Academic literature on the topic 'French language – Conjunctions'

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Journal articles on the topic "French language – Conjunctions"

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KANE, Hafissatou. "Doubling in Wolof-French Bilingual Speech." Journal of World Englishes and Educational Practices 3, no. 4 (2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jweep.2021.3.4.5.

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This paper presents an analysis of the phenomenon of doubling in the context of Wolof-French codeswitching where the French subordinating conjunction comme “as” and its Wolof counterpart ni, often appear in succession. More specifically, the paper analyses the different patterns underlying the structure of these two conjunctions in the mixed sentence. The first observation is that doubling occurs either in the sentence initial position or between the independent clause and subordinate one. This suggests that each double corresponds both languages’ word order in the sense that in both Wolof and French, subordinating conjunctions can occupy the initial and middle position of the sentence. The study also indicates that the Wolof conjunction ni always occurs at the beginning of the subordinate clause, otherwise, the sentence becomes ungrammatical. For this reason, we claim that the Wolof conjunction (and not the French one) combines the subordinate clause to the independent one. Also, this is why the French conjunction comme may be dropped from the mixed sentence while the omission of the Wolof ni makes it ungrammatical. Using the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model to explain the indispensability of the Wolof conjunction, it is shown that this subordinating conjunction is a bridge system morpheme. Like outsider system morphemes, earlies and bridges also come from Wolof, the matrix language in Wolof-French codeswitching.
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Citra, Dita Parasayu, and Anastasia Pudjitriherwanti. "Les conjonctions de subordinations des causes dans la langue française." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2019): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.43292.

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<p class="Keyword"><span lang="FR">The
 French conjunction is an invariable French word that serves to link words or
 propositions. This conjunction consists of seven types, that is: conjunction of
 time, conjunction of concession, conjunction of goal, conjunction of
 consequence, conjunction of cause, conjunction of condition, conjunction of
 comparison. This research speaks only of the conjunctions of the subordinations
 of the causes.  The purpose of this
 research is to know and describe the form, meaning, and use of conjunctions of
 subordinations of causes in the French language. According to Grevisse (2008),
 the form of subordinate conjunctions of causes consists of two, that is: The
 simple form and conjunctive locution. The meaning of the conjunctions of
 subordinations of the causes according to Delatour (1991) consists of two, that
 is: certainty and uncertainty. Grevisse (2008) also says that the use of
 conjunctions of subordinations of the causes differentiated by the position of
 conjunctions. The data sources used in this research consist of three parts:
 French manuals, French literary works, and also the newspaper and online
 magazines. From the search result, there are 42 data using the form of
 conjunctive locutions, 36 data using the indicative mode and have a sense of
 certainty, 33 data can be used either at the beginning of the sentence or in
 the middle of the sentence. Therefore, we can conclude that conjunctions which
 are conjunctive locutions, have a sense of certainty and can be used either at
 the beginning or in the middle of the sentence are the conjunctions most often
 found in this research.</span></p>
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Mossberg, Mari. "Les conjonctions concessives à valeur réelle." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 44, no. 2 (2009): 218–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.44.2.03mos.

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The aim of this study is to compare the function and use of French and Swedish concessive conjunctions (bien que / quoique / encore que vs. trots att / fast / fastän). The analysis is based on a translation corpus, comprising French and Swedish fiction and non-fiction texts, and their translations into Swedish and French, respectively. It is argued that the semantic variation observed in the data is the result of a general diachronic semantic change including the following steps: nonsubjective > subjective > intersubjective. This reconstructive approach makes it possible to suggest a probable evolutionary path of the French and Swedish conjunctions and to determine their degree of grammaticalisation. The study also investigates differences in the use of the concessive conjunctions in fiction and non-fiction texts.
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Piot, Mireille. "Quelques Problèmes Inédits de Constructions Avec des Conjonctions "Conséquentielles"." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 15, no. 2 (1991): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.15.2.03pio.

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We examine here several constructions that are characteristic of a subclass of French subordinating conjunctions termed "consecutive", e.g. à tel point que, tellement que, etc. In some of these constructions, the conjunction alone ( without the subordinate clause introduced by que) can be permuted to various points of the main clause, so that it is perceived as a sentence adverb. In other constructions, a special case highlights as category change in the subordinating conjunction and so in the process itself: subordination gives way to a pure coordination of sentences. This is the second phenomena of this type that we have been able to observe in our general study of subordination in French.
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Fagard, Benjamin, and Liesbeth Degand. "Cause and subjectivity, a comparative study of French and Italian." French Syntax in Contrast 33, no. 2 (2010): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.33.2.03fag.

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In this paper, we propose a contrastive corpus study of French car and parce que and Italian ché and perché, meaning “because”. Our goal is to assess the importance of subjectivity in grammaticalization in general, and in the renewal of causal conjunctions in particular. The evolution of these two pairs of conjunctions is quite similar: on the one hand, the most grammaticalized items of each pair, car and ché, are also the most intersubjective; they tend not to change meaning and to fall into disuse. On the other, the less grammaticalized items, parce que and perché, are also the less intersubjective, but gradually change meaning, possibly acquiring (more) intersubjective uses, and seem to have become the default causal conjunctions in Modern French and Italian — more clearly so in the spoken than in the formal, written varieties. There thus seems to be a link between the degree of grammaticalization and that of (inter)subjectification.
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Piot, Mireille. "Conjonctions de subordination et adverbes conjonctifs « focalisateurs »." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 26, no. 2 (2004): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.26.2.10pio.

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SummaryIn this paper, we present a unified hypothesis about «focusing» conjunctional adverbs and subordinating conjunctions in French. A similar hypothesis is to be taken to hold at all romance languages as we argue after Piot (2003) mentioned above. At first, differences are to be observed between this case (with “focus”) and another case in which the same conjunctional items are purely conjunctions (coordinating or subordinating, but without “focus”). Then, we point out which are the common semantic and syntactic properties of the global “focus” operation related to all these items (parallelism between sentences and nominal phrases correlated by these conjunctional items, inclusion or union semantic relations between nominal phrases in some respects ensembles theory relations alike: the addition of syntactic-semantic specific items shares this inclusion or union relation). In particular, this study highlights, as a result, the role of the subject nature of the conjoined first sentence and the syntactic-semantic nature of the verb-phrase in the second sentence. Another study (to appear) will present the results about distinctions in this operation according to the particular significance of each different item.
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Joulin, Jacqueline. "Sur Les Contraintes D'emploi de Soit...Soit Alternatif." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 13, no. 2 (1989): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.13.2.04jou.

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We present a semantic analysis of the French alternative conjunction soit ... soit (either ... or). Study of its selectional restrictions reveals some interesting semantic features which are either shared by the other alternating conjunctions {e.g. ou) or specific to it. For the first set of features, we focus on selectional restrictions related to synonymous terms which determine either simultaneity or a superordinate relation; for the second, we analyze selectional retrictions related to the restrictive terms, the interrogative mood and the metalinguistic use of soit... soit.
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Debaisieux, Jeanne-Marie. "Toward a global approach to discourse uses of conjunctions in spoken French." Language Sciences 58 (November 2016): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2016.04.001.

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Piot, Mireille. "Les Connecteurs du Français." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 17, no. 1 (1993): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.17.1.06pio.

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We explore in this article the syntactic criteria used to classify most French connectors. We have defined three main classes: - the first main class contains subordinating conjunctions (Conjs) subdivided into eight subclasses corresponding to various syntactic-semantic properties; - the second main class contains coordinating conjunctions (Conjco); - the third main class contains coordinating adverbs (Advconj); several syntactic criteria have been used to divide this class into two major subclasses. The use of formal criteria has allowed us to classify connectors on a more precise basis; one consequence is that some connectors are not classified in their traditional classes. Our study has brought to light interesting linguistic phenomena such as new relations between several subordinating and coordinating conjunctions.
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Piot, Mireille. "Les conjonctions doubles." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 23, no. 1 (2000): 45–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.23.1.03pio.

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We present a syntactic analysis of the French “double conjunctions” class, which contains ninety one items: some of them are subordinating items, and in majority coordinating items. We analyse their specific syntactic properties by means of the “parallelism constraints” (see Z. S. Harris (1968)), related to the specific nature and order of these items and their sentences. Study of restrictions in their positions and combinations reveals complete independancy between “double conjunctions” and some homonymous “simple” ones, excluding any analyse of the last ones from the first ones.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "French language – Conjunctions"

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Bracops, Martine. "Le système de CAR: étude grammaticale, sémantique et pragmatique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212501.

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Dhiabi, Tijani. "Polysémie et polyfonctionnalité du mot "si" : propriétés syntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques en français préclassique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR2001/document.

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S’inscrivant dans le cadre des recherches portant sur les changements linguistiques, cette thèse a une double visée : d’une part, élaborer une description de tous les emplois du mot si en français préclassique et, d’autre part, signaler les formes en usages à l’époque préclassique qui ont disparu au bénéfice de nouvelles formes devenues en usage en français moderne. La première partie constitue un état des connaissances sur le terme si depuis les remarqueurs de la langue préclassique jusqu’aux recherches contemporaines. Les deuxième et troisième parties sont consacrées à l’étude des emplois adverbiaux et conjonctionnels du mot si tel qu’ils se manifestaient dans la langue préclassique. Cette étude, s’appuyant sur des exemples empruntés à des œuvres littéraires du début, du milieu et de la fin de la période allant de 1550 jusqu’à 1650, se situe dans la lignée des théoriciens des approches de l’analyse du discours dont les postulats permettent de rendre compte des différents types d’analyse syntaxiques, sémantiques, énonciatives et pragmatiques. Ainsi, le si préclassique, s’il partage des propriétés communes avec ses emplois modernes, s’en singularise toutefois sur quelques points dans la mesure où aucun emploi de la langue préclassique ne correspond parfaitement à son vis-à-vis de la langue actuelle. Malgré cette divergence, les emplois préclassiques du mot si tendent à s’écarter de ses usages de l’époque médiévale et à se rapprocher progressivement du système de la langue d’aujourd’hui<br>This thesis is a part of researches that deals with linguistic change has two main objectives. Firstly, to elaborate a full description of all the usages of the French word “si” (if) in pre-classical French. Secondly, to indicate the forms its uses in the pre-classical era, which is no longer used where they give way to other forms and other usages in French modern language. The first part deals with the history of the term “si” (if), dating from the pre-classic era to our contemporary age, however the second and the third examines the adverbial and conjunctional uses of this word as it appears in the pre-classical language. This study, which relies on examples taken from old literary works written during the beginning, the middle and the end of this era from 1550 to 1650, is on line with the theorists of Discourse analysis approaches whose postulates make it possible to account for the different types of syntactic, semantic, enunciative and pragmatic analysis. Then, the pre-classic “si” (if), if he shares common properties with its modern usage, there it is worth noting that no use of the pre-classical language corresponds perfectly to its current language. Furthermore, the modern “si” (if) is closer in its usage to modern than the medieval one. Despite this divergence, the pre-classical uses of the word “si” (if) tend to deviate from its uses of the medieval period and move progressively towards the system of the language of today
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Gourlet, François. ""Quand P" comme adverbial de localisation temporelle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040110.

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Nous nous demandons dans ce travail de quelle manière "quand" modifie l'interprétation qui serait faite d'une séquence de propositions P. Q ou Q. P lorsqu'il préfixe P. Après avoir souligné les problèmes que cette question soulevé dans plusieurs études fondatrices en sémantique temporelle, nous apportons des arguments pour défendre la théorie, admise par plusieurs auteurs, selon laquelle "quand P" est un adverbial de localisation temporelle. Nous montrons que les propriétés discursives de P, souvent traitée dans la littérature comme une proposition présupposée, s'expliquent par cette seule contrainte : "quand" impose de traiter cette proposition comme la description d'un repère temporel utilisé dans l'interprétation de Q. Nous montrons en outre que la théorie selon laquelle "quand P" désigne un repère temporel permet de rendre compte des contraintes qui pèsent sur les relations chronologiques pouvant s'établir entre les événements eP et eQ des deux propositions. En particulier, nous avançons que l'inférence d'une relation de succession immédiate entre eP et eQ reflète l'une des relations qui peuvent s'établir entre le référent d'un adverbial de localisation et l'événement qu'il localise : le référent de l'adverbial sert de borne initiale à l'intervalle d'occurrence de l'événement. Enfin, nous étudions la manière dont la description d'éventualité et le marqueur temporel accueillis par P contribuent à la sémantique de l'adverbial "quand P". Nous précisons les propriétés quantificationnelles et temporelles conférées au référent de "quand P" par les différents temps du français et expliquons par ces propriétés les contraintes de cooccurrence qui pèsent sur l'emploi des temps dans P et Q<br>In this work, we adress the following question: how does "quand" change the interpretation that may be made of a sequence of clauses P. Q or Q. P when it prefixes P? After highlighting the problems that this matter raises in several pioneering studies in temporal semantics, we provide arguments to defend the theory E accepted by several authors E that quand P is a temporal locating adverbial. We show that the discourse properties of P, which is often treated in the literature as a presupposed proposition, is explained by the following single constraint: "quand" demands to treat this clause as the description of a time mark to be used in the interpretation of Q. We further show that the theory that "quand P" designates a time mark accounts for the constraints on the temporal relations that can be established between eP and eQ, the events of both clauses. In particular, we argue that the inference that eQ immediately follows eP reflects one of the relations that can be established between the referent of a temporal locating adverbial and the event it locates: the referent of the adverbial provides an initial bound to the interval of occurrence of the event. Finally, we study how the event description and the tense of P contribute to the semantics of the adverbial "quand P". We specify the quantificational and temporal properties imparted to the referent of quand P by the different tenses of French and explain these properties by co-occurrence constraints that impact the use of tenses in P and Q
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Štěpánová, Veronika. "Přípustkové konektory pourtant, cependant, toutefois, néanmoins, quand même, tout de même ve francouzštině." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404572.

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Key words: connective, concession, concessive adverb, concessive connective, compétition Abstract: The diploma thesis "Les connecteurs concessifs pourtant, cependant, toutefois, néanmoins, quand même, tout de même" consists of three parts. The goal of the first part was to explain the notion of "concessive connective" (connecteur concessif) in a synchronic perspective. This first part consists on one hand in an attempt to explain the concessive relation (concession), on the other in a definition of the category of concessive connectives used in temporary French. The second part of this diploma thesis is dedicated to a diachronic and quantity-based study of the examined quasi-synonyms for the purpose of clarification of their frequency and competition regarding their usage down to the present day. In addition to these two parts, we reflect in the third part on the current use of concessive connectives, i.e. their use in contemporary written, spoken and pseudo-spoken language (on the Internet).
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Books on the topic "French language – Conjunctions"

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Schlamberger-Brezar, Mojca. Povezovalci v francoščini: Od teoretičnih izhodišč do analize v diskurzu. Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, Oddelek za pravjalstvo, 2009.

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Morsby, Henriette. Adversative og koncessive relationer: En analyse af seks franske konjunktioner. Romansk institut, Københavns universitet, 1985.

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Bertin, Annie. L' expression de la cause en ancien français. Droz, 1997.

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Badiou-Monferran, Claire. Les conjonctions de coordination, ou, " L'art de lier ses pensées" chez La Bruyère. H. Champion, 2000.

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Lavaud, Marie-Pierre. Le connecteur "or" et ses équivalents espagnols: Pragmatique, logique naturelle et argumentation. University Press of the South, 1997.

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editor, Weidenbusch Waltraud, ed. Diskursmarker, Konnektoren, Modalwörter: Marqueurs de discours, connecteurs, adverbes modaux et particules modales. narr Verlag, 2014.

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Kordić, Snježana. Relativna rečenica. Hrvatsko filološko društvo, 1995.

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Kordić, Snježana. Der Relativsatz im Serbokroatischen. Lincom Europa, 1999.

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Wörter im Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen. Lincom Europa, 2001.

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Kordić, Snježana. Riječi na granici punoznačnosti. Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "French language – Conjunctions"

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Poletto, Cecilia, and Jean-Yves Pollock. "Remnant movement and smuggling in some romance interrogative clauses." In Smuggling in Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509869.003.0010.

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This chapter analyzes the syntax of interrogative clauses in French and in some Northern Italian dialects (NIDs), including so-called “wh-in-situ” configurations. It shows that their intricate properties can be derived from standard computations (“wh-movement” and remnant movement of vP/IP to a Top/ground slot) to either the vP Left periphery (“LLP”) or the CP domain (“HLP”). If so, it becomes necessary to raise the question of why some languages make use of the LLP or the HLP, or indeed both, like French, as argued in sections 2–7. In significant cases the morphological properties of the various Wh-words and the surface forms of the sentences provide all the clues required by the language learner and the linguist. In French, movement of interrogative pronouns to the HLP is actually movement to a free relative layer. This is an automatic consequence of the fact that, as in Germanic, most French and Romance wh-items are morphologically both (free) relative and interrogative pronouns. This will explain the distribution of French Quoi (what)—only an interrogative pronoun—and similar items in a number of NIDs (Che in Bellunese and Illasi, Què in Borgomanerese and Monese). In the same vein, sections 9–11 show that the fact that French Que is both an interrogative and relative element, in addition to being a clitic qua interrogative, will account for its properties in conjunction with a “smuggling” analysis of Subject Clitic Inversion (SCLI). Sections 14–16 show that many NIDs make use of both the LLP and the HLP and that smuggling is involved in deriving the form and interpretation of interrogative clauses in Bellunese, Illasi, and Monese. In addition to renewed empirical arguments in favor of remnant movement and smuggling, sections 2–7 argue that embedded interrogative infinitives in (at least) French are vPs and only have a (sometimes truncated) LLP. In addition to the fruitfulness of the “smuggling” idea for Romance, the main theoretical result of this chapter is that the interrogative syntax of the languages and dialects studied here supports the idea that “relative constructions” or “interrogative constructions” are not primitives of the language faculty, since in significant cases the derivation of questions activates both the interrogative side of the LLP and the (free) relative side of the HLP.
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Conference papers on the topic "French language – Conjunctions"

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Martin, Philippe. "Automatic detection of accent phrases in French." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0030/000445.

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In lexically-stressed languages such as English or Greek, accent phrases usually include one lexical word (noun, verb, adverb or adjective), together with some syntactically bound grammatical words (conjunction, pronoun or preposition). In non-lexically languages such as French or Korean, accent phrases are delimited by a final syllabic stress and may contain more than one lexical word, depending on the speech rate and limited to a 250 ms to 1250-1350 ms duration range. As perception of syllabic stress is strongly influenced by the listeners current own speech rate making perception agreement between annotators elusive, an interactive software program has been implemented imbedding constrains external to acoustic data to better investigate the actual distribution of stressed syllables in oral recordings of French.
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