Journal articles: 'French and Creole'

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Jennings, William, and Stefan Pfänder. "French Guianese Creole." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 36–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801003.

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This article hypothesizes that French Guianese Creole (fgc) had a markedly different formative period compared to other French lexifier creoles, a linguistically diverse slave population with a strong Bantu component and, in the French Caribbean, much lower or no Arawak and Portuguese linguistic influence.The historical and linguistic description of the early years offgcshows, though, that the founder population offgcwas dominated numerically and socially by speakers of Gbe languages, and had almost no speakers of Bantu languages. Furthermore, speakers of Arawak pidgin and Portuguese were both present when the colony began in Cayenne.

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Wiesinger, Evelyn. "Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00027.wie.

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Abstract Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.

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Gosnell, Jonathan. "The (French) Creole Turn?" Quebec Studies 71, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/qs.2021.4.

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In what ways can study of cultural mixing or métissages, often linked to histories of empire, colonization, and assimilation, help to better understand complexities in contemporary French and francophone societies? How can theories of creolization explain ambiguous ethnic, racial, and national phenomena that have long existed but have remained obscure? This article critically examines hybrid cultures that have coalesced as a result of pervasive French presence in the world over the last several centuries. The publications of Histoire mondiale de la France and its English translation France in the World: A New Global History sparked debate both inside and outside the Academy, on both sides of the Atlantic, about the global currents that have shaped nations like France and the United States. More readily acknowledged creolizations in French-speaking parts of the globe signal a noteworthy evolution. The analysis herein leans on oceanic thought developed by philosopher Édouard Glissant in his influential Traité du Tout-Monde. Glissant emphasizes the ephemeral, unpredictable, improvisational nature of creolizations. While common in the French and francophone world, creolizations know no boundaries and respect no borders; they are constantly and transgressively reinventing themselves. To what extent is the question of creolization in modern Québec relevant? The essay focuses in particular on French cultural cross-fertilization in the Americas and the compelling tensions between créolité and américanité. De quelles manières l’étude des métissages culturelles, souvent liées aux histoires d’empire, de colonisation et d’assimilation, peut-elle nous aider à mieux comprendre les complexités des sociétés françaises et francophones actuelles? Comment les théories de la créolisation peuvent-elles expliquer l’ambiguïté de certains phénomènes ethniques, raciaux et nationaux qui existent depuis longtemps mais qui restent obscurs. Cet article examine de manière critique les cultures hybrides qui résultent d’une présence mondiale française depuis plusieurs siècles. L’édition d’Histoire mondiale de la France et de sa traduction anglaise, France in the World: A New Global History, a suscité des débats sur les courants mondiaux qui ont forgé des nations comme la France et les États-Unis à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’académie, des deux côtés de l’Atlantique. Des créolisations plus facilement reconnues dans quelques régions du monde francophone signalent une évolution pertinente. Cette analyse s’appuie sur la pensée océanique du philosophe Édouard Glissant dans son influent Traité du Tout-Monde, dans lequel il met l’accent sur la nature éphémère, imprévisible et improvisée des créolisations. Quoique communes en France ainsi que dans le monde francophone, les créolisations ne respectent ni limite ni frontière; elles s’inventent de nouveau sans cesse et de manière transgressive. Dans quelle mesure la question de la créolisation est-elle pertinente au Québec actuel? Cet essai jette un regard particulier sur les métissages culturels français dans les Amériques et sur les tensions entre la créolité et l’américanité.

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Corne, Chris. "Mauritian Creole Reflexives." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.3.1.03cor.

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In the process of pidginization and creolization that occurred in the 18th century, Mauritian Creole (Mau) did not retain the atonic clitics of French. In consequence, morphologically marked reflexives were lost, or paraphrased in various ways using especially the lexical item lekor 'body'. Where French uses a tonic pronoun (in the imperative), early Mau retained the structure. Continuing French semantactic influence reintroduced pronouns (derived from French tonic pronouns), at least in the usage of writers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and in modern times, due to an evolving society, in the usual speech of increasing numbers of speakers. The result, i.e., the use of unmarked object pronouns to handle reflexivity, is typolog-ically a rather unusual pattern.

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Golembeski, Dan. "French and Creole in Louisiana:French and Creole in Louisiana." American Anthropologist 101, no. 4 (December 1999): 859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.859.

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Nadasdi, Terry, and Albert Valdman. "French and Creole in Louisiana." Language 75, no. 4 (December 1999): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417743.

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Menestrel, Sara Le. "French music, Cajun, Creole, Zydeco." Civilisations, no. 53 (January 1, 2006): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/civilisations.579.

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Hintze, Marie-Anne, and Albert Valdman. "French and Creole in Louisiana." Modern Language Review 98, no. 1 (January 2003): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738216.

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DUBOIS, SYLVIE, and MEGAN MELANÇON. "Creole is, Creole ain't: Diachronic and synchronic attitudes toward Creole identity in southern Louisiana." Language in Society 29, no. 2 (April 2000): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500002037.

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Creole identity in Louisiana acquired diverse meanings for several ethnic groups during the French and Spanish regimes, before and after the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, and through the last part of the 20th century. In spite of a strong shift toward “Black” identity by many African Americans in the state, those who are fluent Creole French speakers now seem to be the repository of Louisiana Creole identity. This article presents a diachronic study of the different meanings applied to Creole identity which resulted from dramatic social, political, and economic changes. It also delimits and defines the actual attributes of Creole identity within two representative African American communities. Because of the historical and political conditions underlying Creole identity, African Americans who still identify as Creoles insist on linguistic attributes, rather than on the criterion of race, as essential characteristics of their ethnic identity.

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Smith, Taylor RaeAnne. "Education Policy and Creole Education in Guadeloupe: Ambiguity for Educators in Educational Materials and Concern Over a French-Creole Interlect in the Classroom." Sustainable Multilingualism 14, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2019-0002.

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Summary Regional languages in France have historically struggled to find their place in the national linguistic landscape, and French-based Creoles, like those of Guadeloupe and Martinique, are no exception. Despite laws and initiatives like the creation of the Creole CAPES (2002) and the propagation of research like Poth (1997) and Cummins (2009) on the benefits of bilingualism, Creole-language education in French overseas departments, like Guadeloupe, is still stigmatized for a lack of standardization by academic policymakers, despite its attested success in the classroom as a tool for improving students’ metalinguistic capacities in French. Using a corpus of official Creole-language educational guides, pedagogical guides and one elementary textbook featuring exercises focusing on correction of regional French phrases, along with observations of two elementary Creole-language classes in Guadeloupe, this paper aims to analyze and demonstrate that educators often receive mixed messages on how to teach Creole in bilingual classrooms, and that the language is often perceived as a threat by French academic policymakers to the French abilities of students in Guadeloupe—yet that in practice, elementary students are more likely to struggle with Creole than French.

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Carden, Guy, and William A. Stewart. "Mauritian Creole Reflexives." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 65–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.4.1.05car.

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Present-day Mauritian Creole has a complex reflexive system with the typologically interesting property that plain pronouns are unmarked for reflexivity [uR]. Corne (1988) describes this system, and argues that the [uR] pronouns developed late, as a result of French influence after the creole had jelled. We propose instead that the [uR] use of the pronouns developed during pidginization to fill a functional gap when the French clitics were lost. Early attestations of [uR] pronouns in Mauritian and comparative evidence from Seychelles Creole converge to support an early development of [uR] pronouns. Our proposal that the early development took place during pidginization is indirectly supported by cross-linguistic evidence: [uR] pronouns appear to be common in pidgins and Creoles, but rare elsewhere, suggesting that [uR] pronouns are one characteristic result of the pidginization process.

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Wylie, Jonathan. "The Origins of Lesser Antillean French Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 77–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.10.1.04wyl.

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A survey of literary and lexical evidence — early French descriptions of Martinique and its neighboring islands, and the etymologies of modern Dominican names for fish and parts of dugout canoes — suggests that Lesser Antillean French Creole did not take shape until the first decades of the 18th century, some 70 years after French colonization got seriously underway in 1635. The language's progenitors included a Spanish-Carib-French pidgin used between French settlers, their African slaves, and the islands' aboriginal inhabitants; a simplified form of French; and Standard French. No African influences are attested before the 1690s.

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Becker, Angelika, and Tonjes Veenstra. "THE SURVIVAL OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY IN FRENCH-RELATED CREOLES." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263103000123.

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In traditional classifications of languages by inflectional subsystems, both creole languages and the results of untutored SLA (interlanguages) are classified as isolating. We focus on remnants of verbal inflectional morphology in French-related creoles and ask: (a) Can the properties of verbal morphology be attributed to SLA, and (b) what does this imply for creole genesis? We show how acquisition of inflectional morphology occurs in learner varieties of French from a basic variety perspective. We discuss reflexes of French inflectional morphology that survived the creolization process, resulting in a long–short opposition of verb forms: Across creoles, different grammatical properties are marked by this opposition. Finally, we consider the implications for creole genesis theories and propose a three-generational scenario of creolization with multiple agents.

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Hebblethwaite, Benjamin. "French and underdevelopment, Haitian Creole and development." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 2 (August 13, 2012): 255–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.2.03heb.

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This article argues that Haiti’s French-dominant school system is an impediment to the nation’s development, whereas Haitian Creole-dominant education will lay the foundation for long-term development. In that Caribbean country, 95% of the population is monolingual in Haitian Creole while the portion that additionally speaks French does not exceed 5% with an additional 5–10% having some receptive competence (Valdman 1984: 78; Dejean 2006). Even though French is the language of the school system, as many as 80% of Haiti’s teachers control it inadequately and only a minority of students completes school (Dejean 2006). Economic, historical, sociolinguistic, and demographic factors are a part of the explanation for Haiti’s low educational achievement. Another important but often ignored factor is educational language policy. Data on educational language policy compared internationally show that the use of a second language in schools correlates with high illiteracy rates and poverty (Coulmas 1992). I reject arguments in favor of maintaining French-dominant education in Haiti (Lawless 1992; Youssef 2002; Francis 2005; Ferguson 2006, etc.) because the resources for it are woefully lacking. I argue that the progressive promotion of Haitian Creole throughout Haitian education will lead to improved learning, graduation, and Creole literacy, in addition to a more streamlined and coherent State, economy, and society (Efron 1954; De Regt 1984; DeGraff 2003; Dejean 2006). As Haiti rebuilds after the earthquake of January 12th, 2010, aid workers, government employees, and researchers who get involved in the recovery also unsuspectingly perpetuate French, English, and Spanish hegemony in development work (DeGraff 2010). The long history of suppressing Haitian Creole and promoting French in education and administration — and French, English, or Spanish in development work — form underlying obstacles in the nation’s struggle to produce an adequate class of educated citizens, to achieve universal literacy, and to make socioeconomic progress.

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VergËs, FranÁoise. "Vertigo and Emancipation, Creole Cosmopolitanism and Cultural Politics." Theory, Culture & Society 18, no. 2-3 (June 2001): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02632760122051698.

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This article explores the politics and culture of Creole cosmopolitanism, which emerged in the French post-slavery colonies. It argues that Creole cosmopolitanism offers a framework to imagine oneself in the world. As a form of resistance to the French assimilative project, to absolutist ethnicisms and to abstract universalism, Creole cosmopolitanism imagines a world of trans-local solidarities, a way of being-in-the-world that acknowledges difference and diversity.

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Pooser, C. L. "Creole in the Public Eye: Written Instances of Creole in Public Spaces in Guadeloupe." French Cultural Studies 22, no. 4 (October 26, 2011): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957155811417074.

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Creole is the maternal language of the majority population of Guadeloupe, but French is the language of education, commerce, government and most written communication. Although the vast majority of Guadeloupians are bilingual and educated exclusively in French, Creole is also found in written form in the public domain in advertising, the public service sector, tourism, graffiti and political posters, among others. This article explores the various domains of written Creole usage with an additional focus upon the purposes and/or motives behind its use. It is argued that Creole is used variously to add local colour, to solidify connections with the creolophone community, to reinforce pride in one’s heritage and identity, and to exclude certain parties from political and social discourse.

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Valdman, Albert. "On the socio-historical context in the development of Louisiana and Saint-Domingue Creoles." Journal of French Language Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1992): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500001162.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a hypothesis for the genesis of Creole French by drawing conclusions from an illustrative comparison of Louisiana Creole and Haitian Creole, and by presenting a depiction of the social-historical context in which Louisiana Creole developed.Bickerton's bioprogram and Baker and Corne's model comparing Mauritian Creole and its Reunionese congener are considered and found to be inadequate descriptions of the genesis of Creole French, since they assume that all parts of colonial Saint-Domingue, the île Bourbon (Reunion) and the île de France (Mauritius) had the same demographic mix and social structure. This paper offers and alternative model which suggests that French planation colonies did not constitute monolithic socio–politico–economic entities. On the contrary, differences in social setting were reflected by variartions in the local form of Creole French. Furthermore, certain structural features were diffused from one territory to another via the focal centres that also diffused the colonial model of social, political and economic organization. These are considered together to account for the range of variation found today in Louisiana Creole, and to explain the striking similarities between Louisiana Cre le and its geographically most proximate Creole French congener, Haitian Creole.

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Managan, Kathe. "The sociolinguistic situation in Guadeloupe." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 253–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.2.02man.

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In the literature on Caribbean creoles two descriptive models have dominated to explain the structures of linguistic codes, the relationships between them, and their distribution: diglossia and the creole continuum. Most Anglophone linguists have argued that it is most accurate to describe the linguistic contexts of Martinique and Guadeloupe as stable diglossic situations in which two recognizable linguistic varieties with specific functional assignments are spoken. They contrast the French Antilles with the Caribbean islands where an English-lexifer creole is spoken, described as examples of creole continua. This paper reconsiders the applicability of the diglossia model for describing the linguistic varieties in Guadeloupe and the patterns of their use. I explain why most Antillean scholars describe the French Antilles as examples of diglossia, yet also acknowledge a creole continuum with intermediate varieties of both French and Kréyòl. As a further point, I consider whether or not Guadeloupe’s linguistic situation is best described as a stable one. In doing so, I counter the argument of Meyjes (1995) that language shift is occurring in favor of French monolingualism. My goal in this paper is to foster dialogue between Francophone and Anglophone creolists and to clarify some of our basic assumptions about Caribbean creoles.

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Syea, Anand. "Serial Verb Constructions in Indian Ocean French Creoles (IOCs)." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 13–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.28.1.02sye.

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This paper revisits the debate between Bickerton on the one hand and Seuren, Corne, Coleman and Curnow on the other on the question of whether serial verb constructions exist in the French creoles of the Indian Ocean (namely Seychelles Creole and Mauritian Creole). It examines data particularly from Mauritian Creole (which was rather marginally represented in that discussion) and argues in agreement with Bickerton (1989, 1996) that serial verbs do indeed exist in this creole just as they do in Seychelles Creole. However, it also argues that their presence in these languages must be attributed not to an innate linguistic mechanism (as claimed in Bickerton 1989, 1996) nor to a substrate source (contra Corne et al. 1996, Corne 1999) but to an independent internal development in which consecutive imperatives were reanalyzed as serial verb constructions. It is assumed that, given the socio-historical nature of creole contact situations, consecutive imperatives would have been a prominent part of early input as interchanges between those who spoke French and those who did not would have mostly been in the form of directives (commands, instructions, etc.) which are more often than not expressed through the imperative . However, it is recognized that this development could have benefited from substrate (particularly Malagasy) influence but it remains in the main the result of an internal diachronic process. The proposal outlined has interesting implications for the role of input and the role that adults may have played in the development of creole languages in general and serial verb constructions in particular. Some aspects of creole languages, it is suggested, can be adequately accounted for without having to implicate either an innate linguistic mechanism or wholesale transfer from substrate sources.

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Clements, J. Clancy. "LES CRÉOLES: L'INDISPENSABLE SURVIE. Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux. Paris: Éditions Entente, 1999. Pp. 319. F 150, paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, no. 1 (March 2002): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263102261069.

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This book, which appears in a series called Langues en Péril“languages in peril,” is an accessible and well-written panoramic view of the French-based creoles spoken in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean. In her introductory remarks, author Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux addresses the confusions regarding the notions of language and dialect, presenting clearly and concisely how a linguistic system can be a language without being written or prestigious or belonging to any given geographical region. She touches on why some of the French-based creoles, such as Louisiana Creole French, may be endangered and extends the definition of an endangered language to include cases in which a creole can lose its “creoleness” through decreolization. This allows her also to discuss the question of diversity among French-based creoles, although, as she points out, this rich diversity is often overlooked for ideological or other reasons.

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Lefebvre, Claire. "Substratum Semantics in the Verbal Lexicon of Haitian Creole." Studies in Language 23, no. 1 (July 2, 1999): 61–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.1.04lef.

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The aim of this paper is to document the presence of substratum semantics in the verbal inventory of Haitian creole on the basis of a comparison of a sample of verbs in Haitian, French (its lexifier language) and Fongbe (one of its substratum languages). The paper begins with a comparison of the meanings of a sample of Haitian, French and Fongbe verbs. Although the phonological representations of the Haitian verbs are derived from the phonetic representations of French verbs, the details of their semantics do not correspond exactly to those of French, but rather to those of Fongbe. Idiomatic expressions in Haitian are often expressed with similar verbal phrases in Fongbe, whereas they are rendered by a simple verb in French. Aspectual properties of verbs (stative/non-stative) constitute another facet of verbal semantics, and I compare the aspectual properties of Haitian, French and Fongbe verbs. Haitian verbs, like Fongbe verbs, are often not specified for aspectual properties, in contrast to French verbs. Thematic properties constitute yet another topic in the semantics of verbs, addressed here from the point of view of the verbs' agentiveness. On the basis of these various types of data, it is argued that the bulk of Haitian verbs' semantic properties have been carried over into the creole from the substratum lexicons. This situation argues in favor of the claim that the process of relexification plays a central role in the formation of a Creole's lexicon. Some cases of acquisition of French verbs are also reported. Such cases have triggered a reorganization in the properties of the verbal lexical entries originally relexified from the Haitian substratum languages.

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Brousseau, Anne-Marie, Sandra Filipovich, and Claire Lefebvre. "Morphological Processes in Haitian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.4.1.02bro.

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In this paper we examine the morphology of Haitian with respect to two issues widely discussed in the literature on creoles: 1) the substratum issue, formulated in our view in terms of the role played by relexification in the formation of Haitian Creole; and 2) the widespread assumption that creole languages are morphologically simpler than their lexifier language. These two issues are not unrelated. The morphological simplicity assumption is based on a comparison of creole with European languages that have contributed the bulk of their respective lexicons. In order to discuss the two issues, we will compare the productive morphology of Haitian with that of French (the lexifier language), and Fon, a contributive West African language. The major findings of this paper with respect to the issues addressed here are the following: 1) productive affixes of Haitian Creole pattern in a significant way with the model of contributing West African languages more so than with French; and 2) the presumed morphological simplicity of creoles reduces to the selection of the unmarked option with respect to the position of morphological heads.

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Salvodon, Marjorie. "Creole Identity in the French Caribbean Novel (review)." Research in African Literatures 33, no. 3 (2002): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ral.2002.0086.

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Kriegel, Sibylle, and Ralph Ludwig. "Le français en espace créolophone – Guadeloupe et Seychelles." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 69, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 56–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2018-0003.

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Abstract Both in Guadeloupe and in the Seychelles a French-based Creole coexists with French. In addition to this shared main ecological parameter, the two areas diverge in several other points of their contact ecology: First, due to the different timing of French colonization, the French variety exported to Guadeloupe in the 17th century differed from the variety exported to the Seychelles a century later. Second, while the Seychelles were a British colony from 1814 to independence in 1976, Guadeloupe always remained French and is still a French overseas department. Therefore, the contact ecology in Guadeloupe may be characterized as a reciprocally dominant monocontact situation (see Gadet/Ludwig/ Pfänder 2009), while the situation in the Seychelles is one of polycontact (Seychelles’ Creole-English-French), with Seychelles’ Creole and English being dominant in their influence on French (while the reverse is not the case). Using data from several corpora of spoken and written French in the Seychelles and Guadeloupe, this paper shows instances of code copying (e.g. Johanson 2002, Kriegel/Ludwig/Henri 2009) from the two Creole languages (and English) on the morphosyntactical level.

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Lefebvre, Claire, Anne-Marie Brousseau, and Sandra Filipovich. "Haitian Creole Morphology: French Phonetic Matrices in a West African Mold." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 3 (September 1989): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013463.

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This paper summarizes the findings of an extensive study of Haitian Creole morphology as compared with that of contributing languages: French, the lexifier language, and Fon, the West African language selected as the substratum language. The proposal we want to argue for in this paper is that, although the phonetic matrices of Haitian Creole lexical items are recognizable as being from French, at a more abstract level the productive affixes of Haitian Creole pattern in a significant way with the model of contributing West African languages, in this case Fon. This being the case, the widespread assumption in the creole literature that creole languages have undergone morphological simplification is not borne out by the Haitian data (cf. several discussions on this topic in Hymes 1971).

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Clements, J. Clancy. "AN INTRODUCTION TO PIDGINS AND CREOLES. John Holm. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xxi + 282. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 1 (January 16, 2003): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226310321007x.

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Although the primary focus of this introduction is the Atlantic pidgins and creoles, it contains considerable information on many other pidgins and creoles as well. Chapter 1 includes the definitions of terms, which are clear and concise with the exception of the notions of semi-creole and creoloid, which are somewhat vague, and the notion of interlanguage, which is not necessarily characterizable as unstable, especially if it fossilizes. Chapter 2 largely mirrors its comprehensive counterpart, Holm (1988). New in this volume is the mention of the earliest known attestation of a creole language (Martinique creole in 1671), the shortening, partial rewriting, or both of the monogenesis sections, and the identification of other trends. Chapter 3 succinctly underscores the importance of social factors in the creation and characterization of pidgins and creoles, without which, according to Holm, they cannot be defined. It also includes sociohistorical synopses of seven languages (i.e., Angolar Creole Portuguese, Papiamentu Creole Spanish, Negerhollands Creole Dutch, Haitian Creole French, Jamaican Creole English, Tok Pisin, and Nubi Creole Arabic).

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Kumari Jugnauth, Kobita. "English and Mauritian Creole: A Reflection on How the Vocabulary, Grammar and Syntax of the Two Languages Create Difficulties for Learners." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.2p.204.

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The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the various linguistic reasons that cause Mauritian students to experience difficulties while learning English. As Mauritius is a former British and French colony, most Mauritians are bilinguals. Both English and French are compulsory subjects up to Cambridge O’Level. English is the official language and also the language of instruction but French is much more widely used and spoken. Also Mauritian Creole is the mothertongue of the majority of Mauritians. This linguistic situation impacts heavily on the teaching and learning of English both at primary and secondary level. Often, students encounter a number of problems at the vocabulary and grammatical level ; these are due to the linguistic specificities of both English and Mauritian Creole. Today, the different types of ‘ Englishes’ emerging around the world, are making it increasingly confusing for teachers to teach this language and for learners to learn it.

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Coles, Felice Anne. "Albert Valdman (ed.), French and creole in Louisiana. (Topics in language and linguistics.) New York & London: Plenum, 1997. Pp. xiii, 372." Language in Society 29, no. 1 (January 2000): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500301038.

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The purpose of this volume is not only to provide “more delicate and accurate descriptions” (p. 2) of Louisiana French, but also to highlight the variation, origins, and social contexts of French-related varieties in Louisiana. The volume's editor, whose research on French and creole linguistics spans decades (cf. Valdman 1977, 1978, 1983, 1993) has gathered – starting from workshops and annual meetings on regional dialects – an impressive collection of articles on Western Hemisphere French, in order to create a comprehensive overview of the past, present, and future of French in Louisiana. The reader may consider dividing the book into four sections: (a) general issues surrounding endangered languages and minority languages in the US; (b) linguistic sketches of Cajun French (CF) and Louisiana Creole (LC); (c) discussions of sociopolitical events surrounding the language planning and preservation movements; and (d) chapters devoted to other varieties of French that have similarities to CF and LC.

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Mather, Patrick-André. "Second language acquisition and creolization." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21, no. 2 (November 7, 2006): 231–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.21.2.01mat.

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There is increasing evidence that most European-lexifier plantation creoles developed over several generations, as successive waves of African slaves acquired increasingly basilectal varieties of the lexifier language, allowing shift-induced interference to play a central role in creole genesis. If in most cases the creators of creoles were adult learners of a second language, and if many of the creole features are the result of second language acquisition over several generations, the next step is to test the hypothesis and to see whether data from current case studies on second language acquisition can shed light on the gradual creolization process. This paper shows that many of the features found in French-lexifier creoles do occur in L2 French and other interlanguages, as a result of L1 transfer and other acquisition processes; examples discussed include word-order within the noun phrase, pronominal clitics, the absence of copula, reduplication, the reanalysis of articles, grammatical gender, verb movement and TMA markers. The major claim of the model of creole genesis advocated here, which can be called the ‘gradualist / second language acquisition model’, is that creole genesis does not involve any specific mental processes or strategies other than those found in ordinary second language acquisition. While in normal, successful second language acquisition, L1 transfer, relexification and reanalysis are relatively marginal in the end, they are nevertheless present, as illustrated in the examples provided here. It is the social and historical circumstances that accelerated the changes and allowed ?deviant? interlanguage structures to fossilize and to create a new language from the linguistic chaos of plantation societies.

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Grant, Anthony P., and Diana Guillemin. "The complex of creole typological features." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 48–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.1.02gra.

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This paper presents morphosyntactic and sentential information on Mauritian Creole (MC), a French-lexifier creole which has been underrepresented in many studies of Creole morphosyntactic typology. Typological features from Holm & Patrick (2007), Bickerton (1981, 1984), Taylor (1971, 1977), Markey (1982), and Dryer (1992), most of which have previously been assembled as being diagnostic of a language’s creole status, are presented here with examples from contemporary MC. MC sentences from sets of comparative creolistic sentences in Hancock (1975, 1987) are presented in Appendix A. The material demonstrates abundantly that MC exhibits the vast majority of features which have been deemed typical of creole languages over the past four decades.

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Ferreira, Jo-Anne S. "The influence of Portuguese on Amazonian French Creole lexicon." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.32.2.09fer.

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Escure, Geneviève. "Review of Valdman (1997): French and Creole in Louisiana." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.15.2.11esc.

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Maingot, Anthony P. "A French Creole Sunday: Callaloo on a Clear Conscience." Callaloo 30, no. 1 (2007): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2007.0153.

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Sheringham, Olivia. "Markers of identity in Martinique: being French, black, Creole." Ethnic and Racial Studies 39, no. 2 (December 14, 2015): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1105992.

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Lumsden, John S. "Possession." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.1.03lum.

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This paper compares the notion of "possession" as it is expressed in the verbs of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe (a West African language of the Kwa family). It is argued that the notion of possession in verbal semantics is best represented as an implicit argument, i.e., an argument that is present in the semantic representation, but not in the syntax. The implicit argument [POSSESSION] is ambiguous, allowing it to be manifested in the syntactic representation in different ways. The properties of the creole verbs are consistently parallel with those of the Fongbe verbs, and they are often in contrast with the properties of the French verbs. Since French and Fongbe are among the historical sources of Haitian Creole (Lefebvre & Lumsden 1989), these patterns have consequence for the evaluation of theories of creole genesis.

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Spitzer, Nicholas R. "Monde Creole: The Cultural World of French Louisiana Creoles and the Creolization of World Cultures." Journal of American Folklore 116, no. 459 (2003): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jaf.2003.0014.

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NEGRO, ISABELLE, and SOPHIE GENELOT. "The role of language skills in learning to read: The case of bilingualism in French overseas departments." Applied Psycholinguistics 33, no. 4 (October 13, 2011): 799–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716411000579.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to explain how the practice of two languages (French and Creole) in French overseas departments affects the first educational competencies acquired by children. The students’ performance in both languages was investigated at the beginning of kindergarten, and their reading capacities were measured at the end of Grade 1. The data analysis shows that the practice of Creole has no negative impact on success at reading in French. Furthermore, it appears that the students who performed the best in reading were those who were either more competent in French than in Creole, or those who were equally competent in both languages, according to their assessed reading competence. Thus, also discussed is the necessity of early exposure to a language's written code and the contribution that bilingualism makes to learning processes of reading.

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Russell, Eric. "Formalizing creole sound change." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23, no. 2 (September 17, 2008): 227–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23.2.03rus.

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This article examines sound change in French Lexifier Creoles and the neutralization of contrast involving the feature [round]; secondary concerns include the nature of diachronically related inputs, base richness and decreolization. Phonological restructuring is described in an Optimality Theoretic grammar distinguishing between perceptual, declarative and procedural strata. Base richness holds only at the declarative stratum, as input to the perceptual and procedural strata are constrained by experience and feature licensing, respectively. Explanation of phonological restructuring centers on the perception grammar, where constraints refer to the parsing of experiential input. In the incipient creole, neutralization of contrast predicated by [round] is initially attributed to substrate grammatical transfer, reflecting first language attenuation. The possibility of creole-specific learning or attenuation to second language contrasts is also addressed and shown to lead to distinct output scenarios, depending upon the reranking of constraints under each stratum. Crucially, reranking at either the declarative or procedural strata is dependent upon learning at the perceptual stratum; rankings that do not mirror those of either the lexifier or substrate lead to output variability, the frequency of which is hypothesized to frame the eventual stabilization of representations.

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Rajah-Carrim, Aaliya. "Choosing a spelling system for Mauritian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23, no. 2 (September 17, 2008): 193–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23.2.02raj.

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Mauritian Creole (Kreol) is a French-lexified creole spoken on post-colonial and multilingual Mauritius. Although it is extensively used, it has not been officially standardised. The choice of a given orthography reflects language beliefs and is therefore ideologically loaded. More specifically, the way creoles are standardised can reflect the bias towards these languages which are seen as inferior to, and dependent on, their lexifiers. In the Mauritian case, this issue is especially significant because there are now efforts to devise an official standard for the language. In 2004, the Government set up a committee to develop a standard orthography for MC. This paper considers use of, and attitudes to, written Kreol. The material presented is based on interviews conducted in Mauritius and participant observation. Although interviewees do not make extensive use of Kreol in written interactions, they tend to support the promotion of literacy in the language. Responses highlight the tension between Kreol and the colonial languages — English and French — and also the role of Kreol as an index of national identity. Our findings confirm that the choice of an orthographic system reflects linguistic and social hierarchies. I conclude that this study has practical social implications for the standardisation of Kreol.

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Corne, Chris. "Relativization and Thematization in Tayo and the Implications for Creole Genesis." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.2.04cor.

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Relative clauses in Tayo, the French-lexicon Creole of St-Louis (New Caledonia) which emerged in the late 19th century, reflect in their construction and their distribution typically Melanesian patterns, including a sub-ordinator derived from a personal pronoun, sa. Thematization similarly reflects Melanesian strategies, but may also be handled by clefting using a subordinator ki (< French qui). While this construction shows how the lexifier may be modifying Tayo, the emergence of a complex system of relativization and thematization, over three generations after the settlement of St-Louis in 1860, shows that French was not the "motor" of creolization, and suggests that creolization is, in effect, a special case of language shift and creation over some 50 or so years.

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Strobel, Michele Baj. "At home with a prospector in French Guiana: a sketch." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 63, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1989): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002031.

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Author describes the life of Derik Pinel, a St Lucian Creole who lives in French Guiana. Pinel is one of Guiana's last gold propectors at the Maroni River basin. This river is inhabited by three populations -Creoles, Maroons, and Amerindians- who share the same natural environment but each one's way of life is distinctive.

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Vergès, Françoise. ""DO YOU SPEAK CREOLE?": POLITICAL DEMANDS IN THE FRENCH "PERIPHERIES"." Contemporary French Civilization 31, no. 1 (January 2007): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfc.2007.9.

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Emera, Alix. "French Guiana Introduced to Paris in Creole 110 Years Ago." Caribbean Quarterly 41, no. 3-4 (September 1995): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.1995.11671836.

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Corne, Chris. "On French Influence in the Development of Creole Reflexive Patterns." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.4.1.06cor.

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Hyde, Samuel C. "Power and Place: Gender, Greed, and the Creole French Elite." Reviews in American History 26, no. 3 (1998): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.1998.0051.

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Harrow, Kenneth W. "Creole Identity in the French Caribbean Novel (review)." L'Esprit Créateur 42, no. 1 (2002): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/esp.2010.0473.

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Simmons-McDonald, Hazel. "Comparative Patterns in the Acquisition of English Negation by Native Speakers of French Creole and Creole English." Language Learning 44, no. 1 (March 1994): 29–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01448.x.

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Kouwenberg, Silvia, and Darlene LaCharité. "The typology of Caribbean Creole reduplication." Creoles and Typology 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2011): 194–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.1.07kou.

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Although many aspects of Creole languages remain relatively unexplored, the morphology of Creole languages has been especially neglected. This is largely because it is still widely believed that Creoles have very little in the way of morphology, even compared to an inflection-poor language such as English. Moreover, the morphology that Creoles do have is often assumed to be quite similar from one Creole language to another and is further thought to be predictable and transparent. However, there is an emerging body of research on Pidgin and Creole morphology showing that the hypothesis of semantic transparency and regularity in Creole morphology does not stand up to scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to explore the typological characteristics of morphological reduplication in Caribbean Creole (CC) languages, and to assess these characteristics against this background. To this purpose, we will examine reduplication in a sample of CC languages of different lexifiers (Dutch, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish), with respect to their form, semantics and distribution. Our research confirms that morphological reduplication is not uniform across these languages. Moreover, it shows that reduplication is surprisingly complex within a single language.

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KHAN, AISHA. "Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag:Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag." American Anthropologist 108, no. 2 (June 2006): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.2.407.

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Lang, George. "Basilects in Creole Literatures: Examples from Sranan, Capeverdian Crioulo and Antillean Kréyol." Creole Language in Creole Literatures 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.1.06lan.

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Language and dialect choice are frequently thematized in creole literature, notably in Alfred Parépou's 1885 Guianese novelAtipa. The concept of the basilect has accordingly played an important role in creole writing, critical thinking, and polemic. Given the assimilative pressure exerted by the superstrate, writers and critics often argue that the ideal creole literary dialect should be as divergent from it as possible. During the 1980s the P.A.I.C.V. government in Cape Verde tried to promote a revolutionary literature in what was described as the deep, original dialect of Crioulo, that of the hinterland of Santiago Island. Of particular interest were the agency of theInstitutu Kauberdianu di Livruin Praia and the intellectual work of Manuel Veiga, especially hisDikrison Strutural di Lingua Kabuverdianu. Around the same time, writers in Martinique, most prominently Raphaël Confiant, embraced the vision of a literary basilect ‘maximally deviant’ from standard French, which Jean Bernabé defined as a ‘nuclear creole.’ This article concludes with an extract from one of Confiant's novels in which ‘hyper-acrolectal’ French is humorously contrasted with the author's figuration of deep Kréyol.

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Journal articles on the topic 'French and Creole'

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