Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'French teaching practice'

Cette thèse s’attache à comprendre les dynamiques au sein du système de la pensée enseignante des enseignants de langues étrangères (LE) à l’aide d’un dispositif de suivi multimodal et longitudinal. Situé en didactique des langues et notamment en pensée enseignante, ce travail est inscrit dans un cadre théorique multidisciplinaire où est postulée une cohabitation du socioconstructivisme et de l’émergentisme. Dans le but de saisir les aspects évolutifs des représentations de six enseignants de français langue étrangère (FLE) et de chinois langue étrangère (CLE) en Chine et en France, des moyens d’observation et d’entretiens – semi-directifs et d’auto-confrontation – ont été mobilisés pour chacun des enseignants durant un semestre. Leurs discours de verbalisation ont été analysés selon une approche double conjuguant l’analyse de contenu et l’analyse du discours. A côté d’une image de soi pluri-identitaire et instable, se dessine un système de connaissances et de convictions dont la construction et le fonctionnement portent la marque de l’historicité, de la subjectivité, de la contextualité et des contradictions. La théorie de l’activité trouve sa validité dans la répartition du travail basée sur les profils des apprenants-collaborateurs typifiés ; le poids de l’action incorporée se traduit par l’effet envisagé que l’enseignant souhaite atteindre à l’issue de l’action. La non-linéarité de l’évolution contextuelle va de pair avec l’actualisation des pratiques et des représentations. La complexité de la pensée enseignante est articulée autour d’une dynamique entre l’intentionnalité, l’action incorporée et les contraintes contextuelles. La rupture de la réflexivité au cours de l’action, découverte en neurosciences, et validée ici par la mise en place de méthodologies en sciences humaines et sociales, constitue à ce titre la contribution majeure de ce travail<br>This dissertation is devoted to reconstructing the dynamics of foreign language teachers’ thinking by a multimodal and longitudinal approach. Focused on the field of Applied Linguistics and teacher cognition in particular, the present work is part of a multidisciplinary theoretical framework co-constructed of Social constructivism and Emergentism. This study involved six teachers of French as a foreign language (FFL) and Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) working in China and in France, each being followed up for one semester, through classroom observation and different kinds of interviews (semi-directive interviews and stimulated recall). Their verbalization was then analyzed by a mixed approach combining content analysis and discourse analysis. Besides an instable self-image characterized by multi-identity, emerge from each teacher’s discourse a knowledge and belief system and its historicity, subjectivity, contextuality and contradiction. The validity of Activity Theory is confirmed by a division of labour based on learners’ profiles that the teacher typifies. The importance of embodied action is dependent on the expected outcome. Teachers wish to not only complete their teaching activity but also reach an effect which is an integrated part of their thinking patterns. The non-linearity of context changing explains the updating of teacher’s thinking and practice. Teacher cognition’s complexity is structured around a dynamic between intentionality, embodied action and situational constraints. The break of reflexivity during action, discovered in neurosciences and validated here in a human and social sciences’ methodology, constitutes the key contribution of this work

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Maria dos Santos.pdf: 4009584 bytes, checksum: f83d7548da9aeaf72de140903b250f37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-10<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The Social Service of Industry São Paulo - SESI/SP, as a teaching institution to improve the educational quality of its students in elementary and secondary school, has offered its students applied external evaluations since 1999. Because of the results, it intends to install an educational policy that provides the final result of quality education for all students to allow their adherence to higher education and the labor market. External evaluations experienced in curricular component of mathematics revealed that the results presented so far are very significant for the network. The advances obtained so far have shown weaknesses in the teaching and learning. This study was intended to verify the influences that external evaluations have produced in the practices of classrooms, as well as establishing relationships with internal assessments applied by teachers. To this end, we carried out an investigation with a qualitative survey of work done on this theme, plus interviews with teachers from SESI / SP, whose schools showed improvements in mean component math skills in the past experienced external evaluations. It was found that external evaluations are changing as the school routine practices of teachers in the evaluation process, and are serving as a reference to a targeting component of the curriculum in mathematics. It seems to have over the years, a school evaluation practice that aims results at the expense of formative assessment in the context of knowledge. Moreover, external evaluations conducted in the network SESI / SP have influenced the evaluation practice of experienced teachers in the classrooms with the use of various instruments, which are applied intensified in the period preceding the evaluations. It is concluded that the external evaluation must be well understood, analyzed and researched to direct the work of the teacher and not to press, especially the teacher who is directly connected to the students evaluated<br>O Serviço Social da Indústria São Paulo - SESI/SP, como instituição de ensino visando melhorar a qualidade educacional de seus estudantes no ensino fundamental, propõe aos seus alunos avaliações externas aplicadas desde 1999. Almeja, a partir dos resultados, instalar uma política educacional que proporcione, como resultado final, um ensino de qualidade para todos os educandos, de forma a permitir sua adesão ao ensino superior, bem como ao mercado de trabalho. Das avaliações externas vivenciadas no componente curricular de matemática, verificou-se que os resultados apresentados até o momento são pouco significativos para a rede. Os avanços adquiridos até o momento demonstraram fragilidades no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Esse estudo teve a intenção de verificar as influências que as avaliações externas têm produzido nas práticas das salas de aulas, bem como relações que estabelecem com as avaliações internas aplicadas pelos professores. Para tanto, realizou-se uma investigação de cunho qualitativo com levantamentos de trabalhos desenvolvidos nesse tema, além de entrevistas realizadas com professores da rede SESI/SP, cujas escolas apresentaram avanços na média de habilidades no componente de matemática nas últimas avaliações externas vivenciadas. Constatou-se que as avaliações externas estão mudando a rotina escolar, quanto a práticas dos professores no processo avaliativo, além de estarem servindo de referência para um direcionamento do currículo no componente de matemática. Parece ter, ao longo dos anos, uma prática avaliativa escolar que visa resultados, em detrimento de uma avaliação formativa no âmbito dos conhecimentos. Além disso, as avaliações externas realizadas na rede SESI/SP têm influenciado as práticas avaliativas dos professores vividas nas salas, com o uso de diversos instrumentos os quais são aplicados de forma intensificada no período que antecede às avaliações. Conclui-se que a avaliação externa precisa ser bem compreendida, analisada e pesquisada para direcionar o trabalho do professor, e não para pressionar, principalmente, o professor que está diretamente ligado aos alunos avaliados

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_renato_zanini.pdf: 862798 bytes, checksum: 36281066732e352cda48bae385019eef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-20<br>Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo<br>The current existence of a school in conflict, that operates at the same time in coherency with the premises of a serial organization, and in coherency with the premises of a cyclic organization, directed the interest of this research, that is to investigate how the Mathematics teachers understand and incorporate their work in classrooms organized in cycles, focusing the teaching professional identity, having the objective, therefore, to highlight some elements of practice that are influencing the professional identity building for these teachers. With that aim in mind, this documented inquiry on the trajectory of the cycles in the country was done, also deep diving on the principles of the Continued Progression regimen that divides basic education in cycles and is valid since the year of 1998 in Sao Paulo state public schools. The field research encompassed ten public schools in the country side of Sao Paulo state, through the application of a questionnaire and interviews with Mathematics teachers acting during the year of 2005 in basic education classrooms (mixing rooms of cycle recovery, mixed classrooms, and basic education classrooms in general). In order to meet the expectations of the inquiry, a study on "teaching professional identity" was also performed and, based on different approaches, in this research it gained a particular meaning, being used as one of the theoretical axis for the research, since the focus of the inquiry is the construction of the professional identity of Mathematics teachers when working in classrooms organized in cycles. Through the analysis and interpretation of all the information cited above, it can be said that some elements of the practice in teachers' working lives in the education organized by cycles deeply and strongly modify the meaning that each teacher has of its teaching work, causing permanent conflicts that influence the building of the professional identity of these teachers<br>A existência, atualmente, de uma escola em conflito, que tanto opera de forma coerente com as premissas de uma escola seriada como com as premissas de uma escola organizada em ciclos, direcionou o interesse da pesquisa em questão, que foi investigar, com o foco na identidade profissional docente, como os professores de Matemática estão compreendendo e incorporando o trabalho nas salas de aula organizadas em ciclos, tendo o objetivo, portanto, de ressaltar alguns elementos da prática que vêm influenciando a construção da identidade profissional desses professores. Para isso, foi realizada investigação documental sobre a trajetória dos ciclos no país e, também, o aprofundamento sobre os princípios do regime de Progressão Continuada que divide o ensino fundamental em ciclos e está em vigor, desde o ano de 1998, nas escolas públicas do Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa de campo ocorreu em dez escolas públicas do interior do Estado de São Paulo, por meio da aplicação de questionário e entrevistas junto aos professores de Matemática, atuantes no ano de 2005, em salas de aula do ensino fundamental (salas de recuperação de ciclo, salas mistas e salas de aula do ensino fundamental em geral). A fim de atender as expectativas da investigação em questão, foi realizado, também, um estudo sobre identidade profissional docente e, com base em várias abordagens, assumiu-se, nesta pesquisa, um significado próprio, com relação à identidade profissional docente, utilizando-o como um dos eixos teóricos da pesquisa, já que o foco da investigação é a construção da identidade profissional dos professores de Matemática ao trabalhar em salas de aula organizadas em ciclos. Por meio da análise e interpretação de todas as informações citadas acima, pode-se dizer que vários elementos da prática, vivenciados pelos professores na organização do ensino em ciclos alteram, fortemente, o significado, que cada um tem, do seu trabalho docente, ocasionando conflitos permanentes que influenciam a construção da identidade profissional desses professores

L’objet de notre recherche est l’analyse des interactions didactiques dans les classes du français langue seconde à l’école primaire au Liban. Plus particulièrement, nous avons analysé les stratégies communicatives d’enseignement verbales et non verbales mises en œuvre par les enseignants pour assurer l’intercompréhension et maximiser l’acquisition des savoirs et des savoir-faire par les apprenants. Notre étude s’appuie sur un corpus recueilli dans des classes de français dans les écoles publiques et privées à Nabatieh. Le travail vise à analyser le rôle de l’école dans la réussite d’un bilinguisme actif arabe- français. L’analyse qualitative et quantitative nous a permis de mettre l’accent sur les principales stratégies les plus fréquemment utilisées par les enseignants ; d’en analyser les principales formes et fonctions et de dégager les spécificités discursives et structurelles des interactions didactiques à l’école primaire au Liban. Les éléments dégagés de l’observation permettent d’ouvrir la réflexion sur une pédagogie à concevoir dans le contexte scolaire libanais<br>In our research, we analyze the didactic interactions in the classes of the French language that is taught as a second language in the elementary school in Lebanon. More precisely, we had analyzed the communication strategies of verbal and nonverbal teaching, which are utilized by the teachers to ensure mutual comprehension and to maximize the acquisition of the knowledge and know-how of learners. Our study is based on a corpus collected from French classes in the public and private schools in Nabatiyé. The objective of this work is to analyze the role of the school in the success of a French Arab active bilingualism. The qualitative and quantitative analysis enabled us to explore the principal strategies that are frequently used by the teachers; to analyze the principal forms and functions and to extract from them the discursive and structural specificities of the didactic interactions in the elementary school in Lebanon. The obtained elem! ents from the observation open the road for fabricating a new pedagogy conception in the Lebanese scholar context

Cette étude vise à explorer le caractère acculturant de pratiques scolaires ordinaires utilisant la littérature de jeunesse en classe de cours préparatoire. Adossée à la recherche LireÉcrireCP, elle compare dans une démarche à la fois écologique et quantitative les pratiques de deux groupes de classes à l’efficacité contrastée. Trois pratiques sont étudiées dans ce travail : la lecture offerte, la séance de découverte de texte et l’implantation d’une bibliothèque de classe. Le corpus est composé des 15 classes qualifiées, par la recherche LireÉcrireCP, comme les plus efficaces et les 15 les moins efficaces. L’efficacité est mesurée en fonction de la progression des élèves, évalués en début et fin d’année, et attribuable uniquement à l’enseignant, ce qu’on peut nommer aussi l’effet-enseignant. Les résultats montrent que dans le groupe des classes les plus efficaces, et contrairement au deuxième groupe, les pratiques étudiées comportent une dimension qui cultive la lecture privée chez les élèves. L’acculturation est alors caractérisée par la mise en œuvre de situations rituelles mettant en scène la pratique culturelle de lecture pour soi dans ses trois composantes indissociables : subjective, sociale et cognitive. L’étude est prolongée par une analyse qualitative des pratiques des maitres du groupe le plus efficace. Elle montre que la modélisation de l’activité de l’élève est assurée par un étayage serré de l’enseignant et que celui-ci repose sur la mise en scène des corps, des réifications et sur la verbalisation. L’analyse de l’étayage langagier montre enfin que, dans ces classes, les oraux qui entourent les lectures de littérature de jeunesse sont particulièrement réflexifs et relèvent d’une compétence professionnelle particulière consistant à étayer la construction négociée d’un point de vue où la reformulation et la structuration du discours sont essentielles<br>The purpose of this study is to explore the acculturating features of some teaching practices using youth literature in the 1st year. Reinforced by the research LireÉcrireCP, it compares the practices of two different groups of classes of different efficiency within a quantitative approach without impact on the teachers’ practices. Three different types of practice are studied in this research: the reading by the teacher for pupils, the lessons of text exploration, and the implementation of a library within the classroom. In our study, according to the LireÉcrireCP research, 15 classes are recognised as the most efficient ones, and 15 others as the less efficient ones. The efficiency is assessed according to the progression made by the pupils attributable only to the teacher, so-called the teacher’s effect. This progression is assessed at the beginning and at the end of the school year. In contrast with the less efficient group of classes, the results observed in the most efficient group of class show that the investigated practices help to develop and cultivate reading for personal purpose of pupils. The acculturation is therefore characterised by the implementation of rituals featuring the cultural practice of reading for personal purpose with its three indissociable components: subjective, sociable, and cognitive. The study is extended by an investigation of the teachers’ practices within the most efficient groups. It highlights that shaping of the pupils’ activity is ensured by a strong scaffolding of the pupils by the teacher. This scaffold must rest upon the acting, on the reification, and on the verbalisation. Lastly, the analysis of the language’s scaffold shows that in these classes, the oral activity that complements the reading of youth literature is particularly thinking demanding and depends on the supporting skills of the teacher for the construction of the point of view where reformulating and structuring the pupil’s speech are essential

La réflexion théorique dans le champ du FLS et les propositions didactiques qui en découlent ont, pour l'essentiel et jusqu'à ce jour (l'actuelle initiative ELAN-Afrique, y compris), été cantonnées au stade des premiers apprentissages, à savoir l’enseignement primaire. Ambitionnant le projet de remédier à cela par l'intérêt porté justement à un domaine très peu investi en l'état actuel de la recherche, cette présente thèse porte sur un contexte précis qui est celui de la République de Djibouti où le français est non seulement une langue seconde, d'un point de vue sociolinguistique, mais où il a été aussi reconnu, en contexte scolaire, comme telle et ce de manière très officielle et inédite (cf. circulaire MENSUP du 25 juillet 2009). Que peuvent, dès lors, être les contours et les impératifs d'une didactique du FLS au niveau 3 (le lycée) en contexte djiboutien ? La réponse au problème posé a nécessité une démarche méthodologique plurielle et un corpus hétéroclite : en effet, nous avons d’abord procédé à l'étude du discours institutionnel qui a donné lieu à la réforme susmentionnée en soumettant le curriculum du secondaire à l’analyse de contenu. L’étude des manuels de français à l’aide d’une grille d’analyse a, dans un second temps, été l’occasion de mesurer l’application concrète des prescrits curriculaires. Enfin, nous avons mené une enquête ethnographique mettant un coup de projecteur sur les pratiques enseignantes. L'observation de classe ainsi que les entretiens avec les collègues, enseignants et formateurs, a permis de porter un regard critique sur la mise en œuvre effective des recommandations officielles (et les difficultés qui lui sont propres). Notre travail de recherche, portant sur une réforme éducative d’envergure, se propose in fine d'apprécier l'articulation/cohérence entre commande institutionnelle, productions de matériels didactiques et pratiques de terrain<br>Theoretical reflection in the field of FSL and the resulting didactic proposals have, for the most part and to date (including the current ELAN-Africa initiative), been confined to the early learning stage, i.e. primary education. With the aim of remedying this situation by focusing on an area of research that has received very little attention to date, this thesis focuses on the Republic of Djibouti, where French is not only a second language from a sociolinguistic point of view, but has also been recognized as such in the school context, in a very official and unprecedented manner (cf. MENSUP circular of July 25, 2009). What, then, are the contours and imperatives of FSL didactics at level 3 (High School) in the Djiboutian context? Answering this question required a plural methodological approach and a heterogeneous corpus: we began by studying the institutional discourse that gave rise to the above-mentioned reform, by subjecting the secondary school curriculum to content analysis. Secondly, we studied French textbooks using an analytical grid, in order to measure the concrete application of curricular prescriptions. Finally, we carried out an ethnographic survey to shed light on teaching practices. Classroom observation and interviews with colleagues, teachers and trainers enabled us to take a critical look at the actual implementation of official recommendations (and the difficulties inherent in it). Our research, which focuses on a major educational reform, ultimately aims to assess the articulation/coherence between institutional orders, the production of teaching materials and practices in the field

Notre recherche doctorale porte sur l’influence des pratiques d’enseignement du code alphabétique sur les progrès des élèves de cours préparatoire. Elle a pour objectif d’identifier des pratiques pédagogiques efficaces et de contribuer à la réflexion sur la formation professionnelle des enseignants. Elle constitue l’un des volets d’une enquête collective de grande ampleur dirigée par Roland Goigoux qui visait à évaluer l’influence des pratiques d’enseignement de la lecture et de l’écriture sur la qualité des apprentissages.La première partie de notre recherche est consacrée à la mise en évidence de relations causales entre les pratiques d’enseignement du code alphabétique et les performances des élèves en décodage et en orthographe. Nous nous intéressons tout d’abord à la question de la planification de l’enseignement, plus précisément à la vitesse d’étude des correspondances entre les graphèmes et les phonèmes (tempo) et à la part déchiffrable des textes utilisés comme supports d’enseignement de la lecture (rendement effectif). Nos résultats soulignent l’influence significative de ces deux variables sur la qualité des apprentissages, cette influence s’exerçant de manière différenciée selon le niveau des élèves à l’entrée du cours préparatoire. En outre, nous proposons une progression de l’étude du code alphabétique fondée sur la fréquence théorique des correspondances graphèmes-phonèmes des textes écrits en français standard pouvant servir de référence aux enseignants. Nous étudions également les effets du temps d’enseignement de l’encodage sur les acquisitions scolaires, effets qui se révèlent significatifs et positifs mais qui varient selon la nature des tâches proposées et les publics ciblés.Dans la seconde partie de notre thèse, nous nous attachons à comprendre et à documenter la conduite de l’activité de maitres expérimentés de cours préparatoire à des fins de formation professionnelle. Nous analysons une situation de référence de l’enseignement du lire-écrire à partir des enregistrements vidéo de trente-six séances de lecture collectives. Puis, nous décrivons des scénarios pédagogiques prototypiques et nous posons les bases d’une formation destinée à développer les compétences professionnelles des enseignants. Nous soulevons notamment la problématique de l’articulation de la résolution de tâches de code et de compréhension et celle de l’autonomie de déchiffrage offerte aux élèves. Nous présentons enfin la plateforme numérique que nous avons élaborée et qui permet de déterminer la part déchiffrable des textes utilisés lors des séances de lecture collectives. Cette plateforme nommée Anagraph aide les enseignants à planifier l’étude des correspondances graphophonémiques et à choisir des textes adaptés à l’enseignement de la lecture<br>Our doctoral research focuses on the influence of phonics instruction on first-grade students’ progress. Its purpose is to identify effective teaching practices and to contribute to the training of teachers. This research is part of a larger study conducted by Roland Goigoux, which aimed to assess the influence of reading and writing on the quality of learning.The first part of our research examines causal relationships between the characteristics of phonics instruction and students’ performances in decoding and spelling. First, we study the influence of the speed of teaching of grapheme-phoneme relationships (tempo) and of the decodable part of texts used to teach reading (rendement effectif). Our results reveal a significant influence of these two variables on the quality of learning, this influence being different according to students’ initial levels. Besides, we propose a planning of the phonics instruction based on the theoretical frequency of the grapheme-phoneme correspondences in texts written in standard French which can serve as references for the teachers. We also study the effects of the teaching time allocated to encoding tasks on reading achievement, effects which appear to be significant and positive but which vary according to the nature of the tasks and to students’ characteristics.In the second part of our dissertation, we attempt to analyze and document teaching practices of experienced first-grade teachers for training purposes. We analyze a reference situation of the teaching of reading and writing from the video recordings of thirty six collective sessions of reading. Then, we describe prototypical teaching scenarios and lay the foundations for a training intended to develop the professional skills of the teachers. Specifically, we raise the issue of the relationship between the resolution of decoding and understanding tasks and the autonomy that decoding success afforded the students. We finally present the digital platform we designed, which allows calculating the decodable part of texts used during reading instruction. This platform named Anagraph has been designed to help teachers plan the study of the grapheme-phoneme correspondences and to choose texts adapted to their teaching

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Eduardo de Souza.pdf: 10643917 bytes, checksum: e615f7376e8504d0923f2af03f15cfd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-11<br>Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo<br>It discipline Differential and Integral Calculus appear of the resume of some courses of the area of Exacts or Human Sciences, such as Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Sciences, Administration and others. Its teaching if has supported many times in one practical "traditional" methodological based in: definitions, theorems, properties, examples and exercises. Innumerable research demonstrates that this methodology has resulted in a very high index of retention. The present work search to analyze the relations between the conceptions on the concept of Integral disclosed for professors, as well as its ways to analyze the production of the pupils, of form to get practical indications on the educative ones of these professionals. To deal of this objective, we use two methodological instruments, a questionnaire and interviews. The first one, objectifying to produce information for the interview, was applied the thirty pupils of two particular universities of São Paulo, having approached different aspects of the concept of Integral, as: definitions, representations, techniques of integration and applications. We analyze the answers produced to the light of the theoretical reference of Concept Image and Concept Definition of Tall & Vinner. The interviews had been carried through with three professors of a particular university of São Paulo, based in the methodological proposals of Bogdan & Binklen and Gaskell, G. on interviews in group and had been analyzed in accordance with the ideas of Paul Ernest concerning the Philosophy Absolutist and Fallibilist Philosophy of the Mathematics. We understand that the conceptions supported for the professors if approach more to the view absolutist of the mathematics, therefore in the majority of the productions analyzed, all seem to accept that this science is the domain of the absolute truths and that the knowledge in mathematics consists of descriptions of the mathematical beings, of the relations between them and of the logical structure that supports them. However, the professors interviewed manifest the possibility of that the mathematical knowledge be it fallible or opened the critical and corrections<br>A disciplina Cálculo Diferencial e Integral consta do currículo de vários cursos da área de Ciências Exatas ou Humanas, tais como Engenharia, Física, Química, Ciências da Computação, Administração e outros. Seu ensino tem se apoiado muitas vezes numa prática metodológica tradicional baseada em: definições, teoremas, propriedades, exemplos e exercícios. Inúmeras pesquisas demonstram que esta metodologia tem redundado em um índice muito alto de retenção. O presente trabalho busca analisar as relações entre as concepções sobre o conceito de Integral revelada por professores, bem como suas maneiras de analisarem a produção dos alunos, de forma a obtermos indícios sobre as práticas educativas desses profissionais. Para atender a esse objetivo, utilizamos dois instrumentos metodológicos, um questionário e entrevistas. O primeiro, objetivando produzir dados para as entrevista, foi aplicado a trinta alunos de duas universidades particulares de São Paulo, abordando diferentes aspectos do conceito de Integral, como: definições, representações, técnicas de integração e aplicações. Analisamos as respostas produzidas à luz do referencial teórico de Conceito Imagem e Conceito Definição de Tall & Vinner. As entrevistas foram realizadas com três professores de uma universidade particular de São Paulo, baseadas nas propostas metodológicas de Bogdan & Binklen e de Gaskell, G. sobre entrevistas em grupo e foram analisadas de acordo com as idéias de Paul Ernest acerca da Filosofia Absolutista e Filosofia Falibilista da Matemática. Notamos que as concepções sustentadas pelos professores se aproximam mais à visão absolutista da matemática, pois na maioria das produções analisadas, todos parecem aceitar que essa ciência é o domínio das verdades absolutas e que o conhecimento em matemática consiste em descrições dos entes matemáticos, das relações entre eles e da estrutura lógica que os sustenta. No entanto, os professores entrevistados manifestam a possibilidade de que o conhecimento matemático seja falível ou esteja aberto a críticas e correções

With the advent of political and social democracy in South Africa in 1994 came the need to restructure education so that it would reflect the new mulitcultural democracy, redress the inequalities of the past and ensure future social justice. South African society, after apartheid, had to be re-formed, in the sense of being formed anew; and it had to be re-constructed, in the sense of being built again. The classroom was perceived to be one of the critical sites in which this change could be effected and outcomes-based education (OBE) is the optimum educational instrument through which to initiate change. At the heart of OBE lies learner-centredness'which entails experiential learning in a physical and metaphysical world viewed as a set of interlocking (mutually dependant) systems. OBE focuses on a subjective being in the world and a subjective becoming in the world. It is because OBE is centred on process rather than product that outcomes are specified as the learning assessment instrument. It is for all the above reasons that the new South African national curriculum was based on OBE. The primary aims of the curriculum are to achieve educational equality across racial groups and, secondly, to develop cultural competence amongst South Africa's previously legislatively divided peoples so that a new nation, united in its diversity, can evolve. This dissertation examines the successes and failures of the implementation of OBE, in the form of the South African National Curriculum Statement (NCS), in the teaching of French as a Second Additional Language. For educational policy to be implemented and the vision of transformation realised, teachers need to translate curriculum principles into pedagogic practices. The implications of the new national curriculum and of the OBE model for the teaching of French are enormous. Learning French, a language which has both its own African identity and is a language of the world, encourages an understanding of other languages and cultures, promotes tolerance of diversity, develops critical thinking and prepares learners for a multicultural society. In these ways the learning of French has the potential of furthering the fundamental aims of the NCS. OBE, as an educational model, can optimise the teaching of a foreign language such as French and thus increase the potential of French learning to further the broad aims of the NCS. There is thus a reciprocity between learning French and the desired outcomes of the NCS, and the conduit is the OBE methodology. , OBE facilitates the teaching and learning of a foreign language such as French as it allows for the creation of a language learning (be it artificial) environment through the use of real-life situations and centres learning in the socio-cultural context of the learners. OBE links classroom exercises to the real world by sourcing learners' realities as contexts of learning and teaching and by making learning a productive learner experience. Classroom activities are thus relevant to a subjective rather than to an externally perceived objective real world. The broad aim of my study is to evaluate how and to what extent OBE has been implemented in French classrooms. The study also describes and evaluates examples of successful OBE implementation. Research was undertaken in KwaZulu-Natal and the focus of the study was Grade 8 to Grade 12 French teaching and learning situations. My research has shown uneven application of OBE in "French" classrooms, but there are clear signs of creative and innovative learning facilitation which promises much for other "foreign" language learning and teaching and for the broader, nation-building aims of South African educational policy.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

Este relatório refere-se à Prática de Ensino Supervisionado de português e de francês no ano letivo de 2018/2019. A parte prática decorreu no Agrupamento de Escolas Queluz-Belas e centrou-se na observação e/ou lecionação de aulas ao terceiro ciclo (sétimo e oitavo anos) e ensino secundário (décimo e décimo primeiro anos), sendo o tema comum às duas disciplinas. A escolha do tema deve-se à valorização da leitura e da leitura expressiva nos diferentes documentos orientadores1. Esta atividade apela à criatividade e ao pensamento crítico, evocando dinamismo no ensino da língua estrangeira e da língua materna. O momento de leitura, na sala de aula, silenciosa ou em voz alta, contribui para uma melhor exploração e compreensão do texto e implica a participação de vários alunos. Não se trata de um processo mecânico (leitura- pergunta-resposta), visto que pressupõe preparação do texto antes da leitura e uma partilha de conhecimentos e de ilações retiradas do que se leu, promovendo diálogo entre o professor e os alunos. Foram realizadas diferentes atividades, como a preparação dos textos, com recurso a diversos modelos de leitura expressiva e avaliação da leitura expressiva realizada pelos pares e pelo professor. Gradualmente, os alunos conseguiam ler com maior expressividade, com uma melhor entoação e, o facto de compreenderem a importância dos sinais de pontuação permitiu aceder com maior facilidade à mensagem do texto, a lerem e a expressarem-se de maneira mais fluida nas duas línguas. A preparação da leitura expressiva nas aulas de francês, língua estrangeira, (doravante, FLE), permitiu que os alunos de nível 1 desenvolvessem o sentimento de autoconfiança e o gosto pela leitura expressiva.<br>This report refers to an MA in Teaching of Portuguese and French done during the school year of 2018/2019. The teaching practice was done at Agrupamento de Escolas Queluz-Belas and it focused on observing the teaching practice of the seventh, eighth, tenth and eleventh grades, being the theme equal to both school subjects. The chosen theme is a result of the evaluation of the reading as well as the expressive reading of the different guiding documents. This activity appeals to creativity and critical thinking, evoking dynamism in both teachings of the foreign language and the mother language. Reading time in the classroom, silent or out loud, contributes to better exploration and understanding of the text and involves the participation of several students. This is not a mechanical process (reading-question-answer), since it requires preparation of the text before reading it and the sharing of knowledge and lessons learned from what was read, thus promoting dialogue between teacher and students.

This work focuses on changes in teaching foreign languages and on new requirements for education and training of foreign language teachers after 1989, including a brief survey of the history of foreign language teaching and the development of teacher training. It observes changes in the area of learning objectives, changes in the teacher - pupil relationship, changes in work methods. It deals with a new approach to the selection and use of teaching materials and the inclusion of new technologies in teaching. It discusses the implementation of both the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the European Language Portfolio. The work presents in the form of interviews also personal experience with teaching foreign languages and possible ways to achieve the required qualification.

Cette recherche vise à décrire l’évolution des conceptions et des pratiques relatives à la notion de phrase de cinq enseignantes de français vietnamiennes engagées dans une formation sur la syntaxe en grammaire nouvelle et la littérature de jeunesse. Afin d’examiner l’évolution des conceptions sur la phrase des enseignantes, nous avons effectué deux entrevues semi-dirigées, l’une avant et l’autre après la formation. Pour étudier l’évolution des pratiques d’enseignement de la phrase, nous avons observé une seule enseignante à deux reprises après la formation. De plus, celle-ci a décrit ses pratiques sur la phrase lors d’une entrevue téléphonique qui se déroulait à la fin de chaque mois (novembre 2011- mars 2012). Nos résultats montrent que les enseignantes ont changé leurs conceptions sur la phrase à la suite de la formation. En effet, dans la deuxième entrevue, nous avons noté une meilleure réussite dans l’identification des phrases, des critères d’identification plus convaincants, plus de précision dans les commentaires relatifs aux définitions et dans les explications des erreurs chez les cinq enseignantes. Quant aux pratiques, l’enseignante suivie a réalisé des activités autour de la phrase après la formation, ce qui constitue une évolution dans ses pratiques, puisqu’avant la formation, cette notion était négligée. Ses pratiques observées et déclarées indiquent qu’elle a intégré dans sa classe les notions clés de la grammaire nouvelle autour de la phrase et la littérature de jeunesse au service de l’enseignement de cette notion.<br>This research aims to describe the evolution of conceptions and teaching practices related to the notion of sentence of five Vietnamese French teachers involved in a training program about syntax in new grammar and children’s literature. To examine the evolution of teachers’ conceptions of sentence, we conducted two semi-structured interviews, one before and one after the training program. To study the evolution of teaching practices on sentence, we observed only one teacher after training. In addition, she described her practices on sentence in a telephone interview that took place at the end of each month (November 2011-March 2012). Our results indicate that teachers changed their conceptions on sentence. Indeed, in the second interview, we observed for the five teachers better results in identifying sentences, most convincing identification criteria, improved accuracy in the comments relative to the definitions and in explanations of errors. As far as practices are concerned, the teacher we followed has completed activities on sentence after training, which constitutes an improvement in practices since before training, this concept was neglected. Her observed and reported practices indicate that she has integrated in her class the key concepts of new grammar concerning the sentence and children’s literature in teaching this concept.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.<br>Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-228).

Dissertação de mestrado em Educação Especial (área de especialização em Dificuldades de Aprendizagem Específicas)<br>Este trabalho analisou a formação feita em nível do curso de Pedagogia para as práticas pedagógicas no âmbito da educação especial. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os educandos finalistas do curso de Pedagogia da FBN, que atuarão na educação básica. Trata-se de um estudo que investigou o currículo de formação profissional, procurando encontrar as fronteiras entre a construção do ensino e a prática docente na educação básica. O estudo avaliou saberes que constituem as práticas dos professores e suas decisões pedagógicas, considerando teorias que perpassam por questões muito mais amplas do que simplesmente o processo pedagógico, visando assim fazer relações entre saberes, formação de professores, prática pedagógica, currículo, aprendizagem e desafios das Necessidades Educacionais Específicas - NEEs, tendo em vista a contribuição para o crescimento pessoal/profissional desses acadêmicos que atuarão junto às crianças com NEEs. Procurou-se também identificar quais são os saberes produzidos, ressignificados, refletidos no curso de pedagogia da Instituição FBN e que contribui efetivamente com a prática, problematizando os efeitos dessa formação. Com este estudo procurou-se apontar meios que permitam conhecer as implicações que tal proposta tem provocado e configura as práticas pedagógicas que visam aos processos de desafios de alunos com NEEs no ensino comum. Os desafios apresentados pelos professores; junto aos alunos do Curso de pedagogia da FBN são inúmeros, e, a faculdade tem papel fundamental para o entendimento maior dos desafios para se trabalhar com as crianças que tem Necessidades Educativas Especiais, para que o desenvolvimento intelectual, emocional e comportamental sejam alterados para melhorar na busca da igualdade educacional com seus pares. Este estudo tem a finalidade de investigar as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas pelos professores que trabalham no quinto e no sétimo período do curso de Pedagogia da Faculdade Boas Novas em relação às NEEs; buscar informações a cerca das perspectivas dos alunos finalistas com relação a inclusão de crianças com NEE na escola com ensino regular. Para a realização do estudo, utilizamos a metodologia qualitativa e, nesta, a entrevista semiestruturada com o objetivo de recolher os dados. A técnica utilizada para tratamento das respostas coletadas foi a análise de conteúdo. Participaram deste estudo 14 (catoze) pessoas (gestor, coordenador, aluno), sendo sete professores, que atuam no curso de Pedagogia da instituição selecionada para o estudo, 1 (um) coordenador pedagógico, 1 (um) gestor acadêmico, 2 (dois) alunos do quinto período e 3 (três) do sétimo período do Curso de pedagogia da Faculdade Boas Novas. A apresentação dos resultados é feita inicialmente de forma individual, ou seja, por participante. Num segundo momento, agora concluído, realizamos a discussão dos resultados através do cruzamento das respostas de cada um dos casos, tendo como foco principal as diferenças e as semelhanças relacionadas com as respostas dos participantes, procurando analisar com um olhar crítico paralelamente às investigações já realizadas e os debates que por elas já foram influenciados. Depois de análise profunda das práticas dos professores chegamos à conclusão que antes do conhecimento da prática, os alunos do quinto e do sétimo período não entendiam porquê as crianças com NEE viviam sem muita esperança, no que se refere a oportunidades, apesar de esse ser um dos momentos mais esperados. Todos os alunos receberam com certa surpresa o fato de ter que encarar alunos com NEE e até com receio, afinal não existe muito conhecimento à disposição para ter tranquilidade quando se vai para aprática, isto é, para o estágio. Apesar de tudo, foi uma hora de descobertas que abriu as portas para a procura de conhecimento por parte dos alunos e ajuda por parte dos professores para a solução dos possíveis problemas que houvesse. A entrada no curso de pedagogia na FBN pelos discentes e o apoio dado pela gestora e coordenadora do curso foi de grande valia para que o processo ensino aprendizagem dentro da disciplina específica da Educação Especial, fosse o divisor de águas entre o conhecimento e as práticas dos professores com os alunos que sairão para atuarem na educação infantil e anos iniciais. A prática dos professores deve ser a melhor durante seu exercício de trabalho pedagógico, afim de que os alunos de pedagogia possam saber conviver de forma mais serena com as crianças com NEE, que encontrarão no seu dia a dia profissional, sabendo o que se deve ou não fazer nos momentos certos. Pois as crianças só receberam apoios antes de sua entrada na escola de seus pais. As informações colhidas em diversos momentos levaram os professores e alunos a conhecerem melhor a estrutura Curricular do Curso e a Instituição que os acolheu; todos os entrevistados apontaram como ponto positivo o incentivo que a Instituição procura dar para os professores na questão da evolução nas áreas da cognição e pedagógicas de seus alunos, após a entrada no vestibular na FBN, como negativo citaram o fato de a população em sua maioria não saber que o curso de pedagogia também é um curso de inclusão proporcionado por uma Instituição que visa o ensino de qualidade em seu atendimento. Para o futuro os professores pensam principalmente na continuidade do ensino e que seus alunos terão condições de enfrentar os desafios profissionais que lhes serão apresentados.<br>This study analyzed the training done in the course of Pedagogy level for pedagogical practices in special education. The subjects were senior students of Pedagogy course of Boas Novas College, which will act on basic education. This is a study that investigated the curriculum of vocational training, seeking to find the boundaries between the construction of teaching and practice teaching in basic education. The study evaluated the practical knowledge of teachers and their pedagogical decisions, by considering theories that underlie much broader issues than just the educational process, thus aiming to make relations between knowledge, teacher training, teaching practice, curriculum, learning and challenges Special Educational Needs - SEN, with a view to contributing to the personal / professional growth of those academics who will work with children with SEN. We also sought to identify those produced knowledge, reinterpreted, reflected in the BNF pedagogy course Institution and contributes effectively with practice, discussing the effects of such training. With this study we tried to point out means to know the implications that such a proposal has provoked and configures the pedagogical practices that aim to process challenges students with SEN in the mainstream school. The challenges presented by the teachers; together with the students of pedagogy of BNF are numerous, and the college has a key to greater understanding of the challenges paper for working with children who have Special Educational Needs, to the intellectual, emotional and behavioral development are altered to improve in the pursuit of educational equality with their peers. This study aims to investigate the pedagogical practices developed by teachers working in the fifth and seventh semester of the Pedagogy course of Boas Novas College in relation to SEN. seek information about the perspectives of graduate students regarding the inclusion of children with SEN in school with mainstream education. To conduct the study, we used qualitative methodology and, in this, the semi-structured interview in order to collect the data. The technique used for treatment of responses collected was content analysis. The study included fourteen (14) persons (manager, coordinator, student), seven teachers, who work in pedagogy courses selected for the study institution, one (1) pedagogical coordinator, one (1) academic officer, two (2 ) students of the fifth semester and three (3) of the seventh semester of the Pedagogy course of Boas Novas College. The presentation of results is initially made on an individual basis, is, per participant. Secondly, now completed, we conduct the discussion of the results by crossing the responses of each case, focusing mainly on the differences and similarities related to the participants' answers, trying to analyze with a critical eye parallel to previous research and the debates that have been influenced by them. After thorough analysis of the practices of teachers came to the conclusion that prior knowledge of the practice, the students of the fifth and seventh semester not understand why children with SEN living without much hope, with regard to opportunities, despite this being a of the most anticipated moments. All students received with some surprise the fact of having to face pupils with SEN and even afraid, after all there is not much knowledge available to be calm when going to practice, is, to the trainee moment. After all, it was a time for discoveries that opened our mind for seeking knowledge by students and by teachers helps to solve the possible problems that were. Entry into the course pedagogy at BNC by students and the support given by the management and coordinator of the course was of great value to the learning process within the specific discipline of Special Education, was the break between the knowledge and practices of teachers with students who are out to work in early childhood education and early years. The practice of teachers should be the best in the year of pedagogical work, so that Pedagogy students can learn to live more quietly with children with SEN, who find in their day to day work, knowing that whether or do the right times. For kids only get support before its entry into the school of their parents. The information collected at various times led teachers and students to better understand the curricular structure of the course and the institution that received them. all respondents indicated a positive point the incentive that the institution seeks to give to the teachers the question of evolution in the areas of cognition and teaching their students, after entering the entrance exam in BNC, as negative cited the fact that the population mostly not knowing that the pedagogy course is also a course for inclusion provided by an institution that aims at quality education in their care. For future teachers think mainly in the continuity of teaching and their students will be able to meet the challenges that professionals will be presented to them.

Au tournant des années 2000, un désir de renouveau pédagogique amène le ministère de l’Éducation du Québec à revoir ses programmes ministériels (2006 ; 2009) et à leur apporter plusieurs modifications de taille. Appuyé par les recherches sur le sujet, ce dernier accorde alors, dans ses écrits, une place enviable à l’acquisition et l’accroissement du vocabulaire (Graves, 1986 ; Mel’čuk et Polguère, 2007 ; Tremblay, 2004). Néanmoins, la réalité dans les écoles primaires au Québec est toute autre, alors que le lexique est formellement peu enseigné en classe (Anctil, Singcaster et Tardif, 2018), et ce, malgré le fait que les enseignants dressent un portrait lacunaire du vocabulaire de leurs élèves : imprécision et redondance des mots employés, difficultés de compréhension, etc. (Grossmann, 2011). Dans la plupart des cas, cela s’explique par le fait que les enseignants ont besoin d’être outillés (Beck, McKeown et Kucan, 2013) et c’est dans cette optique que nous avons décrit et analysé des pratiques effectives expertes sur le sujet. Pour réaliser cette recherche, 2 enseignants jugés experts dans l’utilisation de la littérature jeunesse, un outil à privilégier (Léon, 2004 ; Montésinos-Gelet, Dupin de Saint-André et Noël, 2008) dans ce contexte, ont été retenus. Nous nous sommes ensuite rendus dans leur classe respective afin d’observer et d’analyser leurs pratiques en contexte réel lors de 5 séances d’enseignement-apprentissage du vocabulaire réalisées à l’aide d’albums jeunesse. Pour rendre compte de leurs pratiques, nous avons élaboré une grille d’observations basée sur le modèle multi-agenda (Bucheton et Soulé, 2009), qui s’articule autour de 5 préoccupations, et le cadre de référence de Jackson (1966 ; 1968). Nous nous sommes intéressés aux pratiques enseignantes, aux dispositifs d’enseignement ainsi qu’aux apprentissages ciblés (mots issus des œuvres et relations lexicales fondamentales). Au terme de nos observations et de notre analyse, nos résultats démontrent notamment que les deux enseignants observés privilégient deux dispositifs d’enseignement différents, qu’ils utilisent tous deux la lecture répétée et que leur sélection des mots enseignés est variable.<br>At the turn of the last century, an ambition to renew the Quebec education system lead the Ministry of Education to significantly review and update its education programs (2006; 2009). One of the major changes to these programs, based on research on the subject, pertains to an increased focus on vocabulary acquisition and growth (Graves, 1986; Mel’čuk & Polguère, 2007; Tremblay, 2004). However, these changes have not necessarily been effectively implemented to daily classroom activities where lexicons are rarely formally taught (Anctil, Singcaster & Tardif, 2018), despite the fact that teachers routinely describe student vocabulary as inadequate with, among others, imprecise and redundant word use and comprehension issues (Grossmann, 2011). In most cases, this trend can be explained by the fact that teachers must be properly equipped to address this situation (Beck, McKeown & Kucan, 2013). It is with this in mind that we have therefore decided to describe and analyse effective practices in this field. To complete this research project, two teachers, considered experts in the use pedagogical use of youth literature, an important tool for vocabulary acquisition (Léon, 2004 ; Montésinos-Gelet, Dupin de Saint-André & Noël, 2008), were recruited. Their practices were observed and analyzed throughout five in class observations of vocabulary lessons in which child books were used a primary learning tool. To analyze the teaching practices employed, an observation matrix was constructed based on the multi-agenda model (Bucheton & Soulé, 2009), which is constructed around five principles, and Jackson’s framework (1966 ; 1968). Our main interests were the teaching practices employed, the pedagogical tools used, and the learning objective addressed, in this case vocabulary emerging from literature and fundamental lexical relationships. Our results demonstrate that both teachers favour two different teaching strategies, that both use repeated reading, and that the words selected for learning varied.

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre comment certain·e·s enseignant·e·s de français du secondaire forment leurs élèves à utiliser le dictionnaire électronique en classe en décrivant, d’une part, les savoirs et les savoir-faire liés à son utilisation qui font l’objet d’un enseignement en classe et, d’autre part, les pratiques relatives à l’enseignement de ces savoirs et savoir-faire. Pour parvenir à nos objectifs, nous avons mené des entrevues avec huit enseignant·e·s, qui ont également noté dans un journal de bord, pendant un mois, les activités ou les interventions sollicitant l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique qu’ils·elles ont réalisées en classe. À la lumière de notre analyse des données, nous avons tracé le portrait des pratiques d’enseignement de chaque enseignant·e, et une comparaison des similitudes et des différences entre les portraits nous a ensuite permis de relever trois profils distincts de pratiques dont le but est de former les élèves à l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique : 1) l’enseignement spontané, axé sur quelques éléments liés à son utilisation, 2) l’enseignement planifié en début d’année et spontané ensuite, axé sur une plus grande variété d’éléments et, enfin, 3) l’enseignement planifié régulier, qui intègre lui aussi une grande variété d’éléments liés à l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique, mais qui comprend également des savoirs qui relèvent spécifiquement de l’usage du format électronique. Il ressort de notre étude que l’intégration d’un outil comme le dictionnaire électronique dans les pratiques d’enseignement est un processus long et complexe, et que la richesse des dictionnaires mis à la disposition des enseignant·e·s n’est pas garante d’un enseignement plus riche ou plus varié. À ce titre, nous pensons qu’une formation portant sur l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique pourrait être utile aux enseignant·e·s en exercice de même qu’aux futurs·e·s enseignant·e·s, car elle leur permettrait de se familiariser avec son utilisation à titre personnel d’abord, une étape essentielle à l’intégration du DÉ dans les pratiques d’enseignement, et à titre pédagogique ensuite.<br>This research aims to better understand how some French secondary school teachers train their students to use the electronic dictionary in class by determining the knowledge and skills related to its use that are the subject of classroom teaching and by describing the practices related to the teaching of these dictionary skills. To achieve our goals, we conducted interviews with eight teachers, who also noted in a diary, for a month, the activities or interventions requiring the use of the electronic dictionary that they carried out in class. In the light of our data analysis, we drew a portrait of the teaching practices of each teacher, and a comparison of the similarities and differences between the portraits then enabled us to identify three distinct profiles of practices whose goal is to train students to use the electronic dictionary: 1) spontaneous teaching, focusing on a few elements related to its use, 2) teaching planned at the start of the year and spontaneous thereafter, focusing on a greater variety of elements and, finally, 3) regular planned teaching, which also incorporates a wide variety of elements related to the use of the electronic dictionary, but which also includes knowledge that relates specifically to the use of the electronic format. Our study shows that the integration of a tool such as the electronic dictionary into teaching practices is a long and complex process, and that the wealth of dictionaries made available to teachers does not guarantee richer or better teaching. As such, we believe that training on the use of electronic dictionary could be useful for practicing teachers as well as future teachers, because it would allow them to become more familiar with its use in a personal capacity first, and then for educational purposes.