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Guay, Thérèse. "L'adaptation orthographique des anglicismes lexématiques au Québec, perspective historique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ49098.pdf.
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Ugen, Sonja. "Acquisition of reading and spelling skills of German-French biliterate children in Luxembourg." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210480.
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The general aim of this longitudinal study was to look at literacy acquisition of multilingual good and poor spellers (hereafter GS and PS) in German and French with a special emphasis on spelling. For this purpose GS and PS were selected in grade 2 in German and followed up to grade 4. The focus was on this period as in Luxembourg literacy is acquired through German from the first grade and written French from grade 3 on. The interval between grades 2 and 4 thus represents a critical period for written second language acquisition. The native language of the children, Germanic (e.g. Luxembourgish) or Romanophone (e.g. Portuguese), adds another linguistic characteristic. Research focused at the development of biliteracy but some multilingual aspects were analyzed.Abstract The first two studies differentiate between top-level processes related to semantics (e.g. vocabulary) and bottom level processes implied in literacy (e.g. spelling). The first two studies established that the native language has an impact on reading comprehension as Germanic speaking children have an advantage on German tasks and Romanophone children an advantage on French tasks. By contrast, performances on bottom-level processes such as spelling and reading are not influenced by the native language. Structural equation models revealed that German top-level processes did not influence French top-level processes. Concerning bottom-level processes however, there was an influence from one academic year on the following as well as from German on French.
Abstract The last three studies focused on differences between biliterate GS and PS in German and in French. The third study examined the reading and spelling strategies (e.g. the application of orthographic rules) that both groups of children acquired in German and in French. Although GS outperformed PS, their overall reading and spelling performance patterns were different in German than in French. GS applied orthographic rules more systematically than PS in German. In French, both groups were strongly affected by frequency effects. The word frequency effect appeared clearly in French, showing that after one year of instruction children strongly rely on the orthographic lexicon for spelling and do not apply orthographic rules systematically. Study 4 establishes the link between the recognition and production of orthographic features. PS's performance is similar to GS's on orthographic judgments and for spelling they produce the same type of errors, showing GS and PS are sensitive to the underlying regularities of the orthography. However, PS produced more errors overall compared to GS. It seems that GS passed the level of automatic use of the most prominent response, whereas PS use the dominant responses as default spelling. In the last study, the emphasis was on GS and PS in French after two years of instruction in grade 4. GS and PS were re-classified to new groups according to their spelling performance in French. GS in French used more French specific phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences in a nonword dictation than PS. PS in French used more German phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences in the French and German nonword dictation. It seems that PS in French rely more on the phoneme-grapheme correspondences of the first acquired and thus dominant language (German). In the general discussion, the previously presented results are summarized and a theoretical model of bilingual spelling is proposed.
Doctorat en sciences psychologiques
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Li, Yilun. "L’apprentissage de l’orthographe chez les apprenants chinois du français L2 : une analyse portant sur un corpus écrit." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA071/document.
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Dans l’apprentissage du français écrit, la norme orthographique représente un lieu de difficulté majeure. Confronté à des complexités multiples, tout scripteur aura un long trajet à parcourir avant d’arriver à la maîtrise complète des traitements orthographiques, et ceci est sans doute d’autant plus vrai lorsqu’il s’agit de s’approprier le système orthographique du français dans une langue étrangère. Cette étude vise donc à analyser la réalisation orthographique, chez les apprenants chinois du français L2. Pour ce faire, nous examinons les données issues d’une tâche écrite semi-spontanée, en nous attachant plus particulièrement au profil développemental des apprenants chinois, et leur tendances interlangagières face aux problèmes de l’orthographe lexicale, de l’accord en nombre et genre et de la morphologie verbale. En outre, une analyse des erreurs commises par les apprenants, ainsi que les explications possibles pour interpréter ces erreurs sont également présentées, en faisant référence aux caractéristiques spécifiques de l’apprentissage de la langue étrangèreIn the area of written French, the orthographic learning represents a major difficulty. Faced with multiple complexities, any writer will have a long way to go before arriving at the complete control of spelling, and this is probably more true when it comes to appropriating this French system in a foreign language which is typologically distinct from the French language. This study aims to analyze the orthographic realization in French L2, for Chinese learners. To do this, we examine data from a semi-spontaneous writing task, focusing in particular on the developmental profile of learners, and their interlanguage tendencies in relation to the problems of lexical orthography, number/gender agreement, and verbal morphology. In addition, an errors analysis as well as possible explanations for interpreting these errors are also presented, with reference to the specific characteristics of L2 learning
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Blondel, Carole. "Description linguistique et évaluation des capacités orthographiques d'adultes en difficulté avec l'écrit." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02632800.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux compétences orthographiques de scripteurs âgés de 16 à 65 ans et résidant en France métropolitaine, qui ont été considérés en difficulté dans le domaine de l’écrit dans l’enquête Information Vie Quotidienne (IVQ) (INSEE, 2011). Le matériau de notre recherche se compose de deux dictées qui reflètent une situation de scription ordinaire (la rédaction d’une liste de courses), qui comportent des mots, des pseudo-mots et des syntagmes nominaux et verbaux. Elles sont issues d’une première enquête d’IVQ et d’une enquête complémentaire que nous avons conduite en 2014. Notre approche s’inscrit dans le cadre de la littératie et vise à mettre en évidence non pas seulement les lacunes de ces publics mais également leurs savoirs et savoir-faire. Notre hypothèse est que l’on peut envisager les compétences orthographiques de scripteurs même en grande difficulté autrement que sous l’angle d’une opposition entre forme correcte et forme erronée, et qu’une analyse plus fine est possible en mobilisant les apports de la linguistique. Nous montrons en particulier comment les scripteurs s’approprient la composante phonographique de l’orthographe : bien que certains soient jugés « illettrés » selon l’enquête IVQ, ils ont développé des connaissances sur le système orthographique du français, à la fois dans ses régularités et ses spécificités. Notre recherche se veut ainsi un préalable servant à mieux outiller les actions de formation par la prise en compte des difficultés des scripteurs de manière plus ciblée et par la mise en place de diagnostics qui peuvent prendre la forme d’une évaluation de type dictée, mais en travaillant sur le choix des items en regard des résultats de notre étude sur les niveaux de compétence à l’écrit des scripteurs en difficultéIn this thesis, we are interested in the spelling abilities of writers aged 16 to 65 living in metropolitan France, who were considered to be in difficulty with writing according to the IVQ survey (INSEE, 2011). The material of our research consists of two dictations that reflect a situation of ordinary scription (the writing of a shopping list), which include words, pseudo-words and noun and verbal phrases. They come from a first IVQ survey and a complementary survey that we conducted in 2014. Our approach is part of the literacy framework and aims to highlight not only the weaknesses of these audiences but also their knowledge and know-how. Our hypothesis is that the spelling abilities of writers even in great difficulty, may be considered from a point of view that differs from the opposition between right and wrong forms, and that a more refined analysis is possible by mobilizing the contributions of linguistics. We show in particular how writers appropriate the phonographic component of spelling: although some are considered "illiterate" according to the IVQ survey, they have developed knowledge about the French spelling system, both in its regularities and its specificities. Our research thus provides a helpful tool for training by taking into account the difficulties of writers in a more targeted way, and by setting up diagnostics that can take the form of a dictated evaluation type, but by working on the choice of items against the results of our study on the writing proficiency levels of writers in difficulty
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Dal, Bo Béatrice. "Aux frontières de la norme : usages linguistiques de scripteurs peu lettrés dans des correspondances de la Grande Guerre." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.biu-montpellier.fr/florabium/jsp/nnt.jsp?nnt=2019MON30026.
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Ce travail de recherche vise à étudier les usages linguistiques non standard de certains scripteurs peu lettrées pendant la Grande Guerre, à partir de leurs correspondances privéesThis work focuses on the non-standard linguistic usages of less-literate writers during the First World War, based on their private correspondence
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Stacy, Catherine Ann. "Applying mixed-effects receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to diagnostic evaluations of human learning." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035981.
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Bahsoun, Hayfa. "L’impact des nouvelles technologies de communication écrite sur la production d’écrits des collégiens et lycéens francophones." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL104.
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Technologies de communication écrite et langage numérique sont les clés qui ont ouvert l’espace à une réflexion portant sur l’impact de ces technologies et de ce type de langage sur les écrits des collégiens et lycéens francophones. L’âge de ces jeunes qui correspond à la période de l’adolescence et à sa transformation physiologique, ainsi que l’émergence d’une évolution technologique et l’envahissement des supports numériques (notamment “le smartphone”) ont joué un rôle dans la modification, au moins partielle, de la langue française notamment dans le domaine des écrits scolaires. L’acte d’écrire n’est plus considéré comme réglementé, au contraire, il est devenu oralisé, déréglé, regroupant le son et la graphie, répondant aux désirs rédactionnels des adolescents. Mais certaines variations dans ce nouvel acte d’écriture numérique ne sont pas créées à partir d’un vide, elles reviennent à des formes d’écrit autrefois utilisées dans les écrits traditionnels, ce qui constitue l’un des points importants du sujet de notre recherche. L’impact de l’utilisation des outils numériques sur la qualité de la langue, surtout de l’orthographe, est souvent considéré par le grand public comme néfaste. D’une manière générale, notre objet est défini à travers les études réalisées autour de ce sujet qui n’ont pas affirmé la négativité absolue du nouveau langage numérique sur les productions d’écrits des élèves, c’est pourquoi certaines suggestions sont indiquées pour un meilleur apprentissage de la langueWritten communication technologies and digital language are the keys that have opened the space for reflection on the impact of such technologies and type of language on the writings of francophone college and high school students. The age of these young people, which corresponds to the period of adolescence and its physiological transformation, as well as the emergence of technological evolution and the invasion of digital media (notably "the smartphone") played a role in the modification, at least partially, of the French language, particularly in the field of school writing. The act of writing is no longer considered as regulated, on the contrary, it has become oral-oriented, without rules, grouping together sound and writing and responding to the editorial desires of adolescents. On the other hand, certain variations in this new act of digital writing are not created from vacuum, they trace back to forms of writing formerly used in traditional writings, which constitutes one of the important points of the subject of our research. The impact of the use of digital tools on the quality of language, especially spelling, is often considered by the general public as harmful. In general, our object is defined through the studies carried out around this subject which did not affirm the absolute negativity of the new numerical language on the productions of writings of the students, which is why certain suggestions are indicated for better learning of language
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Nugent, Mary E. "An alternative approach to spelling instruction." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/375.
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Jones, Angela C. "Why do we mipsell the middle of words? Exploring the role of orthographic texture in the serial position effect." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1246891489.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 26, 2010). Advisor: Jocelyn R. Folk. Keywords: spelling; orthography; serial position. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-60)
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DAL, BO BEATRICE MARIA DENISE. "Aux frontières de la norme : usages linguistiques de scripteurs peu lettrés dans des correspondances de la Grande Guerre." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/984801.
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The present study aims to investigate a set of non-standard linguistic usages, observed in a corpus of letters written by less-literate writers during the Great War. Its objective is to identify trends and general principles that can shed light on their functioning. The corpus under study consists of texts of private correspondence between the soldiers and their relatives during the Great War, collected as part of the Corpus 14 Project (Steuckardt, dir.). The processing of these archival documents (diplomatic transcription, digital edition in TEI-XML, semantic annotation of named entities) has allowed their publication in open access, ensuring their sustainability, as well as the tool-based exploitation of the data. The linguistic analyses carried out on this corpus take into consideration two dimensions typical of the non-standard usages of less literate writers. Regarding the phenomena related to the use of the written medium, the study has focused on the process of under-segmentation, with an emphasis on the binding of pronominal forms to other morphemes; as for the usages which are specific to a variety of immediate communication, the several uses of the morpheme que (as a pronoun, a conjunction or an adverb) have been investigated. The first case study showed that under-segmentation materializes in forms either fabricated by the writers or attested but not expected in those specific contexts. This process is influenced by two main tendencies linked to the syntactic functions of the pronouns involved in the under-segmentations and to the existence of homophonous-heterographic words. The second case study revealed that the so-called working-class or colloquial uses of the morpheme que are actually quite infrequent. It suggested several explanations to account for them: their existence in older states of the language, the more advanced lexicalization of que with a restrictive meaning, the analogy with similar standard constructions, the expansion on the discursive plane of a syntactic dependency, and the use in writing of common spoken constructions. This study shows that the non-standard linguistic forms observed in the corpus are not random but rely on regular patterns. It emphasizes the need to take into account the usages at the edges of the norm for a comprehensive description of linguistic production.Le présent travail a pour objectif d’étudier certains usages linguistiques non standard, observés dans un corpus d’écrits de scripteurs peu lettrés de la Grande Guerre, afin de tenter de dégager les tendances et les principes généraux qui éclairent leur fonctionnement. Le corpus analysé est constitué de correspondances privées échangées entre le front et l’arrière pendant la Grande Guerre, recueillies dans le cadre du projet Corpus 14 (Steuckardt, dir.). Le traitement de ces documents d’archives (transcription diplomatique, édition numérique en TEI-XML, annotation sémantique des entités nommées) a abouti à leur publication en libre accès et permet leur pérennisation, ainsi que l’exploitation outillée des données. Les analyses linguistiques menées sur ce corpus prennent en considération deux dimensions typiques des usages non standard des scripteurs peu lettrés. D’une part, pour ce qui relève des usages liés à l’utilisation du médium écrit, nous avons étudié le phénomène de la soudure en nous focalisant sur les formes pronominales ; d’autre part, pour ce qui concerne les emplois propres à une variété de l’immédiat communicatif, nous avons interrogé les usages du morphème que (pronom, conjonction et adverbe). La première étude de cas a montré que les soudures se matérialisent sous des formes fabriquées par les scripteurs ou des formes attestées, mais différentes de la forme graphique attendue dans ce contexte. Ce processus est influencé par deux tendances principales liées à la fonction syntaxique des pronoms impliqués et à l’existence de formes homophones-hétérographes. La deuxième étude a révélé que les usages dits populaires ou familiers du morphème que sont en réalité d’une fréquence très faible et a dégagé plusieurs explications de leur fonctionnement : l’existence de ces emplois dans des états plus anciens de la langue, la lexicalisation plus avancée de que avec un sens exceptif, le rapprochement analogique avec des structures normées équivalentes, l’élargissement sur le plan discursif de la dépendance syntaxique établie par ce morphème, l’emploi de constructions courantes à l’oral. Ce travail a ainsi permis de montrer que les usages non standard observés dans ce corpus ne sont pas aléatoires, mais correspondent à des phénomènes linguistiques réguliers. Il met en évidence la nécessité de prendre en compte ces attestations aux frontières de la norme pour une description complète du fonctionnement linguistique.
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Strange, Mandy Lea. "The most effective way to teach spelling." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2825.
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The research in this project shows that spelling needs to be taught through patterns, rhymes and the use of analogies. Weekly spelling tests are effective to assess spelling patterns, instead of useing a pre-determined collection of random words. Additionally, spelling needs to be taught within writing, not as a completely separate subject.
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Akif, Zohra. "Analyse des performances en langue écrite d'élèves issus de l'immigration en Région de Bruxelles Capitale: études longitudinales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210635.
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L’objectif de la présente étude est de cerner les difficultés rencontrées en lecture et en orthographe par les enfants issus de l’immigration de 2ème et 3ème génération qui on été comparés à leurs pairs autochtones inscrits dans les même classes. L’échantillon comprend 357 élèves scolarisés dans des écoles communales en discrimination positive de la région de Bruxelles Capitale. Un suivi longitudinal de la 3ème à la 5ème année primaire a également été mené. Les résultats nous ont permis d’évaluer les performances en langue orale et en langue écrite de ces élèves, et de mettre en évidence d’une part les mécanismes de lecture et d’écriture et d’autre part les facteurs susceptibles d’expliquer les retards sur le plan psycholinguistique. Deux programmes d’entraînements, au niveau phonologique et syntaxique ont été élaborés en vue de mesurer leur effet sur les différences de compétences. / The objective of this study is to determine the difficulties encountered in reading and spelling by children from emigrant families (2nd and 3rd generation) compared with their pars autochthons registered in the same classes. The sample includes 357 pupils in positive discrimination elementary schools from the area of Brussels City. A longitudinal follow-up from 3rd to 5th primary grade was also carried out. The results enabled us to evaluate the performances in spoken and written language of these pupils and to highlight the mechanisms of reading and writing and the factors which explain psycholinguistics delays. Two training programs, one phonologic, the other syntactic were elaborate in order to measure their effect on the differential of skills.Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
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MacDougall, Lisa Kathryn Denham. "Building spelling concepts through word study." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1518.
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James, Casie Dawn. "Strategic spelling instruction." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2993.
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The study proposes an alternative way for elementary school educators to instruct students in spelling. It suggests that spelling instruction should allow ample time for students to manipulate letters and patterns in their spelling words and provide time for writing. It also offers a two-week lesson plan of spelling instruction backed by research. The study was conducted using a mixed design with a predominantly Hispanic 6th grade class at a Title I school, with 60% of the students classified as English Language Learners. The study design consisted of observations of the students manipulating the spelling words, anecdotal notes taken while observing the students, and the collection of writing samples across time. Data was collected by four formal language arts tests and bimonthly spelling assessments.
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Mpiti, Thandiswa. "Nature of spelling errors of grade three isiXhosa background learners in English first additional language." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/472.
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A central concern of education internationally and in South Africa is to develop children's literacy skill. However a literacy crisis exists in spite of efforts to counter this. Some researchers have explored the issue of literacy focusing on second language learners‟ spelling in English as Additional Language. There is, however, insufficient literature that looks into spelling experiences of isiXhosa background learners in English First Additional Language. Hence this study investigated the nature of spelling errors of Grade three isiXhosa background learners in English First Additional Language. In understanding the nature of spelling errors of Grade three isiXhosa background learners, the features of words that learners find difficult to spell and the features of words that learners find easy to spell were investigated. Moreover, learners' barriers in acquiring spelling skills in English First Additional Language and teacher practices for teaching spelling were examined. In exploring these issues the study adopted a qualitative approach in order to ensure reliability and validity of the study. The data gathering process was in the form of semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and document analysis. One isiXhosa medium primary school in a Black Township in Buffalo City Municipality in the East London District was purposively selected to form the context of the study. In this school English is taught as a subject in grade three. Participants were eight grade three learners and one Grade three class teacher who teaches these learners. The findings of the study revealed that learners with an isiXhosa background seemed to be struggling with understanding basic English words and terms. This is exacerbated by the fact that the learners seemed to struggle to understand the rules of the English language. The words that learners find difficulties in to spell in English Second Language were diagraphs. Barriers to spelling were influenced, among other issues, by learners' pronunciation and their heavy reliance on their mother tongue.
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Chow, Ka Po Winnie. "The learning of spelling among Hong Kong secondary students." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/491.
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Peck, Greg L. "The effects of cooperative learning on the spelling achievement of intermediate elementary students." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/776723.
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This study compared differences in spelling achievement among groups of students who were high, average, and low achievers. The study attempted to determine, over 7 weeks, any treatment effects resulting from students being cooperatively grouped for spelling instruction. A student's level of achievement and type of grouping for spelling instruction were variables contrasted between intact treatment and control classes of students.This study used six intact classes of intermediate grade elementary children. Three classes were grouped cooperatively for spelling instruction and three classes were not grouped cooperatively for spelling instruction. The study included the scores of 135 students, 68 in the control group and 67 in the treatment group. Normal curve equivalent scores from an existing standardized achievement test were used to classify students as high, average, or low achievers.A student's level of achievement was an attribute variable that yielded proportional cell sizes in order to conduct an analysis of variance. The dependent variable was the total number of words that each student spelled correctly on seven weekly spelling tests. A t-test was used to examine the NCE scores of the treatment and control groups to verify that no significant differences existed between the groups prior to the study.Teachers were trained in a series of four sessions to implement cooperative learning using Student Teams Achievement Divisions. The sessions provided activities designed to encourage the development of collaborative skills prior to initiating treatment. A bonus point system was used to reinforce the collaborative skills.The analysis of variance tested four null hypotheses at the .05 level of confidence. None of the null hypotheses were rejected. The following results were suggested:1. Intermediate children achieve equally well regardless of how they are grouped for spelling instruction.2. High, average, and low achieving students achieve equally well regardless of how they are grouped for spelling instruction.3. Low achieving students achieve significantly different from high and average achieving students.The findings of the study suggest that cooperative grouping for spelling instruction is as effective as spelling instruction without cooperative grouping regardless of student level of achievement.Department of Elementary Education
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郭慧玲 and Wai-ling Polly Kwok. "Saussure's notion of the arbitrary nature of the sign, with special reference to orthography." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951673.
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Lenz, Gabriele. "Spelling instruction for beginning writers in whole language classrooms." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/990.
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Teachers of beginning writers, who believe in a whole language philosophy for teaching language arts, are faced with the challenge of integrating spelling instruction into their writing programs. Traditional approaches that involve word lists and weekly spelling tests are not in accordance with whole language beliefs.
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Julbe-Delgado, Diana. "Spanish Spelling Errors of Emerging Bilingual Writers in Middle School." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1673.
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In spite of the significant growth in the Spanish-English bilingual population, there has not been sufficient research on cross-language effects, or how language transfer may affect important components of literacy, such as spelling. Many studies have focused on the influence of Spanish on the acquisition of English spelling skills; however, few studies have focused on how the acquisition of English influences Spanish spelling. The purpose of this investigation was to study the spelling errors of bilingual adolescents as they learn English.
A total of 20 bilingual Spanish-English students in grades 6 through 8 (ages 11 to 14 years) were selected from a larger mixed methods study (Danzak, 2009) not concerned with spelling. These students were enrolled in English as a Second Language (ESL) classes in a public middle school located on the west coast of Florida. The students completed four writing samples in each language (evenly divided between narrative and expository genres). All samples were analyzed using the Phonological Orthographic Morphological Assessment of Spelling-Spanish (POMAS-S), a linguistically-based analysis system that qualitatively describes Spanish spelling errors and is sensitive to effects of cross-language transfer.
Misspellings were extracted from the students' writing samples and were examined by looking at the effects of linguistic category, genre, and gender. Results of the three-way ANOVA revealed that the greatest number of errors occurred in the orthographic category, accounting for over 70% of the errors. Errors attributed to the other linguistic categories occurred less than 10% of the time each. There were no effects attributed to genre or gender.
The qualitative analysis revealed that the most common linguistic feature error was OAT (orthographic tonic accents) comprising 37% of the total number of errors followed by OLS (letter sound) errors, which comprised 11% of the total number of errors. All other phonological, orthographic, morphological, and phonological-orthographic linguistic feature patterns occurred with a frequency of 5% or less. Knowledge of the English language had a minimal, but obvious, influence on their spelling. These findings would suggest that Spanish-English bilingual adolescents predominantly made spelling errors that did not follow the orthographic rules of Spanish. Educational implications are presented.
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Bristor, Valerie Jayne. "A quasi-experimental comparison of the test-study and study-test methods in fourth grade spelling." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/536295.
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The purpose of this study was to compare two methods of spelling instruction, the test-study method and study-test method, with the spelling achievement of selected fourth grade students. The effects of gender and spelling ability level on the spelling method were also studied. The participants were 80 fourth grade students from four intact classrooms in two elementary schools in a small suburban midwestern school district.Third grade standardized test scores were collected from students' permanent record cards and used for grouping students into spelling ability levels. A Spelling Criterion-Referenced Test was used as a pretest (covariate) and a posttest (dependent variable). An analysis of covariance was used to test three null hypotheses at the .05 level of significance. The three null hypotheses were not rejected. The following results were suggested:1. Both fourth grade boys and girls achieve equally well in spelling whether they use the test-study method or the study-test method of spelling instruction.2. Fourth grade students achieve equally well in spelling whether they use the test-study method or the study-test method of spelling instruction.3. Fourth grade girls and boys achieve equally well in spelling.Teachers should consider integrating spelling into all areas of the language arts by supplementing the spelling textbook with words the children are using in their writing.Department of Elementary Education
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Lam, Ho-cheong. "Orthographic awareness in learning Chinese characters." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3762734X.
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WILDE, SANDRA JEAN. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION IN SELECTED THIRD AND FOURTH GRADE CHILDREN (ORTHOGRAPHY, PAPAGO, O'ODHAM)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183876.
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This study explores various aspects of the spelling and punctuation development of six Tohono O'odham (Papago) children during their third and fourth grade years. The data used, which was collected in a prior study, consisted of 215 texts (13,793 words) written in natural classroom settings as part of the teacher's ongoing writing curriculum. Field notes decribing what the subjects did as they wrote, as well as written interviews, supplemented the texts themselves. A number of specific features were examined to explore the subjects' use of various level of linguistic information about spelling. Those features included: initial letters, vowel phonemes, consonant digraphs, the letters C and G, consonant gemination, bound morphemes, and homophones. Spellings involving permutation (changes in letter order) and the letters E and Y as final markers, as well as those spellings which were real words, were also examined. Finally, differences between spellers, the subjects' use of punctuation and capitalization, and orthography in the classroom context were analyzed. A number of conclusions were drawn from the analysis. The subjects spelled most words conventionally. The more frequently a word appeared in the subjects' writing, the more likely it was to be spelled conventionally. Selected orthographic features varied widely in how conventionally they were spelled, with those which were less predictable or more abstract tending to be more difficult. Almost every spelling feature examined showed growth from third to fourth grade. The invented spellings of particular features tended to reflect understandable, logical processes. Invented spellings which were either real words or permutations of the intended word were common. There were differences between children not only in how conventionally they spelled but in the types of invented spellings they produced. Punctuation was more difficult than spelling for the subjects, and its use varied greatly between subjects. Capitalization was comparable to spelling in how conventionally it was used. Children used a variety of linguistic information and spelling strategies as they wrote. There was evidence that punctuation usage was driven (at least in some cases) by conscious hypotheses about how it works. Children's metalinguistic knowledge about orthography may or may not parallel their use of it.
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Le, Levier Hélène. "Mise en œuvre et perception de l'orthographe française chez des élèves de collège et des étudiants de sections de technicien supérieur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAL008/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’omniprésence de la communication écrite et le développement des technologies numériques renforcent aujourd’hui la demande sociale en matière de compétence orthographique dans la francophonie. Or diverses études ont fait le constat d’une baisse du niveau, en particulier en orthographe grammaticale, chez les élèves français. On constate donc un décalage entre la demande sociale de production d’écrits orthographiquement normés et les compétences des élèves français en fin de scolarité. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous interrogeons sur les compétences orthographiques de ces élèves en termes de performance, de raisonnement et de perception du statut social de l’orthographe. À la lumière des études déjà publiées, nous faisons les hypothèses suivantes : 1/ les difficultés les plus aigües se concentrent sur la morphographie du verbe et de l’adjectif ; 2/ les procédures mises en œuvre par les élèves ne sont pas systématiquement adaptées au fonctionnement morphosyntaxique du français écrit ; 3/ les élèves ayant grandi en France, leur perception du statut social de l’orthographe est conforme à ce qui est observé dans le reste de la société.À leur arrivée au lycée, les élèves sont censés maitriser l’orthographe du français qui n’apparait plus dans les programmes d’enseignement que de façon très périphérique. Notre double enquête s’intéresse donc à deux groupes d’élèves : d’une part des élèves de troisième sur le point de commencer leur scolarité au lycée ; d’autre part des élèves de STS déjà bacheliers et engagés dans un cycle d’études supérieures courtes. Afin d’évaluer leur performance orthographique et d’établir quels points d’orthographe grammaticale les mettent le plus en difficulté, nous avons recueilli 735 dictées en troisième et 178 dictées en STS. Nous avons complété nos données par 131 entretiens en troisième et 65 en STS qui poursuivent deux buts : établir à quelles procédures les élèves ont recours pour gérer les problèmes orthographiques qui se posent à eux et explorer leur rapport à l’orthographe.Nos résultats confirment nos hypothèses et permettent de les affiner. La maitrise du fonctionnement morphosyntaxique de la langue des élèves enquêtés n’est souvent pas suffisante pour résoudre l’ensemble des difficultés que pose le français, en particulier lorsque la syntaxe s’écarte du modèle le plus simple ou dans des cas particulièrement complexes tels que l’accord du participe passé. L’analyse des procédures utilisées par les élèves pour résoudre ces difficultés révèle qui plus est un défaut d’appropriation du vocabulaire grammatical scolaire qui suggère d’interroger l’efficacité des modalités d’enseignement actuelles. Ces difficultés à appliquer la norme orthographique sont cependant associées à une forte adhésion à la valeur sociale de l’orthographe. Une partie des enquêtés témoigne d’un attachement très fort à l’orthographe et dit y faire toujours attention. La majorité déclare cependant plutôt adapter leur attention au contexte. Ceux qui disent ne jamais s’en préoccuper sont très peu nombreux. L’immense majorité reconnait donc la nécessité de produire des textes orthographiquement normés dans des aspects de la vie sociale qui varient avec l’âge. Pour autant, les valeurs associées à l’orthographe par les deux groupes interrogés sont assez diversifiées. Si une partie d’entre eux reproduit des positions très conservatrices, la majorité se montre à des degrés divers ouverte à une réflexion sur la langue qui n’exclut pas une possible réformeNowadays, the omnipresence of written communication and digital development increase social needs for spelling skills in French-speaking countries. Several studies showed a level decrease, especially in grammatical morphology. Then we note a discrepancy between social needs for written production and French pupils’ skills. In our thesis, we investigate secondary school pupils’ spelling skills, with respect to performance, reasoning and perception of spelling social status. Given published studies, we make the following hypotheses : 1/ the most acute difficulties are concentrated in verbs and adjectives morphology ; 2/ pupils’ graphical procedures aren’t always compatible with written French morphosyntactic system ; 3/ given that the pupils grew up in France, their perception of spelling social status is consistent with observations in the rest of the population.French pupils are supposed to master French spelling at the beginning of senior secondary school. In practice, spelling isn’t actually taught after the fourth grade of secondary school in France. Therefore, our double investigation focus on two groups of pupils : from fourth grade of secondary school and from advanced technicien sections (STS) in short superior studies. We aimed to estimate their spelling performance and to establish which morphographic problems are the most difficult for them. For this purpose, we gathered 735 dictations from secondary school pupils and 178 from STS students. We completed this data with 135 interviews from secondary school pupils and 65 from STS students. These interviews fulfill two different goals : to establish which graphical procedures pupils use to solve their spelling problems and to investigate their perception of spelling.Our results confirm our hypotheses and enable us to refine them. Interviewed pupils’ knowledge of morphosyntaxic aspects in French is often insufficient to solve French difficulties, especially when syntax strays from the simplest pattern or in particularly complex cases like the past participle agreement. The analysis of the procedures used by the pupils in order to solve the difficulties shows that pupils don’t assimilate a part of the academic grammatical vocabulary. This suggests an investigation about the efficiency of current teaching methods. However, these difficulties to implement spelling standard are connected to a strong support of spelling social value. Some interviewed pupils say that they attach great importance to correct spelling and make every effort to respect it. However most of them declare that they adapt their degree of attention to the context. Very few assure never to worry about correct spelling. Therefore, almost all of them admit the necessity of writing according to spelling standard in some social contexts, which vary depending on their age. Nethertheless, spelling is linked with rather different values in their perception. Some of them reproduce very conservative positions but a greater part is open to a reflexion about language which doesn’t exclude spelling reform
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Saul, Zandisile Wilberforce. "Significance of accuracy in the orthographical development of isiXhosa in a post-democratic South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005642.
Full textAbstract:
IsiXhosa language is one of the first languages in sub-Saharan Africa to be reduced into writing. The first written texts in isiXhosa were produced by British missionaries in the Tyhume river valley as early as 1824. In spite of these early developments, there still remain today many inconsistencies and anomalies with regard to the standardization of isiXhosa orthography that require attention. This research focuses on the status quo of the current orthography of isiXhosa which is used in the writing of the selected texts which were published from 2000 to date. The research study investigates how these texts are written, that is, whether they are written according to the principles of the writing of this language as developed by the respective language boards or not. The reason for doing this is that this language has become one of the official languages of the Republic of South Africa. Therefore, in order for it to be read and written without any difficulty by anyone, as it is expected to be used as a medium of instruction even at tertiary level in the future, it should be written accurately and consistently. The study analyses a number of isiXhosa written texts including the following: (1) Selected literary texts which were published from 2000 to date. (2) Selected publications by government departments. (3) Selected translated texts. (4) Some of the newspapers and magazines which are currently in circulation in this language. (5) Some dictionaries of isiXhosa. (6) The updated isiXhosa Orthography as compiled by the PanSALB (2008). The aims of the study are outlined in Chapter 1. This chapter also provides the theoretical framework within which the research is located. Chapter 2 is about the theoretical perspectives on the development of the art of writing and orthography. The historical background, that is, the development of the art of writing and the general as well as the specific requirements of a good orthography are discussed. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 observe and analyse the orthographical features of some written documents of isiXhosa such as writing of capital letters, word division, usage of concords, etc. These three chapters also observe and analyse the various anomalies and inconsistencies in the spelling of isiXhosa words that were identified in the consulted texts. Chapter 6 is devoted to the conclusion and the recommendations.
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Hambly, Everett E. III. "Kinesthetic teaching methods in the traditional classroom comparative spelling and vocabulary techniques." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1281.
Full textAbstract:
Spelling and vocabulary performance as measured by pre-tests and post-intervention performance for the two strategies showed that average overall improvements resulted from the use of kinesthetic teaching methodologies when compared with visual (only) methods.
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Du, Cloux Kim Elaine. "A guide to motivating students to twist to better spelling." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2431.
Full textAbstract:
Students learn and retain more when they enjoy the process or avenue of learning. Students have fun learning to spell when visual, auditory, and hands-on learning are included in the process. In addition, the intervention project can be used to support and assist second language learners. The benefits from this intervention project will not only strengthen students' phonemic and spelling foundation, but will also enhance their reading comprehension and writing effectiveness.
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Olsson, Chloé. "L’orthographe lexicale des jeunes Français dans les discours des blogs." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Franska, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-17075.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to analyze and study French pupils spelling and more specificallyspelling errors. The study is based on the blogs of 78 young french students where spellingerrors are analyzed based on a typology by Nina Catach (1980). This typology explains whattype of spelling errors that can occur in the French language. La maitrise de l’orthographelexicale du français et de l’espagnol is a study made by Sony Mayard (2007) which explainsthe complexity of the French spelling.The study shows that first of all, the spelling of pupils is not something that can concretely bejudged or cataloged. You can never explain exactly why French pupils have an way ofspelling, since spelling is individual and takes several key factors in to consideration.However, this study presents one approach of how spelling errors can be differentiated andthe possible reasons why they are judged as incorrect.L’idée de cette étude a été d'analyser et d'étudier l’orthographe française des jeunesinternautes français, et surtout les erreurs d’orthographe. L’étude a été faite sur les blogs de78 jeunes internautes français, sur une plate-forme nommée Skyrock. Les erreursd'orthographe sont analysées avec l’aide de la typologie à six échelles par Nina Catach(1980). Cette typologie explique quelques différentes catégories d’erreurs d'orthographe de lalangue française. La maitrise de l'orthographe lexicale du français et de l'espagnol est uneétude faite par Sony Mayard (2007) qui explique la complexité de l'orthographe française.L'étude montre premièrement que l'orthographe française ne peut pas être jugée oucataloguée. Nous ne pouvons jamais expliquer exactement pourquoi les jeunes Français ontune orthographe atypique car ceci dépend de plusieurs facteurs, tels que des facteursindividuels. En revanche, cette étude présente une façon de différencier les erreursd'orthographe et les éventuelles raisons derrière pourquoi cette orthographe est jugée commeétant incorrecte.
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Keim, Deborah Georgette. "An investigation of English spelling problems of Arabic-speaking students." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4172.
Full textAbstract:
In this two-part study, English spelling errors of Arabic speaking students are investigated. Specifically, an empirical study is done to document and investigate exactly what kinds of English spelling errors Arabic-speaking students actually make. Then these data are analyzed. and spelling error patterns are discovered. Next. a study is done to determine if the presence of spelling errors in written work has a significant negative effect on readers' evaluations of this writing.
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Johnson, Christine. "Analyzing Spelling Errors by Linguistic Features among Children with Learning Disabilities." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6269.
Full textAbstract:
In order to spell fluently and accurately, phonology, orthography, and morphology must be integrated and stored into long term memory (Berninger & Richards, in press; Berninger, Nagy, Tanimoto, Thompson, Abbott, 2015). Children with dysgraphia, dyslexia, and OWL-LD have specific deficits in linguistic processing that impede the cross-mapping of these linguistic elements. This study analyzes the frequency and nature of spelling errors produced by children with dysgraphia, dyslexia, and OWL-LD during an academic writing task in order to determine if known deficits in linguistic processing affect the type and severity of spelling errors made by these children.
The present study analyzed error severity and frequency of spelling errors produced by children with dysgraphia (n=13), dyslexia (n=17), or OWL-LD (n=5) during the academic writing tasks obtained in the Berninger et al. (2015) study. In the previous study, students read or listened to computerized lessons about basic mathematical concepts and then typed summaries of what they learned. For the current study, all spelling errors made during the typed summary writing tasks were extracted and analyzed using the Phonological, Orthographic, Morphological Assessment of Spelling (POMAS) and then recoded with POMplexity (a measure of error severity) to determine the severity and frequency of spelling errors made in the linguistic categories of phonology, orthography, and morphology.
Results indicated that the students did not differ in error severity by diagnostic category. However, a qualitative analysis using the POMAS revealed that children from different diagnostic categories produced different types of errors. With respect to error frequency, only students with dysgraphia made significantly fewer errors than students with OWL-LD, and all participants, regardless of diagnostic category produced more errors in typed summaries following the reading condition.
These results are consistent with previous research indicating that children with learning disabilities do not produce deviant spelling errors when compared to typically-developing, age-matched peers or typically-developing, spelling-matched peers (Silliman, Bahr, and Peters, 2006, among others). The current results demonstrate that the spelling errors of children with learning disabilities reflect the expected linguistic breakdowns in cross-code mapping, and that children with learning disabilities may display these spelling deficits beyond an appropriate age.
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Yeung, Pui-sze, and 楊佩詩. "Learning to read and spell in English among Chinese English-as-a-second-language learners in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35726787.
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Leonard, Thelma M. "The effects of explicit spelling lesson programs on performance outcomes of upper primary students." Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/32923.
Full textAbstract:
The study is concerned with improving the spelling performance of below average spellers in an upper primary mainstream classroom setting. The main target group is children who do not qualify for learning support resources yet have difficulty thriving in the literacy area of spelling. It was expected that lessons designed to expand students’ knowledge about words and the English language system would generate a greater student facility with learning spellings. A quasi-experimental methodological approach was taken which also has features of a controlled trials study. Four spelling intervention lesson programs were designed and each has a different pedagogic emphasis: 1) Metacognitive and multisensory learning strategies 2) Teacher-Best-Practice 3) Teacher designed inquiry-based group work 4) Learning with a computer-based Team Learning System. The study design is both practical and pragmatic in that only resources already available to the schools were utilised; lesson formats and teaching practices can be easily replicated; and the spelling programs are compatible with NSW curriculum directives. The intervention lesson program took place for one hour per week over a two-term period and involved four schools situated in the outer areas of Sydney, Australia. Students and teachers in nine upper primary classrooms took part in the study, five of which were intervention classes and four were non-intervention classes. The classroom teachers were an important factor in the program presentation and lessons with an explicit focus on words were conducted from a constructivist perspective. Results indicate that when spelling becomes an instructional focus, substantial progress in performance levels can be made in both intervention and non-intervention classrooms. Discussion of the findings examines how pedagogic factors influenced learning outcomes for all ability groups in the literacy area of spelling. Particular attention is given to the progress in spelling age made by below average performers, as determined on pre-testing, and students with lower than normal cognitive ability. It is considered that the more interactive approach to teaching spelling, plus a high level of congruence with the Quality Teaching model (NSW DET, 2003) elements of Engagement, High-order Thinking, and Substantive Communication, assisted these target groups of students in the intervention classes. The principal conclusion that can be drawn from the findings of the study is that minimal modifications to teaching practices can bring about improvement in students’ spelling performance levels. It illustrates the capacity of children to advance their learning outcomes when lessons are designed and delivered in a manner that encourages engagement and interactive support. Such a conclusion directs the responsibility for students’ learning outcomes to their classroom teachers. The study identifies that there are implications for the providers of in-service and pre-service professional development of teachers situated in upper primary mainstream classrooms, and the pedagogic aspirations of the primary school community.
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Nikolopoulos, Dimitris S. "Cognitive and linguistic predictors of literacy skills in the Greek language : the manifestation of reading and spelling difficulties in a regular orthography." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348744/.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis was three-fold: firstly, to examine the development of reading and spelling abilities in the Greek language; secondly, to identify the cognitive predictors of reading and spelling skills; and finally, to establish how developmental dyslexia is manifested in the regular Greek orthography. An extensive battery of cognitive, linguistic, and literacy tasks was administered to 132 children: 66 Grade-2 and 66 Grade-4 Greek-speaking children attending four different schools in Athens, Greece. The battery included: tests of reading, spelling, and mathematical attainment; a nonword reading task, various phonological awareness & other phonological processing tests; a non-verbal intelligence test and various syntactic awareness tasks. Evidence on the manifestation of developmental dyslexia in Greek was based on a chronological-age and a reading-level matched-pairs comparison between poor and average readers. Despite a large number of difficult polysyllabic word stimuli, reading accuracy was at ceiling for most subjects. Reading speed proved a more effective measure of individual differences. A high degree of accuracy was also observed on many phonological awareness tests. Rapid naming, phonological awareness and speech rate proved the most important predictors of reading ability in the regular Greek language. The predictive value of many variables/tests, however, appeared to differ between English and Greek. Phonological awareness - the most powerful and stable predictor in English - appeared to be a reliable predictor of reading ability only at the initial stages of literacy development (Grade-2). The most significant predictor at Grade-4 was rapid naming. Speech rate consistently predicted reading skill in all our analyses. Syntactic awareness proved not a reliable predictor. Its contribution was significant only for spelling ability at Grade-4. The matched-pair comparisons supported the above results. Results are discussed in relation to the existing differences in the orthographic structure of the English and Greek languages. It is suggested that the examination of linguistic differences is important, both, from a theoretical and clinical point of view.
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Tallet, Christine. "Mots-outils homophones hétérographes. Leur enseignement à l'école primaire." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030182.
Full textAbstract:
L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier le comportement orthographique des élèves de l’école primaire face à l’hétérographie, réalité linguistique difficile à acquérir. Les différentes ressources du système graphique pour distinguer, à l’écrit, ce qui se confond à l’oral constituent un confort pour le lecteur mais une difficulté pour le scripteur, surtout pour les mots grammaticaux les plus fréquents. Pour produire les graphies normées de a/à, la/là, ou/où, et/est, son/sont, on/ont, mes/mais, ce/se, les élèves doivent apprendre la polyvalence des graphèmes et s’affranchir de la correspondance phono-graphologique. La difficulté n’est pas la même pour chaque paire d’homophones. Ces mots-outils sont enseignés par paires formées sur le critère de l’identité phonique. La méthode utilisée en classe repose sur deux grands principes, les procédés de substitution et leur application dans des exercices. Chaque paire a son propre procédé. Les productions écrites et les commentaires métagraphiques recueillis auprès d’un échantillon de 240 élèves scolarisés du CE2 à la 6ème ainsi qu’une enquête auprès des enseignants et l’examen de manuels scolaires ont permis de mettre en regard les méthodes d’enseignement et l’interprétation que les élèves en font. Les résultats de l’analyse témoignent de la difficulté des élèves à mettre en œuvre les procédés appris, en fonction des contextes. Si les élèves sont capables de citer les paires apprises, leurs emplois en production écrite révèlent une insécurité linguistique. Les conclusions de ce travail permettent de formuler des propositions didactiquesThe aim of this research is to study the spelling practice of primary school pupils facing the heterography of homophonic words, a linguistic reality difficult to acquire. The different resources of the graphic system to distinguish, in writing, what is confused orally, constitute a comfort for the reader but a difficulty for the writer, especially for the most frequent grammatical words. To produce the graphics for a/à, la/là, ou/où, et/est, son/sont, on/ont, mes/mais, ce/se, pupils have to learn the polyvalency of the graphemes and get away from the phonographological connection. The difficulty is not the same for each pair of homophones. These tool words are taught in pairs based on identical phonics. The method used in class rests on 2 main principles, the process of substitution and their application in exercises. Each pair has its own process. Written work and metagraphic commentaries taken from a sample of 240 pupils aged 8-12 as well as a survey of teachers and a study of school textbooks allow us to focus on the teaching methods and pupils’ interpretations. The results of the analysis demonstrate the difficulty pupils have putting learned procedures into practice, in keeping with the context. While the pupils are able to quote the learned pairs, their use in written work demonstrates a linguistic insecurity. The conclusions of this work allow us to formulate some didactic proposals
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Walton, Donna L. "The impact of computer assisted instruction on sensory cognitive factors in literacy learning." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4380/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of computer assisted instruction on the development of literacy skills. The effect of instructional methodologies designed to stimulate sensory processing (auditory, visual, and somatic sensory) through information processing activities was analyzed. A software program was designed to present instruction to stimulate learning in one sensory modality, visual processing. Also, the effect of delivery mechanisms on the acquisition of literacy skills was investigated. Three treatment groups and a control group were established to analyze differences: cognitive processing methodologies presented via computer technology, conventional methodologies presented via computer technology, cognitive processing methodologies presented through traditional classroom tools, and a control group. A portable keyboard computer with word processing capabilities was selected to deliver technology-enhanced instruction. Results from this study suggest that activities designed to specifically promote processing in one sensory modality, do not promote acquisition of skills in other regions. There was no change in scores when visual methodologies were applied to auditory and somatic sensory cognitive processing goals. When spelling tests that utilized all sensory modalities were analyzed, visual processing instruction had no effect on achievement. This result was duplicated when tests requiring auditory processing skills were examined. However, when visual processing skills were applied to words requiring sight word memorization techniques, the methodologies improved achievement scores. Therefore, it can be concluded that methodologies increase achievement only if activities are designed to stimulate the sensory cognitive modality that the skill requires. Results of analysis concerning the effect of delivery mechanisms on spelling achievement revealed that technology is a useful tool when used to promote information processing related to the learning goal. Visual cognitive processing activities delivered via computer technology were effective only when practice activities matched instructional objectives. When conventional methods of learning spelling skills were presented utilizing technology, student scores did not increase. It can be concluded that spelling achievement can be improved through the introduction of intelligent software applications if the instructional program is designed to stimulate appropriate cognitive processes and to meet targeted learning objectives. A theory for designing instructional software to meet these criteria, The Integrated Processes Method, was presented.
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Jurish, Bryan. "Finite-state canonicalization techniques for historical German." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5578/.
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This work addresses issues in the automatic preprocessing of historical German input text for use by conventional natural language processing techniques. Conventional techniques cannot adequately account for historical input text due to conventional tools' reliance on a fixed application-specific lexicon keyed by contemporary orthographic surface form on the one hand, and the lack of consistent orthographic conventions in historical input text on the other. Historical spelling variation is treated here as an error-correction problem or "canonicalization" task: an attempt to automatically assign each (historical) input word a unique extant canonical cognate, thus allowing direct application-specific processing (tagging, parsing, etc.) of the returned canonical forms without need for any additional application-specific modifications. In the course of the work, various methods for automatic canonicalization are investigated and empirically evaluated, including conflation by phonetic identity, conflation by lemma instantiation heuristics, canonicalization by weighted finite-state rewrite cascade, and token-wise disambiguation by a dynamic Hidden Markov Model.Diese Arbeit behandelt Themen der automatischen Vorverarbeitung historischen deutschen Textes für die Weiterverarbeitung durch konventionelle computerlinguistische Techniken. Konventionelle Techniken können historischen Text wegen des hohen Grads an graphematischer Variation in solchem Text ohne eine solche Vorverarbeitung nicht zufriedenstellend behandeln. Variation in der historischen Rechtschreibung wird hier als Fehlerkorrekturproblem oder "Kanonikalisierungsaufgabe" behandelt: ein Versuch, jedem (historischen) Eingabewort eine eindeutige extante Äquivalente zuzuordnen; so können konventionelle Techniken ohne weitere Modifikation direkt auf den gelieferten kanonischen Formen arbeiten. Verschiedene Methoden zur automatischen Kanonikalisierung werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht, unter anderem Konflation durch phonetische Identität, Konflation durch Lemma-Instanziierungsheuristiken, Kanonikalisierung durch eine Kaskade gewichteter endlicher Transduktoren, und Disambiguiierung von Konflationskandidaten durch ein dynamisches Hidden Markov Modell.
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Nteso, Thato Natasha. "A critical analysis of online Sesotho ICT terminology." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001654.
Full textAbstract:
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has taken over every aspect of our daily lives, from commerce to leisure and even culture. Today, mobile phones, desktop computers, hand-held devices, emails and the use of the internet have become a central part of our culture and society. ICT has made us a global society, where people can interact and communicate efficiently. In order for South Africa to be competitive in the global economy, it will need to develop a workforce with appropriate Information Technology skills. Of necessity, these skills will extend to using a computers and developing appropriate software and technical support skills (DOE, 2008). This thesis represents a critical analytical study in that it explores the online Sesotho Information and Communication Technology (ICT). It aims at analysing terminology development in this area. The study aims to determine how Sesotho and ICT correlate and how the linguistic aspect plays a role in online ICT terminology. The focus is not on creating new terms but to analyze the already existing ICT terms available, with regards to linguistic rules and principles and to critique if they are of quality. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether there are other strategies that can be used in the development of this terminology. It also seeks to determine if the terms are easily accessible to students and if they are used at all. Terms will be sourced from the Department of Arts and Culture ICT term list, and the focus will be on extracting only terms that have to do with computer literacy. Other online sources that list Sesotho equivalents will also be considered. The study also assesses the quality of the terms created by the Department of Arts and Culture (DAC) together with the Department of Communications (DOC) for a multilingual ICT terminology list. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether the Sesotho equivalents adhere to the linguistic rules and principles of the language. The other question asked is whether the terms are used by the intended users and if they are easily accessible to the speakers of the language. This entire aspect of the thesis speaks to the notion of the intellectualization of African languages and in this case Sesotho in particular. Not only does the thesis engage with computer literacy terminology, it also presents a detailed literature review of studies and work that has been done in this field. The thesis engagement is also done by linking the backdrop of the history of Sesotho and the Basotho peoples.
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Odendaal, Beatrix Gertruida. "Die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans : 'n praktiese benadering met die AWS as gevallestudie." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71820.
Full textAbstract:
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study comprises an investigation into the restandardisation of Afrikaans. Since the 1980s,
there have been various calls from the Afrikaans speech community for the democratisation of
Afrikaans by making it representative of the whole Afrikaans speech community. Despite these
calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans, a matter which has been brought to the fore in recent
years, there are still no real theoretically-based and practical suggestions for such a project. The
practical approach to the restandardisation of Afrikaans suggested in this study, with a specific
focus on the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, informs the suggestion of a model
by which such a planned restandardisation programme for Afrikaans could be carried out. This is
done based on existing theories of standardisation and restandardisation, as well as a thorough
investigation into the history of the standardisation of Afrikaans in order to determine the reasons
underlying this need for its restandardisation.
Firstly, relevant theories of standardisation are considered in order to determine which aspects of
language standardisation give rise to restandardisation and play the most important role in it. The
history of the standardisation of Afrikaans is also considered, in order to indicate the factors which
gave rise to the calls for the restandardisation of Afrikaans. The world-wide phenomenon of destandardisation
– an increasing trend by which the validity of standardised languages is called into
question – is subsequently considered. Following this, restandardisation is considered in greater
detail. Although the term is used widely, there are not yet thorough theoretical descriptions of the
nature of the process itself. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical consideration of what
restandardisation comprises. An investigation into various examples of attempts at the restandardisation
of languages in South Africa, Africa, and the rest of the world serves as a backdrop
against which the need for the restandardisation of Afrikaans is discussed.
The standardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, as outlined in the ten issues of the Afrikaanse
woordelys en spelreëls (“Afrikaans word list and spelling rules”) which have been published to
date, is the next research focus. The purpose of this critical evaluation of the primary source for
orthographic standardisation of Afrikaans is to point out the weaknesses in the current
standardisation process which necessitate a new approach to the standardisation of Afrikaans (and
by extension, its restandardisation).
Finally, a model is presented for the restandardisation of the orthography of Afrikaans, but also
Afrikaans as a whole, based on various theoretical and practical considerations contained in the
study.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans onder die loep geneem. Dit word gedoen teen die agtergrond van verskeie oproepe vanuit die Afrikaanse spraakgemeenskap sedert die 1980’s om Standaardafrikaans te demokratiseer deur dit verteenwoordigend te maak van die totale Afrikaanse spraakgemeenskap. Ten spyte van hierdie oproepe om die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans wat in die afgelope aantal jare op die spits gedryf is, ontbreek daar egter nog teoreties gefundeerde, praktiese voorstelle vir hoe so ’n herstandaardiseringsprojek daar sal uitsien. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig ’n praktiese benadering tot die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans, met ’n besondere fokus op die herstandaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, deur ’n model daar te stel waarvolgens so ’n beoogde herstandaardiseringsprogram vir Afrikaans kan geskied. Dit word gedoen aan die hand van bestaande standaardiserings- en herstandaardiseringsteorie en ’n grondige ondersoek na die standaardiseringsgeskiedenis van Afrikaans ten einde te bepaal wat aanleiding gegee het tot hierdie herstandaardiseringstrewe in Afrikaans. Eerstens word daar gekyk na relevante standaardiseringsteorieë ten einde die belangrikste aspekte van taalstandaardisering te belig wat ’n rol speel in en aanleiding gee tot herstandaardisering. Die standaardiseringsgeskiedenis van Afrikaans word ook in oënskou geneem om te dui op die aspekte wat aanleiding gegee het tot die oproepe om die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans. Vervolgens word daar na die wêreldwye tendens van destandaardisering gekyk waardeur die geldigheid van standaardtale toenemend bevraagteken word. Hierna word herstandaardisering van nader beskou. Alhoewel die term reeds wyd gebruik word, bestaan daar nog nie diepgaande teoretiese beskrywings oor die aard van hierdie proses nie. Daar word dus vervolgens teoreties besin oor wat herstandaardisering behels. Verskeie voorbeelde van pogings tot die herstandaardisering van tale in Suid-Afrika, Afrika, en die res van die wêreld word ondersoek, waarna die redes vir ’n behoefte aan die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans uiteengesit word. Die standaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, soos uiteengesit in die tien uitgawes van die Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls wat tot op hede verskyn het, kom volgende as navorsingsfokus aan bod. Die doel van hierdie kritiese evaluering van die primêre ortografiese standaardiseringsbron van Afrikaans is om te dui op die swakplekke in die huidige standaardiseringsproses wat ’n nuwe benadering tot die standaardisering van Afrikaans (dus die herstandaardisering van Afrikaans) noodsaak. Ten slotte word ’n model vir die herstandaardisering van die Afrikaanse ortografie, maar ook Afrikaans in geheel, voorgestel aan die hand van verskeie teoretiese en praktiese oorwegings soos in die loop van die studie uiteengesit.
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Frerichs, Linda C. "Examining First-Graders' Construction of Knowledge of Graphophonemic and Orthographic Relationships: Reading and Writing Student-Selected Continuous Text." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278985/.
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The purpose of this study was to examine first-graders' construction of knowledge of graphophonemic and orthographic relationships. Three levels of treatment were assigned randomly to three groups of first-graders in their first semester of first grade. Treatment varied in student engagement with reading and writing texts based on student interests and in the amount of interaction students had with one another and the researcher as they read, wrote, and examined words, word patterns, and graphophonemic relationships. The study was based on a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1963) with an added within-subjects factor of 12 weekly test occasions. These weekly tests involved students writing a researcher-dictated continuous text selected by students in the full-treatment group from the larger portion of text read each week. Additional elements of qualitative research were included in the design and analyses. Quantitative analyses revealed statistically significant results. Qualitative data analyses confirmed that students who interacted daily with each other and the researcher in reading and writing activities constructed more knowledge about graphophonemic and orthographic relationships than peers from the partial-treatment group and the control group. Results led to conclusions and implications involving a reexamination of current and traditional methods of spelling instruction and assessment for young children.
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Cheung, Ching-yee Cecilia, and 張靜儀. "One to one cross-age peer tutoring and same-age peer tutoring in English dictation: a comparative study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31956361.
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Slusarczyk, Bernard. "Etudes longitudinales du lien entre performances rédactionnelles et performances orthographiques dans les productions écrites d'élèves du CE2 à la 6ème." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENH001.
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La thèse concerne l'étude de la relation entre les performances rédactionnelles et orthographiques dans le cas spécifique de la rédaction effectuée, en classe, par des élèves, au cours de leur scolarité du CE2 jusqu'à la 6ème de collège. Notre but est de vérifier si, dès le CE2, la relation entre les performances orthographiques et rédactionnelles est identique en langue française à celle évoquée dans la littérature anglo-saxonne pour la langue anglaise (McCutchen, 1995 ; Berninger, 1999 ; Fayol, 1999 ; Graham, 1999). Les modèles théoriques mobilisés sont ceux de la psycholinguistique développementale (modèles structuraux et fonctionnels de la rédaction), de la psychologie cognitive (théorie capacitaire) et de la linguistique (plurisystème graphique de l'orthographe française). La partie empirique est composée de deux études longitudinales. La première compare les productions écrites, à 3 ans d'écarts, de 79 élèves scolarisés en CE2 en 2001 puis en 6ème en 2004 ; la seconde étudie l'évolution des productions écrites de 173 élèves répartis sur 18 classes durant deux années scolaires, du début CE2 en 2006 à la fin du CM1 en 2008. Les résultats, reposant sur l'utilisation de méthodes d'analyse de corrélation, de régression, de modèles de croissance et de modèles multiniveaux montrent qu'au CE2, contrairement aux résultats concernant la langue anglaise, la performance rédactionnelle (qualité de texte) n'a pas de lien avec la quantité de texte et les performances orthographiques n'ont de lien avéré ni avec la quantité ni avec la qualité des récits produits. Ce lien se tisse seulement au cours de l'année de CE2. La partie prospective de notre étude montre que les pratiques d'enseignement du français dans les classes de CE2 entrent comme l'une des explications de la nature du lien entre performances lexicales et rédactionnelles (quantité de texte)The thesis concerns the study of the relationship between writing performance and spelling performance in the specific case of writing done in class by pupils from their third year in primary school to their first year in secondary school. Our aim was to determine whether, by the third year of primary school, the spelling and writing performance was the same in French as that reported for English in the English-language literature (McCutchen, 1995; Berninger, 1999; Fayol, 1999; Graham, 1999). The theoretical models used were those of developmental psycholinguistics (structural and functional models of writing), cognitive psychology (capacity theory) and linguistics (graphical plurisystem of French spelling). The empirical part comprises two longitudinal studies. The first compares written production collected at a three-year interval from 79 pupils first in their third year of primary school in 2001 and then in their first year of secondary school in 2004. The second studies the evolution of written production from 173 pupils in 18 classes during two school years, from the start of their third year in primary school in 2006 to the end of their fourth year in primary school in 2008. The results, based on the use of correlation and regression analysis methods and on growth and multilevel models, show that at the third year of primary school, unlike reported English language results, writing performance (text quality) was not linked to text quantity, and spelling performance was not demonstrably linked to either the quality or the quantity of the writing produced. This link forms only during the course of the third year of primary school. The prospective part of our study shows that how French is taught in the third year of primary school helps to explain the nature of the link between lexical performance and writing performance (text quantity)
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Lam, Ho-cheong, and 林浩昌. "Orthographic awareness in learning Chinese characters." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3762734X.
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Lo, Chi-kin Wilson, and 盧智健. "The effect of phonological input on L2 reading comprehension." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29519524.
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Coats, Tonya Cherie. "Using technology in language arts to motivate students." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2479.
Full textAbstract:
This project will serve as a media rich tool to aid students and teachers in the classroom. It is designed to examine whether or not a computer based learning environment motivates and helps fourth grade at-risk students in vocabulary development. The project included creating a guide in Macromedia Authorware to help educators develop a multimedia environment in the classroom.
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Cheung, Chun-chun, and 張珍珍. "A comparison of the effects of two approaches: classwide peer tutoring & classwide peer tutoring withoutreinforcement on the spelling performance in integrated science." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31958552.
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Andersson, Matilda. "To Knock the Eye Out of a Friend : Assessment of an Orthographic Reform Upon the English Language." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25371.
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This essay is a theoretical qualitative study, which examines the possibility for a spelling reform into English. The history of orthographical changes into British English, as well as Brown’s categorisation of spelling reforms, is reviewed. Four spelling reform proposals are analysed and compared. Additionally, the social discourses of Eira, which are relevant to a spelling reform, are analysed and discussed with regard to English. There is only speculation as to why no modern day spelling reform has been implemented in British English, but it is connected to its historical events, the social discourses and the implementation process. Spelling reform into English is theoretically feasible, but it depends on the implementation strategies and support from those who wish to perform such a change.
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Katoozian, Katayoon. "Analyse des erreurs orthographiques des étudiants iraniens en langue française." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030010.
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L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à décrire les types d’erreurs d’orthographe des étudiants iraniens en langue française et à mener une analyse qualitative et quantitative de l’évolution de chaque type d’erreur pendant les quatre années de licence dans le système de l’enseignement supérieur de la discipline « Langue française » en Iran. Cette analyse descriptive est suivie d’une discussion étiologique de ces erreurs d’orthographe sur la base de deux hypothèses majeures : le rôle de la dissemblance entre les deux systèmes phonologiques français et persan et les formes de l’enseignement supérieur de la langue française en Iran. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une dictée traditionnelle d’un texte sélectif a été menée auprès de 313 étudiants iraniens de la première à la quatrième et dernière année de licence de langue française de toutes les universités publiques et privées de la ville de Téhéran. Les erreurs orthographiques desdits étudiants ont été classées selon la typologie proposée par A.Chervel et D.Manesse (1989), légèrement modifiée, qui comprend huit types d’erreurs appartenant aux domaines de « langue », de « grammaire » et de « lexique ». L’étude des différents types d’erreurs orthographiques des étudiants iraniens de notre échantillon montre que leurs erreurs orthographiques les plus fréquentes sont de deux types : 1- erreurs préorthographiques (domaine « langue ») comportant les erreurs de non-reconnaissance du mot et les erreurs de type phonétique ; 2- erreurs orthographiques d’orthographe grammaticale. L’étude de l’évolution des erreurs orthographiques desdits étudiants montre que les types d’erreurs restent les mêmes de la première à la dernière année de licence et que leur fréquence diminue quoiqu’elle n’atteigne pas le degré zéro. La fréquence élevée, chez les étudiants de notre échantillon, des erreurs de type phonétique et des erreurs d’orthographe grammaticale confirme les deux hypothèses déjà mentionnées de cette rechercheThe aim of this research is to describe the types of orthographical errors of Iranian students in French language and to conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the evolution of each type of error during the four years of bachelor degree (B.A.) in the system of higher education of the French language discipline in Iran. This descriptive analysis is followed by a etiological discussion of orthographical errors based on two key assumptions : the role of the dissimilarity between the two phonological systems of French and Persian languages and the characteristics of higher education of French language in Iran. To achieve this objective, an oral dictation with a selective text was read out to 313 Iranian students from the first to the fourth year of undergraduate French language in all public and private universities in Tehran city. The orthographical errors of these students were classified according to the typology proposed by A.Chervel and D.Manesse (1989), slightly modified, with eight types of errors from the categories of "language", "grammar" and "lexicon". The study of different types of orthographical errors of Iranian students in our sample showed that their most common errors are of two types : 1 – preorthographical errors ("language" category) which contain errors on the non-recognition of the word and on the phonetical errors ; 2 – orthographical errors which contain the grammatical errors. The study of the evolution of orthographical errors of these students showed that the errors will remain the same from the first to the last year of B.A. degree and decrease in frequency but not reach to zero level. The high frequency of phonological and grammatical orthographical errors among students in our sample confirms the mentioned assumptions of this research
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Childers, Marie B. Childers. "Individual Differences in Using Context to Resolve Phonological Ambiguity." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1528056981332172.
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Cruz, Mônica 1968. "Povo Umutína : a busca da identidade linguística e cultural = Umutína people : the search of linguistic and cultural identity." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270402.
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Orientador: Angel Humberto Corbera MoriTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_Monica_D.pdf: 2630036 bytes, checksum: 4deec3d2b2d1a6d726b8dd8c7334d8e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo apresentar: 1. uma reanálise de aspectos fonéticos e fonológicos da língua Umutína, a partir dos trabalhos de Lima (1995) e dos vocabulários de Schmidt (1941) e Schultz (1952) , além dos dados coletados em minha pesquisa de campo na aldeia Umutína; 2. um estudo das publicações prévias sobre a língua e sobre o povo, bem como a descrição fonológica das listas de palavras da língua; 3. um estudo comparativo sobre o parentesco genético entre a língua Umutína e Boróro; 4. uma proposta ortográfica para a língua; 5. aspectos da morfologia referentes ao processo de formação de palavras denominado composição; e por fim, 6. uma abordagem discursiva sobre os traços da língua materna presentes nas práticas discursivas do povo Umutína, a partir das noções de memória discursiva e memória da língua, baseada nos pressupostos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa. Em anexo, apresento uma amostra do corpus de dados sincrônicos analisados e a reprodução dos vocabulários de Schmidt e Schultz, já citados anteriormente
Abstract: This thesis aims to present: 1. a review of phonetic and phonological aspects of Umutina language, from the works of Lima (1995) and vocabularies of Schmidt (1941) and Schultz (1952), besides data collected in my own fieldwork in the Umutina village; 2. a study of previous publications about the language and the people, as well as the phonological description of the lists of words in the language; 3. a comparative study about the genetic relatedness between Umutina and Boróro languages; 4. an orthographic suggestion to the language; 5. some points of morphology with reference to process for the formation of words called compounding; and finally, 6. a discursive approach about the language (mother-tongue) traits present in the discursive practices of the Umutina people, from the notions of discursive memory and memory of the language, based on Discourse Analysis (AD). A sample of the present corpus of synchronous data analyzed and playback of the vocabularies of Schmidt and Schultz, previously mentioned, are attached
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutora em Linguística
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Seijsing, Emma, and Maria Martin. "Stavning i årskurs 3 : En jämförelse av elevtexter skrivna av elever i och utan lässvårigheter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80324.
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Studiens syfte var att undersöka stavningen i 20 elevtexter skrivna av elever som antingen var i eller utan lässvårigheter när de gick i årskurs 2. Undersökningen fokuserade på stavningens korrekthet och olika typer av stavfel samt jämförde likheter och skillnader mellan texterna skrivna av elever i och utan lässvårigheter. Materialet bestod av elevtexter som skrevs under den fria narrativa skrivuppgiften i det nationella ämnesprovet i svenska i årskurs 3. Tio av elevtexterna var skrivna av elever som var i lässvårigheter i årskurs 2 och tio texter var skrivna av elever utan lässvårigheter i årskurs 2. För att kunna besvara studiens första forskningsfråga skapades frekvenslistor som presenterade antalet korrekt och inkorrekt stavade ord. För att kunna besvara studiens andra forskningsfråga användes analysmetoden Spelling Sensitivity Score (Masterson & Apel, 2010) där varje ord i elevtexterna analyserades med avseende på korrektheten i fonem-grafem-korrespondensen genom poängsättning från 3–0. Ett korrekt stavat fonem fick 3 poäng. Fonologiska stavfel tilldelades 2 poäng, ortografiska stavfel 1 poäng och utelämnade/tillagda grafem 0 poäng. Resultaten visade att eleverna utan lässvårigheter skrev texter med en signifikant större andel korrekt stavade ord än eleverna i lässvårigheter och att eleverna i lässvårigheter skrev texter som innehöll en signifikant större andel fonologiska stavfel än eleverna utan lässvårigheter. Vidare visade resultaten att texterna skrivna av eleverna utan lässvårigheter uppvisade en marginellt större andel ortografiska stavfel och utelämnade eller extra tillagda grafem än texterna skrivna av elever i lässvårigheter. Sammantaget antyder våra resultat att det är viktigt att stärka den fonologiska medvetenheten hos elever i lässvårigheter för att utveckla deras stavningsförmåga.