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1
Iordanskaja, Lidija, and N. Arbatchewsky-Jumarie. "Quatre prépositions causales du français." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 23, no. 1 (December 31, 2000): 115–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.23.1.05ior.
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The paper studies the meaning and the cooccurrence of four French prepositions used to express the causal relation: À CAUSE DE, SOUS L’EFFET DE, DE, and PAR. Each preposition is characterized along the three following aspects: (1) the type of causation it expresses (direct? with contact? with unity of time?); (2) semantic restrictions on the complement of the preposition — the noun phrase that denotes the cause, as well as on the phrase governing the preposition and denoting the effect; (3) the preposition’s lexical and syntactic restricted cooccurrence. The lexicographic descriptions of the four prepositions are presented.
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Gréa, Philippe. "Inside in French." Cognitive Linguistics 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 77–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0127.
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AbstractThis article concerns five French prepositions that mark an inclusion relation and are ordinarily considered to be synonyms of dans ‘in’. The first is a simple preposition: parmi ‘among’. The other four are complex prepositions built from nouns of internal location (au centre de ‘at the centre of’, au milieu de ‘in the middle of’) and from names of body parts (au cœur de ‘at the heart of’ and au sein de whose word-for-word translation is ‘at the breast/bosom of’ but stands for ‘within’ ‘in’ or ‘among’ depending on the context). We will examine them from two different, yet complementary points of view. As part of a statistical approach, we use an association measure to determine the distributional trends of each preposition. In addition, we explore in greater detail the semantic mechanisms brought into play using the theoretical framework of Cognitive Grammar. This double analysis leads us to demonstrate that these prepositions are far from synonymous and involve very different types of constraints.
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Papahagi, Cristiana. "L’opposition statique – dynamique dans la grammaticalisation de la préposition française de." Grammaticalisation 25, no. 2 (August 31, 2003): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.2.04pap.
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Summary Dynamism is a marked feature for prepositions in French: among its lexicalizations by means of prepositional expressions, inchoative de stands out as the most marked one. Yet, this is the result of a modern normative intervention. Within the more comprehensive framework of the change of perception of space from Latin to the Romance languages, the case of de- is striking. In Latin compounds, de- has a dynamic meaning; gradually, it loses its dynamic sense and becomes completely bleached in Middle French. Owing to this loss of semantic quantity, adverbial compounds drop to the prepositional level or move up to the nominal one, where dynamism is no longer possible. The opposite movement, relexicalisation, happened in the 17th century, and tends to reinforce the preposition de by preventing it from getting bleached in compounds, and from losing its sense. The current state of de in French illustrates these two successive movements: it has become a full preposition, expressing by itself the beginning of a movement, and at the same time the ‘emptiest’ preposition, a mere function marker.
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KAISER, GEORG A. "Preposition stranding and orphaning: The case of bare prepositions in French." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 2 (December 8, 2011): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891100023x.
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In their keynote contribution, Poplack, Zentz & Dion (henceforth PZD; Poplack, Zentz & Dion, 2011, this issue) propose an interesting “scientific test of convergence” (under section heading: “Introduction”) which contains criteria to check whether a particular feature in a given language in contact with another one is due to language contact or not. This is a valiant endeavor with a laudable goal. It is valiant because the answer to this question requires a complex investigation of the languages at issue. It is laudable since it is commonly believed that a given feature of a language in contact with another one is the result of convergence. This belief however is, in general, only a mere conjecture due to superficial similarities of the features at issue, for which no empirical evidence is provided. Yet, there is no doubt that PZD accomplish their endeavor in an outstanding manner. Based on a thorough study of substantial data from Canadian French and Canadian English, they demonstrate in a convincing way how it is possible to reveal whether a given feature is contact-induced or not.
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Hennecke, Inga, and Harald Baayen. "Romance N Prep N constructions in visual word recognition." Mental Lexicon 16, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 98–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.20014.hen.
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Abstract N Prep N constructions such as Sp. bicicleta de montaña ‘mountain bike’ are very productive and frequent in Romance languages. They commonly have been classified as syntagmatic compounds that show no orthographic union and exhibit an internal structure that resembles free syntactic structures, such as Sp. libro para niños ‘book for children’. There is no consensus on how to best distinguish lexical from syntactic N Prep N constructions. The present paper presents an explorative eye-tracking study on N Prep N constructions, varying both lexical type (lexical vs. syntactic) and preposition across three languages, French, Spanish and Portuguese. The task of the eye-tracking study was a reading aloud paradigm of the constructions in sentence context. Constructions were fixated on less when more frequent, independent of lexical status. There was also modest evidence that a higher construction frequency afforded shorter total fixation durations, but only for lower deciles of the response distribution. The (construction-initial) head noun also received fewer fixations as construction frequency increased, and also when the head noun was more frequent. The second fixation durations on the head noun also revealed an effect of lexical status, with syntactic constructions receiving shorter fixations at the 5th and 7th deciles. The probability of a fixation on the preposition decreased with preposition frequency, but first fixations on the preposition increased with preposition frequency. The prepositions of Portuguese, the language with the richest inventory of prepositions, received more fixations than the prepositions of French and Spanish. The observed pattern of results is consistent with models of lexical processing in which reading is guided by knowledge of both higher-level constructions and knowledge of key constituents such as the head noun and the preposition.
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Ursini, Francesco-Alessio, and Keith Tse. "Region Prepositions: The View from French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.35.
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AbstractThe goal of this article is to offer a formal account of region prepositions in French. We define region prepositions as prepositions that denote non-oriented locations and resist modification with measure phrases (e.g.,au nez dein#dix metres au nez de l'avion‘ten meters from (in front of) the tip of the airplane’). We show that region prepositions may involve items that include inflected markers or items involving “bare” markers (au bord de‘at the edge of’ vs.à droite de‘to the right of’). We analyze the relation between structure and semantic type to show that this distribution stems from the morpho-syntactic properties of their “internal location nouns” (e.g.,nez,bord, droite, sommet). We offer a feature-driven analysis of these prepositions that hinges on a Lexical Syntax account and can capture all of the relevant data in a unified perspective. We conclude by discussing some theoretical consequences for accounts of spatial prepositions.
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Zaring, Laurie. "On Prepositions and Case-Marking in French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 36, no. 4 (December 1991): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310001450x.
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One proposal which has played and continues to play an important role in the syntactic analysis of Romance prepositional phrases is that not everything which looks like a preposition is in fact a true preposition. First proposed by Vergnaud (1974) for French, the idea is that some apparent Ps actually act as simple Case-marking on an NP; in Vergnaud’s case, this was the à associated with Goal arguments. As a result, the syntactic representation of Goal arguments involves no PP-node, but rather an NP with an inflectional Case-marking à. Vergnaud’s proposal was developed further for French à by Kayne (1975) and Jaeggli (1981), and is assumed to be valid for Frenchdeby Elliott (1986). Chomsky (1986) also suggests that Englishofis in many cases the realization of genitive Case, and Demonte (1989) argues that many instances of Spanishaordephrases selected for by verbs are not PPs but rather NPs marked with Case.
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ELSIG, MARTIN. "Benchmark varieties and the individual speaker: Indispensable touchstones in studies on language contact." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 2 (December 8, 2011): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000228.
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The authors of ‘Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence’, Poplack, Zentz & Dion (2011, this issue), henceforth cited as PZD, make a strong case for showing that, in spite of surface similarities, preposition stranding in Canadian French relative clauses cannot be qualified as a case of grammatical convergence due to language contact with English, but that it rather turns out to be a result of analogical extension of a native French strategy, preposition orphaning, to a new context. The application of a particularly sound and accountable methodology, the comparative method of variationist sociolinguistics (Poplack & Meechan, 1998; Tagliamonte, 2002), allows them to invalidate the hypothesis of a causal relationship between contact and the phenomenon under study.
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Goyens, Michèle, Béatrice Lamiroy, and Ludo Melis. "Déplacement et repositionnement de la préposition à en français." Grammaticalisation 25, no. 2 (August 31, 2003): 275–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.2.06goy.
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In Modern French, the preposition à has a large number of uses, in contrast to the Latin prepositions ad, ab and apud from which it derives. They can be classified into seven groups: complements expressing (1) place (where?), (2) time (when?), (3) manner, cause or instrument (how?); non locative complements commutating with (5) y or (6) lui, and finally (7) complements expressing possession. This evolution has been described lately as a result of a grammaticalization process, whereby the non locative uses emerged from the locative meaning by an increasing degree of abstraction. First, we show how a comparison with synchronic Romance data (Italian and Spanish), and with diachronic data from Old French, allows us to refine the description of the overall grammaticalization process which involves French à. Moreover, we analyze less well known empirical data concerning lexical and morphosyntactic restrictions on present-day uses of French à. Both kinds of data account for our hypothesis : we argue in particular that the preposition’s main function is no longer that of expressing locative meaning (or adverbial meaning in general) but its use as a mere syntactic complementizer. Furthermore, we show that the preposition is subject not only to a grammaticalization process, but also to a lexicalization process. That the latter also mainly holds for the adverbial uses of à provides evidence for the same hypothesis, viz. the core uses of Modern French à can be described as the result of a ‘repositioning’ of the preposition from the adverbial domain into the structural domain of the indirect object.
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Marchello-Nizia, Christiane. "Prépositions françaises en diachronie." Grammaticalisation 25, no. 2 (August 31, 2003): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.2.03mar.
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Summary Since the 17th century, French has had both the categories of adverbs and prepositions, each represented by specific morphemes. In Old French however, this situation was different : one morpheme could then function as preposition, adverb, particle, verbal prefixe and subordinating element. In the light of recent theories concerning changes of grammatical categories and the notion of ‘emergent grammar’, a matter of concern should be whether these different categories have to be distinguished for Old and Middle French, or whether these morphemes are to be considered as making part of multi-functional or even multi-categorial paradigms. In the latter case, each paradigm would express one notion or a series of related notions. A concrete analysis of the usage of four such morphemes, aval, par, tres and en, from 1000 to 1500 shows how these ‘prepositions’ evolve from multi-categorial to mono-categorial usage. This reduction of pluri-categorial morphemes in French can be explained by a more general change at the level of the French grammatical macro-system, leading towards an increasing iconicity, where one function is expressed by one single form.
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Manyasa, Jonace. "When Language Transfer is Negative." Journal for Foreign Languages 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.13.165-190.
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This paper analyses morpho-syntactic interference errors committed by learners of French as a foreign language in four Tanzanian universities: UDSM, UDOM, DUCE and Makumira. The paper has three specific objectives: (i) to identify morpho-syntactic interference errors, (ii) to account for their sources and (iii) to recommend a corrective treatment. The study included a total of 61 respondents. The data was collected through learners’ written texts in French from which a corpus was developed. The study was guided by the interlanguage theory and the error analysis approach. Data analysis was qualitative. The findings reveal that errors included the use of nouns with English origins (18.87%), omission of prepositions (36.79%) and absence of determiners (44.34%). The findings further show that these errors are due to previously acquired or learned languages: Swahili, ethnic community languages and English. Different recommendations are given following the findings. As regards the use of definite and indefinite articles in French, teachers should provide a guided reading of different French texts through which learners will be able to understand how articles are used. To master the use of prepositions, teachers should encourage learners to read a variety of texts in French as this can make them understand and internalize the different prepositions. Moreover, through regular exercises on word formation in French, learners may be able to familiarize themselves with French nouns, hence internalizing their forms. Finally, the learning of French nouns should be done in context.
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Melis, Ludo. "Some Observations on the Syntax of Adpositions of Movement." Adpositions of Movement 18 (December 31, 2004): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.18.05mel.
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This paper discusses the internal structure of adpositional phrases and provides evidence for the view that, even when analyzing one single language, distinct syntactic patterns need to be set up in order to cope adequately with the data. The focus of the paper is on prepositions of movement in French. It is shown that, for a the case at hand, at least six patterns need te be distinguished. Section 1 presents the standard view of prepositions as the lexical head of a PP; in section 2, it is shown that this view is appropriate for handling most instances of prepositions of movement. The remainder of this paper discusses various cases where the standard view does not hold. Section 3 deals with two instances where prepositions of movement do not have the properties of a head, namely, when they function as case markers or as co-heads to the noun. Sections 4–6 treat three additional patterns; they involve the use of prepositions as nonsubordinating interpositions, as particles tightly linked to the higher predicate, and as specifiers of another preposition. The final section (7) will present a number of conclusions that may be drawn from these observations.
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Surovtseva, Svetlana Ivanovna, and Ol'ga Vladimirovna Kunygina. ""Beginning" and "le début" in the Service Units of the Russian and French Languages." Филология: научные исследования, no. 10 (October 2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2022.10.38916.
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Prepositions in all languages represent a limitless field for research and comparisons. The function of prepositions is to express various relations of objective reality. The subject of the research of the presented article is a detailed description of the functioning of the component "beginning" in phraseological prepositions in Russian and the component "le début" in phraseological prepositions in French. Prepositions have been the subject of study by many linguists T.I. Antonova, N.I. Astafieva, O.S. Akhmanova, A.M. Babkin, M.V. Binkovskaya, R.V. Boldyrev, V.S. Bondarenko, N.I. Bukatevich, M.S. Bunina, M.V. Vsevolodova, L.N. Zasorina, G.A. Zolotova, E.G. Kulinich, Yu.I. Ledeneva, T.A. Panteleeva, R.P. Rogozhnikova, E.T. Cherkasova, G.A. Shiganova and others. The study is conducted in a comparative manner. The novelty of the research undertaken lies in the fact that phraseological prepositions with the component "beginning" in Russian and the component "le début" in French represent the beginning of an action or phenomenon, limitation, following and preceding in time. Empirical material shows that the productivity of the formation of phraseological prepositions with the meaning of temporality is quite high both in Russian and in French. Having analyzed the internal organization of phraseological prepositions with the studied component, we come to the conclusion that the Russian language has a greater variety of structural organization schemes than in French, with all its analyticity.
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Gadet, Françoise, and Mari Jones. "Variation, Contact and Convergence in French Spoken Outside France." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525372.
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AbstractThis article focuses on syntactic phonemena observed in situations of language contact in the French-speaking world, where French finds itself in (usually unfavorable) competition with English. A number of cases are examined where a superficial analysis might conceivably point to a change caused by transfer from English: more specifically, in the verb system (auxiliaries, the subjunctive), the use of clitic pronouns, adjective position (preposed or postposed), certain infinitival constructions, prepositions (including preposition stranding), the use of relative pronouns and que-deletion, the particle back and the marker comme. Our conclusions draw on theories of linguistic contact and change, both with respect to French and, more broadly, the study of language.
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Sőrés, Anna. "« Articles contractés » ou « preposizioni articolate » ?" Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 55, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 70–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.15012.sor.
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Abstract The morphemes such as the French au or the Italien nel are designed by different terms in grammars of Romance languages, which shows that it is difficult to identify the lexical category of this type of fusional morpheme. The aim of this paper is to propose a detailed analysis of these contracted forms. I suggest that the fusion occurs during a secondary grammaticalization. This process involves, on the one hand, the definite article, i.e. a grammatical element, and, on the other hand, some prepositions which, semantically, can be functional or lexical but which function syntactically as grammatical elements. The analysis shows that case inflection of nominals has been transferred to the preposition while the other categories appear in the article which merged with prepositions. Therefore, the fusional forms can be considered as prepositions marked by the grammatical categories of gender, number and definiteness.
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Amiot, Dany, and Walter De Mulder. "De l’adverbe au préfixe en passant par la préposition." Grammaticalisation 25, no. 2 (August 31, 2003): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.2.05ami.
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Summary The aim of this article is to study the relationship between certain adverbs, prepositions, prefixes and conjunctions of subordination in French. A distinction is made between two classes of morphemes. The first one includes prefixes and ‘governed’ prepositions (which introduce arguments of the verb, such as the indirect object) : both types of expressions can be said to be ‘linked’, the first to the prefixed element, the second to the verb. The second one includes ‘not-governed’ prepositions (those which introduce adverbial phrases), certain adverbs and conjunctions of subordination ; these morphemes are not linked in the sense mentioned above and can thus said to be ‘free’. This distinction could suggest a grammaticalization channel leading from the free elements to the linked ones : from the adverbs via the related non governed and governed prepositions, in that order, to the prefixes. It is shown, however, that some Latin adverbs grammaticalize directly into preverbs, without an intervening prepositional stage, and that some prepositions directly inherit ‘governed’ as well as ‘not-governed’ uses from their Latin predecessors. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that there is a relation between the governed or non governed nature of some prepositions and the possibility to use them in order to create conjunctions of subordination, could explain why avant que and après que are still used as such conjunctions, whereas sur ce que / sour ce que has disappeared.
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Magnus, Ilse, and Isabelle Peeters. "Les systèmes prépositionnels en français et en néerlandais." French Syntax in Contrast 33, no. 2 (December 2, 2010): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.33.2.06mag.
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The French spatial preposition sur (‘on’) has recently developed new spatial usages. It has evolved from expressing a spatial configuration of superposition to also expressing extent and even a location which is merely relational. The aim of our study is to provide evidence for the hypothesis of the grammaticalization of sur. This task is carried out by comparing these new spatial usages of sur with their Dutch translations. Eighteen attestated cases of sur were selected from a unilingual French corpus, which were then translated by ten native speakers of Dutch. The analysis of these translations showed, first of all, that the new uses of sur are rendered by a wide range of Dutch prepositions. Second, when expressing a location which is merely relational, i.e. when sur is used as a synonym for à (‘to’), the only translation proposed by the native speakers of Dutch is in (‘in’). It comes as no surprise that this preposition is also the most frequent translation of à, which is the French desemantized preposition par excellence.
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Ursini, Francesco-Alessio, and Keith Tse. "Region Prepositions: The View from French—ERRATUM." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 1 (March 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2021.3.
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Hawkins, R. "Review: French Prepositions: Forms and Usage." French Studies 58, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/58.4.579.
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Rolbert, Monique. "Emploi spatial de y et rôle des prépositions locatives." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 28, no. 2 (March 28, 2006): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.28.2.06rol.
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The aim of this article is to study the French pronoun y in its spatial uses. y can refer to different types of phrases and, in particular, to spatial prepositional phrases. This induces that those phrases have contextual effects, as other nominal phrases have. We study the role played by certain spatial prepositions in this process and conclude that they act as functions, working on entities of the universe of interpretation to produce new entities.
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Borillo, Andrée. "Vers and Contre." Adpositions of Movement 18 (December 31, 2004): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.18.12bor.
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Among their different uses, the prepositions vers ‘toward’ and contre ‘against’ can both express the spatial relation of orientation or direction between two entities (figure and ground), although they provide two different ways of presenting this relation. This study tries to show how these two prepositions operate in French and what differences they convey with regard to the interpretation of the spatial relation they encode. Vers and contre are found in similar types of syntactic construction involving the same subsets of verbs, mostly directional motion verbs. But it appears that contre involves a particular way of dealing with spatial direction as it generally expresses a physical tension between two forces (force and counterforce) opposing each other, sometimes with just a counterbalance effect but quite often resulting in rough contact (and even violent impact). Contre can then be taken as a more specialized preposition than vers, as it brings in some specific features concerning tension, opposition, and even aggressiveness.
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Stosic, Dejan, and Benjamin Fagard. "Les prépositions complexes en français." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 54, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 8–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.00014.sto.
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Abstract In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.
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NAIGLES, LETITIA R., and NADINE LEHRER. "Language-general and language-specific influences on children's acquisition of argument structure: a comparison of French and English." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 3 (July 22, 2002): 545–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005159.
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This research investigates language-general and language-specific properties of the acquisition of argument structure. Ten French preschoolers enacted forty sentences containing motion verbs; sixteen sentences were ungrammatical in that the syntactic frame was incompatible with the standard argument structure for the verb (e.g. *Le tigre va le lion = *The tiger goes the lion). Previous work (Naigles, Fowler & Helm; Naigles, Gleitman & Gleitman indicated that English-speaking two-year-olds faced with such ungrammatical sentences consistently altered the usual meaning of the verb to fit the syntactic frame (FRAME COMPLIANCE) whereas adults faced with the same sentences altered the syntax to fit the meaning of the verb (VERB COMPLIANCE). The age at which children began to perform Verb Compliantly varied by frame and by verb. The current study finds that the level of Verb Compliance in French five-year-olds largely mirrors that of English-speaking five-year-olds. The sole exception is the intransitive frame with an added prepositional phrase (e.g. *Le tigre amène près de la passerelle = *The tiger brings next to the ramp), which elicits a higher level of Verb Compliance among French kindergarteners than among their English learning peers. This effect may be due to the unambiguous interpretation of French spatial prepositions (i.e. next to has both locative and directional interpretations whereas près de supports only the locative interpretation). These data support the conclusion that the acquisition of argument structure is influenced by both language-general mechanisms (e.g. uniqueness, entrenchment) and language-specific properties (e.g. prepositional ambiguity).
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DUBOIS, SYLVIE, and SIBYLLE NOETZEL. "Intergenerational pattern of interference and internally-motivated changes in Cajun French." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, no. 2 (July 14, 2005): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672890500218x.
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We examine the variable use of locative prepositions in Cajun French, adding two dimensions to existing studies: real-time evidence, adding a diachronic descriptive perspective, and a methodological tool, measuring the degree of exposure to French (MDI). The goal of this paper is to determine the origins and the directions of language change within the system of locative prepositions. The majority of the interviews are taken from the Cajun French/English corpus, conducted by Dubois in 1997. Our results indicate that the restricted speakers use an array of innovative forms in all locative categories. Systemic and extralinguistic evidence show that some of these forms represent interference-induced innovations, while others are internally-motivated innovations stimulated in an indirect way by language contact. A model of change emerges where the older restricted speakers introduce changes that are gradually adopted by the following generations, regardless of the extent to which their linguistic ability in Cajun French is diminished.
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Van Goethem, Kristel. "French and Dutch preverbs in contrast." Languages in Contrast 7, no. 1 (April 10, 2007): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.7.1.05van.
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French sur and Dutch op (“on, upon”) can be a considered matching pair when they are used as prepositions: e.g. le livre sur la table/het boek op de tafel (“the book on the table”). However, used as prefixes, or in particular as preverbs, the similarities between sur- and op- seem to be much weaker. Instead, sur- corresponds more often to over-: e.g. surestimer quelque chose/iets overschatten (“to overestimate something”). From the analysis of a bilingual dictionary, we will investigate this phenomenon. At a morpho-syntactic level, on the one hand, we will show that French and Dutch preverbs appear in different types of constructions. At the semantic level, on the other hand, we will demonstrate that prepositions in preverbal use can develop new, often aspectual, meanings, but that this re-semanticization process does not necessarily follow the same paths in French and Dutch.
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Heidinger, Steffen. "Anaphernresolution und verwaiste Präpositionen im Französischen." Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur 129, no. 1 (2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/zfsl-2019-0001.
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Hrabia, Michał. "Verbes français préfixés en „sur-” et leurs équivalents lexicographiques polonais." Studia Linguistica 40 (November 26, 2021): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.40.4.
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The present paper belongs to the stream of the verbal prefixation contrastive studies. It aims at conducting a short investigation of French verbs prefixed by sur- and their Polish equivalents found in the “Great French-Polish Dictionary”. In the first part, selected theoretical approaches concerning the French prefix sur- are presented, with particular attention to the semantic-based theories by Danny Amiot and Kristel Van Goethem. The second part focuses on the results of the contrastive French-Polish analysis of 48 verbs distributed into 9 semantic categories: excess, intensity, repetition, posteriority, simultaneity, spatial superiority, hierarchical superiority, notional uses, and lexicalized uses. The goal is to show what linguistic means (grammatical and/or lexical) the Polish language utilizes to express different semantic values conveyed by the French prefix sur- in each of the listed categories. Consequently, the Polish equivalents are divided into several classes, of which the most relevant are: verbs prefixed by prze- and do-, prepositional constructions (with the prepositions na and nad), and periphrastic adverbial constructions.
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Troberg, Michelle. "From indirect to direct object." Diachronica 28, no. 3 (October 5, 2011): 382–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.3.04tro.
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This article provides an account of the shift in the expression of the internal argument of a small class of dynamic two-place verbs best represented by aider “help” from ‘dative’, i.e., as an indirect object with the preposition à, to ‘accusative’, i.e., as a direct object with no preposition. This change is not correlated with a change in the meaning of the verbs or with any obvious change in the selectional restrictions imposed on the internal argument. One of the central results of this study is to demonstrate that the shift in argument realization was systematic and part of a broader change involving the loss of directionality as a property of prepositions in French, explaining its correlation with several other related changes in verbal complementation that also occurred in the 15th century.
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Girju, Roxana. "The Syntax and Semantics of Prepositions in the Task of Automatic Interpretation of Nominal Phrases and Compounds: A Cross-Linguistic Study." Computational Linguistics 35, no. 2 (June 2009): 185–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.06-77-prep13.
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In this article we explore the syntactic and semantic properties of prepositions in the context of the semantic interpretation of nominal phrases and compounds. We investigate the problem based on cross-linguistic evidence from a set of six languages: English, Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, and Romanian. The focus on English and Romance languages is well motivated. Most of the time, English nominal phrases and compounds translate into constructions of the form N P N in Romance languages, where the P (preposition) may vary in ways that correlate with the semantics. Thus, we present empirical observations on the distribution of nominal phrases and compounds and the distribution of their meanings on two different corpora, based on two state-of-the-art classification tag sets: Lauer's set of eight prepositions and our list of 22 semantic relations. A mapping between the two tag sets is also provided. Furthermore, given a training set of English nominal phrases and compounds along with their translations in the five Romance languages, our algorithm automatically learns classification rules and applies them to unseen test instances for semantic interpretation. Experimental results are compared against two state-of-the-art models reported in the literature.
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Le Normand, Marie-Thérèse. "Productive use of syntactic categories in typical young French children." First Language 39, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723718778920.
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In this corpus study, it is asked whether young children speaking European French build their early syntax around grammatical or lexical words. Specifically, the study examines the relationship of grammatical and lexical words in three types of syntactic structures (determiner–noun, pronoun–verb and subject pronoun–verb). The corpus included 315 samples from children aged 24–48 months, a period of rapid growth in grammatical morphology and syntax. The results of a series of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicate that prepositions and auxiliaries explain the unique variance in determiner–noun and determiners and prepositions explain the unique variance in pronoun–verb and subject pronoun–verb combinations better than lexical categories. All these strong predictors support the view that grammatical words guide and facilitate syntactic knowledge. Early grammar is based not on a lexicon but on basic grammatical relationships that young children build gradually, making use of the formal distributional properties of their native language.
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POPLACK, SHANA, LAUREN ZENTZ, and NATHALIE DION. "Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 2 (August 11, 2011): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000204.
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In this study, we investigate whether preposition stranding, a stereotypical non-standard feature of North American French, results from convergence with English, and the role of bilingual code-switchers in its adoption and diffusion. Establishing strict criteria for the validation of contact-induced change, we make use of the comparative variationist framework, first to situate stranding with respect to the other options for preposition placement with which it coexists in the host language grammar, and then to confront the variable constraints on stranding across source and host languages, contact and pre-contact stages of the host language, mainstream and “bilingual” varieties of the source language, and copious and sparse code-switchers. Detailed comparison with a superficially similar pre-existing native language construction also enables us to assess the possibility of a language-internal model for preposition stranding. Systematic quantitative analyses turned up several lines of evidence militating against the interpretation of convergence. Most compelling are the findings that the conditions giving rise to stranding in French are the same as those operating to produce the native strategy, while none of them are operative in the presumed source. Explicit comparison of copious vs. sparse code-switchers revealed no difference between them, refuting claims that the former are agents of convergence. Results confirm that surface similarities may mask deeper differences, a crucial finding for the study of contact-induced change.
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Fagard, Benjamin. "Évolution sémantique des prépositions spatiales de l’ancien au moyen français." Grammaticalisation 25, no. 2 (August 31, 2003): 311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.2.07fag.
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Summary The aim of this paper is to investigate a particular aspect of semantic change. Many theories have tried to capture the regularity in semantic change. In this respect, some linguists have claimed that space is the necessary starting point of any semantic development, and others have stated that space is situated at the same distance from the “semantic core” of a given lexeme as other semantic domains, such as time. I will formulate a partial answer to the question of the primacy of space. Using diachronic corpus data, I will examine prepositions in Old and Middle French (11th to 16th centuries). The prepositions I have focused on are vers, envers, devers, and pardevers, chosen from a wider corpus of prepositions (which I have studied in the same way) because of their semantic behavior, which is particularly complex, and which I try to explain here in detail.
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KUPISCH, TANJA, TATJANA LEIN, DAGMAR BARTON, DAWN JUDITH SCHRÖDER, ILSE STANGEN, and ANTJE STOEHR. "Acquisition outcomes across domains in adult simultaneous bilinguals with French as weaker and stronger language." Journal of French Language Studies 24, no. 3 (August 2, 2013): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269513000197.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the adult grammars of French simultaneous bilingual speakers (2L1s) whose other language is German. Apart from providing an example of French as heritage language in Europe, the goals of this paper are (i) to compare the acquisition of French in a minority and majority language context, (ii) to identify the relative vulnerability of individual domains, and (iii) to investigate whether 2L1s are vulnerable to language attrition when moving to their heritage country during adulthood. We include two groups of German-French 2L1s: One group grew up predominantly in France, but moved to Germany during adulthood; the other group grew up predominantly in Germany and stayed there. Performance is compared in different domains, including adjective placement, gender marking, articles, prepositions, foreign accent and voice onset time. Results indicate that differences between the two groups are minimal in morpho-syntax, but more prominent in pronunciation.
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Kayne, Richard S. "On some Prepositions that Look DP-internal: English of and French de." Catalan Journal of Linguistics 1 (December 1, 2003): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/catjl.56.
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TAUBE-SCHIFFNORMAN, MARLENE, and NORMAN SEGALOWITZ. "Within-language attention control in second language processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, no. 3 (November 15, 2005): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728905002257.
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This study investigated attention control in tasks involving the processing of relational terms (more highly grammaticized linguistic stimuli: spatial prepositions) and non-relational terms (less highly grammaticized lexical stimuli: nouns) in a first (L1) and second language (L2). Participants were adult bilinguals with greater proficiency in their L1 (English) than in their L2 (French) as determined by self-report and performance on a speeded word classification task. Attention control was operationalized in terms of shift costs obtained in an alternating runs experimental design (Rogers and Monsell, 1995). As hypothesized from consideration of the attention-directing functions of language, participants displayed significantly greater shift costs (lower attention control) for relational terms when performing in the L2 as compared to the L1, but no difference in shift costs for non-relational terms between the two languages. The results are discussed from a cognitive linguistic perspective and in relation to second language proficiency development.
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Moustaki, Argyro. "Analyse Contrastive des Formes Être Prép X en Grec Moderne et en Français." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 29–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.21.1.03mou.
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Taking as a starting point one of Maurice Gross's work on the construction be Prep X, we present the classes we have established for the Greek language. We have retained the classes established by M. Gross for French. For the Greek study, our point of departure is a selection of 2200 frozen expressions. But we have gone beyond this to study not only frozen expression but also productive phrases. The aim of this analysis was to establish the similarities or differences which exist between Greek and French. By studying the elements of these syntactic strings in both languages, we observe that the area of greatest difference occurs in the selection of prepositions, We have also studied the relationship between the support verb to be in Modern Greek and French and its relations with other support verbs. This study will serve as a basis for future comparative studies which will ultimately serve to support automatic translation.
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Brill, Jana A. "FRENCH VERBS IN CONTEXT." CALICO Journal 8, no. 1 (January 14, 2013): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.v8i1.25-37.
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This article describes an intermediate level verb program for IBM compatibles. The content of the program is based on the most common difficulties encountered by students in third semester college French courses. It is not text-specific. The exercises are designed to encourage both reflection on appropriate verb forms, and precision in typing-in forms required. The introductions to each of the five lessons are based on recent research in French verb morphosyntax. "Little Red Riding Hood" is the context for most of the exercises, and each lesson provides a version of the story that focuses on the structures of that lesson. The basic storyline is a composite of three recordings made in France by native speakers between 1980 and 11981. Lesson one deals with the present tense of 16 morphologically and syntactically interesting verbs, lesson two with the prepositions preceding an infinitival complement, lesson three with hypothetical structures, lesson four with the past tense in narration and discourse, and lesson five with the future — as viewed from the past or the present. The goal of the program is to provide students with verb practice within a familiar and interesting context.
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Dekydtspotter, Laurent, Rex A. Sprouse, and Bruce Anderson. "Interlanguage A-bar dependencies: binding construals, null prepositions and Universal Grammar." Second Language Research 14, no. 4 (October 1998): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026765898677792795.
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This article argues that the ‘null prep’ phenomenon discussed by Klein (1990; 1993; 1995) and Jourdain (1996) is a special case of a more general phenomenon in second language acquisition: the reliance on the A-bar binding strategy discussed by Rizzi (1990) and Cinque (1990). This strategy is employed even where both the L1 and the target language rely (primarily) on movement analyses. We present an analysis of additional English–French interlanguage data, complementing our analysis of Klein's and Jourdain's data. We argue that apparent categorial mismatches in A-bar chains may result from Preposition Incorporation. Although both movement analyses and binding construals are squarely within the UG-constrained hypothesis space, we suggest that learners may be driven to (nonmovement) binding construals to account for A-bar dependencies for reasons associated with online computational complexity, under the assumption that a nonmovement construal derived by Merge alone is less costly than one derived by Move (Chomsky, 1995).
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Chaudenson, Robert, André Valli, and Daniel Véronique. "The Dynamics of Linguistic Systems and the Acquisition of French as a Second Language." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8, no. 3 (October 1986): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100006318.
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It has been observed that learners of French as a second language at different stages of the acquisition process tend to use forms and rules that are comparable to those of French-based creoles or pid-ginized French. The more advanced learners employ rules and forms akin to dialectal variants of French or to French as spoken in isolated areas such as Old Mines, Missouri. The learners produce non-standard forms considered unacceptable by the purist tradition of French grammarians. It has been noted that the observed similarities between interlanguage, regional dialects, etc., occur in given “sensitive” zones of French morphology and syntax such as the use of verbs and auxiliaries, morphology and placement of clitic pronouns, over-generalization of given prepositions, those very areas which are problematic in the acquisition of French as L1. Since the 17th century, these have been the object of a strict codification by purist grammarians who disregard actual usage in various dialects. It is hypothesized that such similarities between the interlanguage forms at various stages of development, French regional dialects, and areas of conflict over the elaboration of norms in standard French can be partly accounted for if one considers the dynamics of the target language. To explain the functioning of this process, we posit a “system” comprising the learner-speaker, the specific linguistic system itself (including pressure to conform to the norm), and the interactions with native speakers. Through self-regulation, this system devises solutions which perforce pertain to that common area which in any language is at the crossroads of variation, language change, and acquisition. This hypothetical zone (called français zéro by Chaudenson, 1984) is the point of convergence of the self-regulating processes which are responsible for the formal and functional similarities between French-based interlanguages, language change, norm conflicts in the standardization of French, and the creolization process.
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Chambers, Angela, and Victoria Kelly. "Semi-specialized corpora of written French as a resource in language teaching and learning." TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics 21 (August 27, 2019): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35903/teanga.v21i0.177.
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This study is based on data provided by a corpus 1,144,668 words of contemporary written standard French of a semi-specialized nature, consisting of journalistic texts relating to the introduction of the Euro. The aim is to investigate the potential of a corpus such as this as a resource for language teachers and learners in an area such as French for business, where competence in the expression of quantitative may be required. Through an analysis of the verbs and prepositions used in conjunction with the percentage symbol, the aim is twofold: firstly to show how the information obtained from the corpus can complement the contribution of the grammar and the coursebook, providing a resource with a variety of examples of actual use; and secondly to raise the question of how information such as this can be made available to teachers and learners in an environment which fosters inductive learning and learner autonomy.
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CHAMBERS, ANGELA, and ÍDE O’SULLIVAN. "Corpus consultation and advanced learners’ writing skills in French." ReCALL 16, no. 1 (May 2004): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344004001211.
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In the rapidly changing environment of language learning and teaching, electronic literacies have an increasingly important role to play. While much research on new literacies focuses on the World Wide Web, the aim in this study is to investigate the importance of corpus consultation as a new type of literacy which is of particular relevance in the context of language learning and teaching. After briefly situating the theoretical and pedagogical context of the study in relation to authenticity and learner autonomy, the paper describes an empirical study involving eight postgraduate students of French. As part of a Masters course they write a short text and subsequently attempt to improve it by using concordancing software to consult a small corpus containing texts on a similar subject. The analysis of the results reveals a significant number of changes made by the learners which may be classified as follows in order of frequency: grammatical errors (gender and agreement, prepositions, verb forms/mood, negation and syntax); misspellings, accents and hyphens; lexico-grammatical patterning (native language interference, choice of verb and inappropriate vocabulary); and capitalisation. The conclusion notes that the situation in which these students found themselves (i.e. faced with a text on which the teacher had indicated phrases which could be improved) is replicated in many cases every day, and suggests that corpus consultation may have a useful role to play in the context of interactive feedback, particularly in cases where traditional language learning resources are of little use.
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Adebayo, Lukman Adedoyin. "A longitudinal study of learners’ writing errors in French." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 23, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 207–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v23i1.8.
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Several scholars have carried out investigations on writing errors in second language learning. However, longitudinal studies that focus on the linguistic development in general and lexical competence of the anglophone learners of French, in particular, are still very scarce. An investigation of this sort will give a concise scope of the language development of the anglophone learners of French and some of the factors that are responsible for the errors found in their writing. This study investigates the writing errors of the Obafemi Awolowo University learners of French. The subjects who participated in the study were 14 beginner students. The learners were monitored from their first year of study at the University all through the end of their third year of study. An essay writing exercise was administered on the subjects at the end of their first academic year in 2015/2016. By the end of their second year at the university in 2016/2017 and the end of their third year in 2017/2018, the same essay writing exercise was administered to the same set of students. The study found out that Obafemi Awolowo University learners of French-made frequent errors in their writing. They made repeated errors ranging from wrong spellings, determinants, prepositions, choice of words, overgeneralization, and wrong analogy. The study thus suggested that the learning techniques, teaching methods, and teaching curriculum be regularly reviewed to reflect the language needs of the learners.
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Boussaid, Youness. "Spatial Deixis in Moroccan Tachelhit Variety." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, no. 2 (June 4, 2022): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i2.906.
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This paper investigates spatial deixis in Moroccan Tachelhit Variety. Deixis is a word of Greek origin which means ‘pointing.’ The paper explores the means that Tachelhit offers its speakers for spatial deictic reference, an important pragmatic aspect that linguists of Tachelhit have not heeded to. Tachelhit has a rich spatial deictic system which is thus categorized into: Demonstratives, Adverbs of Place, Prepositions, Motion Verbs, and Presentatives. Tachelhit has a four-term spatial deictic system which changes according to the interplay of gender, proximity, distance, and absence. The paper also discovers that Tachelhit is a language that benefits from spatial deictic iconicity. The two major data collection methods that were used in this qualitative paper are content analysis and elicitation technique. Some examples from other languages (English, Latin, Turkish, Indonesian, Bantu, and French) are provided for cross-linguistic comparison and instantiation.
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Gunnarson, Kjell-Åke. "Expressions of Distance and Theory of Theta-roles." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 16, no. 1 (June 1993): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258650000264x.
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Expressions of distance, likefar (away) from the village and 10km from the village, display various syntactic structures. On the basis of Swedish and French data, it is shown that, when such structures appear as locative predicates, certain properties of their heads become problematic, given the requirements of the GB theory of theta-roles. In order to solve these problems, two essential proposals are made: (a) An external θ-role may be used up in the process of establishing a position by means of a path. (b) The subject argument of NP-(copula)-XP may receive an external θ-role of non-lexical origin. Addressing questions of a contrastive nature, the present paper suggests that directive prepositions may assign an external θ-role in Germanic but not in Romance languages.
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Zaytseva, N. Yu, and S. G. Kurbatova. "ISOMORPHISM AND ALLOMORPHISM OF ROMANCE TERMINOLOGICAL WORD COMBINATIONS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 6 (December 25, 2019): 953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-6-953-961.
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The article reflects the main results of comparative-typological study concerning the organization of terminological phrases on the basis of four closely related languages - French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian. Attention is focused on the study of theme-rheme organization of phrases on the material of multilingual and bilingual dictionaries in some of the most priority areas of electronics and electrical engineering. Despite the isomorphism of the studied languages, the complex use of a number of methods (comparative-typological method, quantitative analysis, actual division method, questioning of specialist informants) allowed to detect several allomorphic features in the theme-rheme organization of their word combinations. They consist in the use of possessive and definite articles, prepositions, and ordinal numbers. The presence of possessive articles in the Romanian language is recognized as the most striking allomorphic property, thanks to which theme-rheme organization of a Romanian word-combination becomes more transparent in comparison with other Romance languages. The importance of the study of allomorphic features of languages for lexicography, theory and practice of translation is emphasized.
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Gerdes, Kim, and Sylvain Kahane. "L’amas verbal au cœur d’une modélisation topologique du français." Ordre des mots et topologie de la phrase française 29, no. 1 (July 6, 2006): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.29.1.07ger.
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This article aims at two objectives : We want to show that principal word order phenomena can be described in a topological approach to linearization, i.e. a linking of an (unordered) dependency tree and a ordered structure, the topological constituent tree. Moreover, we want to put forward the importance and naturalness of a particular constituent in the modeling of French word order, the verb cluster (amas verbal) : It is composed of one or more verbs, of necessary functional words (prepositions and complementizers), and of very constraint lexical elements other than the verbs as for example clitics and certain adverbs. The work is based on a rigorous formalization of the dependency-topology link in Gerdes & Kahane 2001. The verb cluster in the topological structure remains to be shown to be closely related to a prosodic constituent.
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Kuritsyna, Anna. "Preposition Repetition in Tocharian." Indo-European Linguistics 4, no. 1 (2016): 190–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00401004.
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The paper is devoted to the Tocharian phenomenon of preposition repetition, which occurs when a preposition governs conjuncts. This phenomenon is well known in Old Russian, but it is also described for some other ancient and modern languages, e.g. Latin, Greek, Hebrew and modern French. In the majority of these languages, the occurrence of reiterated prepositions is optional. This is different in Tocharian: although there are cases of both repetition and nonrepetition of prepositions with conjuncts, repetition seems to be obligatory. On the basis of an analysis of all available contexts, it will be argued that preposition repetition in Tocharian is a regular syntactic mechanism unless metrical characteristics of particular verse texts cause omission of the preposition.
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Ridruejo, Emilio. "Los Epígonos Del Racionalismo en España." Historiographia Linguistica 24, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1997): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.24.1-2.08rid.
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Summary French philosophical grammmar and grammatical rationalism developed from the 17th-century Port Royal Grammar, but they were not adopted by Spanish grammarians until early in the 19th century. Of works responsible for the introduction of French grammatical philosophy in Spain, one of the earliest and the most important one is the Principios de gramática general (Madrid 1835), by José Gómez Hermosilla (1771–1837/38?). The work was very well received; by 1841 it already was into a third edition. Even before first appearing in print, a manuscript of the Gramática General was used to adapt Gómez Hermosilla’s ideas to the 1828 Castilian grammar of Jacobo Saqueniza (anagram for Joaquín Cabezas). The most important of the Castilian grammars influenced by the work of Gómez Hermosilla were the one just mentioned and the one by Antonio Martinez de Noboa, published in 1839. The application of Hermosilla’s theories to descriptive grammars of Castilian required adapting both the theory and the description to achieve a reasonable fit between universal and language specific aspects. Other adjustments were required of the writers of descriptive grammars in order to avoid conflicts with a long and well established grammatical tradition. Nevertheless, grammars like those of Saqueniza and Noboa show innovations which resulted from their relationship with the theories of Hermosilla which will produce a deictic interpretation of articles, possesives and demonstratives, and will affect the theory of verb tenses, as well as the definitions of prepositions and conjunctions, and the classification of sentences. Additionally, Noboa’s Castilian Gramática, whose title makes a claim to be in accordance with grammatical philosophy, includes the most extensive and systematic treatment of syntax prior to the appearance of the work of Andres Bello (1781–1865) in 1847.
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Ghezzou, Noria, and Sofiane Mammeri. "Investigating intralingual and interlingual errors of algerian middle school efl learners in their written compositions: a case study." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 9 (May 31, 2017): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v9i0.1255.
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The present paper investigates the intralingual and interlingual errors of Algerian Middle School EFL learners in their writing compositions. The purpose of the study is to identify the major errors and classify them according to their types and sources. Besides, it aims at suggesting some solutions to this problem. The sample of the study consists of 1/3 of fourth year learners of Youcef Ben Berkane Middle School of Akbou – Bejaia, Algeria. Accordingly, a corpus of 62 written compositions is collected and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings revealed that all the participants significantly make errors in their written compositions. Besides, most of the learners make errors at the levels of spelling, tense, punctuation, subject-verb agreement, sentence fragment, articles, prepositions, and French interference. In view of that, it is also shown that the main source of the learners’ errors is intralingual followed by interlingual transfer. However, promoting extensive reading, integrating reliable writing activities in the classroom and practicing handwriting are some of pedagogical implications suggested to overcome the learners’ repeated errors.Key Words: EFL, Writing, Language Interference, Error Analysis, Bejaia, Algeria.
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Eroğlu, Süleyman, Sercan Alabay, and Hakan Keklik. "A Study on the Usage of Verb’s Complements with Cases by French Bilingual Somalian Students Learning Turkish as a Foreign Language." International Education Studies 15, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n2p113.
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An important part of the grammatical proficiency of students learning Turkish as a foreign language is the use of verb complements in terms of case suffixes used with verbs. The suffixes that determine the relations between nouns and verbs that make up the two main word categories of Turkish are case suffixes. Noun case suffixes, whose main function is to connect nouns to verbs, are one of the most difficult subjects for students learning Turkish as a foreign language. However, there are few studies on teaching noun case suffixes to foreign students. The aim of this study, which was prepared based on the deficiency in the relevant literature, is to determine the usage levels of noun case suffixes in the oral expressions of French bilingual Somalian students learning Turkish. The study group of the research consists of 25 Somalian Somali students studying at the B1, B2 and C1 levels at Bursa Uludag University Turkish Teaching Center in the 2019-2020 academic year and voluntarily participated in this research. The data obtained within the scope of this research, which was designed as a qualitative case study, were analyzed according to the suffix category that provides the relationship between the noun case suffixes and the verbs in the sentence. Other functions of the noun case suffix that provide the connection between nouns and nouns, nouns and prepositions are excluded from the scope of the study. The research data obtained by the semi-structured interview technique were analyzed using frequency analysis, which is one of the sub-techniques of content analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that 25 French bilingual Somalian students learning Turkish made mistakes at a rate of about half when using the verbs with case suffixes, and they used the nominative case with the least mistakes.