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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Frequency Modulation (FM)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Frequency Modulation (FM)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Frequency Modulation (FM)"

1

Hallberg, Örjan, and Olle Johansson. "Melanoma Incidence and Frequency Modulation (FM) Broadcasting." Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 57, no. 1 (January 2002): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039890209602914.

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Zhang, Jian Bin, Ming Fang Zhu, Yan Ling Ren, and Jian Lu. "Design of Stereo Frequency Modulation Exciter Controlled by Microcontroller." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.796.

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A new stereo Frequency Modulation exciter scheme for short-distance wireless communication is proposed. It adopts a stereo FM IC BH1415 to transmit audio FM signals, and its transmitting frequency is controlled by microcontroller. The basic principle of phase-locked loop for FM is analyzed, and the audio FM circuit based on BH1415 and the controlling method based on AT89C51 are introduced. Test results indicated that, the audio FM Exciter had simple structure and higher reliability, each parameter can meet the demands of FM broadcasting system, and it has some scalability.

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Vu, Thanh Tung, Hong Hai Hoang, Toan Thang Vu, and Ngoc Tam Bui. "A Displacement Measuring Interferometer Based on a Frequency-Locked Laser Diode with High Modulation Frequency." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 2693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082693.

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Laser interferometers can achieve a nanometer-order uncertainty of measurements when their frequencies are locked to the reference frequencies of the atom or molecule transitions. There are three types of displacement-measuring interferometers: homodyne, heterodyne, and frequency modulation (FM) interferometers. Among these types of interferometer, the FM interferometer has many advantageous features. The interference signal is a series of time-dependent harmonics of modulation frequency, so the phase shift can be detected accurately using the synchronous detection method. Moreover, the FM interferometer is the most suitable for combination with a frequency-locked laser because both require frequency modulation. In previous research, low modulation frequencies at some tens of kHz have been used to lock the frequency of laser diodes (LDs). The low modulation frequency for the laser source means that the maximum measurement speed of the FM interferometers is limited. This paper proposes a novel contribution regarding the application of a high-frequency modulation for an LD to improve both the frequency stability of the laser source and the measurement speed of the FM interferometer. The frequency of the LD was locked to an I2 hyperfine component at 1 MHz modulation frequency. A high bandwidth lock-in amplifier was utilized to detect the saturated absorption signals of the I2 hyperfine structure and induce the signal to lock the frequency of the LD. The locked LD was then used for an FM displacement measuring interferometer. Moreover, a suitable modulation amplitude that affected the signal-to-noise ratio of both the I2 absorption signal and the harmonic intensity of the interference signal was determined. In order to verify the measurement resolution of the proposed interferometer, the displacement induced by a piezo electric actuator was concurrently measured by the interferometer and a capacitive sensor. The difference of the displacement results was less than 20 nm. To evaluate the measurement speed, the interferometer was used to measure the axial error of a high-speed spindle at 500 rpm. The main conclusion of this study is that a stable displacement interferometer with high accuracy and a high measurement speed can be achieved using an LD frequency locked to an I2 hyperfine transition at a high modulation frequency.

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Tabas, Alejandro, and Katharina von Kriegstein. "Neural modelling of the encoding of fast frequency modulation." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): e1008787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008787.

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Frequency modulation (FM) is a basic constituent of vocalisation in many animals as well as in humans. In human speech, short rising and falling FM-sweeps of around 50 ms duration, called formant transitions, characterise individual speech sounds. There are two representations of FM in the ascending auditory pathway: a spectral representation, holding the instantaneous frequency of the stimuli; and a sweep representation, consisting of neurons that respond selectively to FM direction. To-date computational models use feedforward mechanisms to explain FM encoding. However, from neuroanatomy we know that there are massive feedback projections in the auditory pathway. Here, we found that a classical FM-sweep perceptual effect, the sweep pitch shift, cannot be explained by standard feedforward processing models. We hypothesised that the sweep pitch shift is caused by a predictive feedback mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel model of FM encoding incorporating a predictive interaction between the sweep and the spectral representation. The model was designed to encode sweeps of the duration, modulation rate, and modulation shape of formant transitions. It fully accounted for experimental data that we acquired in a perceptual experiment with human participants as well as previously published experimental results. We also designed a new class of stimuli for a second perceptual experiment to further validate the model. Combined, our results indicate that predictive interaction between the frequency encoding and direction encoding neural representations plays an important role in the neural processing of FM. In the brain, this mechanism is likely to occur at early stages of the processing hierarchy.

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Cho, Chihyun, Hyunji Koo, Jae-Yong Kwon, Joo-Gwang Lee, and Tae-Weon Kang. "Measurement of Analog Modulation Index with a Calibrated Radio Frequency Attenuator." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 21, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2021.21.2.87.

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This paper presents a method for the accurate and traceable measurement of the analog modulation index. A calibrated step attenuator was used as the main apparatus because it has a higher dynamic range and lower uncertainty than a spectrum analyzer or an oscilloscope. In amplitude modulation (AM), the modulation index is obtained from the amplitude difference between the carrier and the first sideband, as in the conventional method. The resolution and calibration uncertainties of the step attenuator were propagated to the measurement uncertainty of the modulation index. The uncertainty produced by the impedance mismatch and repeatability was also included. For frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), the modulation index, β, was estimated (with the step attenuator) from the spectrum of each sideband through the nonlinear fitting of the Bessel function. Thus, the uncertainty of the fitting process was added to the uncertainty of the measurement. The three modulations, AM, FM, and PM, exhibited an expanded uncertainty (approximately 95% confidence level, k = 2) of 0.372% for 50% nominal depth of the AM, 88.8 Hz for the peak frequency deviation of 10 kHz, and 0.88 mrad for a 0.1 radian modulation index, respectively.

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Shindel, Matthew M., and Eric M. Furst. "Frequency modulated microrheology." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 11 (2015): 2460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00351b.

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Marszal, Jacek, and Roman Salamon. "Distance Measurement Errors in Silent Fm-Cw Sonar with Matched Filtering." Metrology and Measurement Systems 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-012-0027-6.

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Distance Measurement Errors in Silent Fm-Cw Sonar with Matched Filtering The secretiveness of sonar operation can be achieved by using continuous frequency-modulated sounding signals with reduced power and significantly prolonged repeat time. The application of matched filtration in the sonar receiver provides optimal conditions for detection against the background of white noise and reverberation, and a very good resolution of distance measurements of motionless targets. The article shows that target movement causes large range measurement errors when linear and hyperbolic frequency modulations are used. The formulas for the calculation of these errors are given. It is shown that for signals with linear frequency modulation the range resolution and detection conditions deteriorate. The use of hyperbolic frequency modulation largely eliminates these adverse effects.

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Chen, Hao, and Jun Hai Guo. "Radar Echo Parameter Estimation Using Sparse Time-Frequency Analysis Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 2229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.2229.

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The echoes of pulse radar from maneuvering targets are amplitude modulation and frequency modulation (AM-FM) signal. At present, the methods of estimating parameters of AM-FM signal are time-frequency analysis method, empirical mode decomposition and empirical wavelet transform based adaptive data analysis methods. This paper takes the idea of intrinsic mode function in guessing the initial phase, and applies the newly developed sparse time-frequency analysis method in AM-FM signal parameter estimation. Simulation results show that the estimating performance of this method in AM-FM signal is good under different SNR and it has low computational cost, and this method is applicable in target acceleration and velocity estimation.

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Marszal, Jacek, Mariusz Rudnicki, Andrzej Jedel, Roman Salamon, and Iwona Kochańska. "Mutual Clutter Suppression Techniques for FM Sonars." Archives of Acoustics 41, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0069.

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AbstractThe article presents methods that help in the elimination of mutual clutter as well as the consequences of two FM sounding signal sonars operating in the same body of water and frequency band. An in-depth analysis of mutual clutter was carried out. The effects of sounding signal differentiation were determined, as was the Doppler effect on mutual clutter suppression. One of the methods analysed is of particular interest in a situation in which collaborating sonars are operating in opposite frequency modulation directions. This method is effective for both linear and hyperbolic frequency modulations. A formula was derived, identifying exactly how much quantities of clutter may be lessened. The work included comprehensive computer simulations and measurements as well as tests in real-life conditions.

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Schafer, Erin C., Danielle Bryant, Katie Sanders, Nicole Baldus, Katherine Algier, Audrey Lewis, Jordan Traber, Paige Layden, and Aneeqa Amin. "Fitting and Verification of Frequency Modulation Systems on Children with Normal Hearing." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 06 (June 2014): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.6.3.

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Background: Several recent investigations support the use of frequency modulation (FM) systems in children with normal hearing and auditory processing or listening disorders such as those diagnosed with auditory processing disorders, autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Friedreich ataxia, and dyslexia. The American Academy of Audiology (AAA) published suggested procedures, but these guidelines do not cite research evidence to support the validity of the recommended procedures for fitting and verifying nonoccluding open-ear FM systems on children with normal hearing. Documenting the validity of these fitting procedures is critical to maximize the potential FM-system benefit in the abovementioned populations of children with normal hearing and those with auditory-listening problems. Purpose: The primary goal of this investigation was to determine the validity of the AAA real-ear approach to fitting FM systems on children with normal hearing. The secondary goal of this study was to examine speech-recognition performance in noise and loudness ratings without and with FM systems in children with normal hearing sensitivity. Research Design: A two-group, cross-sectional design was used in the present study. Study Sample: Twenty-six typically functioning children, ages 5–12 yr, with normal hearing sensitivity participated in the study. Intervention: Participants used a nonoccluding open-ear FM receiver during laboratory-based testing. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed three laboratory tests: (1) real-ear measures, (2) speech recognition performance in noise, and (3) loudness ratings. Four real-ear measures were conducted to (1) verify that measured output met prescribed-gain targets across the 1000–4000 Hz frequency range for speech stimuli, (2) confirm that the FM-receiver volume did not exceed predicted uncomfortable loudness levels, and (3 and 4) measure changes to the real-ear unaided response when placing the FM receiver in the child’s ear. After completion of the fitting, speech recognition in noise at a –5 signal-to-noise ratio and loudness ratings at a +5 signal-to-noise ratio were measured in four conditions: (1) no FM system, (2) FM receiver on the right ear, (3) FM receiver on the left ear, and (4) bilateral FM system. Results: The results of this study suggested that the slightly modified AAA real-ear measurement procedures resulted in a valid fitting of one FM system on children with normal hearing. On average, prescriptive targets were met for 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz within 3 dB, and maximum output of the FM system never exceeded and was significantly lower than predicted uncomfortable loudness levels for the children. There was a minimal change in the real-ear unaided response when the open-ear FM receiver was placed into the ear. Use of the FM system on one or both ears resulted in significantly better speech recognition in noise relative to a no-FM condition, and the unilateral and bilateral FM receivers resulted in a comfortably loud signal when listening in background noise. Conclusions: Real-ear measures are critical for obtaining an appropriate fit of an FM system on children with normal hearing.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Frequency Modulation (FM)"

1

Pattichis, Marios Stephanou. "AM-FM transforms with applications /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Tuthill, John D. "Frequency dependent digital compensation in DSP based FM modulators." Curtin University of Technology, Australian Telecommunications Research Institute, 2000. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=9787.

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This thesis reports original work on digital compensation for frequency dependent transfer characteristics and errors in digital PAM/CPFSK (Pulse Amplitude Modulation/Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying) quadrature modulators.A particularly flexible and cost effective approach to the implementation of the base-band section of a radio transmitter is to synthesise base-band signals digitally using a DSP (Digital Signal Processor). This approach is limited, however, by the transfer characteristics and errors in the implementation of practical analogue sub-systems. These practical limitations result in undesirable in-band frequency-dependent shaping of the transmitted signals. In the case of FM (Frequency Modulation) signals, this leads to the generation of unwanted side-lobes in the transmitted RF signal spectrum that interfere with signals in adjacent frequency channels. This results in the transmitted signal failing to meet transmission standards requirements.The digital compensation techniques developed and presented in this thesis allow the reduction of undesirable in-band frequency-dependent signal shaping. It is shown that this enables strict requirements on the spectral emissions from the FM transmitter to be met using a flexible and cost effective DSP based modulator system.The contributions of the thesis are in three primary areas:(i) The development of a structure for frequency dependent digital compensation.(ii) The formulation and solution of an optimisation problem that allows the free parameters within the structure to be determined such that effective reduction of unwanted in-band frequency-dependent signal shaping is achieved.(iii) The development of techniques that allow the digital compensation procedure to be successfully implemented on a practical DSP platform.The new digital compensation structure that is proposed uses two digital FIR (Finite ++
Impulse Response) filters in the digital base-band section of the quadrature modulator: one in the in-phase (I) channel and one in the quadrature (Q) channel. The tap-weights of the FIR filters are determined by solving two optimisation problems: one for each channel. The optimisation problems are formulated using a new approach that ensures that the degrees of freedom in the optimisation i.e., the FIR filter tap-weights, are used effectively to meet the objective of reducing in-band frequency-dependent signal shaping in analogue sub-systems further down the transmission path.A characterisation of the solutions to the optimisation problems enables the identification of techniques that need to be adopted to successfully implement the proposed digital compensation on a practical DSP-based system.The digital compensation technique is demonstrated by implementing and testing the technique on a DSP platform. The results of experimental studies are presented which clearly demonstrate that the digital compensation technique leads to substantial reductions in adjacent channel interference.

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Gallupe, Gary. "FM, PM and NPR Calculations." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608853.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
System performance can be ascertained via a number of parameters; one of which is Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR). SNR is the ratio of the value of the signal to the value of the noise. It is generally expressed in decibels and usually a function of the system bandwidth. Another measure of performance is the Noise-Power ratio (NPR). NPR is the ratio of the noise level within a specific measurement channel when noise is applied to all channels, to the level that is measured within the specific channel with noise applied to all of the channels but not the specific channel.

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Svensson, Ake, and Michael Maoz. "HIGH SHOCK, COMPUTERIZED, MINIATURE, AIRBORNE PCM/FM TELEMETRY SYSTEM." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614501.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1989 / Town & Country Hotel & Convention Center, San Diego, California
Aydin Vector Division has developed and manufactured an airborne, high shock, wideband FM/FM telemetry system for Saab Missiles AB in Sweden. This system was presented in the ITC Proceedings of 1988, Volume XXIV, pp 71-84 (Ref [1]). Three such systems were supplied. Saab Missiles AB also awarded Aydin Vector Division with an additional order for a larger number of high shock, computer based, specially designed, miniature PCM/FM airborne telemetry systems. These systems were developed, manufactured and supplied to Saab Missiles AB, and have been extensively and successfully used in the Swedish program. The PCM/FM telemetry package described in this paper was used for the system testing and the firing trials program of a mortar projectile, where the measurement requirements included micro processor interfaces, as well as a high amount of analog and bi-level data channels. The paper covers the specifications of the PCM/FM system mentioned above, the concept that was used to meet these specifications, the system’s mechanical and electrical design, the packaging technique and some of the test results.

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Rosenthal, Glenn K. "A DSP IMPLEMENTED DIGITAL FM MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613103.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / November 04-07, 1991 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Recent advancements in high-speed Digital Signal Processing (DSP) concepts and devices permit digital hardware implementation of relatively high-frequency signal processing, which formerly required analog circuitry. Systems utilizing this technology can provide a high degree of software programmability; improved reproducibility, reliability, and maintainability; immunity to temperature induced drift errors; and compare favorably in cost to their analog counterparts. This paper describes the DSP implementation of a software programmable, digital frequency multiplexed FM system providing up to 4 output multiplexes, containing up to 36 subcarrier channels extending up to 4 MHZ, and accommodating modulating frequencies up to 64 kHz. System overall design goals and the implementation of these goals are presented.

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Law, Gene, and Don Whiteman. "IFM EFFECTS ON PCM/FM TELEMETRY SYSTEMS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607378.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
Incidental Frequency Modulation (IFM) products in telemetry transmitters can be a significant cause of bit errors in received Pulse Code Modulation/Frequency Modulation (PCM/FM) telemetry data. Range Commanders Council (RCC) and other documents give little or no guidance as to acceptable levels of IFM for telemetry applications. The expected higher vibration levels of future high velocity missile systems means that IFM levels are likely to be higher than previously encountered. This paper presents measured data on Bit Error Rate (BER) versus IFM levels at given Signal to Noise Ratios (SNR’s) for PCM/FM telemetry systems. The information presented can be utilized with BER versus SNR plots in the Telemetry Applications Handbook, RCC Document 119, to determine the additional link margin required to minimize IFM effects on telemetry data quality.

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Boström, Henrik. "An FPGA implementation of a digital FM modulator." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniksystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70241.

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The increase in speed and density of programmable logic devices such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) enables ever more complex designs to be constructed within a short time frame. The flexibility of a programmable device eases the integration of a design with a wide variety of components on a single chip. Since Frequency Modulation (FM) is an analog modulation scheme, performing it in the digital domain introduces new challenges. The details of these challenges and how to deal with them are also explained. This thesis presents the design of a digital stereo FM modulator including necessary signal processing, such as filtering, waveform generation, stereo multiplexing etc. The solution is comprised of code written in Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) and a selection of free Intellectual Property (IP)-blocks and is intended for implementation on a Xilinx FPGA. The focus of the thesis lies on area efficiency and a number of suggestions are given to maximize the number of channels that can be modulated using a single FPGA chip. An estimation of how many channels that can be modulated usingthe provided FPGA, Xilinx XC6SXL100T, is also presented.

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Padilla, Marc Anthony. "FM Demodulators in Software-Defined Radio Using FPGAs with Rapid Prototyping." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2718.

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With the advent of software-defined radio, many radio applications have and are currently being designed for FPGAs, due to their high performance and reconfigurability. Invariably, "legacy" waveforms, such as FM, will need to be supported in such systems. A challenge that comes with programming FPGAs is the increased design and implementation time over conventional software programming. In this thesis, three FM demodulator techniques are implemented and compared in an FPGA. Two techniques are found to have similar SNR performance while having very different FPGA implementation characteristics. Library based design is explored for demodulators to increase FPGA design productivity. A block library is created and verified by use in tested demodulator designs. Two design tools that aim to increase design productivity in FPGAs, Ogre and HMFlow, are also examined and used to implement FM demodulators in a PCM/FM receiver design. Ogre leverages the demodulator block library, along with accompanying metadata, to decrease design time significantly. Design performance is not sacrificed when using Ogre. HMFlow, which relies on finer-grained blocks, reuses block implementation data to speed up implementation of the full design. The implementation of the HMFlow demodulator design is sped up by 3x but, when compared with the standard flow, produces an implementation with a reduced maximum clock rate (about 1/2) and with slightly more resources (about 6%). When comparing Ogre with HMFlow, the coarser-grained blocks of Ogre provide a more efficient design experience than that of HMFlow.

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Honglin, Yang, and Yang Yonghui. "TECHNOLOGY ON TRANSMITTING A SINGLE SUPER FAST WAVEFORM SIGNAL IN REAL-TIME." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607374.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
This paper describes the technology on transmitting a single super fast waveform signal in real-time and introduces the general situation of the telemetry transmitter in vehicle. The equipment is a FM system in view of RF frequency, it is a pulse system in view of RF power. This equipment can transfer not only super fast waveform signals but also slowly varying conventional telemetry signals. The design is very novel. It is a multi-usage telemetry transmitter in vehicle.

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Papich, William J. "THE USE OF TELEMETRY IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC TEST ENVIRONMENT." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607292.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The U.S. Army Redstone Technical Test Center (RTTC) uses telemetry as a vital part of its data acquisition and analysis for electromagnetic environmental effects developmental testing of U.S. Army weapon systems. Testing in an electromagnetic environment poses several unique challenges. These challenges have resulted in the development of highly customized telemetry and data acquisition systems. This paper discusses the design and integration of past and current telemetry needs to incorporate real-time or near real-time simulations or scene generations into the testing process.

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Books on the topic "Frequency Modulation (FM)"

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), National Institute of Justice (U S. Personal FM transceivers. Washington, D.C: U. S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1985.

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), National Institute of Justice (U S. Mobile FM transceivers. Washington, D.C: U. S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1986.

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National Institute of Justice (U.S.). Mobile FM transceivers. Washington, D.C: U. S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1986.

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), National Institute of Justice (U S. Personal FM transceivers. Washington, D.C: U. S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1985.

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), National Institute of Justice (U S. Fixed and base station FM transmitters. Washington, D.C: The Institute, 1988.

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National Institute of Justice (U.S.). Fixed and base station FM transmitters. Washington, D.C: The Institute, 1988.

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Form, Thomas. Unterdrückung unmodulierter Störungen in FM-Rundfunksignalen. Aachen: Shaker, 1992.

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Frost, Gary Lewis. Early FM radio: Incremental technology in twentieth-century America. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.

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Early FM radio: Incremental technology in twentieth-century America. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.

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Trost, Thomas F. Testing for FM-radio interference in motor vehicles: Final report. [Austin, Tex.]: Texas Dept. of Transportation, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Frequency Modulation (FM)"

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Faruque, Saleh. "Frequency Modulation (FM)." In SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 33–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41202-3_3.

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Faruque, Saleh. "Frequency Modulation (FM)." In Free Space Laser Communication with Ambient Light Compensation, 165–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57484-0_8.

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Anand, M. L. "Frequency Modulation (FM)." In Principles of Communication Engineering, 139–61. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222279-7.

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Anand, M. L. "Frequency Modulation (FM)." In Modern Electronics and Communication Engineering, 293–305. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222972-19.

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Eargle, John M. "Frequency Modulation (FM) Distortion in Cone Transducers." In Electroacoustical Reference Data, 92–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2027-6_45.

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Mandelis, A., and J. F. Power. "Frequency Modulation Time Delay Photopyroelectric Spectrometry (FM-TD P 2ES)." In Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, 456–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48181-2_121.

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Voigtländer, Bert. "Frequency Modulation (FM) Mode in Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy—Non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy." In Atomic Force Microscopy, 261–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13654-3_16.

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Voigtländer, Bert. "Frequency Modulation (FM) Mode in Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy—Non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy." In Scanning Probe Microscopy, 229–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Frequency Modulation (FM)"

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Satyanarayana, S., and A. N. Viswanathan. "L-band FM telemetry modulator (two-point modulation)." In 18th European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF 2004). IEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20040877.

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Wang, Qi, Qiang Sui, Jian Sun, Xiaodi Zhang, and Baosen Xue. "FM-CDR modification of Frequency Modulation Multiplexer." In 2017 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compcomm.2017.8322709.

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Wynands, R. "Inversion of frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy line shapes." In The 15th international conference on spectral line shapes. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1370635.

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Lavarello Montero, Roberto J., Gustavo Chau, Gabriela Mamani, Edmundo Pozo, Sergio Cerpa, Omar Zenteno, Dante Ramos, et al. "B-line detection using amplitude modulation-frequency modulation (AM-FM) features." In Ultrasonic Imaging and Tomography, edited by Neb Duric and Brett C. Byram. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2285224.

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Bestetti, Marco, Cristiano R. Marra, Mauro Leoncini, Alessandro Tocchio, Francesco Rizzini, and Giacomo Langfelder. "Sinusoidal Modulation of FM Accelerometers with Integrated Oscillator and Frequency Digitization." In 2019 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2019.8870845.

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Bin Hussin, Mohamad Fahmi, Ishak Abd Ghani, Khairul Khaizi Bin Mohd Shariff, and Mohammad Izhar Bin Mhd Nordin. "An investigation on the readability of frequency modulation (FM) lab manual." In 2012 IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsgrc.2012.6287200.

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Yoon, Hwan-Sik, and Sanket K. Khedkar. "A Wireless Strain Sensor Using Frequency Modulation Technique." In ASME 2009 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2009-1429.

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Abstract:

A compact wireless strain sensor using a Frequency Modulation (FM) technique is proposed. The sensor employs a conventional resistive strain gauge such that the resistance changes as the measured structure is mechanically strained. When the strain gauge is connected to a frequency modulation circuit, the change in the resistance appears as a frequency shift in the output signal that is transmitted wirelessly to a remote station. The received signal is then demodulated and the buried strain measurement data can be retrieved. Using this technique, a dynamic strain measurement is possible without any wire connection between the sensing point and the measurement equipment. This type of sensors have numerous applications in the strain or vibration measurement of moving or rotating structures such as fans on a turbine engine. The proposed concept of the wireless strain sensor is experimentally demonstrated by measuring vibration of a cantilevered beam with a wired transmission of the measurement data from the transmitter to the receiver.

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Reja, Md Mahbub, Kambiz Moez, and Igor Filanovsky. "Frequency modulation and control in quadrature ring oscillator for multiband FM/FSK transmitters." In 2008 1st Microsystems and Nanoelectronics Research Conference (MNRC 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnrc.2008.4683407.

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Kazovsky, L. G., and J. C. Fan. "Coherent analog FM-SCM video transmission using direct frequency modulation of semiconductor lasers." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.1992.tud5.

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Abeysekera, Saman S. "Instantaneous frequency estimation from FM signals and its use in continuous phase modulation receivers." In Signal Processing (ICICS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icics.2009.5397712.

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