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Journal articles on the topic 'French colonisation and independence'
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1
Alobwede, Charles Esambe. "THE REPOSSESSION OF A COMPLEX LANGUAGE: THE CASE OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE IN CAMEROON." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 5 (June 8, 2020): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.134.
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This article sets out to study the evolution of the French language in Cameroon from the period of colonisation to the present. The article focuses in particular on the use of the language during the colonial period and its imposition on Cameroonians through the French policy of assimilation. Contrary to the British policy of indirect rule, France considered its colonies as oversea territories (la France outre-mer) whichss had to speak and write the French language in a manner as prescribed by the Académie Française. Our investigation looks at the evolution of the language after independence and the different varieties that developed from mainstream French: these include Cameroon popular French (CPF) or the social variety, and a hybrid variety (camfranglais) used mostly by the younger generation of Cameroonians. We aim at evaluating the influence of the latter variety, in order to analyse the radical transformation process that the French language is experiencing in French Africa in general and in Cameroon in particular. The article aims at validating our hypothesis that the French language as used in Cameroon is a repossession of a very complex language.
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Loyal, Steven. "The French in Algeria, Algerians in France: Bourdieu, Colonialism, and Migration." Sociological Review 57, no. 3 (August 2009): 406–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2009.01847.x.
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Bourdieu's early fieldwork which included field observation, statistical analysis, and the use of photography to capture, represent, and analyse Algerian society in its complexity, took place within the unusual context of the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). A number of his photographs of Algerian life depict the physical dislocation of Algerian peasantry into shanty towns largely as the result of rapid socio-economic and cultural change introduced by French colonisation and war. Although this fieldwork was to fundamentally shape his subsequent oeuvre, substantive issues which arose out of this research including colonialism, racism, and migration, tended to disappear in his later writings. This paper will argue that Bourdieu's discussion of colonialism in his early work, together with arguments developed by his student and co-author, Abdelmalek Sayad, provide a basis for understanding contemporary processes of ethno-racial domination and migration.
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Alobwede, Charles Esambe. "THE REPOSSESSION OF A COMPLEX LANGUAGE: THE CASE OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE IN CAMEROON." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i5.2019.821.
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This article sets out to study the evolution of the French language in Cameroon from the period of colonisation to the present. The article focuses in particular on the use of the language during the colonial period and its imposition on Cameroonians through the French policy of assimilation. Contrary to the British policy of indirect rule, France considered its colonies as oversea territories (la France outre-mer) which had to speak and write the French language in a manner as prescribed by the Académie Française. Our investigation looks at the evolution of the language after independence and the different varieties that developed from mainstream French: these include Cameroon popular French (CPF) or the social variety, and a hybrid variety (camfranglais) used mostly by the younger generation of Cameroonians. We aim at evaluating the influence of the latter variety, in order to analyse the radical transformation process that the French language is experiencing in French Africa in general and in Cameroon in particular. The article validates our position that the French language as used in Cameroon is a repossession of a very complex language. We conclude with comments on the opinions of various actors, their attitudes and judgments of the different varieties of the language as used in Cameroon.
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Laallam, Abdelkader, Salina Kassim, Engku Rabiah Adawiah bt Engku Ali, and Buerhan Saiti. "Waqf in Algeria: Its Historical Exploration from Ottoman to Post-Independence Era." Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 11, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jitc.111.08.
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This study provides a critical discussion on the history of waqf in Algeria throughout three main different eras namely, the Ottoman rule era, the French colonisation period and after independence era, to raise awareness and enrich researchers’ thoughts regarding the practice of waqf in Algeria. Also, it highlights the practice of many waqf institutions existed therein and addresses their developments and impacts on the community life. Subsequently, it highlights the development of the waqf legal system in Algeria, which provides a platform that facilitates understanding its status in the Algerian community, which offers lessons to be learnt from and considered for the development of waqf institutions. The authors reviewed a significant body of relevant studies written on various aspects of the waqf history in Algeria, to provide readers and researchers with lessons from waqf institutions in Algeria throughout three different phases in history, as few studies have addressed this issue in the context of Algeria. The study reveals that the Ottoman rule era in Algeria was marked by the spread of different waqf institutions which played a vital role in all aspects in the community life. However, these institutions experienced a huge retreat during the colonial era, where the French colonisers aimed at confiscating awqāf and belittling its effective role in the community. After independence in 1962, there have been modest initiatives to upgrade waqf properties, and attempts to recover the lost ones, but all these efforts were considered weak as compared with the size of the waqf properties in Algeria during the Ottoman period.
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M'Balla-Ndi, Marie. "Division in the land of ‘the unspoken’: Examining journalistic practice in contemporary New Caledonia." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 33, no. 62 (June 9, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v33i62.24431.
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While the Kanaks’ (local indigenous population of New Caledonia) pro-independence protests against the French settlers and, more broadly, the French Republic, have been extensively documented in the global media and academic literature, another protest - more subtle and diffused, but deeply embedded - is taking place in New Caledonia.New Caledonia is a South Pacific archipelago colonised by the French in 1853 and set to decide whether to remain in the French Republic or become independent in a referendum between 2014 and 2019.This paper suggests that there is a polarisation in the New Caledonian media sphere, which deeply affects journalistic practices with tendencies to resist Western impositions, standards and dominance (for Kanak journalists and their leaders), while metropolitan journalists (who have settled in New Caledonia from France) tend to often reject customs or indigenous rules shaping general and media communication within local communities. Both tendencies also have a significant impact on which material the journalists will be able to collect for their news organisations, as well as an impact on the relationships these journalists will maintain (or not) with local communities and personalities.This paper examines some aspects of Pacific knowledge (including traditions, values, beliefs and protocols) and explores the nuances of a complex socio-political ‘liquid modern’ context in order to present examples of how developments inherent from tradition, colonisation and decolonisation aspirations, affect the work of local journalists (both metropolitan journalists, and Kanak journalists). Drawing on data collected during periods of archival research, participant observation and interviews conducted at both the metropolitan daily newspaper, Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes, and the pro-independence radio station, Radio Djiido, this paper demonstrates how local journalists problematically navigate, and often contest, diverse socio-cultural values, practices and principles inherent from different times and places/spaces creating a deep division in the New Caledonian media sphere. It is suggested in this paper that Kanak values are often strongly contested by many metropolitan journalists, who often refuse to give any consideration to cultural factors, while, on the other hand, Kanak journalists will often tend to reject some of the principles of Western (or modern) journalism, adjusting these values and/or standards for specific or strategic reasons, such as preserving ‘la coutume'. This paper will also argue that deploying an approach that engages with the concept of liquid modernity, takes into account re-emerging oceanic epistemologies, and that provides a thicker explanation of observed media practices, proves useful for studying journalism in New Caledonia, where culture appears to deeply affect journalism practice on a daily basis.
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Yapa, Prem W. Senarath, Kerry Jacobs, and Bopta Chan Huot. "The field of accounting." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 29, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 401–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-02-2012-00942.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the field of accounting as a nexus between the rise of industrial societies, strategies of elites to preserve and reproduce privilege, practices of state control and the external forces of colonisation and globalisation. The authors explore this field in the context of Cambodia which embodies a particularly diverse range of internal and external influences. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research approach is employed. The research methods were an analysis of secondary sources and interviews with key officials former Head of State and academics. An effort was made to interview Khmer Rouge survivors about the nature of the accounting practices, class and state control. Findings – During the pre-colonial and the period of French colonial influence, there was relatively accounting practice or distinctive professional bodies. Under the Khmer Rouge there was both a clear rejection of individuals with accounting skills while there were some attempts to use of elements of accounting as tools of central control. This use of accounting as a tool of control was further normalised under Vietnamese rule and socialism. Following the restoration of independence there was some French influence on the growth of institutional and practices of accounting. However, these institutions and practices have been modified and refined by recent growth of international accounting firms and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants. Research limitations/implications – This paper has significant implications for understanding the nature and development of the accounting in developing countries, recognising both national and internal influences. Practical implications – This paper has practical implications for understanding the nature and changes associated with the accounting profession in a global context. Originality/value – This paper adds new literature on accounting which recognises the nexus of interests, practices and institutions associated with the field of accounting.
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Amedegnato, Ozouf Sénamin. "L’Afrique à rebours: la décadence dans un corpus de littérature Togolaise." Nordlit 15, no. 2 (March 26, 2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2046.
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During the past fifteen years, the West African country of Togo has witnessed the emergence of a new generation of writers - a third generation since independence from colonisation - working in the French language. Born around 1960, these writers have been making their way onto the literary scene since approximately 1990. A certain number of distinctive traits, which have attracted the attention of critics, unequivocally delineate this generation from the two that preceded it. Among these is a new literary aesthetic that resonates with the fin de siècle - with the end of the twentieth century, but also with the end of the second millennium. Moreover, such ends of time cycles, because they exacerbate apprehension about the future and provoke a desire to re-evaluate the past, are propitious to the development of Decadent literatures.The goal of this contribution is to examine parallels between the nineteenth century Decadence movement and the new literary aesthetic being employed by Togolese writers of the third generation - and to thereby demonstrate that their aesthetic is without question a neo-Decadent one. Not only does it emerge at the end of the century/millennium, a time when humanity is inevitably reflecting on its fate, but it also coincides with the accelerating globalisation of information (the Internet) and of commercial markets, a context worth taking into account in that it represents a symbolic loss of landmarks, and a doing away with traditional frontiers - both themes that have preoccupied Decadents of all times and all places. Using the work of two Togolese writers (Kossi Efoui and Sami Tchak), this article will explore in exactly what ways these writers can be categorized as Decadents, and the different methods of transgression they use to depict their discontent with their society of origin, which, at the end of the twentieth century, is in a situation of political, economic and social decay.
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GUNPUTH, Rajendra Parsad. "Low Cost Tertiary Education: The Price to Pay for Knowledge-Business Hub-The Mauritius Transitional Education Case Study." Journal of Education and Vocational Research 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v5i4.164.
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Most United Kingdom (UK) universities are franchising fast with foreign universities affording low cost tertiary education. Most students and graduates in Mauritius have their degree and other awards from local, Indian or British universities. However, in the recent couple of years UK universities are franchising more and more with local institutions (University of Mauritius and University of Technology Mauritius) with large campuses on the small island of the Republic of Mauritius. Of both French (1715-1810) and British colonisation (1810-1968) until its independence in 1968 the young Republic of Mauritius (12 March 1992) is one of the leading countries in Africa where secondary education is free with a relative weaker fee to enter in tertiary institutions like the University of Mauritius. In a contextualised approach the study that shall follow explain the actual situation transition education in Mauritius where local students are less and less reluctant to go to the UK to have a degree. In return UK universities instead are mushrooming around the island attracting local students who cannot afford to pay high cost tertiary education in countries like the USA, France or the UK. Actually, UK universities are recruiting local academics to lecture on their programmes in Mauritius for local students who despite their high profile cannot afford to pay the fees in the USA or UK. UK universities are also sending their staff to lecture in Mauritius and local students have the same award they would receive in the UK. Indeed, the research reflects to what extent students are willing to remain in Mauritius to avoid obstacles and harassment they would probably face in the UK or the USA in terms of visas, accommodation, job facilities just to name a few. But there is still a cost to pay.
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Gunn, Geoffrey C. "French Indochina: Ambiguous Colonisation – Unambiguous Nationalism." Journal of Contemporary Asia 41, no. 3 (June 29, 2011): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2011.582721.
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ZOUACHE, ABDALLAH. "Institutions and the colonisation of Africa: some lessons from French colonial economics." Journal of Institutional Economics 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000503.
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AbstractThis paper will propose a comparative analysis of the conceptualization of colonisation that could shed light on the contemporary economic analysis of the colonial legacy in Africa. More specifically, this article will propose a return to old debates on colonisation, with a special focus on French 19th century political economy. Three main institutionalist lessons can be drawn from a careful analysis of French colonial economics of the 19th century. First, by institutions, the authors referred not only to the modes of colonisation – liberalism or collectivism? – but also to the actors: What should be the respective role of states and of private actors (entrepreneurs, banks, settlers) in the colonisation of Africa? Second, the colonial debates involved a discussion of property, whether in the sense of land ownership (individual vs. collective) or under the prism of property rights. Third, the analysis of the colonisation of Africa by French economists reveals an understanding of institutions as cultural values, norms or even racial attributes.
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Ross, Kristin. "The French declaration of independence." Contemporary French and Francophone Studies 8, no. 3 (June 2004): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1026021042000247081.
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Buffetaut, Eric. "No independence for French researchers." Nature 392, no. 6676 (April 1998): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33258.
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Mariani, Bethania. "PORTUGUESE LINGUISTIC COLONISATION AND LANGUAGE POLICY: BRAZIL AND MOZAMBIQUE, BETWEEN DIVERSITY, INEQUALITY AND DIFFERENCES." Revista Brasileira de Literatura Comparada 22, no. 41 (December 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2596-304x20202241bm.
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Abstract: This article aims to discuss conceptually the distinctions between diversity, inequality and difference in relation to the Portuguese language of two nations that underwent processes of linguistic colonisation. To do so, it intends to present shifts in the meaning of the Portuguese language during the colonisation process and the post-independence process in Brazil and Mozambique.
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Johnson, Segun. "NEO-Colonisation of Africa and the OAU." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 44, no. 1-2 (January 1988): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848804400105.
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The early part of the sixties witnessed a rapid decolonization of several parts of Africa even though many have argued that these were mere placations otherwise referred to as flag independence. The seventies and thereafter have witnessed the re-colonisation of African States or in proper terms, the neo-colonisation of Africa by Western Powers. That African States since their qualified independence have been in bondage was never in doubt. Subtly but seriously, the Western Powers through its hydraheaded multinational corporations, in conjuction with international institutions and conventions, have taken over the affairs of African States ranging from politics through economics to culture. While these were going on, the Organization of African Unity stood aloof concerned with nothing in particular or perhaps helpless or on another note used as a tool by Western imperialism. It is the contention of this paper that Africa was neo-colonized by Western Powers mainly because there was no collective resistance that should have been envisaged and given by the Organization for African Unity. The formation, structure, financing and the objectives of OAU at the outset were inadequate to foresee and attack Western surreptitious moves to further imperialism in the seventies and beyond. Consequently, the OAU not only folded its arms while Western perpetrators went away with their imperialistic loot but was also consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirecly, covertly or overtly used in the course of the neocolonisation of African States.
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Cartier, Emmanuel. "Judicial Independence – French and European Perspectives." osteuropa recht 64, no. 4 (2018): 570–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2018-4-570.
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Judicial independence within the framework of the rule of law is a broad, complex and controversial subject, which is especially true of France, because of the country’s particular attitude to justice since the French Revolution, and even before this critical and fundamental period. The first part of this article deals, on a broad constitutional scale, with the configuration of judicial independence, its guarantees (material and organic) and its interaction with the rule of law in the constitutions of the member states of the EU. The main purpose is to draw an objective map of the situation from a pure formal and textual (and therefore a slightly partial and narrow) view point. The second part of this contribution considers the specificity of the independence of the French judiciary in relation to the French constitutional principle of the rule of law, which is called the “Etat de Droite” in the French legal tradition.
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HUTCHINSON, FRANCIS E. "Malaysia's Independence Leaders and the Legacies of State Formation under British Rule." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 25, no. 1 (July 14, 2014): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186314000406.
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AbstractAlbeit with some deterioration in recent years, Malaysia has a state with high levels of capacity that has achieved sustained economic growth through a commitment to macroeconomic stability and other pro-business measures. Recent comparative historical work argues that this state capacity is an institutional legacy of a specific model of British colonisation. While Malaysia is an amalgam of areas formerly under direct and indirect rule; the former – a model of colonisation characterised by the construction of a legal-rational bureaucracy with extensive geographic reach – was more prevalent. Prior to the transition to independence, the British increased the “direct” nature of their rule by creating a powerful central government that brought the various territories together. And, a concerted transition of power to a cohort of “bureaucrats-turned-politicians” ensured that the new nation's leaders inherited an intact state apparatus. However, a disproportionate number of these senior bureaucrats hailed from Johor, a state formerly under indirect rule - a colonial model associated with small, neo-patrimonial states with limited capacity. By using colonial sources to map the contours and composition of the Malayan state under British and, subsequently, Japanese rule, this article will explore the reasons for this paradox.
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Spolsky, Bernard. "Language policy in French colonies and after independence." Current Issues in Language Planning 19, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 231–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2018.1444948.
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Girard, Philippe R. "French atrocities during the Haitian War of Independence." Journal of Genocide Research 15, no. 2 (June 2013): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2013.789181.
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Azibi, Jamel, Hubert Tondeur, and Hamza Azibi. "The Impact of the H3C on Auditor Independence in French Context." Journal of Management and Sustainability 7, no. 2 (May 30, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v7n2p105.
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The H3C was created by the LSF Act of 2003 (LSF) to regulate the auditing profession in France. It is considered as an external control authority. The auditor independence is considered as the first preoccupation of this new authority. This paper focuses on the impact of the H3C on auditor independence in France context from 2002 to 2007. The first hypothesis is related to the establishment of the H3C and auditor independence and the second deals with the relation between the start of the inspection program and the auditor independence. Our data was obtained from Thomson Financial Data for 140 enterprises. The empirical results show that the auditor independence increases only after the creation of the H3C. Contrary to this result, the auditors' independence did not increase significantly after the announcement of the inspection process because the inspection process started in 2007.
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Linton, Suzannah, and Caitlin Reiger. "The Evolving Jurisprudence and Practice of East Timor's Special Panels for Serious Crimes on Admissions of Guilt, Duress and Superior Orders." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 4 (December 2001): 167–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000854.
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After 24 years of occupation by Indonesia and nearly 500 years of Portuguese colonisation, East Timor gained its independence on 20 May 2002 when the United Nations formally handed over the reins of power to a popularly elected President. Justice for the immense suffering of the people of East Timor while under Indonesian rule is a major issue for the local and international communities. Of particular importance is the question of individual criminal responsibility for atrocities committed during the last year of the occupation, when the weeks following the referendum on independence held on 30 August 1999 saw unparalleled devastation wreaked upon the civilian population and infrastructure.
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Tenzon, Michele. "Land reclamation, farm mechanisation, rural repopulation: the shifting landscape of the Gharb Valley in Morocco, 1912–1956." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196306001.
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This article investigates rural resettlement schemes implemented by the French colonial administration in the light of the relationship between major economic, social and demographic dynamics in the Protectorate of Morocco. It explores the ways in which the French colonisers transformed the rural landscape of the Gharb valley in Morocco’s Rabat region. I depict the spatial configuration of the several stages by which rural colonisation and agricultural modernisation took place in the region, in relation to the patterns of human settlement they produced. The initial spatial configuration of the Gharb, determined by French colonial policies through the official colonisation programme and its orientation toward extensive agriculture, was subverted by the massive introduction of water drainage and irrigation infrastructure. The construction of reservoir dams and the establishment of drainage and irrigation perimeters across the valley induced a concentration of private and public investments that led to rural modernisation in certain, delimited areas. To compensate for a rural exodus that was overcrowding the outskirts of major Moroccan urban centres and for the lack of a local workforce available for employment on colonists’ farms, the French architect and urban planner Michel Écochard and his collaborators at the Service de l’Urbanisme conceived an ambitious programme of rural resettlements in the Gharb valley.
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Lavallée, Emmanuelle, and Julie Lochard. "The empire strikes back: French-African trade after independence." Review of International Economics 27, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 390–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12381.
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Marienstras, Elise, and Naomi Wulf. "French Translations and Reception of the Declaration of Independence." Journal of American History 85, no. 4 (March 1999): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568254.
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Wójcik, Katarzyna. "(Re)visions télévisuelles de la colonisation du Nord – série médiatique d’Un homme et son péché de Claude-Henri Grignon." Romanica Silesiana 18, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rs.2020.18.07.
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Claude-Henri Grignon’s novel Un homme et son péché presents the life of French Canadian colonial settlers of the Laurentides region at the end of XIXth century. It depicts a realistic image of the colonisation period of Quebec history. The novel is at the origin of a media series that englobes a radio adaptation, three filmic adaptations, theater adaptations, a comic, and two television series. The aim of this article is to discuss the vision of colonisation by analysing two television series based on Un homme et son péché: Les Belles Histoires des pays d’en haut broadcast from 1956 to 1970 and Les Pays d’en haut broadcast from 2016 to 2019 on ICI Radio-Canada Télé 1. The analysis will try to trace modifications inherent to the process of adaptation on different levels (protagonists, representation of space, ideological discourse) and their influence on the vision of the colonisation period.
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Hargreaves, John. "From Colonisation to Avénement: Henri Brunschwig and the History of Afrique Noire." Journal of African History 31, no. 3 (November 1990): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700031121.
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Henri Brunschwig (1904–1989) began his career as a notable historian of Germany but became an influential pioneer of African studies in France, first at the Ecole Nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer (1948–60) and thereafter at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. His own research ranged from Brazza's role in the French occupation of equatorial Africa to the part played by Africans in establishing and sustaining French colonial rule. His lucid and original works of synthesis helped greatly to bring an evolving body of knowledge about the African past into the frame of modern world history. His emphasis both on rigorous standards of source-criticism and on the need for broad horizons in time and space continues to exercise authority over historians in France, Africa, and beyond.
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Kebirungi, Destiny Mugasha, Alex Forster, and Erin Watkinson. "Indigenous Tribes in Brazil and the Increasing Attack from Business Interests." Acta Humana 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32566/ah.2021.1.5.
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The article offers an overview of the evolution of Brazilian law in relation to the living descendants of indigenous people who lived on the territory of Brazil before Portuguese colonisation. The legal developments reflect the evolution of the relation between the Brazilian state and the indigenous peoples since Brazil gained independence. This short article also offers a look at the implementation of relevant international norms on the rights of indigenous peoples in the Brazilian context.
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Kalman, Samuel. "Policing the French Empire." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 46, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.460201.
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Commenting on the colonial setting in its twilight during the Algerian War of Independence, Frantz Fanon famously observed: “Le travail du colon est de rendre impossible jusqu’aux rêves de liberté du colonisé. Le travail du colonisé est d’imaginer toutes les combinaisons éventuelles pour anéantir le colon (the task of the colonizer is to make impossible even the dreams of liberty of the colonized. The task of the colonized is to conceive of every possible strategy to wipe out the colonizer).”
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van Beusekom, Monica M. "Colonisation Indigene: French Rural Development Ideology at the Office du Niger, 1920-1940." International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 2 (1997): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221230.
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Viguier, Frédéric. "A French Educational Meritocracy in Independent Morocco?" French Politics, Culture & Society 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2020.380208.
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Since independence in 1956, Morocco has actively promoted Arabic and Arab culture through successive waves of “Arabization” policies in its educational system. Yet, French educational diplomas continue to be crucial resources in Morocco, while national Moroccan degrees retain little social and economic currency. Relying on ethnographic fieldwork in Morocco carried out in 2018, this article looks at students from various socioeconomic backgrounds, asks how the grip of French education seventy years after Moroccan independence is experienced on the ground, and provides historical context to account for this situation. It argues that Morocco is an extreme but representative example of how former French colonies—and countries in the Global South—have created new forms of dependence due to their attempts to expand access to education on limited budgets.
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COOPER, FREDERICK. "POSSIBILITY AND CONSTRAINT: AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." Journal of African History 49, no. 2 (July 2008): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853708003915.
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ABSTRACTOn the fiftieth anniversary of an ambiguous event – the referendum giving French Africans the choice of immediate independence or a new status within a ‘French Community’ – this article points to the alternative forms of political action which opened up at certain moments in African history and how, at other moments, some of those alternatives closed down. It assesses concepts, issues and arguments used in writing the history of Africa, now that the recent African past – spanning the last years of colonial rule and the years of independence – is becoming a focus of historical inquiry.
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Popowicz, Kamil. "Spór między saintsimonistami a furierystami o własność ziemi w kolonialnej Algierii w XIX wieku." Civitas. Studia z filozofii polityki 25 (December 30, 2019): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2019.25.06.
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In the nineteenth century, the French utopian socialists, Saint-Simonians and Fourierists, developed different concepts of the colonisation of Africa. These concepts collided in Algeria. The Saint-Simonians were impressed by the Arab system of the tribal ownership of land. They wanted to preserve it and ultimately bring the two peoples, the Arabs and the French, together in the spirit of a commune. On the other hand, the Fourierists wanted to expropriate Arabs from their land and hand it over to the French colonists so that they could build new economic communities of a phalanstery type. This article presents the theoretical disputes between the two schools and also describes the actual practical consequences of these disputes for the French colonial politics.
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Krotz, Ulrich, and James Sperling. "The European security order between American hegemony and French independence." European Security 20, no. 3 (September 2011): 305–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2011.605121.
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Mbaku, John Mukum. "Judicial Independence, Constitutionalism and Governance in Cameroon." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 1, no. 4 (November 14, 2014): 357–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00104001.
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Countries incorporate the principle of the separation of powers, including judicial independence, into their constitutions in an effort to meet several goals, the most important of which is to minimise government-induced tyranny. Specifically, countries that make this principle part of their constitutional practice intend to limit public servants by national laws and institutions, enhance government accountability, minimise opportunistic behaviors by civil servants and politicians, provide for checks and balances, and generally improve government efficiency. Cameroon, part of which was colonised by France, has a constitution that is modeled closely on the French Constitution of 4 October 1958. As a consequence, the country has adopted France’s hybrid system of the separation of powers. Using French constitutional practice as a model, this paper examines constitutional developments in Cameroon to determine why the country’s governing process, which is based on the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, has failed to guarantee constitutional justice.
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Minh Sơn, Lê. "Une architecture métissée au Vietnam sous colonisation française, le cas: Style d'architecture indochinoise." Aldaba, no. 43 (March 7, 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/aldaba.43.2018.23999.
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Au cours de la colonie française au Vietnam, les Français avaient immergé et modifié leurs normes techniques et décoratives en fonction de l’architecture traditionnelle vietnamienne et du climat tropical. Cela prouvait évidemment que l’architecture française traditionnelle qui avait été introduite au Vietnam ne convenait pas, et qu’elle avait un impact inversé par le Vietnam. Pendant ce temps, il y avait une influence culturelle et architecturale entre l’Asie et l’Europe. Hernest Hébrard était le promoteur, l’architecte et le concepteur de l’architecture indochinoise, on lui avait attribué l’influence parallèle. Il y avait des bâtiments qui ont été conçus et construits sur la base de l’architecture indochinoise, ont été préservés et traités comme un patrimoine architectural par le gouvernement local à Hanoi. Cet article ne traite pas seulement de l’interaction de l’architecture française et vietnamienne reflétant celle de l’Indochine, mais analyse également le processus de développement, la compatibilité et l’initiation développementale.During French colony in Vietnam, the French had immersed and modified their technical and decorational standards to suit the Vietnamese traditional architecture and tropical climate. This evidently proved that was not suitable, and it had a reversed impact by the Vietnamese one. During that time, there was a cultural and architectural influence between Asia and Europe. Hernest Hébrard was the developer, architect, and planner of Indochinese architecture, had been credited for the parallel influence. There were buildings that were designed and built based on the Indochinese architecture, have been preserved and treated as architectural heritage by local government in Ha Noi. This article does not only discuss the interaction of French and Vietnamese architecture reflecting by the Indochinese one, but also analyzes the developing process, the compatibility, and the developmental initiation.
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Hamidani, Salim. "Colonial Legacy in Algerian–French Relations." Contemporary Arab Affairs 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2020.13.1.69.
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The colonial period in Algeria was a time of suffering and struggle for Algerians who fought to win back their freedom and defend their values against French attempts to subjugate them. It was also a struggle to end foreign control over the country’s wealth and resources. National independence sought a sovereign state with free decision-making, away from French influence in particular, in a context of ideological polarization and mutual hostility between ex-colonial forces and independent states. The root of such hostility lies in what both parties lost, and resulted in a distinctive pattern of French–Algerian bilateral relations tainted by nostalgia from the French side and the struggle for parity from the Algerian side. The three decades following Algeria’s independence witnessed, to a certain extent, a national sentiment opposed to colonial France, and it is the sentiment that Algerian politicians attempted to use to manage relations between the two countries and obtain some benefits by invoking the past in speeches at a local level, and to overcome that past in building relations with France. As a security crisis and economic decline hit Algeria, it became apparent that the French regime was to exert effective influence on the country and control its foreign policy to meet French aspirations and ambitions in both Africa and the Arab world. This conclusion suggested to several observers the fall of the Algerian elite, responsible for decision-making, under French influence. Moreover, this elite group, while dealing with several regional issues, was not able to assert complete independence in its decision-making regarding foreign affairs, whether due to its past and formation or to the network of new relations built between the Algerian and French systems. This reality, which is deeply rooted in the Algerian foreign policy system, raises the question of the ability of the Algerian elite to pull away from its colonial inheritance and the grip of the French regime. One might therefore wonder how historical events and Algerian solid ties with the French administration shape French–Algerian relations and their political agendas.
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Câmara de Castro, Marcos. "French classical music and Brazil: Beyond Franco-German rivalry." French Cultural Studies 25, no. 3-4 (August 2014): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957155814543896.
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One of the consequences of any colonisation is the emergence in the colonies of a dominant consular class, one of whose characteristics is cultural snobbery. This snobbery is manifested mainly in cultural choices that ignore local music or include it in an ensemble of strategies to participate in an alleged metropolitan cultural universalism. In Brazil, Villa-Lobos, the Batutas orchestra or the dancer known as Duque, who all enchanted France during the belle époque and who still arouse interest all over the world, were only the tip of an iceberg of popular music. This paper aims to demonstrate how the music and writings of Debussy and Ravel can be helpful in establishing the construction of a true history of classical music in Brazil, beyond the historical Franco-German rivalry.
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Groenewegen, Rebecca, Dan Harley, Richard Hill, and Graeme Coulson. "Assisted colonisation trial of the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) to a fox-free island." Wildlife Research 44, no. 7 (2017): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16198.
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Context Assisted colonisation has the potential to protect species from intractable threats within their historical ranges. The Australian mainland subspecies of the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) is extinct in the wild, with surviving populations restricted to small sites protected by predator–barrier fences. PVA modelling shows that a self-sustaining bandicoot population would require an area free of the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) of at least 2500ha. French Island is outside the historic range of the species, but is fox-free and contains around 9000ha of potentially suitable habitat. Aims This study will assess the suitability of French Island as a potential site for a self-sustaining eastern barred bandicoot population by conducting a 1-year assisted colonisation trial to assess habitat use, body condition and survival. Methods Between July and September 2012, 18 adult bandicoots were released. We radio-tracked bandicoots using intraperitoneal radio-transmitters for up to 122 days and trapped fortnightly. Key results The release group met the three measures of success: (1) appropriate habitat use; (2) recovery of post-release bodyweight; and (3) founder survival exceeding 100 days. Habitat use and body condition throughout the trial reflected that of mainland populations, and seven bandicoots survived longer than 100 days. Mortality was greatest in the first month, with veterinary investigations confirming two deaths due to cat predation, two deaths from toxoplasmosis and one unknown cause of death. Bandicoots that survived longer than 100 days occupied higher, drier ground than those that did not. Toxoplasmosis cases were associated with lower topographic position on the site. Conclusions Our results suggest that French Island provides suitable habitat for the establishment of a population of eastern barred bandicoots. On French Island, toxoplasmosis was identified as an important source of mortality in addition to cat predation, and warrants further investigation. Implications Given the costs and challenges of predator control and the maintenance of predator exclusion fences, assisted colonisation to one or more fox-free islands remains the most viable option to establish self-sustaining bandicoot populations. Our results highlight the value in conducting trial releases ahead of major translocations.
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Bollée, Annegret. "French on the Island of Bourbon (Réunion)." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801005.
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France first laid claim to the uninhabited Island of Bourbon in 1640 (the name was changed into La Réunion in 1848), but permanent settlement and colonisation did not start until 1665. The present study zooms in on the first 50 years of the French colony and examines the intricacies of who spoke which language to whom on the basis of sociodemographic data concerning colonial households in the société d’habitation (‘homestead society’). Interethnic marriages were frequent in the first years; many of the first French settlers had Malagasy spouses and servants, others married young women from India. Malagasy can be shown to have left an imprint on the variety of French spoken during the early years of the colony. It is assumed that the colonists and their slaves spoke varieties which can be classified as approximative French, sharing several features with other varieties of overseas French. These early approximative varieties of French became the basis from which Réunion Creole developed in the société de plantation (‘plantation society’) in the years after 1725.
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Miles, William F. S. "The irrelevance of independence: Martinique and the French presidential elections of 2002." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 77, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2003): 221–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002523.
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Focuses on the Martinican votes for the French presidential elections of 2002, and compares it with earlier elections, especially the one of 1981. Author surveys in this light the societal and political transformations that occurred in and regarding Martinique between 1981 and 2002. He discusses French policy in this period, and explains that while both left-leaning and right-leaning parties wanted to keep the island's "département" status intact, Socialist governments since 1981 were more supportive of decentralization, and the cultural specificity and identity of Martinique, but later also right-leaning governments, indicative of mainstreaming of overseas French multicultural politics. Then, he discusses Martinican politics, and the importance therein of Martinique's status as département with its associated French welfare state benefits. Most Martinicans favor this status because of these benefits over independence, but political parties reflect different views on this integration within France, ranging from pro-independence, to autonomy. Author further discusses the differences of Martinican votes with general French trends in the 2002 presidential elections.
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Berinzon, Maya, and Ryan C. Briggs. "Measuring and explaining formal institutional persistence in French West Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 57, no. 2 (June 2019): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x19000077.
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AbstractColonial institutions are thought to be highly persistent, but measuring that persistence is difficult. Using a text analysis method that allows us to measure similarity between bodies of text, we examine the extent to which one formal institution – the penal code – has retained colonial language in seven West African countries. We find that the contemporary penal codes of most countries retain little colonial language. Additionally, we find that it is not meaningful to speak of institutional divergence across the unit of French West Africa, as there is wide variation in the legislative post-coloniality of individual countries. We present preliminary analyses explaining this variation and show that the amount of time that a colony spent under colonisation correlates with more persistent colonial institutions.
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Thun, Theara. "The epistemological shift from palace chronicles to scholarly Khmer historiography under French colonial rule." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 1-2 (June 2020): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000235.
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Identifying the role of colonial-sponsored institutions and written texts produced by local scholars, this article argues that, although Cambodian scholars’ intellectual orientation was not necessarily restricted to French scholarship, French colonial rule had played the key role in introducing modern historiography and creating the platforms for the epistemological transition in Cambodia which underwent different categories of knowledge adoption and various projects of translation of local individuals. Capturing the dynamic of the epistemological transition allows us to highlight a broader picture of the interplay between a long-existing body of knowledge and more contemporary scholarship under Western colonisation.
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Schmidt, Elizabeth. "Anticolonial Nationalism in French West Africa: What Made Guinea Unique?" African Studies Review 52, no. 2 (September 2009): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.0.0219.
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Abstract:In a 1958 constitutional referendum, Guinea was the only French territory to reject continued colonial subordination in favor of immediate independence. Why did Guinea alone reject the constitution that laid the foundations for France's Fifth Republic? What factors stimulated political parties in other territories to accept the prolongation of French tutelage, even as activists elsewhere on the continent were agitating for independence? Focusing on the eight territories of French West Africa, this article argues that the Guinean branch of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, which led the campaign for the “no” vote, differed from other dominant parties in French West Africa in several important ways. These differences, along with the relative power of the colonial chieftaincy, contributed to Guinea's unique stance in the 1958 referendum.
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Cooper, Austin R. "“A Ray of Sunshine on French Tables”." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 49, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 241–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2019.49.3.241.
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The French citrus industry in Algeria grew rapidly in terms of land area and fruit production from the 1930s until Algerian Independence in 1962. This article contends that technical expertise regarding citrus cultivation played a role in colonial control of Algeria’s territory, population, and economy. The French regime enrolled Algerian fruit in biopolitical interventions on rural ways of life in Algeria and urban standards of living in France. Technical manuals written by state-affiliated agronomists articulated racial distinctions between French settlers and Algerian peasants through attention to labor practices in the groves. A complex legal, technological, and administrative infrastructure facilitated the circulation of citrus fruit across the Mediterranean and into metropolitan France. This nexus of scientific research, economic profit, and racial hierarchy met criticism during the Algerian War for Independence. In the aftermath, expert discussions about citrus production reflected uncertainties and tensions regarding Algeria’s future. Citrus’ place in scientific, technological, and economic changes in twentieth-century Algeria illuminates the politics of technical expertise under colonialism and during decolonization.
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Kopp, Dorothée, Jordi Figuerola, Arthur Compin, Frédéric Santoul, and Régis Céréghino. "Local extinction and colonisation in native and exotic fish in relation to changes in land use." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 2 (2012): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11142.
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Distribution patterns of many native and exotic fish species are well documented, yet little is known about the temporal dynamics of native and exotic diversity in relation to changes in land use. We hypothesised that colonisation rates would be higher for exotic fish species and that extinction rates would be higher for native species in large stream systems. We also predicted that cold-water species would be more impacted than thermally tolerant species. To test these hypotheses, we used generalised linear mixed models to compare changes in native and exotic fish species richness over 10 years in a French drainage basin subjected to landscape alterations. Exotic fish were more susceptible to local extinction than the native ones. Extinction was greater among cold-tolerant species and at higher elevations. Colonisation by exotic species was higher at lower elevations. Although a decade of expanding urbanisation affected fish colonisation, agricultural lands experienced higher extinction rates. In the context of global changes in land use and population pressure, our study suggests that the temporal dynamics of fish diversity are driven by landscape alterations as well as by the thermal tolerance of species.
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WALRAVEN, KLAAS VAN. "DECOLONIZATION BY REFERENDUM: THE ANOMALY OF NIGER AND THE FALL OF SAWABA, 1958–1959." Journal of African History 50, no. 2 (July 2009): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853709990053.
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ABSTRACTThis article deals with the 1958 referendum that the French held in Niger to gain approval for the Fifth Republic and reorganization of their empire. It reassesses the French record in Niger, where more people voted ‘No’ – in favour of immediate independence – than in other territories, except Guinea. It does this on the basis of research on the history of the Sawaba movement, which led Niger's autonomous government until the plebisicite. It shows that the French forcibly intervened in the referendum to realize a ‘Yes’ vote and preserve Niger for their sphere of influence after independence in 1960. In detailing the violence and manipulation of the referendum and its aftermath, the article criticizes a revisionist viewpoint which disputed the significance of French intervention. The analysis draws on research on the Sawaba movement, benefiting from insights of social history into the grassroots forces in the nationalist movements of the 1950s. It discusses the historiography of Niger's referendum in relation to new archival sources and memoirs, drawing parallels with other territories, notably Guinea. It concludes that France's interventions in 1958 are crucial for understanding the long-term consequences of the transformations of the independence era.
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Duffield, Lee. "The New Caledonia independence referendum: What happens now?" Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1.471.
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This article gives an interpretative treatment of the historical record, from France taking possession of New Caledonia in 1853, through to the current Matîgnon process, assessing indications for coming developments. Focused on the debate over independence, it considers: interests of the French state as both arbitrator and participant in events; relations among the indigenous Melanesian Kanaks, European French Caldoches, and smaller ethnic communities; memories of colonial exploitation obstructing progress; the large nickel industry; immigration, and associated minority status of Kanak society—a central problem. It describes the alternation of left and right-wing parties in government in France, with Socialist Party governments commencing moves towards independence, possibly in association with France, and conservative governments moving to countermand those moves. It posits that the parties in New Caledonia have improved their chances of finding a positive outcome through jointly participating in government during 30 years of peace.
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Degos, Jean-Guy, Yves Levant, and Philippe Touron. "The history of accounting standards in French-speaking African countries since independence." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2016-2459.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on circumvolutions taken by the accounting standard-setting process in French-speaking African countries which have delayed convergence toward IFRS standards and to identify how different factors shape accounting standards in a context in which post-colonial hysteresis interact with globalization. Design/methodology/approach This study uses archival data and interviews with key individual actors. Two case studies from two successive periods are contrasted: the design of the OCAM accounting standards in the 1970s, and the development of the SYSCOA/OHADA accounting standards during the 1990s before the partial adoption of IFRS. Findings The study shows the convergence toward international accounting standards in French-speaking African countries emerged from a complex, multimodal process mingling competition with collaboration and negotiation. They have followed a different path from most English-speaking African countries, where convergence to IAS/IFRS took place earlier and faster. The evidence indicates the significance of the interaction between the ex-colonization and the indigenous accounting standards, the importance of key actors and the level of the educational institutions. Research limitations/implications No African written sources were located. Most of the sources used were French. Practical implications The paper includes implications for the standards setting in developing countries. The examination of the development of accounting rules in French-speaking African countries between 1960 and 2010 shows the complexity of the accounting standards’ diffusion dynamic. Originality/value This study provides novel insights over a 30-year period of accounting standards in French-speaking African countries. This research explains why IFRS have not yet adopted in French-speaking African countries as it was in English-speaking African countries.
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Drouin, Denis, Serge Talbot, and Claude Goulet. "Cognitive Styles of French Canadian Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 3 (December 1986): 1139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.3.1139.
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The purpose of this study was to assess field-dependence/independence of 192 French Canadian athletes involved in a university athletic program. Field-dependence refers to one who is strongly influenced by his immediate environment, while a field-independent is individually oriented and much less influenced by environment. Analysis of variance showed that for these athletes there were no significant differences for the embedded figures test scores on age, sex, level of competition, and sports. The highest mean score of 13.86 was obtained by athletes older than 18 yr. of age.
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Van Puyvelde, Damien. "French paramilitary actions during the Algerian War of Independence, 1956-1958." Intelligence and National Security 36, no. 6 (July 9, 2021): 898–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2021.1946950.
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Toth, Stephen A. "Colonisation or incarceration?The changing role of the French penal colony infin‐de‐siecleNew Caledonia." Journal of Pacific History 34, no. 1 (June 1999): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572891.
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