Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'French Guyana'
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Mayindza, Mouandza Mariette. "Aménagement des milieux humides de la Guyane française depuis le XVIIIème siècle jusqu'à nos jours : difficultés techniques, jeux d'acteurs et conflits d'usage." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES019.
Full textThe first agricultural trials in the lowlands of French Guyana started in AD 1763 on Kourou coasts. It was the beginning of an initiative that will mark the economy of this French colony of South America until today. The flooded lands of French Guyana are all located on the coastal strip. This area is composed of wetlands (peatlands, mangrove and swamps). At the beginning of colonisation, in AD 1604 exactly, French people established themselves on the Cayenne Island and on the uplands (mainland). The cultivation of these uplands started at the same time, adopting the slash-and-burn agriculture developed by autochthonous people. More, this agricultural model was butter suited to foodstuffs production for small groups. However, early in the century, their performance no longer satisfied trade of the colony. Depletion or low production of these uplands at the end of the XVIIIth century, caused a rush to the lowlands. The development of these low lands has already been undertaken by the Dutch (Dutch Guyana), but these wetlands were still rejected by the Colon-planters in the French Guyana. As soon as V. Malouet arrived (new intendant of the colony) ca. AD 1778, the techniques of dewatering and polder construction developed in the French Guyana under the supervision of the engineer J. S. Guisan. He tried to manage the flooded lands as an answer to agricultural problems of the French Guyana. But, several socio-political events occurred in France at this period (the French Revolution, the abolition of slavery, the gold-bearing activity) put a stop to this process in AD 1848. Climate control should also be considered. One century later, around AD 1950, Mana rice fields still testify of the importance of cultivation of lowland of French Guyana, in particular thanks to the launch of the green plan.Keys words: French Guyana
Alì, Maurizio. "De l'apprentissage en famille à la scolarisation républicaine. Deux cas d'étude en Guyane et en Polynésie française." Thesis, Polynésie française, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POLF0004.
Full textThis PhD thesis presents an anthropological analysis of informal education activities among two French autochthonous communities: the Wayana-Apalaï people, living in French Guiana, and the Enata people, in French Polynesia. Thanks to the data gathered through a long term ethnographic fieldwork, it was determined the time dedicated to educational interactions in the domestic environment, the dominant educational styles and the educational logic of both communities. The educational dynamic has been interpreted as a process of transmission of cultural data related to a natural and social landscape. The results obtained show that educational strategies applied by Wayana-Apalaï and Enata educators are shaped by the constraints of the post-colonial dynamics and the requirements imposed by the global market economy
Esta tesis de doctorado presenta un análisis antropológico de las actividades de educación doméstica en dos comunidades autóctonas de la Francia de ultramar: los Wayana-Apalaï, quienes viven en el sector amazónico de la Guayana francesa, y los Enata, quienes habitan la isla de Hiva Oa, en la Polinesia Francesa. Gracias a los datos recogidos a través de un trabajo etnográfico de larga duración, se determinó el tiempo dedicado a las interacciones educativas en el ámbito doméstico, los estilos educativos dominantes y las lógicas educativas de ambas comunidades. La dinámica educativa se ha interpretado en función de su papel de transmisión de los datos culturales relacionados con un paisaje natural y social. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las estrategias educativas aplicadas hoy en día por los educadores Wayana-Apalaï y los Enata intentan adaptar las lógicas educativas pre-coloniales (consideradas como “tradicionales”) a las limitaciones impuestas por la dinámica post- colonial y por la economía global
Questa tesi di dottorato presenta un'analisi antropologica delle attività di educazione informale in due comunità autoctone della Francia d’oltremare: i Wayana-Apalaï, che vivono nel settore amazzonico della Guyana francese, e gli Enata, che vivono sull’isola di Hiva Oa, in Polinesia francese. Grazie ai dati raccolti attraverso una ricerca etnografica di lunga durata (2011-2015), è stato possibile determinare il tempo dedicato alle interazioni educative in ambito domestico, gli stili educativi dominanti e le logiche educative di entrambe le comunità. La dinamica educativa è stata interpretata come un processo di trasmissione dei dati culturali legate ad un paesaggio naturale e sociale determinato. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che le strategie educative applicate dagli educatori Wayana-Apalaï ed Enata sono il prodotto di una tensione tra le logiche precoloniali (considerate come la “vera tradizione”) ed i vincoli imposti dalle dinamiche post-coloniali e dall'economia globale
Lehnebach, Romain. "Etude de la variabilité ontogénique du profil ligneux chez quelques espèces forestières tropicales de Guyane Française." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS021/document.
Full textWood is a multifunctional tissue involved in sap conduction, storage of water and reserves as well as mechanical support. Tree during its development experiments various constraints due to its environment and its growing size. In response to these constraints, wood functional performances are adjusted by variations of property values, which are dependent on the xylogenesis product. However, wood properties may be modified by the deposition of chemical extractives during heartwood formation. Thus heartwood properties are the result of xylogenesis, heartwood formation and their interactions. This work gave rise to the term 'wood profile', designating all variations of wood properties at different scales and in an ontogenetic dimension, resulting from both processes described above. The diversity of shade tolerance (heliophilic to sciaphilic) strategies species suggests a diversity of wood profile expressions. The description of these different expressions could be a way to better understand plant strategies. Understanding and characterizing wood profile and variations in heartwood quantity in tree, is an economical issue since the Guyanese timber industry has been identified as a promising sector. The analysis of the diversity of wood profile—using a bottom-up approach, from the individual level to the interspecific level—proves to discriminate shade tolerance strategies efficiently. Wood specific gravity variation is especially relevant. However, its relevance is based on (1) combinations of both radial and vertical variations and (2) integration of heartwood that may impact range and direction of the gradient and shape of the profile as well. Effect of heartwood formation on wood specific gravity variations is suggestive of shade tolerance strategy as well as quality and/or quantity of chemical extractives. Relevant characterization of shade tolerance strategies by wood profile is the result of the integration of diverse processes and properties. To the view of growth allocation shift (from trunk to crown) observed in Dicorynia guianensis and of previous studies on tree growth, a potential link between wood profile diversity and growth allocation strategies may exist
Retourney, Flavie. "L'insoutenable gouvernement du secteur minier. Enjeux et tensions autour de la mine d'or en Guyane." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PAUU2149.
Full textThis thesis explores how a sector that is highly controversial from a socio-environmental point of view, the Guyanese mining sector, is governed from the central state in the context of the ecological crisis. This study is based on an analysis of the instruments governing mining activities and their institutionalization, as well as on some forty interviews with administrative, political, economic and civil society stakeholders. Noting the rise of sustainability, studied through the three dimensions of ecologisation, participation and territorialisation, as a public policy referential of the environmental state, this thesis analyses its insufficient integration into the mode of regulation of gold mining activities in French Guiana, and the consequences of these shortcomings. The conflict surrounding the Montagne d'Or industrial mining project is symptomatic of a sector that is unable to transform itself sufficiently to remain acceptable. Indeed, constant attempts to reconcile sustainability with the sector's economic development objectives make the mine difficult to govern. A study of the reform of the mining law, justified by the need to improve the sustainability of mining activities, confirms the impossibility of responding to this sustainability injunction in the absence of a transformation of paradigms guiding the government of this sector
Sabine, Inga. "L'appropriation des langues en contexte plurilingue : le cas de la Guyane." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0466/document.
Full textThe notion of the appropriation of languages is defined under the Guyanese context. French Guyana is placed at the junction of Caribbean and South America, that is at the heart of a migration process and new problems which invites reflection on the « living together ». This is to highligth the reality into which someone is anchored, and to present the components of appropriation in this multilingual context. The appropriation of languages is understood as an action – speak – in the making, during an interaction on a scale determined space-time. The problem, according to an interactive and interdisciplinary approach, is based on the relationship between the two components of this work : the field research and the theoretical thought, which is conducted around the notions of appropriation, language, subject and context. The emphasis on the ethnographic and social background leads consequently to a methodology based on comprehension of the contexts components to describe, supports of linguistic practices declared by subjects collected through questionnaires, but especially during interviews. Two attitudes are identified, one of openness and one of withdrawal. The first leads the subject to appropriate the language of his environment : the subject develops a plural identity, he claims as such, and thrives in multilingualism, provided that he’s legitimized into the spheres he refers to. The second is to define the linguistic and cultural community to which the subject belongs, and that he claims identity and legitimity
Vallée, Vincent. "Changements à long terme de la structure et de la diversité des peuplements de poissons de fond du plateau continental de Guyane Functional richness and turnover patterns reveal assembly rules structuring marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana Diversity recovery and temperature induced species shift in tropical marine fish communities after a trawling fishery collapse Local and regional assembly rules on a long time period in marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0004.
Full textIn the actual context of overfishing and climate change we need to develop an ecosystem-based management of fisheries. This thesis work will try to bring answers to this issue by analyzing community assembly and the impact of French Guiana’s fishery on fish communities. As most of tropical regions, coastal waters in French Guiana have been subjected to an increase in temperature around 1°C between 1990 and 2017. However, as for only a few regions in the world, fishing pressure has collapsed in French Guiana during the same period. This case study is therefore a good opportunity to understand how tropical fish communities have responded to a progressive decreasing fishing pressure on a large scale and under climate change constraints. The aim of this work is to provide useful information for tropical fisheries with similar characteristics which tend to a more efficient ecosystem-based management with lower fishing pressure. The study showed that the environment plays a dominant role in community structure and that it has become more important over time. Results showed also significant increases in several diversity indices and an increase in theoretical maximum size spectra of surveyed fish which indicates a restructuring of communities. This recovery is associated with an increase of functional redundancy which is a key factor for the stability of ecosystems. Global results showed a great recovery capacity towards a richer and more stable state of communities in a relatively short period of time around 10 years
Rotureau, Brice. "Eco-épidémiologie des leishmanioses cutanées en Guyane française." Antilles-Guyane, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AGUY0143.
Full textOverall, this thesis aims at reactualizing and improving ecological and epidemiological knowledge about cutaneous leishmaniases in French Guiana by using new and adapted molecular tools. Thus, it took up the challenge of an integrated molecular eco-epidemiological approach. A molecular technique (PCR-RFLP) for the detection and the identification of New World Leishmania species was first designed for diagnosis and large-scale epidemiological studies. Parallely, cultures in synthetic medium were carried out for the improvement of routine diagnosis. A strict monitoring of the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases of French Guiana was also developped. Then, the new molecular method was applied to samples from Guianan patients within a large-scale eco-epidemiological study of the Leishmania parasites polymorphism. The actualization of the specific incidence was done and we observed the correlation between the different parasite genotypes and some clinical and epidemiological parameters. Some sand fly and mammal capture sessions confirmed the adaptability of the Nyssomyia sand flies to anthropized ecotopes, proved the absence of implication of Chiroptera in the Guianan pathogenic complexes, and led to the first observations in French Guiana of canine visceral leishmaniases due to L. Infantum imported from Europe. Finally, an integration of molecular, ecological, epidemiological, clinical, geographical, demographic and social data was given
Bechet, Camille. "L'immigration latino-américaine en Guyane : de la départementalisation (1946) à nos jours." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739458.
Full textWiesinger, Evelyn. "Le syntagme nominal en créole guyanais. : Une étude synchronique et diachronique du marqueur LA." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3039.
Full textDie vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich dem Element LA (< fr. là) im Guayanakreol, einer französischen Kreolsprache für die bisher kaum Untersuchungen vorliegen. Unsere Arbeit legt ein neues Korpus vor, das sich aus Texten von 1799-1893 sowie aus eigenen Sprachaufnahmen zusammensetzt. Das Hauptaugenmerk der Untersuchung liegt auf einer detaillierten synchronen und diachronen Beschreibung der Verwendungskontexte des im Guayanakreol stark polyfunktionalen LAs. Hierfür nehmen wir zunächst eine Abgrenzung zwischen LA als Adverb/Diskursmarker, LA als Teil des Demonstrativpronomens, LA am Ende von Neben- oder Fragesätzen sowie dem postnominalen Marker LA vor. Für die Analyse des postnominalen LAs entwickeln wir anschließend einen umfangreichen theoretischen Unterbau zur Nominalreferenz, wobei ein semantisch-pragmatischer und kognitiver Ansatz verfolgt wird. Die Korpusanalyse zeigt schließlich, dass das postnominale LA allenfalls als definiter Marker auf einer niedrigen Grammatikalisierungsstufe eingeordnet werden kann, dessen Auftreten durch ein komplexes Zusammenspiel semantisch-pragmatischer, ontologisch-kognitiver sowie informationell-syntaktischer Faktoren bestimmt wird. Unsere diachrone Analyse zeigt zudem, dass in unserem Korpus der Gebrauch von LA weitgehend stabil bleibt, dass aber eine gewisse graduelle Variation je nach Diskurstradition und Kommunikationsintentionen vorliegt. Die Funktionalität von LA zeugt außerdem bis heute von einer gewissen Verankerung in der Deixis und in der Nähesprache, die auch in anderen Frankokreols sowie in gesprochenen Varietäten des Französischen, wie etwa in Afrika oder Kanada, zutage tritt
Roué, Tristan. "Épidémiologie des cancers en Guyane : Analyse des données du registre des cancers de Guyane." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0743/document.
Full textThe objective of the cancer registry of French Guiana is to compile all patients living in French Guiana with malignant invasive pathology and/or in situ lesions starting January 1st 2003 in persons living in French Guiana, whatever the tumoral location and the place of diagnosis and care. This study aimed to describe the population with invasive cancer to improve the knowledge about this disease in order to target public health interventions more effectively.The age standardised incidence rate was 30% times lower than in France in both sexes and the same than in South America.We compared incidence and relative survival of patients with invasive breast cancer (IBC) and patients with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) between women from French Guiana and metropolitan France.The ratio between incidence and mortality showed that the prognosis of IBC in French Guiana was worse than in metropolitan France.The relative survival rate among women with IBC in French Guiana was lower than among women in metropolitan France.In French Guiana, the age-standardized incidence rate of cervical cancer was four times higher than in France. Women living in remote areas seemed to be diagnosed later and more often following symptoms.Access to care for migrants is challenging and sustains health inequalities. Early detection through prevention programs is crucial for increasing cancer survival notably for foreign-born patients. Further studies with more patients and other variables could improve the knowledge about these diseases
Imounga, Laure Manuella. "Contexte sanitaire et situation épidémiologique de la Guyane vis-à-vis des cancers : comparaisons infrarégionales, nationales, internationales et Spécificités Gastric cancer incidence and mortality in French Guiana: South American or French ? Incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in French Guiana: temporal and spatial trends." Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0013.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to know the epidemiological situation of French Guiana with regard to cancer between 2005 and 2014 in terms of incidence and mortality, to study the evolution of these indicators, to compare them with those of mainland France for 2012 in order to highlight the specificities of French Guiana and then compare them with the Antilles and Latin America.The databases of the French Guiana Cancer Registry and CépiDC-INSERM identified 4,392 new cases and 1,305 cancer deaths in French Guiana between 2005 and 2014 and highlighted an excess incidence and mortality in men. The most frequent and fatal cancers in men over the 2005-2014 period, ranked by mortality were: prostate, lung, stomach, liver, colon-rectum and pancreas. In women, the most frequent and fatal cancers were breast, cervix, colon-rectum, lung, ovary, and cancer of the stomach.The analysis of incidence and mortality of all cancers showed that the epidemiological situation between 2005 and 2014 was more favorable overall in French Guiana than in mainland France in 2012. However, cancers and cancer deaths occur much earlier in French Guiana with younger median age of at diagnosis and at death than in France. In addition, the sex ratio was similar for incidence and lower in French Guiana than in France in terms of mortality, i.e. a smaller gap between men and women in French Guiana which suggests a more unfavorable situation among women in French Guiana than in France. Between 2005 and 2014 * (* 2012 for France), the incidence of all cancers declined in men and slightly increased in women in the two territories. Cancer mortality declined in men and slightly increased in women in French Guiana, while incidence and mortality both declined in mainland France. Certain cancers in French Guiana were on the rise compared to France (lung, colon-rectum, breast, thyroid, multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma).Through the spatial analyzes, we were able to show that French Guiana presented municipal disparities. In comparison with France, certain cancers were over-represented in terms of incidence and mortality (prostate, stomach, cervix, multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma with an inversion of the sex ratio for the latter location). The comparative analysis of these cancers with the West Indies and the countries of Latin America has shown similar epidemiological profiles according to the type of cancer and the region of the world considered. French Guiana often has a profile that resembles Latin America for cervical cancer and gastric cancer.These specificities reflect the many particularities of French Guiana: youth, social inequalities, ethnic composition, climate, greater sedentary lifestyle and obesity, lower consumption of alcohol and tobacco, deficiencies ... all factors that shape the risk of cancer.This study is in line with the requirements of the French Cancer Plan and its results could be used to implement actions for the prevention and therapeutic management of cancers in French Guiana. Further studies on the stage at diagnosis and survival of cancers seem important in order to have a broader overview of the epidemiological situation in French Guiana
Rochemont, Rita Devi Surya. "Insuffisance rénale terminale et maladies cardiovasculaires : le poids des maladies chroniques en Guyane The epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes in French Guiana The epidemiology and emergency care of stroke in French Guiana : a multicenter cohort study A prospective study of Health inequalities and the epidemiology of stroke in French Guiana End stage renal disease in French Guiana (data from R.E.I.N registry) : South American or French ? End stage renal disease as a symptom of health inequalities in French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0012.
Full textNon communicable chronic diseases, notably cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death. Numerous studies have studied risk factors throughout the world. In French Guiana, most research themes focus on tropical infectious diseases. However, the epidemiologic transition is well underway, and cardiovascular diseases represent a major public health problem. Hence strokes and coronary syndrome are the main cause of premature death after accidents. As elsewhere, chronic renal failure also represents a rising problem in French Guiana. French Guiana is an overseas French Territory with a large Afro-caribbean population profile in terms of cultural and socioeconomic aspects with a French health system. Despite the universal healthcare system, there are frequent health inequalities. Diabetes and high blood pressure are 2 major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and for end stage renal failure. In order to alleviate the lack of epidemiologic data, the present work aims to describe the epidemiology of these diseases in French Guiana using different data sources: the hospital’s « programme médicalisé des systems d’information (PMSI) », the data from the INDIA prospective cohort a collaboration between the clinical investigation center in Cayenne and Dijon hospital, and data from the end stage renal disease registry. These results will hopefully help improve access to care, and reduce mortality.The present thesis thus shows the particularities of the epidemiology of these highly incident and fatal diseases. It also shows the importance of health inequalities in French Guiana, as for other diseases, the more vulnerable populations become sick younger, with more severe diseases, and more deaths. Hypertension and diabetes are prime targets for preventive interventions, with special efforts to reach the most vulnerable social groups
Bourguignon, Thomas. "The Anoplotermes group in French Guiana :systematics, diversity and ecology." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210132.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rinaldo, Raphaëlle. "Certification, biocomplexité et valorisation des Lauracées de Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0516/document.
Full textIn order to develop a sustainable production of certified essential oils extracts, the compangy KLR has struggled with the identification of the trees from the family of Lauraceae. This is the main reason that led to the project of creating an identification tool for this family.This tool would be based on three approaches: chemistry (chemical signature of the dark), wood anatomy and genetic barcoding. By means of a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, we selected a list of 14 relevant wood anatomical features that can identify the trees to the genera. For the genetics, the barcoding of trnH-psbA an intergenic region of the DNA has been used. When comparing all the sequences from all the individuals, 40% of the individuals can be identified to the genera because of their specific haplotype. Haplotypes within the genera have also been established. Chemical identity cards have been set with the SPME analysis technique and chemotypes have been defined inside the species Licaria cannella, Ocotea indirectinervia and Sextonia rubra. These three identification approaches allowed us to construct an identification tool on Xper².During the study, we aimed to screen what species would be interesting for its essential oil yield. Three species showed an essential oil bark yield above 0.3%. five species showed an essential oil wood yield above 0.3%. An expert held an olfactory evaluation on the oils and divided the essential oils in five olfactory groups. We found it relevant to improve the identification tool by trying to predict the compositions of the oils before the three was cut down. In the case of the half of trees studied by SPME analyses, the composition of the wood and the bark essential oils were similar. On the other hand, no link was found between the oil cells dimensions and the essential oil yield
Tareau, Marc-Alexandre. "Les pharmacopées métissées de Guyane : ethnobotanique d’une phytothérapie en mouvement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0007.
Full textThe analysis of the 209 semi-directive interviews conducted during this thesis made it possible to obtain a global and descriptive vision, both qualitative and quantitative, of the pharmacopoeias that intersect on the Guyana coast. The phytotherapeutic uses of the 18 cultural groups interviewed were decoded in order to obtain an updated overview of French Guyanese ethnobotanical practices. This ethnographic study also made it possible to highlight the main nosological categories concerned by phytotherapy on the French Guiana coast and to provide a fresh look at the ethnomedicines of this territory and, particularly, the representations of the body and the diseases they underlie. The way of treating them and forms of administration of the remedies in use today are finely documented as well as the species used (356 identified species).In a more original way, a mapping of current ethnobotanical flows is realized as well as an analysis of the "cultural distribution" of medicinal plants, and a reflection is carried out on the themes of transversality, selection, transmission and interculturalization of knowledge relating to medicinal plants. Among other sub-themes, the roles played by migration, transfrontality and urbanity are widely discussed
Serges, Dorothee. "Insertions économiques des migrantes brésiliennes en Guyane française." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030172/document.
Full textThe economica insertion of Brazilian female migrants in French Guiana lies within the framework of the global process of the migration and labour market feminisation, initiating the movements of a less skilled South countries workforce, mainly from Pará and Amapá States (Northern Brazil) toward North countries, French Guiana, overseas department. This economic insertion is intrinsically tied to migration, family and professional determinants. This doctoral thesis analyzes the forms of economic autonomies acquired by the female migrants, since three generations and taking into account the possibilities offered by the French Guianese ethnostratified society's labour market. The complementarity between qualitative and quantitative methods allowed to unveil the (a)typical trajectories connecting family morality and entrepreneurship
Mauffret, Blodwenn. "Le carnaval de Cayenne. Esthétique et subversion. Histoire d'un phénomène festif issu du fait colonial." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030162.
Full textThis present work approaches the carnival of Cayenne as a festive phenomenon which has developed from the colonial fact. It examines the mechanisms of this adjustment by which slaves and "free people of color" have converted a religious feast reinforcing colonial order and slavery, and subverted it into a manifestation of pride in identity and expectation of a better future. As such this falls within the field of theatrical studies, i.e. evaluating the carnival as drama. The history of the carnival, from the colony's earliest days until the present, shows how new aesthetics have, year after year, changed its original role. The dramatic traditions of the carnival were strongly marked by the practice of "Détour", best defined as stressing the derisory character of the Creole being. European grotesque was mixed with Creole militant mockery, offering a theatrical inheritance expressing dignified rage, a lost humanity, a new utopia. The dance of balls, as popular as those of the black bourgeoisie, is an art of the flight, and summons creative marronnage by building a different space-time in which the being is reborn in a feeling of liberation and enthusiasm. This art of flight within the "vidé" occurs in an immense collective trance, where violence erupts, destabilizing an old order, encouraging a new. The contemporary carnival tries to solve the problems of history and becomes the opposite of the "Détour". The being comes out of darkness displaying its exhibition value, showing a general hedonism. Its theatricality is brilliant and manifests a hypervisibility. The true value of the Cayennais being is recognised
Kocher, Arthur. "Biodiversité et maladies infectieuses : impact des activités humaines sur le cycle de transmission des leishmanioses en Guyane." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30080/document.
Full textThe dilution effect hypothesis states that more diverse ecological communities are less prone to pathogen transmission because of the presence of non-competent hosts acting as epidemiological dead-ends. In this work, we investigate the existence of this phenomenon in the case of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniases in French Guiana. Molecular tools based on high-throughput sequencing technologies have been developed to study the epidemiological system. These tools were employed to explore leishmaniases transmission cycles in forest sites undergoing different levels of human-induced perturbations. Our results seem generally congruent with the dilution effect hypothesis, indicating higher disease risk in the most perturbed site. However, differences observed between sites were not significant, and more data is needed to draw general conclusions
Adde, Antoine. "Télédétection et paludisme en Guyane : déterminants environnementaux de la distribution et de la densité des moustiques anophèles." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0097/document.
Full textVector control is often seen as inefficient because it is not targeted to sites and times when mosquitoes are abundant. Tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems can access and process a wide range of environmental data. The linking of remote sensing data with entomological observations can establish knowledge on vectors ecological preferences and be used to develop predictive models of mosquitos‘ dynamics. No model of this type is currently available in French Guiana to assist vector control strategies. The general aim of the thesis was to identify environmental determinants of the distribution and the density of anopheles mosquitoes for the implementation of predictive tools. The research was conducted on two study sites: Saint-Georges de l‘Oyapock and Cayenne region. First, a characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the anopheles fauna in Saint-Georges de l‘Oyapock was conducted. This preliminary study confirmed the impact of environmental factors, especially land cover and rainfall, on the distribution and the density of anopheles mosquitoes. The second part of the work was aimed modeling and dynamic mapping of Anopheles darlingi densities, the main malaria vector in French Guiana. Among a panel of remotely sensed environmental variables and meteorological parameters, six accurate predictors have been identified. The implementation of these parameters in a statistical model and its extrapolation allowed producing predictive maps of An. darlingi densities in the municipality of Saint-Georges de l‘Oyapock. The third part of the work has updated knowledge on the anopheles fauna of Cayenne region. Also, based on remotely sensed environmental data, a predictive model of the presence of An. aquasalis was implemented. Outcomes of this thesis highlight the interest of satellite imagery to monitor and control malaria vectors in French Guiana. This work offers predictive and decision support tools to assist vector control actions. In a context of need of new strategies and methods to improve entomological surveillance, this thesis is a major benefit for health authorities and fully meets the objectives of the quadrennial malaria control plan published in 2015 by the regional health agency of French Guiana
Cazelles, Nathalie. "Évolution et adaptation des industries sucrière et rhumière en Guyane, XVIIe-XXe siècle." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4038/document.
Full textThe history of the sugar industry in French Guiana has fluctuated since its beginnings between fascination and despair, because of the misleading luxuriant forest which seemed to imply a prosperous future to it. This adventure is naturally related to the history of the sugar industries of the Americas, but has only recently been considered as a research subject by the French historians, even if it is totally involved in the colonial history of America. A cause of such a delay may be due to a “painful” and “shameful” feeling regarding these years of the past. Archives are subjective and silent about a great part of the history (daily life of the settlers and their slaves, settlement strategies, evolution in the landscapes,…). This fact may have hidden all the interest that brings the sugar industry to understand the colonial phenomenon. The present work lies on an analysis of the difficulties met by the settlers who wanted to establish a profitable sugar- then rum-industry in French Guiana, and aims to show the importance and prominent role that colonial archaeology in French Guiana must play in the elaboration of a more exhaustive and consistent vision of this territory. A first part deals with the high constraint of the Amazonian environment upon a human settlement; a second part will bring to the fore how imperative it is to know the territory and its past due to the conditions of an archaeological research in French Guiana. Eventually, the presentation of the author’s archaeological works allows to insist on the human ingenuity to continuously adapt to the environment
Chavy, Agathe Corinne. "Influence de l'environnement sur le cycle de transmission de la leishmaniose cutanée en Guyane, à multi-échelle spatiale Ecological niche modelling for predicting the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Neotropical moist forest biome Identification of French Guiana sand flies using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with a new mass spectra library « Regional scale ecological drivers of sandfly communities in French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0013.
Full textFor many zoonotic diseases, transmission cycles remain difficult to determine, especially when they are due to generalist pathogens that can rely on several host and vector species to be transmitted. In addition, anthropogenic disturbances and climate change have strong impacts on ecosystems and can alter pathogen transmission cycles. Characterization and quantification of the relative importance of factors influencing host-pathogen-vector systems is then central for a global approach aiming to understand pathogen dynamics at different spatial scales. This approach has been used to study the ecology of the transmission cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in French Guiana. This vector-born disease, mainly sylvatic and including multiple hosts and vectors, is influenced by strong anthropic pressures that modified the dynamics of the cycle and led to an increase in the risk of transmission to human populations. In this work, we first explored the influence of environmental, climatic and anthropic factors on the distribution of human cases of CL at the global scale of the Amazonian biome and at the regional scale of French Guiana, using ecological niche modelling, allowing building risk maps. Then we observed the responses of communities of sandflies and known vectors at the regional scale in forest sites facing different disturbance levels. This work was made possible using a metabarcoding approach with high throughput sequencing. Last, we contributed to the improvement of the range of tools available for the identification of sandflies using the MALDI-TOF MS. This thesis contributed to the improvement of the general knowledge of the CL cycle in French Guiana
Martin, Jean-Michel. "Diversité des termites xylophages en Guyane française : Influence de l’attractivité de l’essence de bois, de la saison et du milieu." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0571/document.
Full textThe termites have a role key in the functioning of the ecosystem forest in particular the one of the recycling of the litter in organic matter. Nevertheless, some termites species are specialized in the degradation of the wood of the forests, but are considered plagues in humans place.In France, the problem « termites » linked by the buildings was treated only in the 90’s. The law n°99-471, voted by the 8 June 1999 defines the methods of implement of politics to fights in which are engaged all the actors: the government, the local groups, the professionals as well as the owners of buildings. The French Guiana-is in the map established by the FCBA that departments of France where the law is effective. Nevertheless, this “outre-mer” department remains today with a lot of gaps in terms of knowledge on its termites. We know in a manner exhaustive the number and the different types of xylophagous termites and we know too which are the principal families that are present in the buildings. But we don’t know to say which are the types of termites that are very interested in our lumber.The objective of this study is to identify the genera and termites species that attack themselves to three sorts of wood of weak or average durability (Gonfolo, Simarouba et Yayamadou) and to understand how these attacks produce themselves, in forest context, in link with variables of the environment, and the effect of the season of placement in contact.The Yayamadou is a Wood specie that atracts a lot of termites in French Guiana, to condition to have access to pile of wood of a sufficient volume (> 500cm3), it is the type that presents the biggest diversity of active termites. 18 species of termites were found on the wood piles, but 10 only with a frequency surpassing the 80%. A detailed description and an identification key are proposed for these species. The diversity of the termites is more important in the natural forest environments. The results show, that Heterotermes tenure is the type the does more frequent whatever the environment. There is an attractive specificity of some types of termites for such wood species rather than such other.Finally, the seasonality, corresponding the moment when we installs the wood samples in forest, plays a role in the appearance of termites on such or such wood species. There are in every environment of the types that potentially can attack the wood of the buildings
De, Miranda Pereira Ivete. "La Guyane française sous l'occupation portugaise : administration, société et économie (1809-1817)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0107.
Full textThis study intends to analyse the nine years of the Portuguese occupation of French Guiana (1809-1817), a topic that in general has not yet been very well addressed by historiography. The invasion and this occupation are approached here having the French political issues of the Revolution, Consulate and Empire as essential starting points for this work. The arrival of the Napoleonic troops in Portugal brought about the transfer of the Portuguese Court to America, and then later also the invasion of Guiana by the troops of the Captaincy of Grão-Pará. This thesis aims to analyse how the Portuguese organised the government structures of this occupied territory regarding the legal, fiscal and commercial spheres. The comparison between the French and the Portuguese administrations is the leading thread of this study, and it allows us to distinguish the adaptations undertaken by the Portuguese administrators in order to preserve and to govern their conquest. Focusing on an atypical colony within the French colonial empire, due to the weak demography of this area, the study also considers the effects of its specificity, as well as the unequal distribution of the population in the whole territory. By highlighting the diversity of the members of the society of that time, the research also examines the nature of relations between the Portuguese administrators and the population as a whole. The study of norms and conflicts, as well as the analyses of the links and networks which often united individuals who belonged to different groups of the Guyanese population, they both illuminate the understanding of the administration and the local society, before and during the Portuguese occupation period in a very new way. The perspective of the combination of the social history with the political and the economic history has made it possible to diversify and sophisticate the interpretations of historiography that often describes Guyana as a “miserable colony”. Thus, it is this rich perspective which ends up revealing the considerable dynamism and complexity of the social and economic relations within this unique scenario and time
Falgas-Ravry, Cécilia. "Representations of convicts in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century French culture." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245144.
Full textLeneuve, Dorilas Malika. "Les facteurs de risque de la naissance prématurée en Guyane Française Rosk factors for premature birth in French Guiana: the importance of reducing health inegalities Predictive factors of preterms delivery in French Guiana for singleton pregnancies: definition and validation of a predictive score Risk Factors for Very Preterm Births in French Guiana : The Burden of Induced Preterm Birth African ancestry and the threshold defining preterm delivery: in French Guiana black babies born at 36 weeks are as vulnerable as white babies." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0003.
Full textContext and objective: French Guiana, an overseas department and region, has nearly 8,000 births per year.Since 1992, the proportion of premature births, although stable, has remained high at around 13.5%, almost double that of France (7%) (data from the Pregnancy Outcome Register and national perinatal survey). While in most countries we see an increase in prematurity, we could, wrongly, be satisfied with a non-increase in the prematurity rate that would reflect progress. However, deaths from perinatal causes remain one of the main causes of premature mortality in French Guiana and partly explain the gap with France in terms of life expectancy at birth.Given this lack of improvement in the prematurity rate, it seems important to better understand the factors that make prematurity so frequent and so difficult to control in French Guiana. The thesis focused on identifying the predictive factors of prematurity with the ultimate aim of contributing to improving the care of pregnant women and curbing the curve of the prematurity rate. Methodology: This research work is divided into 4 areas of investigation:- A descriptive retrospective study, based on data from the RIGI (Register of Computerized Pregnancy Outcomes) 2013-2014 of 12,983 viable births in the department,- The development of a predictive prematurity score from the 2013-2014 RIGI, compared to the 2015 RIGI data of 6,914 viable births,- A case-control etiological study of extreme prematurity, monocentric, from February 2016 to January 2017 in the only type III health-care institution in the French Guiana Region,- Analysis of the average term at birth and morbidity and mortality from the RIG (Register of Pregnancy Outcomes) 2002-2007 of 35,648 viable births and the RIGI 2013-2014.Results:Over the study period, the proportion of preterm births was 13.5% (1,755/12,983). The proportion of spontaneous prematurity was 51.3% , compared to 48.7% of induced prematurity. More than half (57.2% or 7 421/12 983) of the study population had social security, but 9.3% had no social security coverage. The lack of social security coverage was a risk factor for prematurity with an adjusted OR of 1.9 CI at 95% [1.6-2.3] p=0.0001. Similarly, with regard to pregnancy management, the absence of prenatal care as well as that of birth preparation would double the risk of premature birth. For pathologies associated with pregnancy, pre-eclampsia syndrome was the main dysgravidia associated with the risk of prematurity (OR adjusted by 6.7[95% CI =5.6-8.1] p=0.0001). Finally, the fairly common hypothesis that part of the high prematurity rate is related to the fact that black babies are more mature and black mothers give birth physiologically a little earlier did not emerge in our analyses. Indeed, there was no statistically significant difference in morbidity and mortality for infants born to Afro-Caribbean mothers and Caucasian women. Conclusion: The work carried out has identified many factors associated with prematurity, factors already described elsewhere. Although at the individual level it was impossible to predict who would give birth prematurely, the weight of social factors and poor follow-up suggested that a population-based approach might be appropriate. Thus, the most vulnerable women often reside in well-identified areas that could be the subject of targeted actions to improve follow-up and identify complications. This problem of social inequalities in health goes well beyond prematurity and is found for almost all pathologies, suggesting that there are synergies to be sought and that the population scale is undoubtedly strategic. The weight of preeclampsia as a risk factor for induced prematurity in French Guiana raises questions: indeed, it seems much more important than elsewhere for reasons that remain to be clarified
Fayad, Ibrahim. "Estimation de la hauteur des arbres à l'échelle régionale : application à la Guyane Française." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS143/document.
Full textRemote sensing has facilitated the techniques used for the mapping, modelling and understanding of forest parameters. Remote sensing applications usually use information from either passive optical systems or active radar sensors. These systems have shown satisfactory results for estimating, for example, aboveground biomass in some biomes. However, they presented significant limitations for ecological applications, as the sensitivity from these sensors has been shown to be limited in forests with medium levels of aboveground biomass. On the other hand, LiDAR remote sensing has been shown to be a good technique for the estimation of forest parameters such as canopy heights and above ground biomass. Whilst airborne LiDAR data are in general very dense but only available over small areas due to the cost of their acquisition, spaceborne LiDAR data acquired from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) have low acquisition density with global geographical cover. It is therefore valuable to analyze the integration relevance of canopy heights estimated from LiDAR sensors with ancillary data (geological, meteorological, slope, vegetation indices etc.) in order to propose a forest canopy height map with good precision and high spatial resolution. In addition, estimating forest canopy heights from large-footprint satellite LiDAR waveforms, is challenging given the complex interaction between LiDAR waveforms, terrain, and vegetation, especially in dense tropical and equatorial forests. Therefore, the research carried out in this thesis aimed at: 1) estimate, and validate canopy heights using raw data from airborne LiDAR and then evaluate the potential of spaceborne LiDAR GLAS data at estimating forest canopy heights. 2) evaluate the fusion potential of LiDAR (using either sapceborne and airborne data) and ancillary data for forest canopy height estimation at very large scales. This research work was carried out over the French Guiana.The estimation of the canopy heights using the airborne showed an RMSE on the canopy height estimates of 1.6 m. Next, the potential of GLAS for the estimation of canopy heights was assessed using multiple linear (ML) and Random Forest (RF) regressions using waveform metrics and principal component analssis (PCA). Results showed canopy height estimations with similar precisions using either LiDAR metrics or the principal components (PCs) (RMSE ~ 3.6 m). However, a regression model (ML or RF) based on the PCA of waveform samples is an interesting alternative for canopy height estimation as it does not require the extraction of some metrics from LiDAR waveforms that are in general difficult to derive in dense forests, such as those in French Guiana. Next, canopy heights extracted from both airborne and spaceborne LiDAR were first used to map canopy heights from available mapped environmental data (geological, meteorological, slope, vegetation indices etc.). Results showed an RMSE on the canopy height estimates of 6.5 m from the GLAS dataset and of 5.8 m from the airborne LiDAR dataset. Then, in order to improve the precision of the canopy height estimates, regression-kriging (kriging of random forest regression residuals) was used. Results indicated a decrease in the RMSE from 6.5 to 4.2 m for the regression-kriging maps from the GLAS dataset, and from 5.8 to 1.8 m for the regression-kriging map from the airborne LiDAR dataset. Finally, in order to study the impact of the spatial sampling of future LiDAR missions on the precision of canopy height estimates, six subsets were derived from the airborne LiDAR dataset with flight line spacing of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 km (corresponding to 0.29, 0.11, 0.08, 0.05, 0.04, and 0.03 points/km², respectively). Results indicated that using the regression-kriging approach, the precision on the canopy height map was 1.8 m with flight line spacing of 5 km and decreased to an RMSE of 4.8 m for the configuration for the 50 km flight line spacing
Adenis, Antoine. "L’histoplasmose chez le patient infecté par le VIH en Guyane française." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0014/document.
Full textHistoplasmosis is an invasive fungal infection, known as one of the first AIDS-defining condition and AIDS-related deaths in French Guiana.Several scientific programmes were conducted. Ranked as the main AIDS-defining condition, histoplasmosis incidence was estimated at 1.5 p100 person-years HIV-infected. The high number of incident cases was stable and the proportion of early deaths was <10%. Following a significant increase in incidence between the end of the long dry season and the beginning of the short wet season, new infection might be the main pathophysiological mechanism leading to symptomatic disease in endemic areas. Comparison of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients found a respiratory clinical picture in a context of pronounced inflammation and, a disseminated disease along with cytopenia and liver test abnormalities in individuals with greater immunosuppression, respectively. An evaluation of galactomannan antigen detection in serum was relevant for histoplasmosis diagnosis. Reframed severity criteria and arguments for an empiric strategy using antifungal therapy were proposed.Preliminary results showed the presence (in Suriname and Guyana) and a high incidence of histoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients in Suriname. In the whole Latin American region, we estimated that AIDS-related histoplasmosis deaths were similar or greater than AIDS-related tuberculosis deaths. HIV-associated histoplasmosis is in fact neglected, largely unknown and responsible for numerous avoidable deaths in Latin America
Thabouillot, Gérard. "Un projet politique et administratif pour l’arrière-pays de la Guyane française : le territoire de l’Inini (1930-1969)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040105.
Full textIn 1930, France established the Autonomous Territory of Inini, an administrative division governing French Guiana's hinterland. Once Guiana had become an overseas department, the formula was renewed from 1951 in the shape of a district with special status, remaining so officially until 1961 and in effect until 1969. Discussing this politico-administrative system - largely based on what had been worked out for French colonies in Africa – gives a key to understanding the ultimate stage of the French state's expansion process in a social and cultural Amazonian context. That effort at social integration was the work of civil servants in the field who, from 1936 on, conducted a sustained policy of contact by establishing administrative posts in the interior of the territory and at its borders. These low-ranking colonial officers and gendarmes implemented an administrative approach to the handling of various communities – deportees from Southeast Asia held in special jails, border tribes or gold-diggers – across areas under the political influence of neighbouring states. The Inini file is an encouragement not to limit the history of French Guiana to that of an old colony turned into an overseas department (D.O.M.) in 1946. It makes it possible to go beyond analyses which are linked to assimilation policies. It also tends to moderate the anthropological view of an artificial and hasty integration of forest tribes. Lastly, it paves the way for a comparative analysis of Guyanese back countries
A França criou, em 1930, o Território autónomo do Inini, colónia de administração directa dahinterlândia da Guiana francesa. Após a départementalisação da Guiana, este dispositivocontinuou em 1951 sob a forma de distrito à estatuto específico (particular), juridicamente até1961 e de facto até 1969. A descrição deste sistema politicoadministrativo, fortementeinspirado de estas concebidas para as colónias da África, permite analisar a ultima etapa doprocesso de expansão do Estado francês num espaço social e cultural amazónico. Estaintegração foi a obra dos funcionários de terreno que levaram, a partir de 1936, uma políticacontínua de contato no âmbito de uma implantação dinâmica de postos administrativos emdireção do interior e das fronteiras. Este pessoal subalterno, funcionários coloniais egendarmes, implementou uma técnica administrativa de abordagem e gestão das populações -déportados indochineses dos Estabelecimentos Penitenciários Especiais, tribos de fronteira egarimpeiros - num espaço aberto às políticas dos Estados vizinhos. A história do Inini incita anão limitar a história da Guiana francesa à essa de uma velha colónia que tornou-se, em 1946,em Departamento de Ultramar (D.O.M.). Permite ultrapassar esta análise que diz respeito aodiscurso político assimilacionista. Ela nuança também a interpretação pela antropologia deuma integração de populações silvícolas artificialmente e apressadamente conduzida. Porúltimo, abre o caminho à uma análise comparativa do interior (da hinterlândia) das Guianes
In 1930 werd door Frankrijk het zelfstandige gebied Inini gecreëerd, het onder directkoloniaal bestuur vallende achterland van Frans Guyana. Nadat Guyana een overzeesdepartement was geworden, bleef deze bestuursvorm bestaan tot in 1951 in de vorm van eenarrondissement met speciaal statuut, in rechte tot 1961 et feitelijk tot 1969. De beschrijvingvan deze bestuursvorm die sterk werd beïnvloed door het voor de Afrikaanse koloniënontwikkelde systeem, maakt het mogelijk het laatste stadium van het expansieproces van deFranse overheid te analyseren in het sociale en culturele gebied van de Amazone. Deze socialeintegratie was het werk van ambtenaren die ter plaatse, vanaf 1936, een aanhoudend contactbeleid uitvoerden bij de oprichting van administratieve posten in het binnenland van hetgebied en aan de grenzen. Dit ondergeschikte personeel, ambtenaren en politie, voerden eenbestuursbeleid uit van benadering en behandeling van de bevolking - indo-chinesegedeporteerden bewaard in speciale strafkampen, aan de grenzen levende stammen engoudzoekers – in een gebied dat open stond voor politieke invloed van de buurtstaten. Degeschiedenis van het Inini gebied nodigt uit de geschiedenis van Frans Guyana niet tebeperken tot die van een oude kolonie die in 1946 een overzees gebiedsdeel (D.O.M.) isgeworden. Zij nuanceert tevens de antropologische interpretatie van een te kunstmatige en tesnel uitgevoerde integratie van de woudbevolking. En ten laatste opent zij de weg naar eenvergelijkende analyse van de achterlanden van Guyana
Artero, Céline. "Biologie et écologie du mérou géant (Epinephelus itajara) en Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0721/document.
Full textThe critically endangered Goliath Grouper, Epinephelus itajara, is found in the turbid and brackish waters of French Guiana, where the species is subject to a coastal fishery. Goliath Grouper populations inhabit all rocky habitats and exhibit increasing abundance with depth. Around 30% of individuals less than 115 cm may derive from the abundant mangrove habitat along the french Guiana coast. There is a ontogenetic shift of the diet, primarily crustacivorous, individuals >140 cm become piscivorous. The Goliath Grouper population in French Guiana is composed primarily og juvelines. The fate of the juvelines is unknonw, some may be caught in the fishery, others may move to other habitat. No evidence of spawning or gonadal readiness was found in french Guiana. it is possible that environmental conditions (high turbidity and temperature) are not conducive to reproductive activity. Goliath Grouper may migrate down current from French Guiana to Trinidad and Tobago or further. No movement of Goliath Grouper was found against the current toward Brazil. French Guiana juveniles may be derived from spawns occuring off Brazil. Calculated total mortality of Goliath Grouper off French Guiana is high (0.65) in both fished and protected areas suggesting that illegal fishing is occuring within the protected area, or that emigration rates are high. Assuming that the adult population of Goliath Grouper in French Guiana has been reduced due to fishing, protection of spawning-size adults (larger than about 150 cm TL) should be instated
Maurice, Edenz. "Faire l’École dans une "vieille colonie" : un État colonial aux prises avec le monde scolaire de la Guyane française (de 1928 au début des années 1950)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0011.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation aims at studying the running of the colonial state in French Guiana through the prism of its action in the field of education between 1928 and 1951. During this period and for the only time in its history, the territory was split into two administrative entities headed, however, by the same governor. At the heart of this research lies the hypothesis of a singularity, in a twofold perspective, both social and political, of the French Guiana colonial experience in the 1930s and 1940s. This hypothesis led to the shaping of the notions of "colony-department" and of "segmented assimilation". This research thus articulates social history of professional groups from educational and activist circles, anthropology of indigenous societies of the Amazonian interior and sociology of the state and of public policies. In so doing, this study intends to contribute, on the one hand, to a better understanding of the colonial state from the too often neglected point of view of an "old colony"; on the other, to a history of the Republic which gives the overseas territories the place they deserve
Peron, Christina. "Dynamique littorale et comportement de ponte des tortues marines en Guyane française." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0369/document.
Full textFrench Guiana coast host, each year, marines turtles nesting. In French Guiana, marine turtles managed with the extreme coastal variability due to the migration of huge mud bank. In this context, nesting beaches could be unattractive if erosion is too intense or if there are silted-up. The instability of this coast could induce the creation of new sandy coastline (cheniers) and so on potential nesting site.The aim of this PhD work was to study the morphodynamics of sandy beaches which are also nesting site for marine turtles and the consequence of mud bank migration on these beaches. In-situ measurements were carried-out on the principal study area, Awala-Yalimapo beach, and permitted to increase our knowledge on the hydro-sedimentary evolution of one of the primary nesting site from daily to multiannual time scale. In the same time, the nesting activity of marine turtles was listed to highlight the use of environmental parameters in the finale selection of the nesting site. Principal environmental clues were the beach configuration, the water level, tidal current and the morphodynamics of the nesting habitat
Flamand, Claude. "Etude des déterminants climatiques et environnementaux de la dengue en Guyane française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS256.
Full textDengue is the most prioritized infectious disease in French Guiana with an intense mobilization of public health authorities. In this context, the improvement of knowledge on the climatic, environmental and demographic determinants of dengue transmission is a necessary condition to the development of epidemic prediction model for the planning of control activities at each level of organization of the territory. This thesis had two objectives: i) assess the effect of climatic and environmental factors on dengue spread; ii) develop prediction models of epidemic to anticipate and plan prevention and control activities. We used complementary statistical, data mining and modeling tools to show that climatic and environmental factors interplay with dengue incidence differently at different territory scales. A predictive model with a good performance was developped considering the whole territory of French Guiana. This model indicates that a dengue epidemic is likely to occur in 2016
Jolivet, Morgane. "Morphologie et dynamique des littoraux sableux de Guyane soumis à l’influence de bancs de vase amazoniens : analyse expérimentale et multi-échelle, du court terme au multi-décennal." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0014.
Full textThis thesis aims to describe and understand the morphological evolutionary of gyanese sandy-muddy coasts, under multiple influences, encompassing mesoscale to infra-daily processes. The long-term study of coastline evolution (1950-2017), based on high-resolution (50 cm) aerial images, made it possible to accurately observe and describe the structure "in thousand-sheets" of the coastal plain of the Guianas, which is made up from alternating deposits of muddy sediments and cheniers. On a smaller scale, this thesis relies on a field study, during which morphological and hydrodynamic data was collected between 2017 and 2019. A diachronic survey of beach morphology was employed using photogrammetry combined with seasonal bathymetric surveys. Currents, waves and tides have beeen recorded during specific hydrodynamic campaigns. On the morphological response to instantaneous forcing, the study of morphodynamics allowed us to underline the importance of tides in sedimentary transport and the functioning of beaches, combining both an extremely dissipative low-water terrace and a highly reflective beach-top at high tide. The multi-decadal study and the field observations also allowed to advance the evidence of the generalization of the beach rotation model. These conditions, combined with the availability of sand from the re-mobilization of cheniers or local estuarine inputs, define these sandy beaches as zones with high variability but with a stable sediment balance subjected to a winging of the sandy material. Attempts to fix in place a highly variable coastline creates a disruption in the form of micro littoral cells that limits the intrinsic mobility of the sandy sediment necessary for the balance of the beaches during the alternation of bank and interbank periods
Fritzell, Camille Catherine Nicole. "Étude des perceptions et comportements associés aux arboviroses prioritaires en Guyane." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0010.
Full textFor decades, arbovirus infection remained an important public health concern. Recently, considering their rapid geographic spread and high epidemic potential, chikungunya and zika viruses raised attention. Understanding socio-behavioural factors associated with these diseases among affected populations is crucial to improve vector control campaigns. This thesis studied risk perceptions associated with arboviruses and behaviour among population from French Guiana during the emergence of chikungunya and zika. Our analysis focused simultaneously on these factors and the real infection of dengue, chikungunya or zika viruses from seroprevalence data. We conducted three surveys, one among high school students during the emergence of chikungunya virus, the second among adult while zika virus emerged, and the third was a seroprevalence survey conducted among the general population, far from last epidemics. Our results suggest a socio demographic and a socio-economic distribution within risk perceptions associated with chikungunya and zika infections. Furthermore, these results revealed that the adoption of protective behaviours and the probability of contamination by an arbovirus is a multi-factorial process that depends on socio-cultural, environmental and cognitive factors. We also showed that epidemiologic context could impact perceptions and behaviours. Moreover, this thesis identify main groups for future prevention campaign targeting person aged 60 years old and more, from disadvantaged background, or living in affected villages across the Maroni or the Oyapock river. Findings also revealed the behavioural collective impact on the individual risk of infection we highlighted the need to extend public health actions after the beginning of the outbreak, period that is often exposed to important media coverage, to sustain protection during the period of high transmission. Longitudinal studies are therefore needed, to better investigate spatio-temporal dynamic of risk perceptions associated with arboviral infection and also protective behaviour
Thabouillot, Gérard. "Un projet politique et administratif pour l’arrière-pays de la Guyane française : le territoire de l’Inini (1930-1969)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2012. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://univ.scholarvox.com/book/88832251.
Full textIn 1930, France established the Autonomous Territory of Inini, an administrative division governing French Guiana's hinterland. Once Guiana had become an overseas department, the formula was renewed from 1951 in the shape of a district with special status, remaining so officially until 1961 and in effect until 1969. Discussing this politico-administrative system - largely based on what had been worked out for French colonies in Africa – gives a key to understanding the ultimate stage of the French state's expansion process in a social and cultural Amazonian context. That effort at social integration was the work of civil servants in the field who, from 1936 on, conducted a sustained policy of contact by establishing administrative posts in the interior of the territory and at its borders. These low-ranking colonial officers and gendarmes implemented an administrative approach to the handling of various communities – deportees from Southeast Asia held in special jails, border tribes or gold-diggers – across areas under the political influence of neighbouring states. The Inini file is an encouragement not to limit the history of French Guiana to that of an old colony turned into an overseas department (D.O.M.) in 1946. It makes it possible to go beyond analyses which are linked to assimilation policies. It also tends to moderate the anthropological view of an artificial and hasty integration of forest tribes. Lastly, it paves the way for a comparative analysis of Guyanese back countries
A França criou, em 1930, o Território autónomo do Inini, colónia de administração directa dahinterlândia da Guiana francesa. Após a départementalisação da Guiana, este dispositivocontinuou em 1951 sob a forma de distrito à estatuto específico (particular), juridicamente até1961 e de facto até 1969. A descrição deste sistema politicoadministrativo, fortementeinspirado de estas concebidas para as colónias da África, permite analisar a ultima etapa doprocesso de expansão do Estado francês num espaço social e cultural amazónico. Estaintegração foi a obra dos funcionários de terreno que levaram, a partir de 1936, uma políticacontínua de contato no âmbito de uma implantação dinâmica de postos administrativos emdireção do interior e das fronteiras. Este pessoal subalterno, funcionários coloniais egendarmes, implementou uma técnica administrativa de abordagem e gestão das populações -déportados indochineses dos Estabelecimentos Penitenciários Especiais, tribos de fronteira egarimpeiros - num espaço aberto às políticas dos Estados vizinhos. A história do Inini incita anão limitar a história da Guiana francesa à essa de uma velha colónia que tornou-se, em 1946,em Departamento de Ultramar (D.O.M.). Permite ultrapassar esta análise que diz respeito aodiscurso político assimilacionista. Ela nuança também a interpretação pela antropologia deuma integração de populações silvícolas artificialmente e apressadamente conduzida. Porúltimo, abre o caminho à uma análise comparativa do interior (da hinterlândia) das Guianes
In 1930 werd door Frankrijk het zelfstandige gebied Inini gecreëerd, het onder directkoloniaal bestuur vallende achterland van Frans Guyana. Nadat Guyana een overzeesdepartement was geworden, bleef deze bestuursvorm bestaan tot in 1951 in de vorm van eenarrondissement met speciaal statuut, in rechte tot 1961 et feitelijk tot 1969. De beschrijvingvan deze bestuursvorm die sterk werd beïnvloed door het voor de Afrikaanse koloniënontwikkelde systeem, maakt het mogelijk het laatste stadium van het expansieproces van deFranse overheid te analyseren in het sociale en culturele gebied van de Amazone. Deze socialeintegratie was het werk van ambtenaren die ter plaatse, vanaf 1936, een aanhoudend contactbeleid uitvoerden bij de oprichting van administratieve posten in het binnenland van hetgebied en aan de grenzen. Dit ondergeschikte personeel, ambtenaren en politie, voerden eenbestuursbeleid uit van benadering en behandeling van de bevolking - indo-chinesegedeporteerden bewaard in speciale strafkampen, aan de grenzen levende stammen engoudzoekers – in een gebied dat open stond voor politieke invloed van de buurtstaten. Degeschiedenis van het Inini gebied nodigt uit de geschiedenis van Frans Guyana niet tebeperken tot die van een oude kolonie die in 1946 een overzees gebiedsdeel (D.O.M.) isgeworden. Zij nuanceert tevens de antropologische interpretatie van een te kunstmatige en tesnel uitgevoerde integratie van de woudbevolking. En ten laatste opent zij de weg naar eenvergelijkende analyse van de achterlanden van Guyana
Pindard, Marie-Françoise. "Les rythmes fondamentaux de la musique traditionnelle créole de Guyane : signes, symboles et representations d'un fait social total original." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0109/document.
Full textThe main topic of this research is the traditional music of the Creoles, in French Guiana, a product of a unique historical, sociological and cultural context, cement of the creole identity. The cultures of the first inhabitants, the Amerindians, that of the French colonists and that of the African slaves are the cement of the creole society of French Guiana, and with it, of the underlying cultures and traditions, such as the traditional music and its six main rhythms: the grajé, the léròl, the grajévals, the béliya, the kanmougwé and the kasékò. The performances, either vocal, through a repertoire of songs in creole, or instrumental, accompanied mainly by drums, show the reality of this original and social fact, attested to by writings since the eighteenth century. The researcher shows the role of the soloist tanbou koupé, the tanbou foulé supreme guide accompanying instruments, and tanbou plonbé, the metronome drum, which is taught by the Gangan (the elderly), traditional groups and music schools. Despite the European, US and Caribbean musical contributions, the traditional Creole music of French Guiana keeps its authenticity, it is renewed thanks to a young population, and it is the basis for new musical compositions
Déliou, Henri-Pierre. "Pratiques de l'enseignement des sciences expérimentales et de la technologie en cycle 3 dans un milieu multiculturel : cas de la Guyane." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H026/document.
Full textIn the particular context of French Guiana, the sciences and technology teaching in the upper sections of French primary schools is badly failing. This is usually ascribed to "lack of time, lack of equipment or resources, lack of interest for these discipline, lack of initial training, lack of disciplinary training in French teachers’ training colleges (IUFM), lack of teaching aids". We make the hypothesis that multilingualism could also be one of the main causes of this deficiency, as many teachers assert that French and Mathematics are the necessary pre-requisites for a sound approach of experimental sciences and technology. We postulate that the investigative approach advocated in the teaching of sciences and technology can be a "tool discipline" for the acquisition of oral language skills as well as of writing and reading skills. This research focuses on teaching practices. To obtain the data, a questionnaire was circulated through all the classes of cycle 3 (upper primary school) in French Guiana. The 167 answers collected made it possible to map out the present state of science and technology teaching in French Guiana. Further clarification interviews have revealed contradictory situations accounting for the inadequacies of this teaching. On the one hand, there is an overwhelming social, political, institutional and hierarchical pressure to place French and Mathematics top of the agenda, thus introducing a major obstacle to the teaching of sciences and technology. On the other hand, primary school teachers devote about 50 % of their time and skills to classroom and pupils management. Furthermore, in their formative years, young teachers do not get proper training in educational methods aimed at promoting inclusive education. Our research shows that the versatility of primary school teachers is based on a dual system that hinges on the simultaneous tasks of teaching and educating. Observing, manipulating or experimenting, as advocated by the investigative approach increase the motivation of the pupils and participate in the institution of an “child oriented active approach” enabling pupil to come to terms with the school culture and thus become susceptible to new teachings. Science teaching therefore provides a “learning tool” for the benefit of the other subjects including French and Mathematics
Simon, Stéphane. "Toxoplasmose amazonienne : biodiversité de Toxoplasma gondii chez l’homme et l’animal, conséquences pathologiques et mécanismes de virulence." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0001.
Full textDiscovered in 1908 simultaneously in North Africa and Brazil, Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite of warm-blooded vertebrates (mammals and birds). Circulating T.gondii strains in North America and Europe have been grouped into three major clonal lineages: type I (high virulence), type II (intermediate virulence) and type III (low virulence). In French Guiana, the presence of "atypical" strains of T. gondii in wild and domestic animals was prominently reported in the early 2000s. These non-type I, type II or type III strains have a very high pathogenicity, even in immunocompetent persons.10 strains were selected: 5 strains isolated from patients hospitalized at Cayenne Hospital and 5 isolated strains for wild or domestic animals. These strains were compared to 3 reference strains corresponding to the 3 clonal lines. This study included a genetic part (microsatellites, virulence genes, gene expression, DNA microarrays), a virulence part in the mouse model (determination of lethal dose, determination of a predictive virulence score) and an immunological part (cytokines assay).The presence of 'atypical' strains of T. gondii in French Guiana is well established. These strains have unique genetic characteristics outside the usually encountered clonal strains. Although some genes of atypical strains have similarities with strains with low virulence, it is found that this does not decrease their virulence. However, the host's immune response fails to eliminate the infection, which can be serious if left untreated
Deligny, Christophe. "Caractéristiques des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques aux Antilles-Guyane dans leur environnement." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0001/document.
Full textAuto-immunes and systemic diseases are priorities for researchers since 15 years. This is related to the emergence of biological therapies, associated to great efficacy. Although, these diseases are heterogeneous, depending of different parameters such as ethnicity or geography. In the African descent population, we encounter unusual or particular manifestations of these diseases. Also, the knowledge of epidemiology and population based descriptions are crucial to properly initiate works on these populations, but also to understand a particularly complex physiopathology by using differences between populations. We describe in this work the population based characteristics of pure cutaneous lupus and systemic lupus, including an epidemiology of the incidence of the lowest incidence ever found in a population of African heritage. We also describe a population based series of anti-synthetase syndrome, confirming that the presentation is totally different compared to caucasians, and allows in Martinique the incidence, never explored before. We also provide the first evaluation of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in a population of African origin, and the first incidence ever realized. We do the same evaluation of the epidemiology of Behcet’s disease in a black origin population that shows that this disease was at a similar frequency in Martinique and in Europe. Micropolyangeitis, polyarteritis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangeitis and Granulomatosis with polyangeitis were evaluated in an epidemiologic study in Martinique, with addition of some cases from other French American region for a more powerful characteristics description. These diseases seem less frequent than in Europe, associated with less severity except for micropolyangeitis. EUROLUPUS, a protocol with low dose IV cyclophosphamide and low dose steroids, used to treat proliferative nephritis of systemic lupus is shown to have the same efficacy in Martinique than in patients of European origin. Primary Sjögren syndrome, evaluated in Martinique, is very similar in expression than what is found in Europe. The decrease overtime of aseptic osteonecrosis, a steroid side effect, is a witness of better control of systemic lupus activity with less usage permitted by protocols and new immunosuppressive drugs such as mycophenolate. Systemic sclerosis is described as very close to African American in a population based study in Martinique and Guadeloupe. We finally show that the rare ENT involvement of idiopathic inflammatory myositis is frequent in our population, associated with poor outcome, and surprisingly frequently related to systemic lupus and necrotizing myositis associated to SRP antibody but not to inclusion body myositis. To conclude, we allow an amount of description of these diseases in our region, including pioneer studies. This works tends to be the basis for studies to be continued in a more fundamental way in our countries
Bodin, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation de l'impact des feux anthropiques de la période pré-colombienne sur la végétation forestière de la Réserve Naturelle des Nouragues en Guyane française par une approche anthracologique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG029.
Full textThe Amazonian forest has long been considered "virgin" from any ancient human impact. However, evidence contradicting this preconceived idea has been accumulating over the past few decades, including vast expanses of terra pretas. These are soils that are highly enriched in nutrients, very fertile and whose anthropogenic origin is now beyond doubt. They are proof that pre-Columbian societies have had a considerable impact on their environment. Many studies have focused on the central and western Amazon where terra preta areas are numerous and host very diversified vegetation. The Guiana Shield has not benefited from the same interest. However, in the Guianan forests, there are many signs of ancient human occupation, including in the vegetation. As on terra preta sites, many useful species are found in some places, in greater abundance than can be observed in the case of natural dispersion. It is in this context that this thesis, which focuses on the impact of pre-Columbian populations on the forest vegetation of the Nouragues Reserve in French Guiana, is based. This work seeks to characterize this impact through an anthracological approach - the identification of charcoal, a method rarely used in tropical ecosystems. As a result, a significant part of the thesis is devoted to methodology. As a first step, an identification key specifically adapted to the anatomical characteristics observed on charcoal and targeting Guianan species was implemented to facilitate the identification process. This key is freely downloadable online and is editable, so that new descriptions and taxa can be added. Then, different methods of charcoal sampling - soil profile sampling, auger sampling and opportunistic sampling on uprooting mounds or during digging - were compared. The results show that the first two methods allow to recover the same amount of charcoal but not the same taxonomic diversity. In most of the studied sites, sampling along a soil profile provides more diversity than augers because of the often monospecific assemblages provided by the latter. Nevertheless, almost every new auger sampling allows to recover a new taxon. Opportunistic sampling also increases the assemblage diversity. The combination of the three methods therefore makes it possible to obtain more diversified and more representative assemblages. A sampling protocol combining several pits, augers and opportunistic sampling is proposed to ensure a better representation of anthracological assemblages and to overcome this spatial heterogeneity as much as possible. Finally, the dates carried out on the charcoals collected during the thesis indicate that the Nouragues experienced two main periods of occupation ranging from 1300-1000 cal years BP to 600-400 cal years BP. Anthracological assemblages show that these occupations have induced significant vegetation changes at some sites. Indeed, in two sites, the forest has given way to very different plant formations, dominated by bambusiform poaceae or lianas. The results suggest that one of the bamboo formations may have developed after the abandonment of a semi-permanent cultivation plot, thus joining hypotheses formulated in previous historical ecological studies. The results of anthracological analyses also show the presence of useful and secondary vegetation taxa, thus reflecting the impact of ancient populations on forest environment. Finally, the selection of firewood seems to have been adapted according to the local vegetation. The type of activity that causes these vegetation changes remains to be defined and the understanding of pre-Columbian sites in French Guiana, as elsewhere in the Amazon, should be improved through the complementary contributions of other disciplines.Keywords: Amazonian dark earths – French Guiana – Anthracology – Charcoal – Pre-Columbian period – Tropical forest
Pommier, de Santi Vincent. "Etude des déterminants du paludisme chez les militaires français déployés en Guyane dans le cadre de la lutte contre l’orpaillage illégal." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0008/document.
Full textSince 2002, French armed forces are involved in operations against illegal gold mining in French Guiana. Despite a properly dimensioned prevention program against malaria conducted, a drastic increase of malaria incidence has been observed among military personnel. The first part of this thesis aimed to describe the determinants of malaria in French Guiana forest, including human, vector and parasite features. We have established the link between malaria among military personnel and illegal gold mining sites. A study conducted among gold miners’ population has shown hyperendemic malaria foci in the rain forest, mainly due to P. falciparum, and highlighted a real risk for emergence of artemisinin resistance. Entomologic investigations supported that Anopheles darlingi is the main vector for malaria in rain forest. In addition, we have demonstrated the existence of daytime biting activity by An. darlingi in the forest, which might play a key role in malaria epidemic outbreaks among military personnel. Other sylvatic vectors were identified, as An. nuneztovari and An. triannulatus, but especially An. ininii and An. marajoara. The second part of the thesis, focused on a prospective cohort study conducted among French military population, highlighted real malaria exposure using serological tools. Serological evidences of Plasmodium infection (SEI) were more frequent for P. falciparum than P. vivax, in agreement with our findings in illegal gold miners’ population. SEI incidence rates were high, around 40 per 100 person-years for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Only complete compliance to malaria chemoprophylaxis using daily 100 mg doxycycline protected against malaria infection
Da, Silva Élodie. "Interactions "sol - vers de terre" et dynamique du mercure en Guyane française." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944329.
Full textBinetruy, Florian. "Les communautés microbiennes au sein des populations de tiques : origine, diversité et structure." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG038.
Full textMicrobiome refers to the ecological communities of microorganisms hosted by a host. Microbiomes are now perceived as true accessory genomes that determine the extended phenotype of their hosts. They are, like theirs hosts, extremely diverse and structured by a wide range of biotic, abiotic and stochastic drivers. These factors vary according to the resolution scale: the structure of microbiomes will not be impacted by the same factors at an individual scale or an interspecific scale. In this fundamental context of community ecology, my thesis tried to determine what the microbiome drivers at different resolution scales are. To answer this question, we studied the microbial community sheltered by ticks in French Guiana. This model is particularly relevant for two reasons: 1/ It is recognized that ticks harbour complex microbial communities that appear to be subject to a diversity of potential drivers. 2/ There are no recent data on the diversity, biology or infectious risks associated with ticks in French Guiana. As a result, in this thesis we described tick species which were never observed in French Guiana and characterized unknown strains of potentially pathogenic bacteria, including a new borrelia related to Lyme disease and to relapsing fever ones. Then, we demonstrated the ubiquity of biases in tick microbiome studies and their impact on the interpretation of microbiome data by confusing cuticular and internal microbes. Tick microbiomes actually appear mainly structured by the identity, the presence/absence and the interactions between mutualistic intracellular bacteria of ticks, whether on an intra- or interspecific scale. Finally, we have shown that the association between ticks and their microbiome is also subject to co-evolutionary patterns, typical of intracellular symbionts of arthropods, as well as phylogeographic and bio-ecological factors depending of the tick hosts. However, the microbiome structure in ticks, is still far from being fully understood and future studies are necessary to resolve the various controversies on the biological reality of microbiomes hosted by ticks
Streit, Elisabeth Silvia. "Mycobactérium tuberculosis and non tuberculous Mycobacteria in the French Departments of the Americas and in the Caribbean : studying epidemiological aspects and transmission using molecular tools and database comparison." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0016/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at providing a better understanding of tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculousmycobacteria (NTM) in the Caribbean. TB is an ancient scourge of humanity and remains one ofthe deadliest infectious diseases today having claimed around 1.5 million lives in 2013.Understanding the epidemiology of TB is essential for optimizing regional TB control programs. Inthis context, the first part of this work provides long-term data on drug-resistance in Guadeloupe,Martinique and French Guiana as well as an insight in the genetic diversity and drug-resistance ofM. tuberculosis in twelve Caribbean territories. Encouragingly, the results show a gradual decreaseof drug-resistant TB in newly infected patients in Guadeloupe, Martinique and French Guiana. Onthe Caribbean level, distinct differences were observed from one territory to the next and thecurrent epidemiological landscape seems to reflect the historical past of the region.The second part addresses the phylogeny and evolution of M. tuberculosis using various geneticmarkers such as spoligotyping, large sequence polymorphism (LSP), single nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP), and MIRU-VNTRs. The suitability of 12-loci MIRU-VNTR profiles for use inphylogenetic studies was evaluated and it was found that this marker is not only able to resolvethe evolutionary relationships within the M. tuberculosis complex but also allows to achieve ahigher phylogenetic precision than spoligotyping. MIRU-VNTR also permits the identification ofon-going evolution in TB patients (in-patient microevolution) as well as mixed strain infections.Both phenomena were observed in our setting and the respective cases are described herein.Finally, a first insight in the diversity of NTM isolated from clinical specimen in Guadeloupe,Martinique and French Guiana is provided. The isolation frequency of some NTM species variedconsiderably between the three departments, the most striking example being the relativeabundance of M. intracellulare in Guadeloupe. However, no evidence of a privilegedenvironmental niche/infection source on this island could be found. Last but not least, the subjectof NTM identification is addressed in the form of a retrospective evaluation of hsp65-PRA basedidentification in a routine laboratory and in the form of a prospective study towards theimplementation of a MALDI-TOF MS based identification of NTM at the Pasteur Institute ofGuadeloupe
Scammacca, Ottone. "Mining risk assessment at the territory scale : development of a tool tested on the example of gold mining in French Guiana." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0281.
Full textMining can be the source and target of opportunities and threats of different natures exceeding the mine-site perimeter, affecting the socio-ecological system where mining is performed and leading to social tensions and entrepreneurial risks for mining companies. Hence, a mining project is a matter of land-planning rather than a simple industrial object. Nevertheless, current mandatory risk and impact assessment methods are often performed on one project at a time, sometimes neglecting the cumulative dimension of risks, the great variability of coexistent mining activities, and the socio-ecological vulnerability in which mining is performed. This thesis proposes an approach to develop and compare, based on the assessment of their risk, different potential scenarios for land-planning strategies in mining territories. This approach is operationalized through the development of a framework via its application on French Guiana gold mining sector. Here, gold mining involves a great variety of forms and techniques in a very sensitive socio-ecological context. Five territorial mining scenarios (TMS) involving different mine-types (e.g. legal artisanal, medium, large scale mining, illegal mining) are developed for the same amount of gold production. For each TMS, two types of risk scenarios are distinguished whether they concern the normal or accidental (e.g. dam failure) functioning of the mining project(s). Risks are assessed through a GIS-based approach that consider the socio-ecological vulnerability of the territory where the mines are located. The TMS are finally weighted, discussed and compared based on a global risk score. Despite the reliability of its results, this thesis provides an original and adaptable approach for the rapid comparison of mining strategies at the territory level, based on risk assessment. Further developments need to be achieved in order to optimize and improve the proposed approach and its application to the selected case-study (e.g. integration of the uncertainty analysis, better probabilistic models, data availability, GIS-automated tools)
Boudoux, d'Hautefeuille Madeleine. "Entre marge et interface : recompositions territoriales à la frontière franco-brésilienne (Guyane/Amapa)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0504/document.
Full textBrazil and France share a common border of over 700 km via French Guiana, a French Overseas monodepartmental region, and Amapá, State of the Federal Republic of Brazil. Socio-spatial margin at all scales despite the strong socio-economic differential it marks, the Franco-Brazilian border has become since the 1990s a political interface, support for the revival of the Franco-Brazilian international relations and of the relations between French Guiana and Amapá. The thesis raises the question of this gap, focusing on the estuarine portion of the border river of the Oyapock, around the towns of Saint-Georges (French Guiana) and Oiapoque (Brazil) ; a significant bi-national bridge is under construction between these two towns, despite their road connection as margins to the regional polarities of Cayenne and Macapá
Brasil e França compartilham uma fronteira comum com mais de 700 km através da Guiana Francesa, Região monodepartamental ultramarina francesa, e do Amapá, Estado da República Federativa do Brasil. Realidade sócio-espacial à margem a todas as escalas, apesar do forte diferencial sócio-econômico que a marca, a fronteira franco-brasileira tornou-se, desde os anos 90, uma interface política, suporte para a retomada das relações internacionais franco-brasileiras e das relações entre a Guiana Francesa e o Amapá. A tese expõe a questão deste desnível, centrando-se na porção estuarina da fronteira fluvial do Oiapoque, ao redor das pequenas cidades de Saint-Georges (Guiana Francesa) e de Oiapoque (Brasil), entre as quais uma ponte binacional de grande porte está em construção, apesar da ligação rodoviária delas como margens aos pólos regionais de Caiena e Macapá
Abascal, Zorrilla Noélia. "Dynamics of the Amazon mud bank system through spatial observation and hydro-sedimentary modeling : application to he coastal domain of French Guiana." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0002.
Full textThe coast of French Guiana is characterized by the northwestward migration of large mud banks alongshore and by high concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) resulting from the strong influence of the Amazon River outflow. Mud banks govern the regional coastal morphology. A better understanding of its extension and dynamics is crucial for the coastal ecosystems management and activities at a regional scale. Several studies have been performed over French Guiana coastal area providing descriptive information about mud-bank morphology and migration speed. However, most studies have centred on the description of intertidal areas, whereas only few have focused on the subtidal zone, the biggest part of mud banks. The overarching aim of this thesis it to adapt two different approaches, such as high resolution remote sensing data and numerical models developed based on in-situ local measurements, to gather better insights into the subtidal part morphology and the influence of external forcings on its dynamics. The latter approaches are complementary and formed an interlinked feedback system that allowed the construction of a hydro-sedimentary model regionally adapted.Optimal exploitation of the information provided by recent high spatial resolution sensors such as Landsat 8-OLI is strongly conditioned by the quality of the water reflectance signal retrieval. This implies specific methodological development. One main issue in French Guiana stands in the ability to correct marine reflectance data for sun glint contamination. Thus, an automated SWIR based method has been developed using a 4-year OLI archive gathered over the very turbid waters of French Guiana. Satisfying results based on in-situ Rrs measurements in sun glint affected areas emphasize the relevant performance of the proposed methodology. Sun glint correction allowed the recovery of the marine reflectance signal and the estimation of surface OLI SPM concentration. A method to estimate the location of mud banks footprint has been developed based on SPM recurring values. A good performance was observed when the results were compared to those obtained by locating the limit of wave damping over the fluid mud of the subtidal part of mud banks. Mud-bank migration rates in French Guiana were calculated according to the delimitation of the subtidal part, and showed slightly higher values (2.31 km/year) than suggested by earlier studies. After obtaining remote sensing data and in-situ measurements, a 2D locally adapted hydro-sedimentary model was constructed based on the information provided by the latter approaches. The model takes into account the combined action of tide, currents, river discharge, wind and waves. Besides, the model also considered hydro-sedimentary processes related to cohesive sediments. Its development has followed three different steps: i) development of the hydrodynamic model; ii) development of the hydro-sedimentary model without considering wave-mud interaction; iii) and incorporation of waves to the hydro-sedimentary model, and has been validated via in-situ measurements and remote sensing data. The influence of the external forcings has been analysed for the dry and the rainy season. Despite the assumptions of the model, it reproduces qualitatively SPM trends and patterns on the subtidal part of the mud bank and the orders of magnitude are comparable to those provided by field and remote sensing data. This PhD provides evidences of the interest of these approaches and the combination of them to obtain better results in such complicated study area. The results obtained may help to further advance the state of knowledge on mud-bank processes and its migration
Martin, Emmanuel. "La proie, l’animal personne ou l’ennemi des hommes : nommer, classer, penser et se nourrir d’animaux sur le haut-Maroni des Wayana (Guyane française)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100169/document.
Full textThis thesis is an ethnographic exploration of the general properties and fundamental truths that Indians Wayanas of French Guiana (Amazon), karib, recognize to animals, among other non-human beings, and a study of different forms of relationships between humans and non-humans, in particular the relationship of predation, when the ones kill and eat the others. First of all, this work presents the various non-human inhabitants of the Wayana world, of which the animal is one of the forms. Then, from theoretical tools and a lexical study, the thesis examines the nomenclature and classification of non-human entities from Wayana perspective. With the impasse revealed by this approach, the thesis presents the ontological properties of non-human entities to recognize an animistic conception of non-humans. This model, anthropocentric, without perspectivism, appears to focus on a real equivalence on relationships inside each boxes of beings. By studying the different positions of consanguinity and affinity in their interactions with non-humans, this work shows that in the relationship of predation with the animal, the other is primarily a potential affine. Is tied with him, an enemy to enemy relationship, working by subtraction without arbitration institution. By studying the techniques of predation, the thesis demonstrates that Wayanas implement means of predation the most effective. If Wayana are seeking for optimum performance, it is not so much to maximize the gains, but is to minimize the risks in a relationship of predation with an enemy
Parriault, Marie-Claire. "Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques vis-à-vis du VIH et des IST parmi les travailleuses du sexe en Guyane et à Oiapoque, Brésil." Thesis, Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015YANE0006/document.
Full textThe HIV epidemic in French Guiana is often described as generalized. However, some vulnerable groups appear particularly affected. Among these groups, female sex workers hold a special place because of the frequency of transactional relationships in the region. These sexual‐economic exchanges go beyond the borders since many customers from French Guiana solicit female sex workers in Oiapoque, the Brazilian border town. Despite the potential importance of sex work in the HIV epidemic, there is scarce data on the subject in the area.The main objective of this study was to address this knowledge gap and to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices among female sex workers in French Guiana and Oiapoque in order to optimize and subsequently evaluate prevention.The results of the survey conducted in French Guiana and Oiapoque in 2010 and 2011 highlighted a number of events promoting the spread of the epidemic among female sex workers, but also promoting the spread of the epidemic in the general population. Thus, condom use was not always adequate. Although it was consistent with the customers, it was much less with intimate partners, in a common multiple sexual partnerships context. The HIV screening rate was particularly low in Oiapoque as well. Beyond the individual aspect, the structural framework clearly impacted the vulnerability of female sex workers. Thus, the non‐availability of treatment in Oiapoque, the precariousness in which people live and the legislative framework of the two countries are major barriers to female sex workers’ support.Different levels of understanding are necessary to disentangle the complexity of behaviors facing the risk of transmission of HIV among female sex workers. Prevention must be considered at each level, not only at the individual level, to be effective. Furthermore, prevention must be considered more generally to provide an efficient response to the HIV epidemic by combining behavioral, biomedical and structural prevention elements
Lemaire, Jérémy. "Mercury contamination in caimans from French Guiana, bioaccumulation and physiological effects." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03716076.
Full textMercury (Hg) is a global environmental contaminant that affects ecosystems. It has the particularity to biomagnify through the food web, and to bioaccumulate especially in tissues of top predators. Mercury has been identified to have detrimental effects on human and wildlife. Top predators from tropical ecosystems are particularly affected by Hg contamination due to artisanal small scale gold mining, which uses massive amounts of Hg in the gold extraction process. Crocodilians are top predators of tropical ecosystems and have been identified to accumulate high concentrations of Hg in their tissues. They are potentially good candidates to monitor Hg contamination, as they are long-living animals with low metabolic, and high tissue conversion rates, which favours the bioaccumulation of Hg. Additionally, they have a large repartition over tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems, which make large-scale Hg evaluation possible. My doctoral work focuses on the four caiman species that are present in French Guiana (the Black caiman Melanosuchus niger, the Dwarf caiman Paleosuchus palpebrosus, the Smooth-fronted caiman Paleosuchus trigonatus and the Spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus). First, I have worked on Hg variation across different tissues obtained by minimally invasive methods, and investigated the influence of morphology and feeding ecology (by using stable isotope method) on Hg contamination in caimans. Second, I have investigated the impact of Hg contamination on physiological mechanisms, and the maternal transfer and its effects on neonates