. "Glucose concentration regulates freeze tolerance in the wood frog Rana sylvatica." Journal of Experimental Biology 181, no. 1 (1993): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.181.1.245.

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In spring, the lowest temperature during freezing that can be survived by wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from southern Ohio is approximately −3 degrees C. We investigated whether the thermal limit of freeze tolerance in these frogs is regulated by tissue levels of glucose, a putative cryoprotectant that is distributed to tissues during freezing. Frogs receiving exogenous glucose injections prior to freezing showed dose-dependent increases in glucose within the heart, liver, skeletal muscle and blood. Tissue glucose concentrations were further elevated during freezing by the production of endogeno

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50

Workmaster, Beth Ann A., and Jiwan P. Palta. "Shifts in Bud and Leaf Hardiness during Spring Growth and Development of the Cranberry Upright: Regrowth Potential as an Indicator of Hardiness." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 3 (2006): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.3.327.

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`Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) terminal bud freezing stress resistance was assessed by nonlinear regression utilizing relative scoring of the post-thaw bud growth and development based on defined bud stages 2 weeks following controlled freezing tests. Bud stages tested were chosen based on a phenology profile from each sampling date throughout the spring season. Previous year (overwintering) leaf freezing stress resistance was evaluated after both 2 days (injury) and 2 weeks (survival). The Gompertz function with a bootstrapping method was used to estimate the tissues' relati

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