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Journal articles on the topic 'Frequency entrainment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zalalutdinov, M., K. L. Aubin, M. Pandey, A. T. Zehnder, R. H. Rand, H. G. Craighead, J. M. Parpia, and B. H. Houston. "Frequency entrainment for micromechanical oscillator." Applied Physics Letters 83, no. 16 (October 20, 2003): 3281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1618363.

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2

Guo, Yifei, Rory John Bufacchi, Giacomo Novembre, Marina Kilintari, Massieh Moayedi, Li Hu, and Gian Domenico Iannetti. "Ultralow-frequency neural entrainment to pain." PLOS Biology 18, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): e3000491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000491.

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3

Higgs, Matthew H., and Charles J. Wilson. "Frequency-dependent entrainment of striatal fast-spiking interneurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1060–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00369.2019.

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Striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) fire in variable-length runs of action potentials at 20–200 spikes/s separated by pauses. In vivo, or with fluctuating applied current, both runs and pauses become briefer and more variable. During runs, spikes are entrained specifically to gamma-frequency components of the input fluctuations. We stimulated parvalbumin-expressing striatal FSIs in mouse brain slices with broadband noise currents added to direct current steps and measured spike entrainment across all frequencies. As the constant current level was increased, FSIs produced longer runs and showed sharper frequency tuning, with best entrainment at the stimulus frequency matching their intrarun firing rate. We separated the contributions of previous spikes from that of the fluctuating stimulus, revealing a strong contribution of previous action potentials to gamma-frequency entrainment. In contrast, after subtraction of the effect inherited from the previous spike, the remaining stimulus contribution to spike generation was less sharply tuned, showing a larger contribution of lower frequencies. The frequency specificity of entrainment within a run was reproduced with a phase resetting model based on experimentally measured phase resetting curves of the same FSIs. In the model, broadly tuned phase entrainment for the first spike in a run evolved into sharply tuned gamma entrainment over the next few spikes. The data and modeling results indicate that for FSIs firing in brief runs and pauses firing within runs is entrained by gamma-frequency components of the input, whereas the onset timing of runs may be sensitive to a wider range of stimulus frequency components. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Specific types of neurons entrain their spikes to particular oscillation frequencies in their synaptic input. This entrainment is commonly understood in terms of the subthreshold voltage response, but how this translates to spiking is not clear. We show that in striatal fast-spiking interneurons, entrainment to gamma-frequency input depends on rhythmic spike runs and is explained by the phase resetting curve, whereas run initiation can be triggered by a broad range of input frequencies.

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4

Dushanova, Juliana, Yordanka Lalova, Antoaneta Kalonkina, and Stefan Tsokov. "Speech–Brain Frequency Entrainment of Dyslexia with and without Phonological Deficits." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120920.

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Developmental dyslexia is a cognitive disorder characterized by difficulties in linguistic processing. Our purpose is to distinguish subtypes of developmental dyslexia by the level of speech–EEG frequency entrainment (δ: 1–4; β: 12.5–22.5; γ1: 25–35; and γ2: 35–80 Hz) in word/pseudoword auditory discrimination. Depending on the type of disabilities, dyslexics can divide into two subtypes—with less pronounced phonological deficits (NoPhoDys—visual dyslexia) and with more pronounced ones (PhoDys—phonological dyslexia). For correctly recognized stimuli, the δ-entrainment is significantly worse in dyslexic children compared to controls at a level of speech prosody and syllabic analysis. Controls and NoPhoDys show a stronger δ-entrainment in the left-hemispheric auditory cortex (AC), anterior temporal lobe (ATL), frontal, and motor cortices than PhoDys. Dyslexic subgroups concerning normolexics have a deficit of δ-entrainment in the left ATL, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the right AC. PhoDys has higher δ-entrainment in the posterior part of adjacent STS regions than NoPhoDys. Insufficient low-frequency β changes over the IFG, the inferior parietal lobe of PhoDys compared to NoPhoDys correspond to their worse phonological short-term memory. Left-dominant 30 Hz-entrainment for normolexics to phonemic frequencies characterizes the right AC, adjacent regions to superior temporal sulcus of dyslexics. The pronounced 40 Hz-entrainment in PhoDys than the other groups suggest a hearing “reassembly” and a poor phonological working memory. Shifting up to higher-frequency γ-entrainment in the AC of NoPhoDys can lead to verbal memory deficits. Different patterns of cortical reorganization based on the left or right hemisphere lead to differential dyslexic profiles.

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5

Wiesman, Alex I., and Tony W. Wilson. "Alpha Frequency Entrainment Reduces the Effect of Visual Distractors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 9 (September 2019): 1392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01422.

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Numerous studies have linked alpha frequency (∼10 Hz) visual entrainment to the inhibition of incoming visual information. However, although these studies have provided key evidence for the intrinsic sensitivity of the human brain to incoming alpha frequency signals, they have only examined the negative impact of alpha entrainment on target stimuli. Thus, it remains uncertain whether the perception of distracting or nonimperative stimuli can also be affected by alpha frequency entrainment. In the current study, we address this question using an adapted version of the arrow-based Erikson “flanker” paradigm that incorporates stimuli flickering at two distinct frequencies: 10 Hz (alpha) and 30 Hz. By presenting flickering stimuli in the portions of the visual field where the flanking arrows would soon appear, we aimed to determine whether the frequency of visual entrainment (i.e., 10 Hz vs. 30 Hz) significantly interacted with the congruency of the flanking arrows (representing selective attention processing) using behavioral task performance and neural oscillations as the outcome metrics. Twenty-three healthy adult participants underwent magnetoencephalography during performance of the task. Our results indicated a reduced congruency effect (i.e., a smaller difference between congruent and incongruent trials) in the alpha flicker condition, as compared with the 30-Hz flicker condition, which suggests a robust relationship between alpha entrainment and the active inhibition of distractor stimuli appearing in that portion of the visual field. Supporting this, alpha frequency (but not 30 Hz) entrainment responses in the primary visual cortex also covaried significantly with the behavioral congruency effect.

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6

Hong, Hyunsuk, and Beom Jun Kim. "Frequency-Entrainment Measures in Coupled-Oscillator Systems." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 52, no. 2 (February 15, 2008): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.52.198.

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7

Barnikol, Utako B., Oleksandr V. Popovych, Christian Hauptmann, Volker Sturm, Hans-Joachim Freund, and Peter A. Tass. "Tremor entrainment by patterned low-frequency stimulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1880 (July 16, 2008): 3545–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0104.

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High-frequency test stimulation for tremor suppression is a standard procedure for functional target localization during deep brain stimulation. This method does not work in cases where tremor vanishes intraoperatively, for example, due to general anaesthesia or due to an insertional effect. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a stimulation technique that effectively evokes tremor in a well-defined and quantifiable manner. For this, we used patterned low-frequency stimulation (PLFS), i.e. brief high-frequency pulse trains administered at pulse rates similar to neurons' preferred burst frequency. Unlike periodic single-pulse stimulation, PLFS enables one to convey effective and considerably greater integral charge densities without violation of safety requirements. In a computational investigation of an oscillatory neuronal network temporarily rendered inactive, we found that PLFS evokes synchronized activity, phase locked to the stimulus. While a stronger increase in the amount of synchrony in the neuronal population requires higher stimulus intensities, the portion of synchronously active neurons nevertheless becomes strongly phase locked to PLFS already at weak stimulus intensities. The phase entrainment effect of PLFS turned out to be robust against variations in the stimulation frequency, whereas enhancement of synchrony required precisely tuned stimulation frequencies. We applied PLFS to a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) with pronounced tremor that disappeared intraoperatively under general anaesthesia. In accordance with our computational results, PLFS evoked tremor, phase locked to the stimulus. In particular, weak PLFS caused low-amplitude, but strongly phase-locked tremor. PLFS test stimulations provided the only functional information about target localization. Optimal target point selection was confirmed by excellent post-operative tremor suppression.

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8

Cronin, Jane. "Entrainment of frequency in singularly perturbed systems." Methods and Applications of Analysis 3, no. 3 (1996): 370–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/maa.1996.v3.n3.a6.

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9

Mausser, G., and G. Schwarz. "Air entrainment during high-frequency jet ventilation." British Journal of Anaesthesia 100, no. 3 (March 2008): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aen008.

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10

Varangis, P. M., A. Gavrielides, T. Erneux, V. Kovanis, and L. F. Lester. "Frequency Entrainment in Optically Injected Semiconductor Lasers." Physical Review Letters 78, no. 12 (March 24, 1997): 2353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.78.2353.

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11

Murdock, James. "Frequency entrainment for almost periodic evolution equations." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 96, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-1986-0826492-4.

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12

Millar, Thomas W., Patrick J. Hardy, Barry Hunt, Michael Frais, and Meir H. Kryger. "The Entrainment of Low Frequency Breathing Periodicity." Chest 98, no. 5 (November 1990): 1143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.5.1143.

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13

Stone, Emily F. "Frequency entrainment of a phase coherent attractor." Physics Letters A 163, no. 5-6 (March 1992): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(92)90841-9.

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14

SCHNEIDER, KLAUS R. "ENTRAINMENT OF MODULATION FREQUENCY: A CASE STUDY." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 15, no. 11 (November 2005): 3579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127405014234.

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We consider a system of autonomous ODE's which is S1-equivariant and has a family of asymptotically stable modulated wave solutions with wave frequency α0 and modulation frequency β0. This system will be perturbed, where the applied nonautonomous force also represents a modulated wave, but with wave frequency α and modulations frequency β. The strength of this perturbation is not necessarily small. Our goal is to look for conditions such that the perturbed system exhibits an approximate entrainment of the modulation frequency β on any given finite time interval, where the approximation error can be controlled by the wave frequency.

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15

Mussen, Timothy D., Oliver Patton, Dennis Cocherell, Ali Ercan, Hossein Bandeh, M. Levent Kavvas, Joseph J. Cech, and Nann A. Fangue. "Can behavioral fish-guidance devices protect juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from entrainment into unscreened water-diversion pipes?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 8 (August 2014): 1209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0601.

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Entrainment through water-diversion structures is a major passage challenge for fishes in watersheds worldwide. Behavioral guidance devices may be effective in passing fish by diversion inlets, thereby decreasing entrainment without reducing water-diversion rates, but data on their effectiveness is limited. In California’s central valley, out-migrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are a species at risk for entrainment through unscreened, small-scale water-diversion pipes. Therefore, we tested entrainment susceptibility and behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon in a large-river-simulation flume at a “river” velocity of 0.15 m·s–1 with a 0.46 m diameter pipe diverting water at 0.57 m3·s–1, during the day and night. Compared with control conditions (no fish deterrent devices present), mean fish entrainment increased by 61% (day) and 43% (night) when underwater strobe lights were active, decreased by 30% when using a metal vibrating (12 Hz) ring during the night, and was unaffected by velocity cap attachments. Fish entrainments started at water velocities of 0.8 m·s–1 and decreased by 54% from spring to summer, possibly resulting from decreased pipe-passage frequency and smaller fish-school sizes. Our findings suggest that substantial entrainment can occur if fish repeatedly pass within 1.5 m of active unscreened diversions, with an estimated 50% of fish lost after encountering 18 pipes in spring and 50 pipes in summer.

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16

Nozaradan, Sylvie. "Exploring how musical rhythm entrains brain activity with electroencephalogram frequency-tagging." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1658 (December 19, 2014): 20130393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0393.

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The ability to perceive a regular beat in music and synchronize to this beat is a widespread human skill. Fundamental to musical behaviour, beat and meter refer to the perception of periodicities while listening to musical rhythms and often involve spontaneous entrainment to move on these periodicities. Here, we present a novel experimental approach inspired by the frequency-tagging approach to understand the perception and production of rhythmic inputs. This approach is illustrated here by recording the human electroencephalogram responses at beat and meter frequencies elicited in various contexts: mental imagery of meter, spontaneous induction of a beat from rhythmic patterns, multisensory integration and sensorimotor synchronization. Collectively, our observations support the view that entrainment and resonance phenomena subtend the processing of musical rhythms in the human brain. More generally, they highlight the potential of this approach to help us understand the link between the phenomenology of musical beat and meter and the bias towards periodicities arising under certain circumstances in the nervous system. Entrainment to music provides a highly valuable framework to explore general entrainment mechanisms as embodied in the human brain.

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17

Gjerdingen, Robert O. ""Smooth" Rhythms as Probes of Entrainment." Music Perception 10, no. 4 (1993): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285585.

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If one hypothesizes rhythmic perception as a process employing oscillatory circuits in the brain that entrain to low-frequency periodicities in the neural firings evoked by an acoustic signal, then among the conceptually purest probes of those oscillatory circuits would be acoustic signals with only simple sinusoidal periodicities in the appropriate frequency range (perhaps from 0.3 Hz to 20 Hz). Such signals can be produced by the low- frequency amplitude modulation of an audible carrier wave by one or more sinusoids. The resulting rhythms are "smooth" in that their amplitude envelopes are smoothly varying with no obvious points of onset or offset. Because preliminary experiments with smooth rhythms have produced some unexpected results, and because smooth rhythms can be precisely controlled and varied (including, for example, the digital filtering of their Fourier components in the frequency domain), they are proposed as versatile stimuli for studies in rhythmic perception.

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18

Okumura, Kohshi, Sachio Fukuda, and Akira Kishima. "Analysis of frequency entrainment in three-phase circuits." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 107, no. 3 (1987): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1972.107.115.

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19

Okumura, Koshi, Sachio Fukuda, and Akira Kishima. "Analysis of frequency entrainment in three-phase circuits." Electrical Engineering in Japan 107, no. 3 (1987): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391070304.

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20

Elble, Rodger J., Christopher Higgins, and Larry Hughes. "Phase resetting and frequency entrainment of essential tremor." Experimental Neurology 116, no. 3 (June 1992): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(92)90014-h.

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21

Paterson, David J., Graeme A. Wood, Alan R. Morton, and John D. Henstridge. "The entrainment of ventilation frequency to exercise rhythm." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55, no. 5 (September 1986): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00421649.

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22

NAMAZUE, Kazuya, Yutaka KURITA, Yuichi MATSUMURA, and Shigekatsu MATSUDA. "1202 Realization of Frequency Entrainment Simulating Synchronous Flashing of Fireflies : Experiment on Frequency Entrainment Using a lot of Electronic Fireflies." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2008.83 (2008): _12–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2008.83._12-2_.

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23

Abd Alsamieh, Mohamed. "Numerical investigation of elastohydrodynamic contacts subjected to harmonic load variation." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 6 (August 12, 2019): 832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-12-2018-0461.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of elastohydrodynamic contacts subjected to forced harmonic vibrations including the effect of changing various working parameters such as frequency, load amplitude and entrainment speed. Design/methodology/approach The time-dependent Reynolds equation is solved using the Newton–Raphson technique. The film thickness and pressure distribution are obtained at every time step by simultaneous solution of the Reynolds equation and film thickness equation including elastic deformation. Findings The frequency of vibration, load amplitude and entrainment speed are directly related to the film thickness perturbation, which is formed during load increasing phase of the cycle. The film thickness formed during load increasing phase is larger than that formed during load decreasing phase with larger deviation at a higher frequency or load amplitude and vice versa for lower frequency or load amplitude. The entrainment speed of the contact has an opposite effect to that of the frequency of vibration or load amplitude. Originality/value Physical explanations for the behavior of elastohydrodynamic contact subjected to forced harmonic vibration are presented in this paper for various working parameters of frequency, load amplitude and entrainment speed.

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Xing, Jinhong, Frederick Brody, Michael Rosen, J. D. Z. Chen, and Edy Soffer. "The effect of gastric electrical stimulation on canine gastric slow waves." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 284, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): G956—G962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00477.2002.

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This study determined the most efficient parameters of low-frequency/long-pulse gastric electrical stimulation (GES) required to entrain gastric slow waves and also evaluated the effect of entrainment and high-frequency, short-pulse GES on gastric electrical activity (GEA). Nine dogs were fitted with stimulation wires along the greater curvature. Entrainment was observed in six or seven animals, with long-pulse GES at six cycles per minute (cpm), at various combinations of current and pulse width and was directly related to the energy delivered. Entrainment was observed in four to seven animals, with GES at 12 cpm, and the maximal driven frequency was 6 cpm. Entrainment did not significantly increase the dominant power of GEA. High-frequency, short-pulse GES, using pulse trains of 14 Hz, 5 mA, and 330 μs, with 0.1 s on and 5 s off, and pulse trains of 40 Hz, 10 mA, and 330 μs, with 2 s on 3 s off, did not affect variables of GEA. We conclude that acute low-frequency GES but not high-frequency, short-pulse GES can entrain slow waves; the power of slow waves is not affected by either type of stimulation.

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Diekman, Casey O., and Amitabha Bose. "Entrainment Maps." Journal of Biological Rhythms 31, no. 6 (October 17, 2016): 598–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730416662965.

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Circadian oscillators found across a variety of species are subject to periodic external light-dark forcing. Entrainment to light-dark cycles enables the circadian system to align biological functions with appropriate times of day or night. Phase response curves (PRCs) have been used for decades to gain valuable insights into entrainment; however, PRCs may not accurately describe entrainment to photoperiods with substantial amounts of both light and dark due to their reliance on a single limit cycle attractor. We have developed a new tool, called an entrainment map, that overcomes this limitation of PRCs and can assess whether, and at what phase, a circadian oscillator entrains to external forcing with any photoperiod. This is a 1-dimensional map that we construct for 3 different mathematical models of circadian clocks. Using the map, we are able to determine conditions for existence and stability of phase-locked solutions. In addition, we consider the dependence on various parameters such as the photoperiod and intensity of the external light as well as the mismatch in intrinsic oscillator frequency with the light-dark cycle. We show that the entrainment map yields more accurate predictions for phase locking than methods based on the PRC. The map is also ideally suited to calculate the amount of time required to achieve entrainment as a function of initial conditions and the bifurcations of stable and unstable periodic solutions that lead to loss of entrainment.

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Abdel-Rahim, A., F. Sisto, and S. Thangam. "Computational Study of Stall Flutter in Linear Cascades." Journal of Turbomachinery 115, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929200.

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Aeroelastic interaction in turbomachinery is of prime interest to opertors, designers, and aeroelasticans. Operation at off-design conditions may promote blade stall; eventually the stall pattern will propagate around the blade annulus. The unsteady periodic nature of propagating stall will force blade vibration and blade flutter may occur if the stall propagation frequency is entrained by the blade natural frequency. In this work a computational scheme based on the vortex method is used to simulate the flow over a linear cascade of airfoils. The viscous effect is confined to a thin layer, which determines the separation points on the airfoil surfaces. The preliminary structural model is a two-dimensional characteristic section with a single degree of freedom in either bending or torsion. A study of the relationship between the stall propagation frequency and the blade natural frequency has been conducted. The study shows that entrainment, or frequency synchronization, occurs, resulting in pure torsional flutter over a certain interval of reduced frequency. A severe blade torsional amplitude (of order 20 deg) has been computed in the entrainment region, reaching its largest value in the center of the interval. However, in practice, compressor blades will not sustain this vibration and blade failure may occur before reaching such a large amplitude. Outside the entrainment interval the stall propagation is shown to be independent of the blade natural frequency. In addition, computational results show that there is no entrainment in the pure bending mode. Rather, “de-entrainment” occurs with similar flow conditions and similar stall frequencies, resulting in blade buffeting in pure bending.

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27

Wilson, Charles J., Matthew H. Higgs, DeNard V. Simmons, and Juan C. Morales. "Oscillations and Spike Entrainment." F1000Research 7 (December 20, 2018): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16451.1.

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Oscillatory input to networks, as indicated by field potentials, must entrain neuronal firing to be a causal agent in brain activity. Even when the oscillatory input is prominent, entrainment of firing is not a foregone conclusion but depends on the intrinsic dynamics of the postsynaptic neurons, including cell type-specific resonances, and background firing rates. Within any local network of neurons, only a subset of neurons may have their firing entrained by an oscillating synaptic input, and oscillations of different frequency may engage separate subsets of neurons.

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Paterson, D. J., G. A. Wood, R. N. Marshall, A. R. Morton, and A. B. Harrison. "Entrainment of respiratory frequency to exercise rhythm during hypoxia." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1767.

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Breathing frequency (f) is often reported as having an integer-multiple relationship to limb movement (entrainment) during rhythmic exercise. To investigate the strength of this coupling while running under hypoxic conditions, two male Caucasians and four male Nepalese porters were tested in the Annapurna region of the Himalayas at altitudes of 915, 2,135, 3,200, 4,420, and 5,030 m. In an additional study in a laboratory at sea level, three male and four female subjects inspired various O2-N2 mixtures [fraction of inspired O2 (FIO2) = 20.93, 17.39, 14.40, 11.81%] that were administered in a single-blind randomized fashion during a treadmill run (40% FIO2 maximum O2 consumption). Breathing and gait signals were stored on FM tape and later processed on a PDP 11/73 computer. The subharmonic relationships between these signals were determined from Fourier analysis (power spectrum), and the coincidence of coupling occurrence was statistically modeled. Entrainment decreased linearly during increasing hypoxia (P less than 0.01). Moreover, a significant linear increase in f occurred during hypoxia (P less than 0.05), whereas stride frequency and metabolic rate remained constant, suggesting that hypoxic-induced increases in f decreased the degree of entrainment.

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Boucher, Victor J., Annie C. Gilbert, and Boutheina Jemel. "The Role of Low-frequency Neural Oscillations in Speech Processing: Revisiting Delta Entrainment." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 8 (August 2019): 1205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01410.

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Studies that use measures of cerebro-acoustic coherence have shown that theta oscillations (3–10 Hz) entrain to syllable-size modulations in the energy envelope of speech. This entrainment creates sensory windows in processing acoustic cues. Recent reports submit that delta oscillations (<3 Hz) can be entrained by nonsensory content units like phrases and serve to process meaning—though such views face fundamental problems. Other studies suggest that delta underlies a sensory chunking linked to the processing of sequential attributes of speech sounds. This chunking associated with the “focus of attention” is commonly manifested by the temporal grouping of items in sequence recall. Similar grouping in speech may entrain delta. We investigate this view by examining how low-frequency oscillations entrain to three types of stimuli (tones, nonsense syllables, and utterances) having similar timing, pitch, and energy contours. Entrainment was indexed by “intertrial phase coherence” in the EEGs of 18 listeners. The results show that theta oscillations at central sites entrain to syllable-size elements in speech and tones. However, delta oscillations at frontotemporal sites specifically entrain to temporal groups in both meaningful utterances and meaningless syllables, which indicates that delta may support but does not directly bear on a processing of content. The findings overall suggest that, although theta entrainment relates to a processing of acoustic attributes, delta entrainment links to a sensory chunking that relates to a processing of properties of articulated sounds. The results also show that measures of intertrial phase coherence can be better suited than cerebro-acoustic coherence in revealing delta entrainment.

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Laine, Christopher M., Laura A. Nickerson, and E. Fiona Bailey. "Cortical entrainment of human hypoglossal motor unit activities." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 1 (January 2012): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00769.2011.

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Output from the primary motor cortex contains oscillations that can have frequency-specific effects on the firing of motoneurons (MNs). Whereas much is known about the effects of oscillatory cortical drive on the output of spinal MN pools, considerably less is known about the effects on cranial motor nuclei, which govern speech/oromotor control. Here, we investigated cortical input to one such motor pool, the hypoglossal motor nucleus (HMN), which controls muscles of the tongue. We recorded intramuscular genioglossus electromyogram (EMG) and scalp EEG from healthy adult subjects performing a tongue protrusion task. Cortical entrainment of HMN population activity was assessed by measuring coherence between EEG and multiunit EMG activity. In addition, cortical entrainment of individual MN firing activity was assessed by measuring phase locking between single motor unit (SMU) action potentials and EEG oscillations. We found that cortical entrainment of multiunit activity was detectable within the 15- to 40-Hz frequency range but was inconsistent across recordings. By comparison, cortical entrainment of SMU spike timing was reliable within the same frequency range. Furthermore, this effect was found to be intermittent over time. Our study represents an important step in understanding corticomuscular synchronization in the context of human oromotor control and is the first study to document SMU entrainment by cortical oscillations in vivo.

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LEYVA, I., I. SENDIÑA-NADAL, J. A. ALMENDRAL, J. M. BULDÚ, D. LI, S. HAVLIN, and S. BOCCALETTI. "ENTRAINMENT COMPETITION IN COMPLEX NETWORKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 03 (March 2010): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410026113.

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The response of a random and modular network to the simultaneous presence of two frequencies is considered. The competition for controlling the dynamics of the network results in different behaviors, such as frequency changes or permanent synchronization frustration, which can be directly related to the network structure. From these observations, we propose a new method for detecting overlapping communities in structured networks.

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Chicone, Carmen. "Bifurcations of Nonlinear Oscillations and Frequency Entrainment Near Resonance." SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 23, no. 6 (November 1992): 1577–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/0523087.

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JONES, M. J., S. D. MOTTRAM, E. S. LIN, and G. SMITH. "MEASUREMENT OF ENTRAINMENT RATIO DURING HIGH FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION." British Journal of Anaesthesia 65, no. 2 (August 1990): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/65.2.197.

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Iaccarino, Hannah F., Annabelle C. Singer, Anthony J. Martorell, Andrii Rudenko, Fan Gao, Tyler Z. Gillingham, Hansruedi Mathys, et al. "Gamma frequency entrainment attenuates amyloid load and modifies microglia." Nature 540, no. 7632 (December 7, 2016): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature20587.

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Tang, D. Y., R. Dykstra, M. W. Hamilton, and N. R. Heckenberg. "Experimental evidence of frequency entrainment between coupled chaotic oscillations." Physical Review E 57, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 3649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.57.3649.

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Shlomovitz, Roie, Lea Fredrickson-Hemsing, Albert Kao, Sebastiaan W. F. Meenderink, Robijn Bruinsma, and Dolores Bozovic. "Low Frequency Entrainment of Oscillatory Bursts in Hair Cells." Biophysical Journal 104, no. 8 (April 2013): 1661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.02.050.

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BULDÚ, J. M., J. GARCÍA-OJALVO, M. C. TORRENT, RAÚL VICENTE, TONI PÉREZ, and CLAUDIO R. MIRASSO. "ENTRAINMENT OF OPTICAL LOW-FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS IS ENHANCED BY COUPLING." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 03, no. 02 (June 2003): L127—L136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477503001191.

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The control of the low-frequency fluctuations exhibited by two mutually coupled semiconductor lasers is studied experimentally and numerically. We observe that coupling enhances the response of the system to a weak periodic modulation of the injection current of one of the lasers, leading to a highly efficient entrainment of the synchronized low-frequency power dropouts to the external periodic driving. We compare the quality of the entrainment with the one obtained in a single semiconductor laser with optical feedback, showing the beneficial role of coupling in this pursuit. The experimental observations are satisfactorily reproduced by numerical simulations of a set of coupled delay-differential rate equations.

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Nguyen, Thomas, Karl Kuntzelman, and Vladimir Miskovic. "Entrainment of visual steady-state responses is modulated by global spatial statistics." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00129.2017.

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The rhythmic delivery of visual stimuli evokes large-scale neuronal entrainment in the form of steady-state oscillatory field potentials. The spatiotemporal properties of stimulus drive appear to constrain the relative degrees of neuronal entrainment. Specific frequency ranges, for example, are uniquely suited for enhancing the strength of stimulus-driven brain oscillations. When it comes to the nature of the visual stimulus itself, studies have used a plethora of inputs ranging from spatially unstructured empty fields to simple contrast patterns (checkerboards, gratings, stripes) and complex arrays (human faces, houses, natural scenes). At present, little is known about how the global spatial statistics of the input stimulus influence entrainment of scalp-recorded electrophysiological signals. In this study, we used rhythmic entrainment source separation of scalp EEG to compare stimulus-driven phase alignment for distinct classes of visual inputs, including broadband spatial noise ensembles with varying second-order statistics, natural scenes, and narrowband sine-wave gratings delivered at a constant flicker frequency. The relative magnitude of visual entrainment was modulated by the global properties of the driving stimulus. Entrainment was strongest for pseudo-naturalistic broadband visual noise patterns in which luminance contrast is greatest at low spatial frequencies (a power spectrum slope characterized by 1/ƒ−2). NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rhythmically modulated visual stimuli entrain the activity of neuronal populations, but the effect of global stimulus statistics on this entrainment is unknown. We assessed entrainment evoked by 1) visual noise ensembles with different spectral slopes, 2) complex natural scenes, and 3) narrowband sinusoidal gratings. Entrainment was most effective for broadband noise with naturalistic luminance contrast. This reveals some global properties shaping stimulus-driven brain oscillations in the human visual system.

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Wollman, Indiana, Pablo Arias, Jean-Julien Aucouturier, and Benjamin Morillon. "Neural entrainment to music is sensitive to melodic spectral complexity." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00758.2018.

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During auditory perception, neural oscillations are known to entrain to acoustic dynamics but their role in the processing of auditory information remains unclear. As a complex temporal structure that can be parameterized acoustically, music is particularly suited to address this issue. In a combined behavioral and EEG experiment in human participants, we investigated the relative contribution of temporal (acoustic dynamics) and nontemporal (melodic spectral complexity) dimensions of stimulation on neural entrainment, a stimulus-brain coupling phenomenon operationally defined here as the temporal coherence between acoustical and neural dynamics. We first highlight that low-frequency neural oscillations robustly entrain to complex acoustic temporal modulations, which underscores the fine-grained nature of this coupling mechanism. We also reveal that enhancing melodic spectral complexity, in terms of pitch, harmony, and pitch variation, increases neural entrainment. Importantly, this manipulation enhances activity in the theta (5 Hz) range, a frequency-selective effect independent of the note rate of the melodies, which may reflect internal temporal constraints of the neural processes involved. Moreover, while both emotional arousal ratings and neural entrainment were positively modulated by spectral complexity, no direct relationship between arousal and neural entrainment was observed. Overall, these results indicate that neural entrainment to music is sensitive to the spectral content of auditory information and indexes an auditory level of processing that should be distinguished from higher-order emotional processing stages. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Low-frequency (<10 Hz) cortical neural oscillations are known to entrain to acoustic dynamics, the so-called neural entrainment phenomenon, but their functional implication in the processing of auditory information remains unclear. In a behavioral and EEG experiment capitalizing on parameterized musical textures, we disentangle the contribution of stimulus dynamics, melodic spectral complexity, and emotional judgments on neural entrainment and highlight their respective spatial and spectral neural signature.

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Berdine, G. G., and P. J. Strollo. "Effect of mechanical load on tidal volume during high-frequency jet ventilation." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.1217.

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High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) was studied in twelve deeply anesthetized, paralyzed dogs. Entrained volume and total expired volume were directly measured by integration of flow. Jet volume was computed from these measurements. Seven dogs were ventilated with a driving pressure of 10 psi at rates of 2 and 5 Hz for each of three mechanical loads: control, thoracoabdominal wrap, and histamine infusion. Both load conditions reduced total expired volume and entrained volume but had no effect on jet volume. Wrap reduced entrainment more at 2 Hz while the effect of histamine infusion was frequency independent. Control arterial blood gases demonstrated that PO2 was higher and PCO2 was lower during 2 Hz ventilation than during 5 Hz ventilation despite equivalent minute volumes. Five additional dogs were studied using control and wrap loads and an additional ventilator setting of 15 psi at 5 Hz. This group demonstrated that wrap reduces entrainment more at lower frequencies for ventilatory settings providing equivalent gas exchange. We conclude that increasing mechanical load reduces entrainment during HFJV and that this reduction is frequency dependent for restrictive loads.

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Kriellaars, D. J., R. M. Brownstone, B. R. Noga, and L. M. Jordan. "Mechanical entrainment of fictive locomotion in the decerebrate cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 2074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.6.2074.

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1. We examined the ability of muscular and joint afferents from the hip region to entrain fictive locomotion evoked by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in the decerebrate cat by mechanically imposed, sinusoidal hip flexion and extension movements. 2. A method is presented for qualitative and quantitative analysis of entrainment. 3. Hip joint capsular afferents were shown by denervation experiments to be unnecessary for mediating locomotor entrainment. 4. As the population of muscular afferents was progressively decreased by selective denervation, the strength of entrainment concomitantly decreased, even though a few as two small intrinsic hip muscles were still effective in producing entrainment. The ability to entrain locomotion was abolished with complete ipsilateral denervation. 5. Entrainment was observed with low amplitude hip angular displacement of 5–20 degrees, which would be expected to activate low-threshold, stretch-sensitive muscle afferents. 6. The extensor burst activity occurred during the period of imposed hip flexion, which corresponded to passive stretching and loading of the extensor muscles, while the flexor burst activity occurred during the latter portion of the imposed hip extension, which corresponded to passive stretching of the flexor muscles (when attached) and release of the extensors. During harmonic entrainment, the match of hip cycle duration and step cycle duration was accomplished by a variation in extensor electroneurogram (ENG) burst duration. These results are consistent with a positive feedback mechanism where low-threshold afferent activity from the extensor musculature is used by the rhythm generator to prolong the extension phase of locomotion. 7. A hip cycle frequency-dependent phase shift of ENG activity was observed. This may indicate that the locomotor rhythm generator is dependent on more than just static positional or threshold load information for modulation of the step cycle frequency and switching between flexion and extension phases. 8. Subharmonic forms of entrainment were observed when the number of innervated muscles was markedly reduced. The occurrence of subharmonic entrainment characterizes the locomotor rhythm generator as a nonlinear oscillator. 9. To modulate the stepping frequency, the afferent pathways responsible for entrainment must be directly connected to the neural circuitry responsible for rhythm generation. The rhythm generating interneurons must receive a high degree of convergence from afferents arising from a variety of muscles spanning the hip joint.

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Kösem, Anne, Hans Rutger Bosker, Ole Jensen, Peter Hagoort, and Lars Riecke. "Biasing the Perception of Spoken Words with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 8 (August 2020): 1428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01579.

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Recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that the frequency of entrained oscillations in auditory cortices influences the perceived duration of speech segments, impacting word perception [Kösem, A., Bosker, H. R., Takashima, A., Meyer, A., Jensen, O., & Hagoort, P. Neural entrainment determines the words we hear. Current Biology, 28, 2867–2875, 2018]. We further tested the causal influence of neural entrainment frequency during speech processing, by manipulating entrainment with continuous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at distinct oscillatory frequencies (3 and 5.5 Hz) above the auditory cortices. Dutch participants listened to speech and were asked to report their percept of a target Dutch word, which contained a vowel with an ambiguous duration. Target words were presented either in isolation (first experiment) or at the end of spoken sentences (second experiment). We predicted that the tACS frequency would influence neural entrainment and therewith how speech is perceptually sampled, leading to a perceptual overestimation or underestimation of the vowel's duration. Whereas results from Experiment 1 did not confirm this prediction, results from Experiment 2 suggested a small effect of tACS frequency on target word perception: Faster tACS leads to more long-vowel word percepts, in line with the previous neuroimaging findings. Importantly, the difference in word perception induced by the different tACS frequencies was significantly larger in Experiment 1 versus Experiment 2, suggesting that the impact of tACS is dependent on the sensory context. tACS may have a stronger effect on spoken word perception when the words are presented in continuous speech as compared to when they are isolated, potentially because prior (stimulus-induced) entrainment of brain oscillations might be a prerequisite for tACS to be effective.

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Getchell, Nancy, Susan McMenamin, and Jill Whitall. "Dual Motor Task Coordination in Children with and Without Learning Disabilities." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 22, no. 1 (January 2005): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.22.1.21.

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This study examines gross motor coordination in children with and without learning disabilities using a dynamical systems perspective. In a dual motor task paradigm (walk/clap, gallop/clap), we measured and compared frequency and phase locking and consistency within and across trials in 12 children with learning disabilities and 12 age-matched typically developing children. In the walk/clap condition, groups differed in consistency and in entrainment (increased frequency of 4 limb coupling) over short-term practice. In the gallop/clap condition, groups differed in consistency; neither group showed entrainment. Comparisons within the LD group of participants with and without diagnosed visual-motor problems showed differences in classification, consistency, and entrainment. These results suggest that gross motor coordination tasks provide information about as well as a novel opportunity for early identification of learning disabilities.

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FUNK, GREGORY D., IGNACIO J. VALENZUELA, GERALD N. SHOLOMENKO, JOHN D. STEEVES, and WILLIAM K. MILSOM. "Effects of Changes in Locomotor Intensity, Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Locomotorrespiratory Synchrony During Walking/Running in Canada Geese." Journal of Experimental Biology 147, no. 1 (November 1, 1989): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.147.1.343.

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To examine the effects of locomotor frequency and respiratory drive on the incidence of locomotor-respiratory coupling (i.e. entrainment), we examined the relationship between locomotor and ventilatory patterns in trained Canada geese that were: (1) running at three speeds (0–40, 0–52 and 0–72 ms−1) on a treadmill, (2) free-running at three velocity intervals (0–40–0–72, 1–0–1–5 and 1–5–2–Oms−11) overground, and (3) breathing hypoxic (12 % O2/ l % CO2) and hypercapnic (5 % CO2/30% O2) gas mixtures while running at one speed (0–52ms−1) on the treadmill. The portion of the time that the locomotor and respiratory systems were coupled was significantly greater during overground locomotion (41.1±3.2%) than at comparable speeds on the treadmill (29.0±2.6%). In addition, a significant increase in coupling with velocity was only observed during overground locomotion (41%1 ±3.2% at 0.40–0-72ms−1 vs 57.7 ±6.3% at 1.5–2.0ms−1). This increase in entrainment appeared to be the direct result of an increase in locomotor frequency per se and not due to the increase in metabolic rate associated with greater locomotion velocity. The effects of hypercapnia on the degree of entrainment were unclear owing to inter-animal variability; however, hypoxia caused a substantial decrease in entrainment from air-breathing values (34.8 ± 3.9 %) to levels not different from those possible due to chance alone (20%). Thus, it appears that locomotor pattern does entrain ventilatory rhythm and that the degree of entrainment is partially dependent on limb movement frequency. However, the increased respiratory drive associated with hypoxia appears to override the influence of locomotor rhythm on respiratory pattern, with a subsequent decrease in entrainment.

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Fletcher, R., G. Malmkvist, C. Lührs, N. Mori, B. Drefeldt, K. Brauer, and B. Jonsson. "Isocapnic high frequency jet ventilation: dead space depends on frequency, inspiratory time and entrainment." Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 35, no. 2 (February 1991): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1991.tb03264.x.

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Tierney, Adam, and Nina Kraus. "Neural Entrainment to the Rhythmic Structure of Music." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 2 (February 2015): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00704.

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The neural resonance theory of musical meter explains musical beat tracking as the result of entrainment of neural oscillations to the beat frequency and its higher harmonics. This theory has gained empirical support from experiments using simple, abstract stimuli. However, to date there has been no empirical evidence for a role of neural entrainment in the perception of the beat of ecologically valid music. Here we presented participants with a single pop song with a superimposed bassoon sound. This stimulus was either lined up with the beat of the music or shifted away from the beat by 25% of the average interbeat interval. Both conditions elicited a neural response at the beat frequency. However, although the on-the-beat condition elicited a clear response at the first harmonic of the beat, this frequency was absent in the neural response to the off-the-beat condition. These results support a role for neural entrainment in tracking the metrical structure of real music and show that neural meter tracking can be disrupted by the presentation of contradictory rhythmic cues.

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Agnesi, Filippo, Abirami Muralidharan, Kenneth B. Baker, Jerrold L. Vitek, and Matthew D. Johnson. "Fidelity of frequency and phase entrainment of circuit-level spike activity during DBS." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 2 (August 2015): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00259.2015.

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High-frequency stimulation is known to entrain spike activity downstream and upstream of several clinical deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets, including the cerebellar-receiving area of thalamus (VPLo), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and globus pallidus (GP). Less understood are the fidelity of entrainment to each stimulus pulse, whether entrainment patterns are stationary over time, and how responses differ among DBS targets. In this study, three rhesus macaques were implanted with a single DBS lead in VPLo, STN, or GP. Single-unit spike activity was recorded in the resting state in motor cortex during VPLo DBS, in GP during STN DBS, and in STN and pallidal-receiving area of motor thalamus (VLo) during GP DBS. VPLo DBS induced time-locked spike activity in 25% ( n = 15/61) of motor cortex cells, with entrained cells following 7.5 ± 7.4% of delivered pulses. STN DBS entrained spike activity in 26% ( n = 8/27) of GP cells, which yielded time-locked spike activity for 8.7 ± 8.4% of stimulus pulses. GP DBS entrained 67% ( n = 14/21) of STN cells and 32% ( n = 19/59) of VLo cells, which showed a higher fraction of pulses effectively inhibiting spike activity (82.0 ± 9.6% and 86.1 ± 16.6%, respectively). Latency of phase-locked spike activity increased over time in motor cortex (58%, VPLo DBS) and to a lesser extent in GP (25%, STN DBS). In contrast, the initial inhibitory phase observed in VLo and STN during GP DBS remained stable following stimulation onset. Together, these data suggest that circuit-level entrainment is low-pass filtered during high-frequency stimulation, most notably for glutamatergic pathways. Moreover, phase entrainment is not stationary or consistent at the circuit level for all DBS targets.

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Da, Hoang Van, and Nguyen Thac Sy. "Frequency entrainment in a self-oscillatory system under parametric excitation." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/25/3/6586.

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In the present paper, the frequencies for appearing the entrained oscillations in a self-oscillatory system under the parametric excitation, have been determined. The almost periodic oscillation which develops from the entrained oscillation when the driving frequency is given just outside the region of entrainment also have been investigated by the method of the phase plane.

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Di Liberto, Giovanni M., James A. O’Sullivan, and Edmund C. Lalor. "Low-Frequency Cortical Entrainment to Speech Reflects Phoneme-Level Processing." Current Biology 25, no. 19 (October 2015): 2457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.030.

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Ottero, Monica. "Biophysical Modelling of Frequency Dependent Neural Entrainment and Its Persistence." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S55—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.168.

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