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Journal articles on the topic 'French literature Comparative literature Literature'
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Hertrampf, Marina Ortrud M. "Romani Literature(s) As Minor Literature(s) in the Context of World Literature: A Survey of Romani Literatures in French and Spanish." Critical Romani Studies 3, no. 2 (2021): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29098/crs.v3i2.88.
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The article discusses the comparatively young form of written Romani literary self-expression as an example of “minor literature” in Deleuze and Guattari’s sense.[1] The focus here is on producing a classifying survey of the literary production of Romani writers in France and Spain, with the article outlining the different aesthetic fields and literary forms evident in French and Spanish Romani literature. The comparative approach reveals thatdespite regional and national differences, these minor literatures demonstrate several aesthetic similarities typical of Romani literature that could ultimately come to define the transnational, cross-border characteristics of Romani literature. Furthermore, I show that there are literary tendencies in contemporary Romani literatures that go beyond the usual forms of establishing literary self-expression in diasporic cultural productions or aesthetic appropriation of major society’s literary traditions, so that Romani literatures in French and Spanish should, I argue, also be seen as part of world literature.
 1 It is important to emphasize that the potentially offending implications of the evaluative use of the term “minor” is by no means hinted at in Deleuze and Guattari: The French “literature mineure” does not indicate lower aesthetic qualities or literary inferiority to majority literature but rather describes a literature produced by writers not (exclusively) belonging to the nation-state in which they live. At the same time, it should be mentioned that the term “small literature,” in contrast to minor literatures, means literary expressions from small nations or/and in small languages like, for example, in Bulgarian, Estonian, or Luxembourgish (cf., Glesener 2012).
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Heise, Ursula K. "Globality, Difference, and the International Turn in Ecocriticism." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 3 (2013): 636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.3.636.
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Comparative literature has always pursued literary studies in a transnational framework. But for much of its history it has been a “modest intellectual enterprise, fundamentally limited to Western Europe, and mostly revolving around the river Rhine (German philologists working on French literature). Not much more,” as Franco Moretti pithily sums it up (54). The rise of postcolonial theory in the wake of Edward Said's and Gayatri Spivak's influential work vastly expanded comparatist horizons, as did the attention to minority literatures that spread outward from the study of American literature and culture in the 1990s. In 1993 Charles Bernheimer's report to the American Comparative Literature Association, “Comparative Literature at the Turn of the Century,” criticized the elitist and exclusionary tenor of earlier reports on the state of the discipline by Harry Levin (1965) and Tom Greene (1975). Instead, it emphasized “tendencies in literary studies, toward a multicultural, global, and interdisciplinary curriculum” and called for an expansion from comparative literature's traditional focus on a mostly western European and North American canon of works to a truly global conception of Goethean Weltliteratur, for inclusion of previously marginalized minority literatures from around the world, and for connections to media studies, other humanities disciplines, and the social sciences (47).
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a, s. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENLIGHTMENT VIEWS IN UZBEK-FRENCH LITERATURE." Theoretical & Applied Science 74, no. 06 (2019): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2019.06.74.82.
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Narivska, Valentyna, and Nataliia Pakhsarian. "Contemporary french comparative studies: issues and methods." Слово і Час, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2020.03.48-64.
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The paper presents a review of the main issues and methods of studying modern French literature and comparative studies.
 The authors outline the diferences between European approaches, now taken with focus rather on all-European common principles than cultural distinctions, and American tendencies that reflect the priority of feminist and post-colonial methods of comparative studies. Attention is paid to the French peculiarities concerning the replacement of the term ‘influence’ by ‘intertextuality’, and to the role of intermedial and interdisciplinary comparative studies.
 Among the outlined concepts and issues are research ethics in comparative studies; non-essential writers and genres (F. Lavokat); relation of comparative studies to the concepts of European and world literature (A. Tomiche); the role and place of comparative studies in literature and culture (F. Toudoire-Surlapierre), accuracy and universality of defining the discipline (B. Franco), the study of links between literature and art (G. Steiner).
 Attention is also paid to the discussions on the concept of ‘world literature’ (in particular to the views of P. Kazanova) that concern the term ‘world literature’ as it is interpreted by American researchers and ‘European literature’ used by French ones. Other issues are the concept of ‘cultural transfer’; the content of hermeneutic practice in comparison; the role of analysis and ‘defamiliarization’ (introduced by V. Shklovsky); comparison as an object of criticism, a tool of analytics, and methodological necessity; the transversality as the coexistence of diferent comparative methods. The comparative approach has been shown as ontological and culturological vision, a special method of research with a basis in comparison and opposition of the interconnected systems covering translation studies, mythology, imagology, geocriticism, post-colonial and gender studies, research of cultural transfer specified as multicomparativism.
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Franek, Ladislav. "Estudios comparativos en la versología." Interlitteraria 23, no. 2 (2019): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2018.23.2.3.
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Comparative research in versology. The place of comparative literature in Slovak literary studies from the 1960s. Mikuláš Bakoš’s inspiration by the model of historical poetics in his writing on the Slovak verse in the late 1930s. The influence of Russian formalism and Czech structuralism (J. Mukařovský, J. Levý). The focus on the stylistic and typological aspect in verse analysis. The effort towards the symbiosis of the structuraldevelopmental and the traditional historical-critical approaches. The inspiration by Jozef Felix’s emphasis on the universal message of the finest French and world literature for the development of Slovak literature. The contribution of the theory of literary communication for the analysis of Slovak reception of translations from Russian literature (A. Popovič). The re-evaluation of the term “influence” on the basis of a dialectical understanding of the roles of comparative literature (D. Ďurišin). The aspect of the developmental progress of national literatures. The central role of poetic rhythm through the specific application of metric accent in comparing Slovak verse with French and Spanish verse (L. Franek). The meaning of comparative study of poetry in symbiosis with objective-normative and subjective-critical criteria in relation to aesthetic level of translations. The unity of theoretical and empirical research as a reliable instrument in contemporary search for literary and cultural identity of nations (Slovak translations of Paul Claudel).
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Junkiert, Maciej. "Ancient Revolutions in the Literature of Polish Romanticism." Comparative Critical Studies 15, no. 2 (2018): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2018.0289.
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This article aims to examine the Polish literary reception of the French Revolution during the period of Romanticism. Its main focus is on how Polish writers displaced their more immediate experiences of revolutionary events onto a backdrop of ‘ancient revolutions’, in which revolution was described indirectly by drawing on classical traditions, particularly the history of ancient Greeks and Romans. As this classical tradition was mediated by key works of German and French thinkers, this European context is crucial for understanding the literary strategies adopted by Polish authors. Three main approaches are visible in the Polish reception, and I will illustrate them using the works of Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859), Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849) and Cyprian Norwid (1821–1883). My comparative study will be restricted to four works: Krasiński's Irydion and Przedświt (Predawn), Słowacki's Agezylausz (Agesilaus) and Norwid's Quidam.
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Kaufman, E. "On Not Knowing the Original Language: French Philosophy against Comparative Literature." Comparative Literature 65, no. 1 (2013): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-2019275.
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Zabel, Blaž. "Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, World Literature, and the Colonial Comparisons." Journal of World Literature 4, no. 3 (2019): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00403003.
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Abstract This article discusses the work of the early Irish comparatists Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, who in 1886 published the first monograph in English in comparative literature. By bringing into discussion Posnett’s lesser-known journalistic publications on politics, the essay argues that his comparative project was importantly determined by the contemporary challenges of British imperial politics and by his own position in the British Empire. The article investigates several aspects of Posnett’s work in the context of British colonialism: his understanding of literature and literary criticism, his perception of the English and French systems of national literature, and his understanding of world literature and classical literature. Recognising the imperial and colonial context of Comparative Literature additionally highlights the development of literary comparisons, which have marked subsequent discussions in the discipline.
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Mlačnik, Primož. "Minor Literature in the Case of Brina Svit." Przekłady Literatur Słowiańskich 10, no. 1 (2020): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pls.2020.10.01.02.
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The article draws on the Deleuzoguattarian conceptualisation of minor literature in order to analyse the literature of Brina Svit. The concepts of (de)territorialisation (schizophrenia), minor, and other attributes of minor literature are employed in the comparative analysis of different literary elements of four of Brina Svit’s novels. The article outlines the ‘line of flight’ (defined as deterritorialisation, de-oedipisation, politicalness, and collectiveness) that manifests itself from Svit’s novels written in Slovenian to the novels written in French. The literature of Brina Svit is placed in between minor literature and minority literature.
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Fournier, Laurent Sebastian, and Jean-Marie Privat. "The Anthropology of Literature in France." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 25, no. 1 (2016): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2016.250106.
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In this article we present the ongoing theoretical discussions concerning the relations between anthropology and literature in France. We recall the historical relationship of a part of French anthropology and the world of literature. We then try to show how the anthropology of literature began by using the model of the anthropology of art, mainly concentrating on literary works as individual creations specific to the style or the cosmology of a given writer. We explore a new perspective on the analysis of the social and symbolic meanings of literary worlds, putting the emphasis on what is called ‘ethnocriticism’ in France. In order to understand better the influence of literature and literary motives on contemporary cultural practices, and to grasp the relation of literary works with the outside world and with everyday life, we propose to build up a comparative approach of literary works and rituals. Through different novels or other literary works, we address possible developments of contemporary anthropologies of literature in France.
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Franek, Ladislav. "L’essence éthique du dialogue culturel." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (2020): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.3.
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The ethical essence of cultural dialogue. The definition of comparative literary studies in Slovakia. Historical poetics in the works of D. Ďurišin, focused on the typological essence of literary phenomena on the basis of interrelating theoretical and developmental aspects of national literature. The differences of Slovak methodology from Western positivist models of the study of interliterariness. Parallel existence of the principles of literary history and criticism in the reception analyses of Russian, German and French literatures by older Slovak scholars. The onset of realism in Slovak literature at the end of the 19th century (S. Hurban Vajanský). The important contribution of J. Felix’s critical reflection of universalist tendencies in European and esp. modern French writing. The complexity of organically incorporating these impulses into the context of Slovak literature as a result of the provincial character of a “small” nation. The wealth of translations from contemporary world literatures and its positive impact on the work of many Slovak writers in spite of the discontinuity of research in this area after 1989. Urgent need to return to similar forms of literary-cultural reflection and self-reflection through reviving an intensive philological, linguistic, theoretical-critical and historical study at our universities.
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Franek, Ladislav. "L’essence éthique du dialogue culturel." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (2020): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.3.
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The ethical essence of cultural dialogue. The definition of comparative literary studies in Slovakia. Historical poetics in the works of D. Ďurišin, focused on the typological essence of literary phenomena on the basis of interrelating theoretical and developmental aspects of national literature. The differences of Slovak methodology from Western positivist models of the study of interliterariness. Parallel existence of the principles of literary history and criticism in the reception analyses of Russian, German and French literatures by older Slovak scholars. The onset of realism in Slovak literature at the end of the 19th century (S. Hurban Vajanský). The important contribution of J. Felix’s critical reflection of universalist tendencies in European and esp. modern French writing. The complexity of organically incorporating these impulses into the context of Slovak literature as a result of the provincial character of a “small” nation. The wealth of translations from contemporary world literatures and its positive impact on the work of many Slovak writers in spite of the discontinuity of research in this area after 1989. Urgent need to return to similar forms of literary-cultural reflection and self-reflection through reviving an intensive philological, linguistic, theoretical-critical and historical study at our universities.
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Foluke, Siwoku-Awi Omotayo. "A Multi-Nodal Approach to Teaching Literature-In-French at Tertiary Levels." Journal of Education and Practice 4, no. 1 (2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jep.414.
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Purpose: The purpose of this research is to propose solutions to the problems posed by the teaching of Literature-in-French to the Anglophone learner who has not gained mastery of the appropriate collocations, registers, jargons and expressions that can adequately describe an experience, an emotion or a philosophical position as to be able to analytically engage in the debates or polemics raised by the author of a literary text.Methodology: The methodology used is explanatory and historical in which the brief account of French language teaching and its importance to the Nigerian economy is traced; the foundational teaching at the secondary and teacher training levels and French teaching for special purposes are fundamental to mastery and ability to communicate and engage in literary analyses, which is the major discourse. The teaching of French is explored and the practice of traditional approaches is juxtaposed with the innovative multi-nodal approach, developed from the author’s over thirty years of tertiary teaching.Findings: The findings are that a multi-nodal approach to teaching Literature-in-French to Anglophone learners will improve their linguistic and communicative abilities and is a predictor of better achievement in French.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This research has proposed a multi-nodal technique for teaching Nigerian students whose limited lexical and syntactical competencies in French do not allow for elaborate analysis of literary subjects. The implication for teaching literature-in-French is that it will be theory based, the type that falls within the experience of learners and that they can discuss with ease. The multi-nodal approach comprises of other innovative activities like translation, comparative study, computer-aided learning, students’ participation in roles plays, skits and in particular the use of easy-to-read texts. All these activities combined should enable an all-round achievement in French language and literary performance
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Shaden M. Tageldin. "ONE COMPARATIVE LITERATURE? “BIRTH” OF A DISCIPLINE IN FRENCH-EGYPTIAN TRANSLATION, 1810-1834." Comparative Literature Studies 47, no. 4 (2010): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.47.4.0417.
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GREEN, M. J. "Accenting the French in Comparative American Studies." Comparative Literature 61, no. 3 (2009): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-2009-019.
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Nikołajewicz Wiesiełowski, Aleksandr. "On the Method and Tasks of the History of Literature as a Science." Tekstualia 3, no. 54 (2019): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3436.
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Aleksander Wiesiełowski article On the Method and Tasks of the History of Literature as a Science is based on his lecture that inaugurated his class in world literature at the University of Petersburg in 1870, which marks the beginning of the Russian scholar’s affi liation with that university. Problematizing the understanding of world literature and the methods of its study at German and French universities, Wiesiełowski describes the usefulness of the comparative method in the historical study of literature. He assumes that broad generalizations are possible and emphasizes the applicability of the comparative method across disciplines.
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NICHOLSON, RASHNA DARIUS. "From India to India: The Performative Unworlding of Literature." Theatre Research International 42, no. 1 (2017): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883317000037.
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World literature has recently been critiqued for its normative, world-making force and, not unrelatedly, for its genealogical ties to orientalism. This article shifts the focus in world literature from the ‘world’ to the ‘literature’ by suggesting that within a nexus of politics, religion and knowledge production, the stylistic requirements of literature were fundamental to the reification of numerous performative modes that were not predicated exclusively on language's semantic dimensions. Literature, as a ‘vanishing mediator’, thus enabled not only translations but also comparative valuations – philological, mythological and racial – of entire cultures in an unethical epistemological encounter. Through the examination of the circuitous route of the Sāvitrī myth, which was translated from Sanskrit into Italian, English, French and German as ‘dramatic literature’, and finally to Gujarati as a play for theatrical production, this article uncovers performance's potential to problematize the figuring of text as world-encompassing entity.
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Kim, Hyo-Eun. "Consideration on Go Eun’s Early Poems and Poems of French Symbolism through Comparative Literature." Literary Criticism 66 (December 31, 2017): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.31313/lc.2017.12.66.99.
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Kukkonen, Karin. "Does Cognition Translate?" Poetics Today 41, no. 2 (2020): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-8172556.
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Comparative literature and cognitive literary studies both consider literature as a worldwide phenomenon. The move toward world literature in comparative literature made salient the issue of reading some texts in translation, and world literature turned its attention to whether texts are entirely translatable and how center and periphery in the “world republic of literature” are organized around languages that are predominantly translated (or translated into). This article proposes that cognitive literary studies and comparative literature could enter into conversation around the topic of language differences and translation. For cognitive literary studies, the approaches of predictive processing and embodied cognition have in recent years developed the conceptual means to include these differences in our discussions without falling back on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Language shapes thought, but it does so in a flexible exchange between verbal markers and language-created contexts. The author models this exchange for literary texts by means of salient verbal markers that indicate plot events and outlines possible shared avenues of future research for cognitive literary studies and comparative literature along these lines. The examples discussed are the Finnish national epic Kalevala, its French and English translations, and the contemporary novel Sankarit by Johanna Sinisalo.
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PERMANA, Tania Intan. "ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE ET INTERCULTURELLE DES DEUX ŒUVRES LITTÉRAIRES FRANCOPHONES." FRANCISOLA 2, no. 1 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v2i1.7525.
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RÉSUMÉ. La situation des écrivains francophones est plus complexe, et relève d'autres différences que le seul décentrement géographique : ils se situent en effet à la croisée des langues. Ainsi, pour analyser les littératures francophones, on ne peut procéder que par aire culturelle et même pays par pays, car la littérature est le fait d’individus marqués par leur environnement immédiat (Brahimi, 2001, p.3). La recherche est alors visée à deux romans de deux écrivains francophones très réputés et couronnés de Goncourt, Patrick Chamoiseau de la Martinique, et Tahar Ben Jelloun du Maghreb. Solibo Magnifique et Moha le Fou Moha le Sage ont été analysés sur le plan des codes littéraires et culturels. Pour cette étude, nous utilisons également les méthodes de la littérature comparée afin d’arriver à une conclusion des parallélismes et contrastes existant dans ces oeuvres francophones. Afin de rendre la recherche plus systématisée, nous allons encadrer les problématiques sous forme de deux questions suivantes : quelles sont les caractéristiques des romans francophones : Solibo Magnifique et Moha le fou Moha le sage, à travers l’analyse des codes littéraires et culturels, et quels parallélismes et contrastes existent-ils entre ces deux romans. Mots-Clés : littératures, francophones, parallelismes, contraste.ABSTRACT. The situation of French-speaking writers is more complex, and refers to differences other than geographical decentralization: they are at the crossroads of languages. Thus, to analyze Francophone literature, one can proceed only by cultural area and even country by country, because the literature is the act of individuals marked by their immediate environment (Brahimi, 2001: 3). The research is therefore aimed at two novels of two well-known and crowned Francophone writers of Goncourt, Patrick Chamoiseau of Martinique, and Tahar Ben Jelloun of Maghreb. Solibo Magnificent and Moha the Fool Moha the Wise were analyzed in terms of literary and cultural codes. For this study, we also use the methods of comparative literature in order to arrive at a conclusion of the parallels and contrasts existing in the francophone literatures. In order to make the research more systematic, we will frame the problems in the form of two questions: what are the characteristics of French-language novels: Solibo Magnifique and Moha the crazy Moha the wise, through the analysis of literary and cultural codes, and what parallels and contrasts exist between these two novels?Keywords: literature, francophones, parallelisms, contrasts.
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Zelenka, Miloš. "The comparative context and methodology of literary history in Hanuš Jelínek’s Histoire de la littérature tchèque." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 61, no. 1-2 (2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0013.
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Abstract The paper evaluates the importance of the French-written Histoire de la littérature tchèque I–III [The History of Czech Literature] (1930–1935) by Hanuš Jelínek (1878–1944), a leading expert and authority on French–Czech cultural relations. His synthetic work destined for French readers and completed outside the modern methodological context of the 1930s draws on Ernest Denis’ concept of Czech literary development as the ‘literature of struggle’ against the German element, while its composition is inspired by Arne Novák’s history written in German, and his expository method follows in the footsteps of his mentor Jaroslav Vlček. Therefore, Jelínek conceives literary development as a continual motion of ideas within an aesthetic form, as a subject-stratified, multi-layered story unified by the central outlook enabling him on the one hand to emphasise the nationally defensive aspect of Czech literature, and, on the other hand, to present it through parallels and illustrative examples within the European perspective. Jelínek’s Histoire, supplemented with a number of his own translations of Czech authors, is a particular narrative–historical genre – the epitome of the young Czech nation’s cultural policy and an archetype of cordial relations between the Czechoslovak and French cultures.
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Falah, A. Ilah Nurul, Herawaty Abbas, and Amir P. "COMPARATIVE LITERATURE BETWEEN FITZGERALD’S THE GREAT GATSBY AND HAMKA’S TENGGELAMNYA KAPAL VAN DER WIJCK." JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA 8, no. 1 (2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/jib.v8i1.8956.
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This research mainly aimed to find out the similarities and differences in both novels “The Great Gatsby” and “Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck”. The data analysis of this research are from both novels which focus on the main characters’ positions. In analyzing the data, the writer used descriptive comparative method by using Human Models and Heroes of French School in Comparative Literature. The result of this research concluded that the similarities found in main characters’ position, where Gatsby’s position and Zainuddin’s position, they are kind and loyal. They are obsessed on their girl. They are loyal to their own love. While the differences found between Gatsby and Zainuddin are mysterious, fake and religious. Gatsby is a mysterious one while Zainuddin has a clear past description. Gatsby hides his identity and his past to people around him. While Zainuddin is a religious one so that he willing to let Hayati marry to the other man because of his belief in Islam. Zainuddin is the character that has a compassion to people around him.
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Cedergren, Mickaëlle. "The Monastic Hermitage in the End of 19th Century French Literature: a New Identity Space." Human and Social Studies 4, no. 2 (2015): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2015-0017.
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Abstract Through a comparative reading of three novels of the late nineteenth century, namely Le Disciple, A rebours and Un homme libre, the monastic hermitage has emerged as a common place in which the protagonists of the novels, in search for a spiritual space, let themselves be shaped and transformed by the materiality of places. Through the consideration of the specific features of these closed and sacred sanctuaries, as well as the identity and the dream of the end of the 19th century man, a new literature searching for an ideal will appear openly.
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Tyshchenko, Anastasia. "FLANEUR’S ANXIOUS MASCULINITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NOVELS “MIST” BY M. DE UNAMUNO AND “NOTES OF SNUB-NOSED MEPHISTOPHELES” BY V. VYNNYCHENKO." Слово і Час, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2021.02.83-99.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, modernist literature starts to face the new existential issues unfolded in the urban environment. One of these issues is the phenomenon of anxious masculinity caused by the destruction of the patriarchal paradigm.
 In the literatures that were moving from the traditional type of culture to urban and modern, the writers described men who went out on the streets, converting themselves into the urban cultural type known as flânerie. The practice of ﾠflânerie, first presented in French literature, became popular in other European literatures as well, Spanish and Ukrainian not being exceptions. However, the type of flâneur in these two literatures still requires a scrupulous study.
 The paper provides a comparative analysis of M. de Unamuno’s “Niebla” (“Mist”) and V. Vynnychenko’s “Zapysky kyrpatoho Mefistofelia” (“Notes of Snub-Nosed Mephistopheles”) aiming to analyze the represented types of flâneurs. The novels demonstrate the specifics of flâneur’s discourse in Spanish and Ukrainian literatures, which were undergoing modernization processes. The comparison of such elements as writers’ urban experiences, protagonists’ interaction with the urban space, meeting with the modern women on the streets as the main plot element, and gender issues allowed defining different reflections on anxious masculinity and broadening European ﾠflânerie discourse. In addition, the analysis defined the protagonists of the novels as proto-ﾠ вneurs, which creates the perspective for further studies of the ﾠflânerie in Spanish and Ukrainian literatures.
 The results of the research provide arguments for the hypothesis that the ﾠflânerie is one of the modernist perception strategies, symptomatic for European culture.
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Hamman, Philippe, Virginie Anquetin, and Céline Monicolle. "Contemporary Meanings of the ‘Sustainable City’: A Comparative Review of the French- and English-Language Literature." Sustainable Development 25, no. 4 (2016): 336–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.1660.
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Ulozienė, Paulina, and Aurelija Leonavičienė. "Comparative Analysis of the Use of Lexical Analytical Constructions and their Translation into Lithuanian in Italian and French Literary Texts." Sustainable Multilingualism 16, no. 1 (2020): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2020-0009.
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SummaryThe intensification of research on Lithuanian translations of Italian literature and Italian translations of Lithuanian literature over the past twenty years is paralleled by the growth of interest in Italian literature in Lithuania. However, the existing research on diverse linguistic and cultural characteristics of texts translated from Italian into Lithuanian and vice versa has been sporadic, thus leaving much to be done to uncover links between the two languages and identify translation-related issues. The present article looks into one of the issues, namely, the lexical analytical construction of the Italian language and its translation into Lithuanian. Fictional texts by two representative Italian contemporary writers, Alesandro Baricco and Umberto Eco are chosen as a source of data including over three thousand pages of the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) texts. The results are compared with similar studies on translation of French literary texts into Lithuanian. The study on the translation of lexical analytical constructions in Italian literary texts translated into Lithuanian uses the theoretical framework and methodology provided by the Italian School of Semiotic Translation represented by Umberto Eco and Bruno Osimo among others. The study adopts a holistic approach to the analysis of lexical analytical constructions in Lithuanian translations of Italian literature. Comparative quantitative study has revealed three translation strategies: reformulation, translation without changes and remodelling. Reformulation has been identified to be the most frequent translation strategy. Its frequency was five times higher than that of translation without changes. The latter strategy was twice more frequent than the strategy of remodelling, which, accounts for less than ten per cent of all translation cases. Uses of calque or omission as translation strategies were not found. Comparison of quantitative results regarding the distribution of translation strategies adopted in the Lithuanian translations of Italian and French literary texts and a qualitative analysis of examples revealed similar tendencies in translation choices. It is important to note that changes of lexical analytical constructions into noun constructions were one and a half times less frequent in the translations of Italian literature than in the translations of French literature. Italian and French lexical analytical constructions were replaced by noun constructions in cases when in the SL text these constructions designated object and result but not action. Thus, it can be assumed that lexical analytical constructions in French literary texts were relatively more frequent than those in Italian literary texts.
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Domínguez, César. "What Does the Comparative Do for Cosmopolitanism?" PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 3 (2013): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.3.629.
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A conventional definition of cosmopolitanism stressesrelationships to a plurality of cultures understood as distinctive entities. (And the more the better; cosmopolitans should ideally be foxes rather than hedgehogs.) But furthermore cosmopolitanism in a stricter sense includes a stance toward diversity itself, toward the coexistence of cultures in the individual experience…. It is an intellectual and aesthetic stance of openness toward divergent cultural experiences. (Hannerz 239)In the foundation of comparative literature as a distinctive discipline, cosmopolitanism was valued for its “exoticism”—namely, the feeling of being “a citizen ‘of every nation,’ not to belong to one's ‘native country’” (Texte 79), which in (French) literature translated as the openness toward other (northern European) literatures (xi).Defining cosmopolitanism in relation to national loyalties, multilingualism, and mobility overlooks the fact that the cosmopolitan is much older than the nation and that not all multilingual abilities and mobilities are accepted as cosmopolitan, especially when they lack “sophistication.” Since I have partially discussed these issues elsewhere, I will not pursue them here but will restrict myself to Hannah Arendt's future-oriented concept of cosmopolitanism as global citizenship. My aim is to stress the elitism in many theories of cosmopolitanism and to show how comparative literature can challenge this elitism by looking at “hidden traditions.” To do so, I will draw on two essays by Arendt—“The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition” and “Karl Jaspers: Citizen of the World?” As for the first essay, I will introduce Gypsy next to Jew, the latter being Arendt's exclusive interest despite the implications of her use of the concept of the pariah. In the second essay, Arendt discusses acting qua human, the rights granted by membership in a (cosmo)polis, and what “citizen of the world” (cosmopolitan?) means in relation to the public space, and she stresses the value of communication, with the living and the dead. Furthermore, Arendt differentiates between cosmopolitan and European. I argue that postwar European integration challenges in unexpected ways Arendt's view both on rights as linked to nationality and on citizenship in a cosmopolitan polity.
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St-Pierre, Paul. "The Beginnings of Translation Studies." TTR 30, no. 1-2 (2019): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1060020ar.
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It was in the 1970s that the object of study in literature departments began to change, under the impetus of novel approaches, some radically new and others renewed forms of older ones—structuralism, semiotics, intertextuality, psychoanalysis, pragmatics, deconstruction, reader-response theory, hermeneutics, discourse analysis, etc. Many (but not all) of these were French in origin, at least in part: the names of Lévi-Strauss, Barthes, Kristeva, Lacan, Derrida, Ricoeur, Foucault can be cited. And along with the change in the definition of the object of study came a change in the way literature departments defined themselves and their role. This is clear from the way department of literatures renamed themselves and introduced new programs. These changes came about at different times in different places, dependent in good part on the amount of access that existed to the publications—many of which were in French—but especially to the debates they gave rise to. It was in this context of expansion and of redefinition—presented here in terms of my own particular history—that an interest in translation, and later in Translation Studies, developed. Of course, translation was not an entirely new object of study; linguists and students of literature (especially of comparative literature) had on occasion acknowledged its existence, and even at times, its importance. However, it was only with the advent of the new approaches to texts, to reading, to interpretation, and to the context of the transmission of meaning(s) and of expression, that a conception of the importance of translation, and of its interest from a theoretical point of view, was able to develop. This led, in the 1980s, to the construction of a new discipline—Translation Studies.
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Brandes, Georg, and Lynn R. Wilkinson. "The 1872 Introduction to Hovedstr⊘mninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur (Main Currents of Nineteenth-Century Literature)." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, no. 3 (2017): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.3.696.
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From Comparative Literature to Cultural Renewal: Georg Brandes's 1872 Introduction to Main Currents of Nineteenth-Century Literature“The only literature that is alive today is one that provokes debate.” These words ring out in the first published version of a lecture Georg Brandes gave at the University of Copenhagen on 3 November 1871. The lecture was the introduction to a series that changed the course not only of his life but also of Scandinavian and European cultural history. Born in Copenhagen in 1842 to assimilated Jewish parents, Brandes had recently completed a dissertation on French aesthetics and literary criticism and hoped that his lecture series would allow him to replace Carsten Hauch as professor of aesthetics at the university. Brilliant and iconoclastic, the lectures also responded to the Danish defeat in the 1864 war with Prussia, portraying Danish literature and culture as morbidly inward and insular. Brandes urged his countrymen to look abroad, to traditions such as the French, whose literature included many notable writers who grappled with social and political issues, especially those who came of age during the revolutions of 1789 and 1830.
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Gruel, Yves, Caroline Vayne, Jérôme Rollin, et al. "Comparative Analysis of a French Prospective Series of 144 Patients with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (FRIGTIH) and the Literature." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 120, no. 07 (2020): 1096–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712957.
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Abstract Background Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare complication of heparin treatments, and only a few large patient cohorts have been reported. In this study, biological and clinical data from 144 French patients with HIT were analyzed in comparison with the literature. Methods The diagnosis of HIT was confirmed in all patients by an immunoassay combined with serotonin release assay. In the literature, only cohorts of at least 20 HIT patients published from 1992 were selected for a comparative analysis. Results Two-thirds of patients were hospitalized in surgery and most were treated with unfractionated heparin (83.2% vs. 16.8% with low molecular weight heparin only). Thrombotic events in 54 patients (39.7%) were mainly venous (41/54). However, arterial thrombosis was more frequent after cardiac surgery (13.2% vs. 2.4% in other surgeries, p = 0.042) with a shorter recovery time (median = 3 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001). The mortality rate was lower in our series than in the 22 selected published studies (median = 6.3% vs. 15.9%). Three genetic polymorphisms were also studied and homozygous subjects FcγRIIA RR were more frequent in patients with thrombosis (37.8 vs. 18.2% in those without thrombosis, p = 0.03). Conclusion This study shows that the mortality rate due to HIT has recently decreased in France, possibly due to earlier diagnosis and improved medical care. It also confirms the strong association between polymorphism FcγRIIA H131R and thrombosis in HIT.
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Price, Glanville, and Susan Price. "Comparative Constructions in Spanish and French Syntax." Modern Language Review 87, no. 3 (1992): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3732929.
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Mazzoni, Cristina. ""Cristina Campo’s Visions and Revisions: The essay ‘Una rosa' between 1962 and 1971"." Quaderni d'italianistica 33, no. 2 (2013): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v33i2.19422.
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A comparative analysis of the 1962 and the 1971 versions of Cristina Campo’s essay “Una rosa”—an interpretation of the French classic fairy tale, “Beauty and the Beast”—reveals several small but significant changes. These can be most usefully understood in the context of Campo’s conversion to traditionalist Catholicism: in every instance, the later version of “Una rosa” underscores and increases the spiritual significance of Beaumont’s fairy tale.
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Frankema, Ewout, and Marlous van Waijenburg. "METROPOLITAN BLUEPRINTS OF COLONIAL TAXATION? LESSONS FROM FISCAL CAPACITY BUILDING IN BRITISH AND FRENCH AFRICA,c.1880–1940." Journal of African History 55, no. 3 (2014): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185371400036x.
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AbstractThe historical and social science literature is divided about the importance of metropolitan blueprints of colonial rule for the development of colonial states. We exploit historical records of colonial state finances to explore the importance of metropolitan identity on the comparative development of fiscal institutions in British and French Africa. Taxes constituted the financial backbone of the colonial state and were vital to the state building efforts of colonial governments. A quantitative comparative perspective shows that pragmatic responses to varying local conditions can easily be mistaken for specific metropolitan blueprints of colonial governance and that under comparable local circumstances the French and British operated in remarkably similar ways.
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Lebrun-Vignes, B., C. Kreft-Jais, A. Castot, and O. Chosidow. "Comparative analysis of adverse drug reactions to tetracyclines: results of a French national survey and review of the literature." British Journal of Dermatology 166, no. 6 (2012): 1333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10845.x.
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Murken, Sebastian, and Sussan Namini. "Childhood Familial Experiences as Antecedents of Adult Membership in New Religious Movements: A Literature Review." Nova Religio 10, no. 4 (2007): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2007.10.4.17.
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Is it possible to identify specific familial patterns as antecedents of adult membership in new religious movements? Can the choice of an NRM be predicted by the childhood experiences of individuals joining such movements? This international literature review seeks to answer these questions, investigating the assumption that early family experiences affect adults' decisions to join NRMs. It includes empirical studies that have been written in English, German and French since 1970, and gives an overview of findings on childhood family structures, including parents and siblings, as well as early family relationships and atmospheres. On the whole, the studies from different countries and decades support the hypothesis that early family experiences have an impact on adult membership in NRMs. However, it seems that individuals with different early experiences are attracted to different kinds of groups. Whereas many studies found problematic family backgrounds and absent fathers in converts' biographies, suggesting a compensatory function of membership, some point to a continuation or restoration of early experiences. More interdisciplinary comparative research on NRMs is needed to gain a better understanding of the psychodynamic processes and psychological offers of different groups.
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Göttsche, Dirk. "Post-imperialism, postcolonialism and beyond: Towards a periodization of cultural discourse about colonial legacies." Journal of European Studies 47, no. 2 (2017): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244117700070.
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Taking German history and culture as a starting point, this essay suggests a historical approach to reconceptualizing different forms of literary engagement with colonial discourse, colonial legacies and (post)colonial memory in the context of Comparative Postcolonial Studies. The deliberate blending of a historical, a conceptual and a political understanding of the ‘postcolonial’ in postcolonial scholarship raises problems of periodization and historical terminology when, for example, anti-colonial discourse from the colonial period or colonialist discourse in Weimar Germany are labelled ‘postcolonial’. The colonial revisionism of Germany’s interwar period is more usefully classed as post-imperial, as are particular strands of retrospective engagement with colonial history and legacy in British, French and other European literatures and cultures after 1945. At the same time, some recent developments in Francophone, Anglophone and German literature, e.g. Afropolitan writing, move beyond defining features of postcolonial discourse and raise the question of the post-postcolonial.
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Flutur, Ionela Gabriela. "Traduire la peur dans les contes." Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 44, no. 1 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2020.44.1.61-69.
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<p>In this article, we undergo a comparative analysis of emotions in translation, particularly fear, in a Romanian tale rendered into French. The apparent simplicity of children's literature and its translation hides several difficulties as well on the linguistic level, as on the socio-cultural one. Our corpus is composed of a tale of Ion Creangă, a writer known for Romanian children's literature<em>, Capra cu trei iezi [The goat and her three kids</em>], and the collaborative version of M. Stanciu Stoian and Ode de Chateauvieux Lebel (1931) and the version of Mariana Cojan Negulescu (1996).</p><p> </p>
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Ziolkowski, T. "Aeneas Takes The Metro: The Presence of Virgil in Twentieth-Century French Literature. By Fiona Cox. (Legenda, Studies in Comparative Literature, 3). Oxford, European Humanities Research Centre, 1999. 228 pp. Pb 27.50." French Studies 55, no. 2 (2001): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/55.2.269.
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Valcke, Catherine. "Comparing legal styles." International Journal of Law in Context 15, no. 03 (2019): 274–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552319000284.
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AbstractThe question of legal ‘style’ is a central one in comparative law, as mainstream comparative law tends to downplay its importance. The kinds of comparative law scholarship that have attracted most attention in the last decades – the ‘harmonisation projects’ and the ‘legal origins’ literature (perhaps also the ‘legal formant’ literature) – indeed adopt a functionalistic approach to legal systems, whereby only the outcome of judicial decisions (and the factors causally feeding into them) matters – that is, their style does not. This narrow perspective has led to arguments in favour of harmonisation of law worldwide – the thesis according to which law everywhere does and should converge so as to facilitate transnational commerce and globalisation more generally. I propose to argue that legal style matters, as law is about much more than just resolving disputes. Specifically, it is also, and most importantly, a collective statement of identity. To illustrate, I plan on analysing some of the most striking stylistic differences between French and English law, and outline the different such statements emerging from them.
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Fletcher, John, Patricia M. Hopkins, and Wendell M. Aycock. "Myths and Realities of Contemporary French Theater: Comparative Views." Modern Language Review 82, no. 4 (1987): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3729122.
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Zlotnik-Shagina, Olha. "LEONID RUDNITSKY IS A RESEARCHER OF I. FRANKO`S WORKS." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.144-149.
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The article deals with the system of views of the famous researcher of German and Slavs literature L. Rudnitsky. The author conducts studies with a focus on neo-views of authoritative international scholars in the context of comparative literature, with an examination of monographic studies of Rudnitsky on Ivan Franko’s work – the famous Ukrainian critic, ethnographer, literary critic, man of letters. L. Rudnitsky’s focus is on Franko as on the translator and popularizer of the works of German and Western literature, in particular, Lessing, Schiller, Goethe, etc. The author pays special attention to the contact- genetic and comparative-typological relations with the German language and literature. The contextual links of language and literature with the art of that time, which is considered in the context of the world cultural space are also described. In Rudnitsky’s monographs Ivan Franko and the German-speaking world: the importance of the environment for the poet’s creativity and the German language and literature in the works of Ivan Franko, the concept of the research space of the French translator at that time is observed. In confirmation of the importance of Rudnitsky’s work, the author uses the views of diaspora literary critics, such as I. Denisyuk, I. Kachurovsky, etc., who noted the work as a significant contribution and breakthrough in the study of the work of the outstanding Ukrainian artist I. Franko in the context of his translation activities. Through citational intertextuality, the author proves the contribution of Rudnitsky in the analysis of the works of Franco in a new generally-European perspective. The author emphasizes the deep meaningfulness of L. Rudnitsky’s translations conducted by I. Franko from the oldest German written notes, emphasizes the skill of the Camener in the transfer of the features of the old German language. We also see a comparative aspect in literary studies, which is dominant in our approach to the study of Franco’s translation activity. Valuable in research observations of L. Rudnitsky about Franco as a translator and popularizer of the works of German literature is his desire to expand the “German-speaking world”, which is confirmed by our in-depth analysis of the works of Rudnitsky and authoritative reviews on them. It is proved that for many years there was created an original concept of the study of German literature through the works of L. Rudnitsky – American talented literary critic of Ukrainian origin.
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KAMAL, Aysel, and Sinem ATIS. "Comparative Analysis of Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar’s Travels to European Countries." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p78-84.
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Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar (1901-1962) is one of the most controversial authors in the 20th century Turkish literature. Literature critics find it difficult to place him in a school of literature and thought. There are many reasons that they have caused Tanpinar to give the impression of ambiguity in his thoughts through his literary works. One of them is that he is always open to (even admires) the "other" thought to a certain age, and he considers synthesis thinking at later ages. Tanpinar states in the letter that he wrote to a young lady from Antalya that he composed the foundations of his first period aesthetics due to the contributions from western (French) writers. The influence of the western writers on him has also inspired his interest in the materialist culture of the West. In 1953 and 1959 he organized two tours to Europe in order to see places where Western thought and culture were produced. He shared his impressions that he gained in European countries in his literary works. In the literary works of Tanpinar, Europe comes out as an aesthetic object. The most dominant facts of this aesthetic are music, painting, etc. In this work, in the writings of Tanpinar about the countries that he travelled in Europe, some factors were detected like European culture, lifestyle, socio-cultural relations, art and architecture, political and social history and so on. And the effects of European countries were compared with Tanpinar’s thought and aesthetics. Keywords: Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, Europe, poetry, music, painting, culture, life
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Pedersen, Vibe Hjelholt, Pierre Dagenais, and Pascale Lehoux. "Multi-source synthesis of data to inform health policy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 27, no. 3 (2011): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462311000213.
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Objectives: To propose a new method for comparing and integrating original qualitative data with systematic reviews of quantitative and qualitative studies, demonstrated by a study of the psychosocial needs of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) sufferers in Québec.Methods: A systematic literature review was performed across various databases for English and French language studies, on the psychosocial aspects of CFS. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies published between January 1994 and July 2008 were included. Unpublished literature and reference lists of included studies were also searched. Themes identified in the literature were used to guide semi-structured interviews with seventeen CFS-sufferers, mostly recruited from a large specialist practice in Montreal. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and validated by a research assistant. Transcripts were coded using the identified themes. New codes were created when new issues arose. All themes were subsequently synthesized into overall categories using a constant comparative method.Results: The literature search yielded thirty-one papers: twenty-eight primary studies and three systematic reviews. Twelve themes were identified and synthesized into four overall problem categories, such as “Lack of professional recognition.” Interviews confirmed findings from the literature, but also revealed unidentified needs specific to CFS-sufferers in Québec. Policy recommendations were provided to address these needs.Conclusions: Multi-Source Synthesis provides a systematic method for synthesizing data from original studies with literature findings, thereby broadening the knowledge base and the local relevance of decisions concerning specific patient populations.
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Wilson, R. T., and O. Yilmaz. "The domestic livestock resources of Turkey: Notes on rabbits and a review of the literature." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (2013): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-003.
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Abstract. The Turkish wild rabbit is known from ancient times. As a minor component of Turkey’s array of livestock and poultry there is no official information on numbers or production. The iconic Angora is the only native breed. Imported breeds include New Zealand White, California, Chinchilla, Line V and French Angora. The Angora is a registered breed and is being conserved ex situ in vivo. Official data give Angora weight as 3.5–4.0 kg in males and 4.0–4.5 kg in females, fibre production as 700–800 g from bucks and 1,000 g from does from four clips per year, first breeding age as 6 months, litter size 1–6 kits and production of four litters per year. Production research is limited but generally shows lower fibre output than official data. A comparative study with California and Line V rabbits showed the latter was heavier at birth and grew faster to 10 weeks. The rabbit has been used as an animal model in several studies. There is little information on meat and fibre marketing as there is on international trade but there have been sporadic imports of meat. Pathologies include coccidiosis, mange and myiasis. Constraints include lack of producer knowledge, poor quality feed, inadequate housing and lack of breeding stock. Opportunities lie in public and private support, genetic improvement for fibre for product diversification and increased incomes, improved marketing and niche markets for low cholesterol and low fat meat.
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Glaser, Anna, Sonia Ben Slimane, Claire Auplat, and Régis Coeurderoy. "Enabling nanotechnology entrepreneurship in a French context." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 4 (2016): 1009–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-10-2015-0139.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build a holistic theoretical framework of enabling factors contributing to the development of enterprise in nanotechnology-related industries, in a French context. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review methodology was adopted. The review used three gauges to identify enabling factors contributing to the development of enterprise in nanotechnology-related industries in a French context: first, it analysed the literature related to the development of nanotechnologies in a perspective of sustainability in a multidisciplinary stance (“Green view”). Second, it took a disciplinary stance by exploring academic journals in the field of entrepreneurship (“Entrepreneurship view”). Third, it studied the perspective of France (“French view”). Findings The main finding is that in spite of different approaches and sometimes seemingly conflicting stances, the three views converge on three enabling factors: the importance of knowledge sharing across boundaries, access to university scientists and facilities, and government intervention. However, each view also has its particularities: the “Green view” emphasizes the need for civil society inclusion, the “Entrepreneurship view” underlines the importance of early stage capital and entrepreneurial behaviour and the “French view” concentrates on the role of clusters. Research limitations/implications The paper provides a theoretical framework and a starting point for further work on entrepreneurial nanotechnology facilitation. Its findings constitute a benchmark which may be tested in empirical cases. The focus on the French context may be seen as a limitation but also as a source of interesting comparative work focussing on other national or regional contexts. Practical implications The paper shows that public policy is an important element in the nascent field of enterprise development for nano-based materials. It outlines how different contexts create different barriers to entrepreneurship, and it proposes recommendations to overcome some of these barriers. Originality/value In this paper, findings result from an exploration of the nanotechnology literature that focusses solely on nanotechnology data sets and not on mixed data sets. The use of three different gauges leads to the construction of a holistic theoretical framework that includes enabling factors as well as the types of barriers that entrepreneurs have to overcome to succeed.
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Rohlfing, Ingo. "Continuity in Discontinuity: The Domestic Political Economy of Trade Cooperation from 1860 to 1914." International Negotiation 13, no. 2 (2008): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180608x320216.
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AbstractIn the literature on international trade, the second half of the nineteenth century is generally characterized as one with two very different faces: trade was liberalized from 1860 until the mid-1870s and turned protectionist again thereafter. This discontinuity in the development of commercial relations goes along with much continuity regarding the domestic goals governments pursued in international trade negotiations. The French executives' primary goal was to implement their trade policy in a way that created at least as many domestic political benefits as costs. One key instrument with which the French government pursued this objective was the form of cooperation, which is an often-neglected issue in the international relations literature. The comparative analysis of two cases of French trade policy making – the Anglo-French agreement of 1860 and the Méline tariff of 1892 – will highlight how bilateral cooperation was used as an instrument to accommodate the interests of domestic economic groups having contradictory trade policy preferences. Expanding this view to the twentieth century, it can be seen that the domestic political processes of 1860 and 1892 involve many elements that are considered basic to modern trade policy-making. It can be tentatively hypothesized that trade policy-making is characterized by a common logic of balancing societal support independently of the commercial policy that is implemented and the reasons for why it is sought.
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Scott, Clive. "French and English Rhymes Compared." Empirical Studies of the Arts 10, no. 2 (1992): 121–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ufek-yh99-erm5-7jab.
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The richness and complexity of rhyme has to a great extent been ignored. This article first examines the structural role of rhymes within metrics, illuminating its contrasted role in French and English verse. Linguistic differences and their consequences for the exploitation of various rhyme schemes in French and English are also examined—for example through a discussion of the role of rhyme in French classical drama as compared to English Restoration drama. The semantic and pragmatic consequences of rhyme are also addressed, with special emphasis on the comparative anatomy of rhyme words (morphemes, suffixes, endings) and the changed significance of rhyme with the advent of free verse.
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Silva, Karoline Dos Santos. "Infância, gênero, raça e classe nos romances caribenhos Vasto mar de sargaços e La mulâtresse Solitude / Childhood, Gender, Race and Class in the Caribbean Novels Vasto mar de sargaços and La mulâtresse Solitude." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 25, no. 3 (2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.25.3.101-120.
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Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo propor uma análise comparativa entre as personagens principais dos romances La mulâtresse Solitude, de André Schwarz-Bart, e Vasto mar de sargaços, de Jean Rhys. O recorte privilegiado neste artigo será o período da infância das duas personagens principais, levando em consideração as temáticas de gênero, raça e classe com a finalidade de comparar o cotidiano e dificuldades de uma criança negra e escravizada com o de uma criança livre e branca. Nossa análise será desenvolvida utilizando referenciais críticos e teóricos dos campos de estudos culturais, literatura e crítica literária, estudos de gênero, história e sociologia. O artigo busca contribuir para a divulgação de obras caribenhas, promovendo uma análise comparativa entre romances do caribe inglês e do caribe francês.Palavras-chave: infância; caribe; raça; classe; gênero.Abstract: This article proposes a comparative analysis between the main characters from the novels La mulâtresse Solitude, by André Schwarz-Bart and Wide Sargasso Sea, by Jean Rhys. The privileged feature in this article will be the childhood period of the two main characters, taking into account the themes of gender, race and class in order to compare the daily life and difficulties of a black and enslaved child with that of a free and white child. Our analysis will be developed using critical and theoretical references from the fields of cultural studies, literature and literary criticism, gender studies, history and sociology. The article seeks to contribute to the dissemination of Caribbean works by promoting a comparative analysis between English and French Caribbean novels.Keywords: childhood; Caribbean; race; class; gender.
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Hornsby, David, and Nigel Armstrong. "Social and Stylistic Variation in Spoken French: A Comparative Approach." Modern Language Review 97, no. 4 (2002): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738648.
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Halchuk, Oksana. "Tragic fool of French literature as a topos of identity (from Victor Hugo and Paul Verlaine artistic experience)." Synopsis: Text Context Media 26, no. 3 (2020): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/311-259x.2020.3.1.
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The symbol, as an archetype with inexhaustible meanings, remains a relevant object of scientific research. Especially when it comes to symbols used by different national cultures. One of such symbols, an image of the tragic fool, is quite favoured by the writers of romanticism and the turn of the twentieth century. A general interest in their artistic and aesthetic systems, the multiplicity of interpretations of archsymbols, and the specifics of their authorial and national manifestations in literature determine the relevance of this study. The subject of the study is the specifics of the image of the tragic fool in the works the French writers iconic for romanticism (Victor Hugo) and symbolism (Paul Verlaine). Historical and literary, comparative and typological, archetypal scientific methods are used in the work. Their potential made it possible to consider the functioning peculiarities of the image of a tragic fool through the prism of identity. The broad context of this problem made it possible to solve several objectives: to outline the origins of the image; determine the factors of its actualization in the romanticism and modernism works; and analyze the authors’ versions of interpretation. Herein is the novelty of the study. The results of the study are as follows: in French literature of romanticism and symbolism — given such a common ideological and artistic basis for their aesthetics as individualism — in Hugo’s romance the tragic fool is a grotesque mark of the era, a symbol of unresolved complex social problems. In contrast, the symbolist Verlaine perceives the tragic fool an alter ego of the contemporary artist in particular and a man of the era in general, giving preference to aesthetic and philosophical priorities over social. The high potential of the autobiographical content of the image of the tragic fool is a peculiar feature of the modernist interpretation. He functions both as a lyrical hero and a mask of an autolyrical character. In literary mystifications, it is a character under a double mask. In the artist’s chosen strategy of realization of the life scenario, this symbol is expressed in the form of feigned asociality, épater le bourgeois, primitivism as an imitation of creativity, self-parody. Further studies are promising; the image of the tragic fool in various national literatures is a common tool for writers to mockingly demonstrate the “interior” of the social and world order. At the same time, the tragic accent of this image lies in the tradition to perceive one’s work as a manifesto of “hateful love” for one’s time, homeland, and the world.