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Journal articles on the topic 'French and German'
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1
Scheck, Raffael. "Les prémices de Thiaroye: L’influence de la captivité allemande sur les soldats noirs français à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale." French Colonial History 13 (May 1, 2012): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41938223.
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Abstract After repressing the mutiny of West African ex-prisoners in Thiaroye near Dakar on 1 December 1944, the French military authorities concluded that the German treatment of these prisoners had made them prone to revolting. Allegedly, the Germans had planned to destabilize French colonialism by treating the prisoners well (despite the German army massacres of black French soldiers in June 1940) and by allowing black prisoners to enter into intimate relationships with white French women. The article critically analyzes the explanations of the French authorities for the revolt of Thiaroye, tracing the motivations of the ex-prisoners to the way they interpreted Free French policies after liberation in the context of their captivity experience. It argues that the relatively correct German treatment of the African POWs after the summer of 1940 and the contacts of prisoners with French civilians were circumstantial and not part of a deliberate German policy to incite revolts in the French colonies. Ultimately, the unruliness of African ex-prisoners resulted much less from German measures than from the disillusioning experience of the soldiers with the Vichy and Free French authorities during and after captivity, which formed a powerful contrast to the mostly friendly and respectful treatment of the Africans by the French civilian population.
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Badi, Hussein Saddam. "Phonétique et phonétique corrective." Al-Adab Journal 1, no. 138 (September 15, 2021): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i138.1093.
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This research deals with the topic of phonology and corrective phonology in a foreign French language. This study aims at improving the pronunciation of the German student who is learning French as a foreign language with the aim of finding the suitable ways of improving his pronunciation. In this study, we have chosen a German student who is studying French in the University Center for French Studies in Grenoble in France. We told this student to read a French text and we recorded this reading. Then we analyzed this dialogue in order to find the pronunciation mistakes and the effect of the German Language in learning French and to know the student's ability to pronounce new sounds that do not exist in the mother tongue. Finally, we proposed pronunciation corrections that were suitable to the student's case. This would help the teacher of French in Germany to manage the classroom and improve the pronunciation of his students and make them able to distinguish the sounds of both French and German languages.
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Vogl, Thomas. "French Influences on Germany’s Commercial Courts in the Nineteenth Century." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 88, no. 3-4 (December 23, 2020): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00880a19.
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Summary The present contribution explores the extent of influence which French law had on the development of Germany’s commercial courts in the nineteenth century. Modern literature describes this influence as marginal, yet without further proof. The author takes this state of research as a starting point to compare the Napoleonic legislation on commercial courts with the German commercial court systems of the nineteenth century. However, the present contribution will start with an overview of the German legal situation at the end of the eighteenth century. This is followed by an examination of whether French law was transferred to Germany during the French occupation of large parts of Germany at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Against this background it is possible to fully analyse the influence which French law had on the further development of German commercial courts.
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Epstein, Louis. "The German Connection." Journal of Musicology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 94–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2020.37.1.94.
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In 1930 the French composer Darius Milhaud achieved a major career milestone: his ambitious opera Christophe Colomb received its premiere at Berlin’s Staatsoper Unter den Linden. The premiere was the most prestigious of a surprisingly large number of performances of Milhaud’s music in Germany in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Even as he found success in Germany, many French critics dismissed Milhaud’s music as frivolous or incomprehensible, and in 1930 the Paris Opéra had yet to stage one of Milhaud’s works. In the wake of the Berlin premiere, however, the specter of German cultural dominance provoked calls in Paris for reevaluation of Milhaud’s work. In response, the director of the Paris Opéra, Jacques Rouché, quickly secured the right to stage Milhaud’s next opera, Maximilien, and Milhaud subsequently received a string of state commissions. After years of struggle with French critics and institutions, Milhaud’s success abroad finally precipitated official recognition at home. Milhaud owed his popularity in Germany and the subsequent transformation in his French reception to his relationship with the Viennese music publisher Universal Edition. Unpublished correspondence and contracts reveal how the firm orchestrated Milhaud’s success in Germany through a network of affiliated conductors, composers, and institutions. Universal Edition and its director, Emil Hertzka, played crucial but largely unrecognized roles in advancing Milhaud’s early career, and Milhaud’s letters demonstrate his keen appreciation for the advantages that working with Universal brought, both to his finances and to his international reputation. The transnational collaboration that enabled Milhaud’s German reception and facilitated his path to official recognition ultimately offers a thought-provoking counterexample to the historiography of chauvinism and antipathy that otherwise dominates narratives of interwar Franco-German musical relations.
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Eichler, Nadine, Veronika Jansen, and Natascha Müller. "Gender acquisition in bilingual children: French–German, Italian–German, Spanish–German and Italian–French." International Journal of Bilingualism 17, no. 5 (June 11, 2012): 550–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006911435719.
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Kant, Marion. "German Gymnastics, Modern German Dance, and Nazi Aesthetics." Dance Research Journal 48, no. 2 (August 2016): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767716000164.
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At the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Napoleon's French empire conquered much of Europe, the German patriot Friedrich Ludwig Jahn invented the first German national gymnastics program known asTurnen. The idea was to create a new German body and a new form of national discipline. Walking for bodily fitness, to instill national awareness, training on special equipment and rediscovering ancient German dance forms all became part of the new body culture. It is out of this movement with its nationalist and later racist culture that much of the modern gymnastics and dance movements in Germany gained their ideologies. This article sketches some stages of this social and physical continuity, from the resistance to the French to the establishment of the racial state in 1933 and to the provision of a Nazi aesthetic by German modern dancers.
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Kupisch, Tanja, Deniz Akpinar, and Antje Stöhr. "Gender assignment and gender agreement in adult bilinguals and second language learners of French." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3, no. 2 (May 17, 2013): 150–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.3.2.02kup.
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This paper is concerned with gender marking in adult French. Four groups of subjects are compared: German-French simultaneous bilinguals (2L1ers) who grew up in France, German-French 2L1ers who grew up in Germany, advanced second language learners (L2ers) who are resident either in France or in Germany at the time of testing. The major goal of the study is to investigate whether differences in input conditions (acquisition in a minority vs. a majority language context) and differences in age of onset affect gender assignment and gender agreement in the same way or differently. Furthermore, we investigate whether successful acquisition of gender is dependent on influence from German. Two experiments, an acceptability judgment task and an elicited production task, are carried out. Results show successful acquisition of agreement in all groups. By contrast, gender assignment may be mildly affected if French is acquired in a minority language context or as an L2.
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Campion, Corey. "Remembering the "Forgotten Zone"." French Politics, Culture & Society 37, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2019.370304.
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In much of the English-language scholarship on the post-1945 Allied occupation of Germany, French officials appear as little more than late arrivals to the victors’ table, in need of and destined to follow Anglo-American leadership in the emerging Cold War. However, French occupation policies were unique within the western camp and helped lay the foundations of postwar Franco-German reconciliation that are often credited to the 1963 Elysée Treaty. Exploring how the French occupation has been neglected, this article traces the memory of the zone across the often-disconnected work of French-, German-, and English-speaking scholars since the 1950s. Moreover, it outlines new avenues of research that could help historians resurrect the unique experience of the French zone and enrich our appreciation of the Franco-German “motor” on which Europe still relies.
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Kocher, Matthew Adam, Adria K. Lawrence, and Nuno P. Monteiro. "Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation." International Security 43, no. 2 (November 2018): 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00329.
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Does nationalism produce resistance to foreign military occupation? The existing literature suggests that it does. Nationalism, however, also can lead to acquiescence and even to active collaboration with foreign conquerors. Nationalism can produce a variety of responses to occupation because political leaders connect nationalist motivations to other political goals. A detailed case study of the German occupation of France during World War II demonstrates these claims. In this highly nationalistic setting, Vichy France entered into collaboration with Germany despite opportunities to continue fighting in 1940 or defect from the German orbit later. Collaboration with Germany was widely supported by French elites and passively accommodated by the mass of nationalistic French citizens. Because both resisters and collaborators were French nationalists, nationalism cannot explain why collaboration was the dominant French response or why a relatively small number of French citizens resisted. Variation in who resisted and when resistance occurred can be explained by the international context and domestic political competition. Expecting a German victory in the war, French right-wing nationalists chose collaboration with the Nazis as a means to suppress and persecute their political opponents, the French Left. In doing so, they fostered resistance. This case suggests the need for a broader reexamination of the role of nationalism in explaining reactions to foreign intervention.
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Krebs, Stefan. "The French Quest for the Silent Car Body." Transfers 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010305.
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Following Germany's resounding defeat in the First World War, the loss of its status as a colonial power, and the series of severe political and economic upheavals during the interwar years, travel abroad by motor vehicle was one way that Germans sought to renegotiate their place in the world. One important question critical studies of mobility should ask is if technologies of mobility contributed to the construction of cultural inequality, and if so in which ways? Although Germans were not alone in using technology to shore up notions of cultural superiority, the adventure narratives of interwar German motorists, both male and female, expressed aspirations for renewed German power on the global stage, based, in part, on the claimed superiority of German motor vehicle technology.
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Chernega, Vladimir. "The Evolution of Franco-German Relations in 1949–2022: From the German Problem to the Franco-German Tandem and the Idea of the “Power of Europe”." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640024674-9.
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After the Second World War, the most important priority of French foreign policy in Europe was the solution of the German problem, in other words, the prevention of the revival of Germany as a revanchist state. At the same time, French diplomacy, influenced by the “power complex”, sought to ensure the leading role of its country in the Western European part of the continent. Hence Paris's course, first towards anti-German alliances and then, following the proclamation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, towards the formation of European defence structures with the participation of the FRG, to at least keep its possible rearmament under control. The accession of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO in 1955 signalled the failure of this strategy. Charles de Gaulle, who came to power in 1958, tried to form a Franco-German alliance that would allow the creation of a “European Europe” independent of the United States. The failure of this policy, due to the pro-Atlantic stance of the Federal Republic, prompted his successors to take a more flexible position. On the one hand, the French created a tandem with their German partner in order to strengthen European integration, particularly in the field of defence (European Autonomous Defence); on the other hand, they strengthened France's relations with the USA and NATO. Yet the reunification of Germany on the basis of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 exacerbated the already existing problem of power disparity in the Franco-German tandem in favour of Germany, which is slowly developing its own sovereign interests However, since his election in 2017, French President Emmanuel Macron, a staunch Europeanist, has been trying to use this tandem to promote the idea of a “European state” in the EU that can compete with the United States and China. However, the prospects for the implementation of this conception are very ambiguous.
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Didion, Philipp. "Zwischen Erinnerung und Verständigung: Der Racing Club de Strasbourg und die Wiederaufnahme der deutsch-französischen Fußballbeziehungen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg." STADION 45, no. 1 (2021): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2021-1-32.
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This article aims to analyse the role of the Alsatian football club Racing Club de Strasbourg throughout the re-establishment process of the French-German football relations after the Second World War. Because of its geographical location between France and Germany and due to the double annexation of the Alsace by the German Reich the club held a special position in the French football landscape. To examine the difficulties and conflicts that came along with the attempt to restore international sport relations between West Germany and France, the paper focuses on three aspects: German prisoners of war in France, efforts to organise football games between French and German top-level-clubs, and the re-establishment of international matches between the two countries. As a result, Racing’s attitude can be situated in a field of tension between hurtful wartime experiences on the one hand and sporting as well as financial benefits on the other hand. While the former was an argument held against an over-hasty spirit of understanding between the French and the German teams especially by the Alsatian Football Association, the latter were a reason for Racing to intensify its pragmatical efforts to re-establish sport relations with West German clubs. This ambivalence is further exemplified by the dualism between Aimé Gissy, secretary general of the Alsatian Football Association (1935-1939, 1945-1974), and Willy Scheuer, president of Racing Club de Strasbourg (1952-1960).
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Hegazi, Ahmed G., Faten K. Abd El Hady, and Fayrouz A. M. Abd Allah. "Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of European Propolis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2000): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-1-214.
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Abstract Three propolis samples from Austria, Germany and France were investigated by GC/MS, where eleven compounds were being new for propolis. The samples showed some similarities in their qualitative composition. Phenylethyl-trans-caffeate, benzyl ferulate and galangin were predominant in German propolis. Benzyl caffeate was predominant in French sample. Pinocembrin was predominant in French and Austrian propolis and trans-p-coumaric acid was predominant in all samples. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans was evaluated. German propolis showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. While Austrian propolis has the highest activity against Candida albicans. French propolis was effective against all pathogens but less than German and Austrian propolis.
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von Donat, Marcell. "Neutralism in Germany." Government and Opposition 21, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1986.tb00029.x.
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IN 1986, THE FRENCH PRESIDENT FRANÇOIS MITTERRAND reminded us that neutralism in Germany was not just a simple reaction to political facts but a very complex constant in recent German history. Is the idea of a neutral Germany or of two neutral German states of any political importance today? Are there still supporters for neutrality in Central Europe? Would it not be normal for some people to think in those terms?In today's relatively tension-free period of East-West relations, the fact may be overlooked that the German situation remains exceptional and that the Germans have a burden to carry which other nations do not have. The Federal Republic of Germany does not have full freedom of choice like for instance, Norway, which is a member of NATO without being a member of the EC, or Ireland which is an EC-member without belonging to NATO. What is considered as a normal option for any other nation might not be permitted for the Germans. Thus the frontline state at the frontier of the two world ideologies cannot claim normal freedom of action.
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Siegel, Mona, and Kirsten Harjes. "Disarming Hatred: History Education, National Memories, and Franco-German Reconciliation from World War I to the Cold War." History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 3 (August 2012): 370–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2012.00404.x.
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On May 4, 2006, French and German cultural ministers announced the publication of Histoire/Geschichte, the world's first secondary school history textbook produced jointly by two countries. Authored by a team of French and German historians and published simultaneously in both languages, the book's release drew considerable public attention. French and German heads-of-state readily pointed to the joint history textbook as a shining example of the close and positive relations between their two countries, while their governments heralded the book for “symbolically sealing Franco-German reconciliation.” Beyond European shores, East Asian commentators in particular have taken note of Franco-German textbook collaboration, citing it as a possible model for how to work through their own region's often antagonistic past. Diplomatic praise is not mere hyperbole. From the Franco-Prussian War (1870) through World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945), France and Germany were widely perceived to be “hereditary enemies.” The publication of Histoire/Geschichte embodies one of the most crucial developments in modern international relations: the emergence of France and Germany as the “linchpin” of the New Europe.
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Creswell, Michael, and Marc Trachtenberg. "France and the German Question, 1945–1955." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 3 (July 2003): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703322286746.
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This article challenges the traditional view that France was “obsessed” with the German threat in the decade after World War II and that French leaders only grudgingly accepted the policy that the United States and Britain had decided to pursue. The official rhetoric of the postwar period should not to be taken at face value. In reality, French leaders understood the logic of the “western strategy” for Germany and at a basic level endorsed it. Even on the question of West German rearmament—a critical issue in 1950—the French government was not nearly as opposed to moving ahead as many scholars have argued.
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Rigoll, Dominik. "Emigranten, Résistants, Extremisten, Juden. Peter, Etty und Silvia Gingold – eine deutsch-französische Familiengeschichte." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 44, no. 1 (2012): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2012.6213.
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There have been “other” Franco-German relations between France and Western Germany – not only between France and the German Democratic Republic. At least, this is what can be illustrated by this portrait of the Gingolds family. Peter Gingold was a German Jewish communist, born in Aschaffenburg in 1916 after his parents had immigrated to the German Kaiserreich from the Polish part of Russia. After 1933, Gingold fled to France, became part of the Resistance and kept closely connected to the French even after having gone back to the Western part of Germany – not only as “witnesses to history”, but also as a political activist. As such he was involved in the Lischka case and in François Mitterrand’s protests against the dismissal of Gingolds daughter Silvia, who wasn’t allowed to become a French teacher in 1974 because of her membership in the German Communist Party.
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Blanning, T. C. W. "The French Revolution and the Modernization of Germany." Central European History 22, no. 2 (June 1989): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011468.
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Historians of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have always been spoilt for choice when needing to recommend a good general account of their period. Until recently, their colleagues working on the eighteenth century and the revolutionary-Napoleonic period have been less fortunate. The second volume of Hajo Holborn's A History of Modern Germany contains much that is original, penetrating, and powerful but is also decidedly uneven in quality, patchy in coverage, and not an easy read. A.J.P. Taylor's The Course of German History is a wild mixture of insight and perversity, immensely stimulating but marred by an extreme Germanophobia and distorted by a teleological perspective which sees all German history since the dawn of time heading inexorably for 1933: “it was no more a mistake for the German people to end up with Hitler than it is an accident when a river flows into the sea.” “Modern Germany” has usually been deemed to begin in 1815, so the period which immediately preceded the Vienna settlement has been studied with a view only to what it started.
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Graeber, Wilhelm. "Das Ende deutscher Romanübersetzungen aus zweiter Hand." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.5.2.06gra.
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Zusammenfassung In eighteenth-century Germany, many English works were translated not from the original texts, but from French versions. As far as narrative literature is concerned, the period of "second-hand translation" extends from 1720 to 1765, while in other literary genres it continues to the end of the century. This partial rejection of French role as mediators may be attributed to the developing German target literature as well as to developments within French literature itself The reception of Henry Fielding's last novel Amelia reveals the fading prestige of French translations and novels in their mother country, which will induce German translators to dissociate themselves from their intermediaries.
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Roos, Julia. "The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs*." German History 37, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz081.
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Abstract After the First World War, the German children of colonial French soldiers stationed in the Rhineland became a focal point of nationalist anxieties over ‘racial pollution’. In 1937, the Nazis subjected hundreds of biracial Rhenish children to compulsory sterilization. After 1945, colonial French soldiers and African American GIs participating in the occupation of West Germany left behind thousands of out-of-wedlock children. In striking contrast to the open vilification of the first (1920s) generation of biracial occupation children, post-1945 commentators emphasized the need for the racial integration of the children of black GIs. Government agencies implemented new programmes protecting the post-1945 cohort against racial discrimination, yet refused restitution to biracial Rhenish Germans sterilized by the Nazis. The contrasts between the experiences of the two generations of German descendants of occupation soldiers of colour underline the complicated ways in which postwar ruptures in racial discourse coexisted with certain long-term continuities in antiblack racism, complicating historians’ claims of ‘Americanization’ of post-1945 German racial attitudes.
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Hepp, Rolf-Dieter. "The Socio-analytical Approach." International Journal of Social Quality 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2019.090206.
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The debate on precarization in Germany is, on the one hand, based on the French discussion, it is, on the other hand, oriented toward German models of discourse, which leads to different focuses and objectives. Even if in German contexts the poverty situation and unqualified workers are the main topics of discussion, the French debate on precarization with or following Pierre Bourdieu, Robert Castel, and Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello focuses on precarization as a restructuring of labor relations. In this respect, a change of vectors is taking place here, which sets different priorities. Differences in the classifications result from the different “theoretical localizations,” which are investigated based on the German-French understanding of sociology and are concretized in relation to the problem of precarization.
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Eib, Constanze, and Steffi Siegert. "Is Female Entrepreneurship Only Empowering for Single Women? Evidence from France and Germany." Social Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8040128.
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Entrepreneurship has been suggested as an alternative career model for women to gain economic empowerment while maintaining caring obligations. In this study, we investigate how gender and living situation affect entrepreneurs’ engagement in their business, home, well-being and business success in both France and Germany. Data from the European Social Survey were used, which included 470 French and 622 German self-employed people. For the French, women reported more working hours when living alone but there were no gender differences for the other living situations. For the Germans, there were no gender differences when the self-employed person lived alone; for the other living situations, men reported more working hours. Women reported working more household hours than men in both countries. There were no gender differences in life satisfaction for German self-employed people regardless of living situation; for the French, gender differences varied by living situation. Men reported more business success than women in both countries. Results suggest that self-employed people in Germany follow a traditional breadwinner model, whereas in France, self-employed women do more paid and unpaid work at the same time. In sum, entrepreneurship may only be empowering for self-employed women living alone.
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Grotehusmann, H., and E. Schönfelder. "Comparison of French and German sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) provenances." Silvae Genetica 60, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2011): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2011-0025.
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Abstract Provenances originating from French and German sessile oak seed sources were analysed 23 years after planting at nine different locations in Northwest Germany. In general, German provenances are better adapted to the prevailing conditions of the test sites showing a better survival. Differences between the provenances in measured growth characters (“DBH”, “height”) were less pronounced than in observed quality parameters (“form”, “crown”). Five of the German provenances showed a better stem form; only three French provenances exceeded the overall mean. Variation in phenotypic stability between provenances could be observed as well as rank changes of provenances measured at different ages. Observed variation in stability was mainly attributable to single provenances, however, no pattern of variation could be detected. Besides the German seed sources “Bundesgebiet”, “Spessart” and “Göhrde” some French provenances (“Reno Valdieu”, “Bertranges”, “Darney” and “Der”) can be recommended as substitute in low crop years.
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Dencker, Berit Elisabeth. "Popular Gymnastics and the Military Spirit in Germany, 1848–1871." Central European History 34, no. 4 (December 2001): 503–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691610152988026.
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Over the course of the nineteenth century, a popular nationalist movement developed in the German states that had gained considerable strength by 1871, the year of unification. The German gymnastics association movement was one of the main forms in which popular nationalism was organized. It was started by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn early in the nineteenth century as a means to train young Germans to fight the French occupation. Gradually, it developed into a movement that sought to unify Germany, a project that was not, at first, supported by the German states. The movement was also guided by liberal and, especially before the revolution of 1848, democratic principles, and in this sense, too, was at odds with the reigning political system in Central Europe.
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Chen, Sifan. "The Intellectual Class and the Rise of German Cultural Nationalism." International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 3, no. 1 (May 27, 2024): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v3n1.45.
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German cultural nationalism emerged in the context of the invasion of French culture. This cultural nationalism was different from the nationalism represented by Britain and France, which focused on the expression of nationalism from the cultural level, and made use of cultural connection and unity to achieve the establishment of a nation state. In the 17th and 18th centuries, French culture invaded Germany in all aspects, and the aristocrat and the middle classes of the German states were proud of speaking French, while German was neglected as a national language. Against the background of the political and economic unification of the German region, a group of Deutsch intellectuals began to actively propagate and promote the German culture and language, hoping to establish a unified German national identity from the cultural identity to complete the unification of the country, and to make the German state regain its historical glory. The subsequent historical development proved that German cultural nationalism became the foundation stone of German unification. After the Napoleonic Wars, German cultural nationalism was further transformed into German political democracy, and Prussia finally completed the unification. How did German cultural nationalism emerge from all this, and what was the role of the German intellectual class in it? By studying this period of history, this paper is able to further understand the intricate international context and international situation in Western Europe at that time. At the same time, it draws on the positive factors of German cultural development.
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Pyzłowska, Beata. "Ernsta Jüngera obraz wojny." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 15 (December 12, 2017): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/3924.
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War described by Ernst Jünger World War I (1914–1918) was one of two wars in Europe which Germany sought. One of the participants of the war was a German soldier and writer Ernst Jünger, who described his experiences in Storm of Steel (In Stahlgewittern). His diaries are a valuable source of knowledge of the Great War. Sincere confessions of a German soldier who during the war was promoted through the ranks is also a story of a daily life on the front of both Jünger and the subordinates of the German Emperor – Wilhelm II. The diary holds a special place among books about war due to their origins – written by a German fluent in French and passionate about French literature and culture. Jünger’s dairy was translated into Polish by a soldier Janusz Gaładyk and given the title Książe piechoty. Through such a title, Gaładyk paid his respects to the German comrade. The book has a didactic character because it shows the multidimensionality of the atmosphere in the German army.Key words: France; Germany; nationalism; patriotism; I World War;
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KUPISCH, TANJA, TATJANA LEIN, DAGMAR BARTON, DAWN JUDITH SCHRÖDER, ILSE STANGEN, and ANTJE STOEHR. "Acquisition outcomes across domains in adult simultaneous bilinguals with French as weaker and stronger language." Journal of French Language Studies 24, no. 3 (August 2, 2013): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269513000197.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the adult grammars of French simultaneous bilingual speakers (2L1s) whose other language is German. Apart from providing an example of French as heritage language in Europe, the goals of this paper are (i) to compare the acquisition of French in a minority and majority language context, (ii) to identify the relative vulnerability of individual domains, and (iii) to investigate whether 2L1s are vulnerable to language attrition when moving to their heritage country during adulthood. We include two groups of German-French 2L1s: One group grew up predominantly in France, but moved to Germany during adulthood; the other group grew up predominantly in Germany and stayed there. Performance is compared in different domains, including adjective placement, gender marking, articles, prepositions, foreign accent and voice onset time. Results indicate that differences between the two groups are minimal in morpho-syntax, but more prominent in pronunciation.
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Trunov, Philipp. "The key directions of German-Dutch and German-French cooperation in defence strengthening." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 4 (2020): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2020.04.09.
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Since the former Cold War, the Federal Republic of Germany has had the closest, the most full-scale and different in the spectrum of tracks relations in the sphere of common strengthening of the defence capabilities with the continental Western European countries. First, these ones are France and the Netherlands. The article tries to explore German relations with these two countries in the military sphere during the modern period. The key research methods are event-analysis and comparative analysis. The paper covers the experience of the creation of the first bilateral and multilateral military groups of NATO member states` armed forces which consist of staffs and military forces of the mixed troop system. The article notes that first military groups of this kind were created on the territory of the united Germany and examines the reasons of this tendency. Special attention is paid to the development of German-Dutch Corpspotential. This one, the 1 st tank division and the division of rapid reaction forces (each of those divisions has one Dutch brigade) of the Bundeswehr are explored as military mechanisms of deep integration between the two countries. The article also identifies the features of military-technical German-Dutch cooperation, including their common efforts in the frames of Permanent Structured Cooperation platform. The article compares the scales and quality of German-Dutch and German-French cooperation. In this regard the paper rises the question about real military importance of German-French brigade and cooperation between two countries in military-technical field, including the creation of robotized technics. The paper shows the limits of German-French cooperation potential until the early 2020's.
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Shin, Jong-Hoon. "Germany and France as a driving force for European integration in the 1970s and 1980s." Korean Society for European Integration 13, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.28.1.
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This article aims to explain the importance of French-German cooperation in the process of European integration in the 1970s and 1980s. To this end, this article explains how France and Germany became both pillars of European integration from the December 1969 Hague Summit, the starting point for overcoming the stagnation of European integration in the 1960s, to the signing of the European Single Act in 1986. Chapter II will describe important aspects of French-German cooperation in European integration from the Hague Summit in 1969 to the Paris Summit in 1974. Chapters III and IV will explain the leading role of French-German bilateral ties in European integration in the process of establishing the European Monetary System in 1979 and solving the British Budgetary Question in the early 1980s.
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Biryukov, S. "Germany and France: to Concordance for the Sake of Europe?" World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2014): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-12-82-90.
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The paper refers to the development of German-French relations in the context of the United Europe building process, examines historical and sociological background of their present-day condition. It contains the comparative analysis of the sources of discrepancies between German and French political strategies. The author also makes an attempt to analyze the role of these relations in the «German question» transformation. The study investigates the history of territorial evolution of Germany in the 19-20th centuries that prevented consolidation of citizens as well as structuring and creating of institutions. It is concluded that only the convergence of German and French approaches on European politics can help overcome the current crisis of the EU integration mechanisms. Two countries have established a new foundation for cooperation which puts an end to centuries of rivalry between them. But the convergence of their political and economic systems remains a promised task. The prospects of this partnership are considered in the light of Germany's new «European mission».
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Pfäffle, Anna, and Markus Schiegg. "Language shift in the Erlangen Huguenot community." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2022-0003.
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Abstract This article examines the language shift and the accompanying changing status of French and German in the Erlangen Huguenot community (southern Germany) during the approximately 150 years following the first French immigrants settling in Erlangen in 1686. Our quantitative analysis is based on a diachronically-balanced corpus of 314 archival sources transmitted from this community and provides an overview of the language shift from French to German over time. The linguistic choices are influenced by the social group of the writers and addressees, the direction of communication and the domain of the texts. Our qualitative analysis focuses on multilingual texts and linguistic practices throughout the time period examined and traces the changing status of the two languages in the community, from French as the dominant language in the earlier years, to the use of German in conceptually oral texts with retention of French in school contexts and by the consistory, to French as a social symbol of the intellectuals in the early 19th century. Our paper provides empirical accounts for an under-researched context of language shift and contributes to historical sociolinguistic research on historical language contact, multilingualism, and linguistic identity.
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Baumann, Ansbert. "Der sprachlose Partner. Das Memorandum vom 19. September 1962 und das Scheitern der französischen Sprachenpolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 34, no. 1 (2002): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2002.5680.
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In the secondary schools of Germany the French language was taught as the first living foreign language until 1937, only then the national Socialists favoured the English language for reasons of ideology. After 1945 the French policy aimed at an improvement of the status of the French language in the German school system the dissemination of the French language being a traditional crucial point of the foreign policy of France. But, first of all, these intentions were successful only in the French occupation area though till the end of the forties, the French government had discussed the issue in separate negotiations with the administrations of the German «Länder». After the foundation of the Federal Republic Paris obviously hoped for a general solution of the problem for the whole FRG. The memorandum from September 1962 takes the initiative for the last great effort of the French government to alter the «post-war order of languages» in the FRG.
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Abdurazzoqova, Ziyoda Baxtiyorjon Qizi. "ENGLISH, GERMAN AND FRENCH LOANWORDS IN UZBEK LANGUAGE." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-11-31.
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It is possible that each small change can make great importance in our modern life. Like this, loanwords which we never pay attention in usual conversations are also regarded as significant units the subject of linguistics. Mainly, the process of borrowing them is special theme, having many strategies and ways and generally they are called as a adaptation. Such kind of adaptations are noted in Uzbek language also and these are so much efficient for professional language learners.
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Najmiddinovich, Muydinov Dilshod. "GERMAN AND FRENCH APPROACHES TO MIGRATION SECURITIZATION PROCESSES." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2024): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue07-11.
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This article compares the situation in France and Germany regarding the securitization of migration. The analysis shows that France is more lenient towards immigrants than Germany and views immigration more as a threat to national statehood. Germany views it as a threat to national security. It also turns out that the issue of immigration has become a subject of debate between the extreme right and left in both countries.
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Langbehn, Volker. "Ferdinand Oyono's Flüchtige Spur Tundi Ondua and Germany's Cameroon." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (January 2013): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.142.
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Almost anyone who reads ferdinand oyono's une vie de boy (1956) in any language will conclude that the novel focuses on French colonialism. But is it only about colonialism by the French? An analysis of the many German resonances throughout the text—as well as an engagement with the German translation of Une vie de boy—suggests that it is about much more. Oyono's Une vie de boy enables the reader to reflect on Europan colonialism more broadly beyond the role of France. The novel offers a lens onto Germany's colonial history because Cameroon was a former colonial “protectorate” of the German empire. This historical context, therefore, places Une vie de boy in both national and transnational contexts. While my reading addresses possible connections or similarities between French and German colonialism, the publication in German itself adds an important layer to the understanding of Une vie de boy in Germany. In consideration of the political activism of the novel's German publisher, Johann (Hans) Fladung (1898-1982), the publication of Oyono's novel can be read as a criticism of German historiography in the 1950s, which frequently avoided Germany's colonial history, a history that has been linked with the crimes of the Holocaust (Zimmerer).
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Chaiko, Natalja N., and Meri V. Murieva. "COLOR PERCEPTION IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES AND CULTURES (BASED ON THE FRENCH AND GERMAN LANGIAGE MATERIALS)." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 15, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2023-15-4-107-123.
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Purpose. This paper is devoted to consideration of the color terms in French and German idioms and paremias and determining specifics of color perception in both languages. The authors made a comprehensive analysis of French and German idioms and paremias which contain color components. Color lexics containing such colors as blue/azure, red, green, yellow, white and black serves as the object of the analysis. Color palette clearly reflects cultural diversity, a worldview of French and German people.
Method and methodology of the work. The study is based on comparative and descriptive method and method of thematical analysis of lexical units.
Results. The results of the conducted research let us to conclude that color terms in both French and German languages are quite diverse from the national-cultural perspective and convey a high degree of intensity. Color perception is grounded on emotional impressions. All the color terms considered in the current article have positive as well as negative assessment, more rarely neutral.
Practical implications. The outcomes of the study can be used in teaching lexicology, phraseology, stylistics, as well as within the field of linguistic and cultural studies of France and Germany.
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Zada, Khamami, and M. Nurul Irfan. "Negotiating Sharia in Secular State: A Case Study in French and Germany." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9753.
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The European Muslims, the majority of them come from Muslim countries, are facing the identity dilemma. On the one hand, they are the Muslims who are obliged to carry out their religious teaching, but on the other hand, they are the Muslims who have acquired European citizenship who cannot enforce religious laws and instead submit to secular state laws. The study analyzes French and Germany Muslim aspirations and their negotiations on carrying out sharia in the secular state. This is field study by qualitative approach. Primary data was collected by interviews with Muslims of Moroccan, Tunisian, Algerian, and Turkish descent living in France and Germany. The study found that French and German Muslims want to apply sharia, but France and Germany do not allow religious law to be made a state law. These have left French and German Muslims to negotiate without opposition, resistance, and conflict. As European citizens, they accept secular law without losing their religious and social identity, though couldn’t fully implement Sharia.
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Cantone, Katja F. "Comments on the paperGender acquisition in bilingual children: French–German, Italian–German, Spanish–German and Italian–French." International Journal of Bilingualism 17, no. 5 (September 18, 2013): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006911435692.
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ROOS, JULIA. "Racist Hysteria to Pragmatic Rapprochement? The German Debate about Rhenish ‘Occupation Children’, 1920–30." Contemporary European History 22, no. 2 (April 4, 2013): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000039.
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AbstractThis essay revisits 1920s German debates over the illegitimate children of the Rhineland occupation to examine hitherto neglected fluctuations in the relationship between nationalism and racism in Weimar Germany. During the early 1920s, nationalist anxieties focused on the alleged racial ‘threats’ emanating from the mixed-race children of colonial French soldiers. After 1927, plans for the forced sterilisation and deportation of the mixed-race children were dropped; simultaneously, officials began to support German mothers’ paternity suits against French soldiers. This hitherto neglected shift in German attitudes towards the ‘Rhineland bastards’ sheds new light on the role of debates over gender and the family in the process of Franco–German rapprochement. It also enhances our understanding of the contradictory political potentials of popularised foreign policy discourses about women's and children's victimisation emerging from World War I.
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Lefèvre, Sylvie. "La politique industrielle des Soviétiques dans leur zone d’occupation en Allemagne vue par les services français à Berlin (1945-1949)." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 32, no. 1 (2000): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2000.5573.
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The industrial policy carried out by the Soviets in their occupation zone in Germany between 1945 and 1949 particularly drew the attention of the economic departments of the French military Government in Berlin. Despite the contradictory nature of the information received, their numerous dispatches and notes, often unpublished, attempted to analyse the different aspects : the administrative and political planning structures, the evolution of methods from the dismantlings to the complete reorganization of German industry. If the French observers understood perfectly certain contradictions of the Soviet’s industrial policy (notably concerning reparations), it is difficult to make a critique of this French view of things, for recent historical research published from East German and Russian archives is still fragmentary.
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Blumenthal, Peter. "grammaires française et allemande à l’école: points de contact et divergences." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 31 (December 1, 1999): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.1999.2668.
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The traditions of grammatical terminology are quite different in the German and the French educational system. While the French ministry of education issues official regulations which are binding on a national level (they last did so in 1997), the federal system in Germany prevents the standardisation of the grammatical nomenclature for all the Länder of the FRG. Moreover, the historico-cultural background is different in both countries: the French public has been used to an active and centralist language policy for several centuries; in Germany governmental interference with the linguistic norm is often met with resistance, and the regulation of many details is in fact left to the important publishing houses. For this very reason it was left largely to the school-book publishing houses to decide how to put the recommendations of the German Secretaries of cultural affairs issued in 1982 into practice. The present article is based on a number of selected examples and provides a critical analysis of the usage of grammatical terminology in German and French school-books, and it pleads for a re-orientation – particularly in Germany: the inconsistencies and ad hoc solutions which can be observed quite frequently can only be overcome if the terminology is based on a well reflected linguistic theory. This is the only way to achieve an effect of synergy between grammar lessons in different school languages and ultimately a standardisation of the grammatical terminology on a European level.
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Medvedeva, T. S., D. I. Medvedeva, and N. A. Pronina. "PUBLIC SIGNS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (BASED ON RUSSIAN, GERMAN AND FRENCH LANGUAGES)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-3-484-494.
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The article represents a comparative analysis of Russian, German and French public signs that regulate safety precautions during the coronavirus pandemic, of their both linguistic and cultural specifics. The study is based on 500 authentic public signs, collected by the continuous sampling method in Izhevsk (Russia), Lyon, Clermont-Ferrand (France), and Leipzig (Germany) in the course of 2020. As a result, similarities and differences have been revealed concerning impact strategies as well as linguistic means whereby these strategies are realized. Most similarities are revealed in the informative public signs; however, the corresponding German and French signs are marked by detailed description of safety precautions, and Russian signs often refer to decrees of the local authorities. One of the main differences is that some Russian signs contain explicit prohibitions, whereas there are no such examples among the German and French signs under study. The difference in frequency of impact strategies that influence the recipients’ emotions also takes place: polite addresses and requests, appeals to take care of one’s health, and thanks for following the instructions. The specifics of compared cultures are reflected in the texts under study: the Russian culture is relationship-oriented, emotional, and values external control, whereas both German and French cultures are information-oriented, rational, and value internal control.
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Wolfram, Herwig. "Austria before Austria: The Medieval Past of Polities to Come." Austrian History Yearbook 38 (January 2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800021378.
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Throughout the world, historians expand the history of their nations and states into periods when these polities did not yet exist. The French speak of their first dynasty and mean the Frankish Merovingians. Until recently French history textbooks even for students in the French overseas territories started with “Nos ancêtres, les Gaulois.” In the German Kaiserreich between 1871 and 1918, let us say, little Jan Kowalski in Poznan had to accept the Germanic peoples as his forefathers, as every textbook on German history dealt with them at length. Needless to say, not only German medievalists speak of Germans long before theodiscus or teutonicus came to mean deutsch. All over the world people search for the roots of their identity. Take, for instance, the present preoccupation with Celtic ancestors. Not only the Irish, Welsh, Scots, and Bretons, but a great many other Europeans also want to be Celts by origin. “Their successors in Brittany, Wales, or Ireland do not threaten anybody with Anschluss or war. The Celtic origins, therefore, fit the Austrian neutrality perfectly well,” as Erich Zöllner ironically put it in 1976 after Chancellor Bruno Kreisky had openly declared that the Celts and not the Germans were our forefathers.
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Weber, Petra. "Die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen im Spiegel von Autobiographien : Zum historischen Quellenwert der Erinnerungen Carlo Schmids und Joseph Rovans." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 33, no. 4 (2001): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2001.5669.
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Carlo Schmid and Joseph Rovan are among the most important builders of the bridge between Germany and France. But whoever reads the Memoirs of the two men learns only a little about the stony path from «Erbfeindschaft» to «entente élémentaire». Schmid, who fought against the Treaty of Versailles during the time between the wars because it was for him a «dictate» of France and who, on the board of military administration in Lille, was a witness to numerous German crimes that he tried to prevent with all the resources at his command, suffered from the completely unjustified accusations of guilt by the French, so that he was not able to present an objective picture of this period of French history in his memoirs. Because of his cooperation with the French occupying power and his efforts toward the German-French reconciliation, he was denounced by both his Swabian compatriots and his party, the SPD, as «France’s man» after 1945. The adaptation to the line of the SPD, which was not very friendly to France, cost him a great deal of credit with the French, so that in the early 1950s his relationship with France broke up to some extent. While Rovan, in his memoirs, describes the network of friendships, without which the process of the German-French understanding could not have been started, he loses sight of the conflicts, resentments and misunderstandings, which, especially in the 1940’s and 1950’s, were an obstacle to a reconciliation. His commitment to the German-French reconciliation turns out to be a minor theme in the face of the spirited pleas that he made for Europe.
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Kott, Sandrine. "Decentering Modern German History àl'américaine:A Look at the French Historiography." Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000237.
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Every good humanities journal emerges from and is produced by a specific scientific community that shapes its content and its style.Central European History(CEH) is no exception. For me, i.e., a French historian of Germany teaching at a Swiss university in Geneva,CEHisthejournal to read in order to follow the more recent and innovative English-language scholarship on the history of Germany and German-speaking countries. Most of the articles published in the journal are written by historians based in the United States or in the United Kingdom (and its dominions), and most of the books that are reviewed originate from the same community, with the notable exception of ones by German authors.
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Müller, Thomas, and Bernd Reichelt. "The ‘Poitrot Report’, 1945: the first public document on Nazi euthanasia." History of Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (April 16, 2019): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x19842017.
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The aim of this paper is to shed light on the so-called ‘Poitrot Report’, submitted to the French Military Government in Baden-Baden, Germany, in December 1945 and published in a reduced German version in 1946. Its author was the French-Moroccan psychiatrist Robert Poitrot, who had been put in charge of the public mental asylums in Südwürttemberg after World War II. Poitrot took responsibility for restoring psychiatric care during the occupation, and was also eager to document Nazi ‘euthanasia’ and to start investigating the role of staff in mental hospitals during National Socialism. Focusing on the ‘Poitrot Report’, this paper also reflects on life in Württemberg mental hospitals and the interaction between French representatives such as Poitrot and regional German medical staff.
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Nickisch, Craig W., and Jacob Steigerwald. "Exploring French, German, and Spanish." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 3 (1988): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327512.
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Giles, Geoffrey J. "German and French Wine Museums." Social History of Alcohol Review 19 (March 1989): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/sharevv19n1p28.
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Altes, L. K. "German Narratology for French Readers." Poetics Today 31, no. 2 (May 25, 2010): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-2009-025.
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"Behind the Reports of Growing Tension Between France and Germany Lies the 1963 Cooperation Treaty Designed to Keep the Neighbors on Friendly Terms." German Law Journal 2, no. 3 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200003291.
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Part of the fallout from what appears to have been a flawed, if not disastrous, EU treaty summit in Nice at the end of last year is the rank acknowledgment that relations between Germany and France are strained. To believe the international press, it's as bad as can be. The Economist titled its recent story on the Franco-German rift “Divorce after all these years?” The headlines in the Paris based, American edited International Herald Tribune have been even more alarmist: “Germans Try to Ease Friction with French,” “Paris-Berlin Tensions Worry Two Old Hands,” and “The French-German Question. Leaders Talk of Relationship That Remains Undefined.”