Journal articles: 'Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas'

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Palsokar, A. A., and S. L. Lahudkar. "Review of Reconfigurable Antennas for LTE, WiMAX and WLAN Application." Advanced Electromagnetics 6, no. 4 (October 22, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v6i4.500.

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To satisfy the requirement of advance wireless system various frequency and pattern reconfigurable antennas are designed. Monopole and PIFA antennas with reconfigurability are preferred for various handheld devices. The objective of this paper was to present a review of reconfigurable monopole and PIFA antennas used for LTE, WiMAX and WLAN frequency ranges. Various optimization techniques used for reconfigurable antenna are also reviewed.

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Sulakshana, Chilukuri, and Lokam Anjaneyulu. "Reconfigurable antennas with frequency, polarization, and pattern diversities for multi-radio wireless applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 1 (June 4, 2015): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715000926.

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This paper presents different reconfigurable antennas with frequency, polarization, and pattern diversities. All the antennas have a very simple, novel, and compact structures, which are used for different wireless communication applications. These antennas employ switching for obtaining different reconfigurations. At first, an E-shaped antenna is designed for multi-band frequency reconfigurability. Second, circular and rectangular-shaped patch antennas are designed for achieving diversity in polarization. At last, a pattern reconfigurable antenna is designed with multiport excitation. These antenna performances are analyzed using various parameters such as return loss, radiation pattern, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and gain. The prototypes of the antennas are fabricated and measured results along with simulated ones are presented. Both the results are in good agreement.

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Gao, Yanghua, Weidong Lou, and Hailiang Lu. "A Reconfigurable Graphene Nanoantenna on Quartz Substrate." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 19, no. 5 (November 15, 2020): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.190508.

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In the terahertz (THz) band, conventional metallic antennas are virtually infeasible, due to the low mobility of electrons and huge attenuation. The existing metallic THz antennas need a high power to overcome scattering losses, and tend to have a low antenna efficiency. Fortunately, graphene is an excellent choice of miniaturized antenna in millimeter/THz applications, thanks to its unique electronic properties in THz band. Therefore, this paper presents two miniaturized reconfigurable graphene antennas, and characterizes their performance in terms of frequency reconfiguration, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and radiation efficiency. The proposed graphene antennas were printed on a quartz substrate, and simulated on CST Microwave Studio. The results show that the excellence of the proposed antennas in reflection coefficient, dynamic frequency reconfiguration (DFR), and omnidirectional radiation pattern. The operation frequency of the two antennas varies from 0.74 to 1.26 THz and from 0.92 to 1.15 THz, respectively. The proposed antennas have great prospects in wireless communications/sensors.

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Tariq, Abubakar, and Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz. "Frequency-Reconfigurable Monopole Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, no. 1 (January 2012): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2011.2167929.

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Premalatha, J., D. Sheela, and M. Abinaya. "Reconfiguration of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.6 (July 4, 2018): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.6.15130.

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Reconfigurable antennas provide a possible solution to solve the related problems using the ability to switch frequency, patterns and polarization. This paper represents a possible application in wireless communication using reconfigurable Microstrip patch antenna. The dielectric substrate of proposed circular Microstrip patch antenna is fabricated with FR 4 epoxy and patch design 40x40x1.6mm. This work provides a methodology to design reconfigurable antennas with PIN diode switch. The frequency reconfiguration achieved by PIN diodes At the range of 3 GHZ to 6.9 GHZ the frequency reconfigurability is realized. To resonate the antenna at various frequencies PIN diode is used. Simulation of Ansoft HFSS software is used to compute the gain, axial ratio, radiation pattern, and return loss of proposed antenna. The structure of circular patch antenna achieves an enhanced wide bandwidth. The results show a better frequency reconfiguration.

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Anumuthu, Priya, Kaja Sultan, Manavalan Saravanan, Mohd Ali, Manikandan Venkatesh, Mohammad Saleem, and Imaduddeen Nizamuddeen. "Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for Sensing and Tracking Communications." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, no. 12 (February 15, 2021): 1532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.351212.

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This paper presents a front-end structure of a reconfigurable patch antenna for cognitive radio systems. The antenna structure consists of an Ultrawideband (UWB) sensing antenna and an array of frequency reconfigurable antennas incorporated on the same substrate. The UWB and reconfigurable antennas are fed by co-planar waveguides (CPW). The reconfigurability is achieved by rotating the series of patch antennas through a certain angle and the rotation is controlled by mechanical means using an Arduino microcontroller. The rotational reconfigurability has been preferred over MEMS switches, PIN diodes, and other lumped elements because the latter requires the need for bias lines. The entire structure is designed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and the prototype is fabricated over FR-4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6mm and measurements are carried out. This antenna achieves a wideband frequency from 2 GHz to 12 GHz and distinct narrow band of frequencies by reconfigurability using single antenna consisting of different shapes spaced accurately to ensure isolation between adjacent frequency bands and each antenna element working for a bandwidth of 2 GHz for frequency from 2 GHz to 12 GHz upon a single substrate and the reconfigurable elements are controlled using a low cost Arduino microcontroller connected directly to the antenna which ensures accurate controlling of the rotation and fast switching between the antenna elements. The measured results agree with the simulated results and have less than 10 dB impedance bandwidth.

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Mohamadzade, Bahare, Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir, Sasa Maric, Ali Lalbakhsh, Karu P. Esselle, and Raheel M. Hashmi. "Recent Developments and State of the Art in Flexible and Conformal Reconfigurable Antennas." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091375.

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Reconfigurable antennas have gained tremendous interest owing to their multifunctional capabilities while adhering to minimalistic space requirements in ever-shrinking electronics platforms and devices. A stark increase in demand for flexible and conformal antennas in modern and emerging unobtrusive and space-limited electronic systems has led to the development of the flexible and conformal reconfigurable antennas era. Flexible and conformal antennas rely on non-conventional materials and realization approaches, and thus, despite the mature knowledge available for rigid reconfigurable antennas, conventional reconfigurable techniques are not translated to a flexible domain in a straight forward manner. There are notable challenges associated with integration of reconfiguration elements such as switches, mechanical stability of the overall reconfigurable antenna, and the electronic robustness of the resulting devices when exposed to folding of sustained bending operations. This paper reviews various approaches demonstrated thus far, to realize flexible reconfigurable antennas, categorizing them on the basis of reconfiguration attributes, i.e., frequency, pattern, polarization, or a combination of these characteristics. The challenges associated with development and characterization of flexible and conformal reconfigurable antennas, the strengths and limitations of available methods are reviewed considering the progress in recent years, and open challenges for the future research are identified.

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Sivabalan, A., G. Keerthi Vijayadhasan, T. Thandapani, and R. Balamurali. "Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Multiband Compact Antenna." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 3671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9256.

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This paper describes about the designing of a reconfigurable antenna which operates at different frequencies fulfilling the requirement of 1 to 10 GHz WLAN and 3.5 GHz WIMAX antenna applications. The main objective of this research is to minimize the usage of Antennas used in mobile phones for various applications covering 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. This reconfigurable multiband antenna is used for applications such as WiMAX/WLAN and it has 2 PIN diode switches. The proposed antenna has been analyzed using ADS (Agilent advanced design system) software and fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed model has a compact structure with an area of about 50 x 45 mm2, and has a slotted ground substrate.

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Pandey, Shraddha, and Pankaj Vyas. "Review of Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch antenna for Wireless Application." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i6.5317.

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In recent time, world have seen a rapid growth in wireless communication. Development in antenna from single band to dual band and multi band had made the antenna system more compact. A frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna using a PIN diode for multiband operation is using many application and hot research area. In this paper, reconfigurable microstrip patch antennas and their types like frequency, polarization, radiation pattern and gain are described.

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Motovilova, Elizaveta, and Shao Ying Huang. "A Review on Reconfigurable Liquid Dielectric Antennas." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081863.

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The advancements in wireless communication impose a growing range of demands on the antennas performance, requiring multiple functionalities to be present in a single device. To satisfy these different application needs within a limited space, reconfigurable antennas are often used which are able to switch between a number of states, providing multiple functions using a single antenna. Electronic switching components, such as PIN diodes, radio-frequency micromechanical systems (RF-MEMS), and varactors, are typically used to achieve antenna reconfiguration. However, some of these approaches have certain limitations, such as narrow bandwidth, complex biasing circuitry, and high activation voltages. In recent years, an alternative approach using liquid dielectric materials for antenna reconfiguration has drawn significant attention. The intrinsic conformability of liquid dielectric materials allows us to realize antennas with desired reconfigurations with different physical constraints while maintaining high radiation efficiency. The purpose of this review is to summarize different approaches proposed in the literature for the liquid dielectric reconfigurable antennas. It facilitates the understanding of the advantages and limitations of this technology, and it helps to draw general design principals for the development of reconfigurable antennas in this category.

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Cleetus, Ros Marie C., and Dr G. Josemin Bala. "Frequency reconfigurable antennas for cognitive radio applications: a review." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp3542-3549.

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Wireless communication systems undergo tremendous growth these days and devices able to operate in a number of frequencybandsarehighlydemanded. Reconfiguration in antenna characteristic striggered the evolution of antennas that can workin multiple frequency, pattern or polarization environment.The frequency reconfigurable antennas thuse mergedarewell suited in Cognitive Radios which take part in the effective utilization of unused bands of frequencies by continuously interacting with the RF environment. Thus, Cognitive Radios enhancetheutilization of frequency spectrum and establish reliable communication. The most recent research works carried out in the arena of Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio applications are reviewed and summed up in this paper to present the attributes and categorization. Four techniques adopted to attain frequency reconfiguration are extensively compared in this paper to find the advantages and constraints of each methodology. The applications of the works reviewed here are not only limited to Cognitive radios, but extended to a number of wireless communication services like, WLAN, WiMAX, etc

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Jabber, Abdullah Ali, and Raad H. Thaher. "New compact multiband inverted-L frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp267-275.

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This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications. A UWB sensing and reconfigurable communicating antennas are contained at the same substrate, where the UWB sensing antenna is an elliptical printed monopole antenna operates on frequency band from (2.65-22.112) GHz which can cover the UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, while the communicating antenna is an inverted-L frequency reconfigurable antenna operates on three bands of 1.49 GHz, 5.58 GHz, and 5.6 GHz under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) with a fractional bandwidth of 5.872%, 6.02%, and 6.05% respectively. The proposed antenna used to operate in two modes one for cognitive radio applications to cover WLAN applications at 5.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz and the second mode for wireless Ethernet, GPS synchronization, and Internet of Things that Matter (IoTtM) at 1.49 GHz. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna overall dimensions are 72 x 36 x 1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate of 4.3 relative-permittivity, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω micro stripline feed. The obtained simulated gain is ranging from 1.35 to 4.132 dBi. The S11 and isolation (S12) between the two antennas are under -20 dB and -17 dB respectively at the resonant frequencies.

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Abu Bakar, Habshah, Rosemizi Abd Rahim, Ping Jack Soh, and Prayoot Akkaraekthalin. "Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030827.

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Advances in reconfigurable liquid-based reconfigurable antennas are enabling new possibilities to fulfil the requirements of more advanced wireless communication systems. In this review, a comparative analysis of various state-of-the-art concepts and techniques for designing reconfigurable antennas using liquid is presented. First, the electrical properties of different liquids at room temperature commonly used in reconfigurable antennas are identified. This is followed by a discussion of various liquid actuation techniques in enabling high frequency reconfigurability. Next, the liquid-based reconfigurable antennas in literature used to achieve the different types of reconfiguration will be critically reviewed. These include frequency-, polarization-, radiation pattern-, and compound reconfigurability. The current concepts of liquid-based reconfigurable antennas can be classified broadly into three basic approaches: altering the physical (and electrical) dimensions of antennas using liquid; applying liquid-based sections as reactive loads; implementation of liquids as dielectric resonators. Each concept and their design approaches will be examined, outlining their benefits, limitations, and possible future improvements.

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Kang, Seonghun, and Chang Won Jung. "Wearable Fabric Reconfigurable Beam-Steering Antenna for On/Off-Body Communication System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/539843.

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This paper presents a comparison of on-body performances between omnidirectional (loop antenna) and reconfigurable beam-steering antennas. Both omnidirectional and reconfigurable antennas were manufactured on the same fabric substrate and operated at the frequency band of the WLAN 802.11a (5.725–5.85 GHz). The reconfigurable antenna was designed to steer the beam directions. In order to implement the beam-steering capability, the antenna used two PIN diodes. The maximum beam directions of three states (states 0, 1, and 2) were steerable in theYZ-plane (h=2°, 28°, and 326°, resp.). The measured peak gains were 5.9–6.6 dBi and the overall half power beam width (HPBW) was 102°. The measured results of total radiated power (TRP) and total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) indicated that the communication efficiency of the reconfigurable beam steering antenna was better than that of the loop antenna. When the input power was 0.04 W (16 dBm), the simulated specific absorption rate (SAR) values of the reconfigurable beam steering antenna on the body were less than 0.979 W/kg (1 g tissue) in all states, satisfying the SAR criteria of the US.

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Zadehparizi, Fatemeh, and Shahrokh Jam. "Increasing Reliability of Frequency-Reconfigurable Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, no. 5 (May 2018): 920–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2018.2823688.

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King, Aaron J., Jason F. Patrick, Nancy R. Sottos, Scott R. White, Gregory H. Huff, and Jennifer T. Bernhard. "Microfluidically Switched Frequency-Reconfigurable Slot Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12 (2013): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2270940.

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Tian, Wenchao, Daowei Wu, Qiang Chao, Zhiqiang Chen, and Yongkun Wang. "Application of genetic algorithm in M × N reconfigurable antenna array based on RF MEMS switches." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 30 (October 30, 2018): 1850365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918503657.

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With the continuous development of the wireless communication, a device needs to integrate multiple antennas, which will lead to increased volume, increased cost, electromagnetic compatibility problems and increased weight. This paper presents a [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array based on RF MEMS switches. The modeling script of [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array is written in MATLAB by using MATLAB-HFSS-API. In order to quickly get a switch array with target frequency, genetic algorithm is applied to [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array. Taking the [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array as an example, a switch array with the resonant frequency of 3.81 GHz is searched from its 4096 switch arrays. The switch array found by genetic algorithm is 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0. The resonant frequency and S11 parameter of this switch array is 3.81 GHz and −20.96 dB. The search takes 6.77 h and the efficiency is 17 times of the simulating all switch arrays.

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O, Jin, and Choi. "A Compact Four-Port Coplanar Antenna Based on an Excitation Switching Reconfigurable Mechanism for Cognitive Radio Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 3157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153157.

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In this paper, we propose a compact four-port coplanar antenna for cognitive radio applications. The proposed antenna consists of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna and three inner rectangular loop antennas. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are 42 mm × 50 mm × 0.8 mm. The UWB antenna is used for spectrum sensing and fully covers the UWB spectrum of 3.1–10.6 GHz. The three loop antennas cover the UWB frequency band partially for communication purposes. The first loop antenna for the low frequency range operates from 2.96 GHz to 5.38 GHz. The second loop antenna is in charge of the mid band from 5.31 GHz to 8.62 GHz. The third antenna operates from 8.48 GHz to 11.02 GHz, which is the high-frequency range. A high isolation level (greater than 17.3 dB) is realized among the UWB antenna and three loop antennas without applying any additional decoupling structures. The realized gains of the UWB antenna and three loop antennas are greater than 2.7 dBi and 1.38 dBi, respectively.

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Ge, Lei, Xujun Yang, Zheng Dong, Dengguo Zhang, and Xierong Zeng. "Reconfigurable Magneto-Electric Dipole Antennas for Base Stations in Modern Wireless Communication Systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2408923.

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Magneto-electric (ME) dipole antennas, with the function of changing the antenna characteristics, such as frequency, polarization, or radiation patterns, are reviewed in this paper. The reconfigurability is achieved by electrically altering the states of diodes or varactors to change the surface currents distributions or reflector size of the antenna. The purpose of the designs is to obtain agile antenna characteristics together with good directive radiation performances, such as low cross-polarization level, high front-to-back ratio, and stable gain. By reconfiguring the antenna capability to support more than one wireless frequency standard, switchable polarizations, or cover tunable areas, the reconfigurable ME dipole antennas are able to switch functionality as the mission changes. Therefore, it can help increase the communication efficiency and reduce the construction cost. This shows very attractive features in base station antennas of modern wireless communication applications.

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Ojaroudi Parchin, Naser, Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, Yasir I. A. Al-Yasir, Ahmed M. Abdulkhaleq, and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed. "Reconfigurable Antennas: Switching Techniques—A Survey." Electronics 9, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020336.

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Due to the fast development of wireless communication technology, reconfigurable antennas with multimode and cognitive radio operation in modern wireless applications with a high-data rate have drawn very close attention from researchers. Reconfigurable antennas can provide various functions in operating frequency, beam pattern, polarization, etc. The dynamic tuning can be achieved by manipulating a certain switching mechanism through controlling electronic, mechanical, physical or optical switches. Among them, electronic switches are the most popular in constituting reconfigurable antennas due to their efficiency, reliability and ease of integrating with microwave circuitry. In this paper, we review different implementation techniques for reconfigurable antennas. Different types of effective implementation techniques have been investigated to be used in various wireless communication systems such as satellite, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), mobile terminals and cognitive radio communications. Characteristics and fundamental properties of the reconfigurable antennas are investigated.

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Jabber, Abdullah Ali, and Raad H. Thaher. "Compact tri-band T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i1.1708.

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This paper presents, new compact tri-band and broadband frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications. The proposed antenna consists of an Ultrawideband sensing antenna and reconfigurable communicating antenna at the same substrate. The sensing antenna is a UWB printed elliptical monopole antenna operates at frequency band from 2.72 to 23.8 GHz which can cover the entire UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and cover the broadband up to 20 GHz. The communicating antenna is a T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna operates on three bands of 7.925 GHz, 13.16 GHz, and 14.48 GHz under (S11≤-10 dB) with a fractional bandwidth of 14.55%, 6.2%, and 3.3% respectively. The proposed antenna used to operate in two modes one for cognitive radio applications to cover WiMAX, land, Fixed and Mobile satellite, Radar, and broadband applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only one RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna overall dimensions are 42x30x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr=4.3, loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and 50Ω microstrip line feed. The maximum obtained simulated gain is 8.5 dB at 13.16 GHz. The S11 is under -20 dB and coupling between the two antennas is less than -15 dB at the resonant frequencies.

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Azam, Farooq, Shahid Bashir, and Muhammad Ammar Sohaib. "Millimeter Waves Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Networks." July 2019 38, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1903.08.

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5G (Fifth Generation) is the next generation of data network, offering faster speeds and reliable connections on smart phones and other devices than ever before. These networks are still under development and expected to operate on 28 and 38 GHz bands. However, multiple antennas required for these 5G devices will increase the overall system size. Single antenna which can switch to operate on multiple bands is the solution to this problem. A novel frequency reconfigurable antenna for 5G communication networks is presented in this paper. The antenna was designed on a Roger R5880 substrate having dielectric constant 2.2 and loss tangent 0.0009. The proposed antenna consists of simple radiator on top layer and two slots in the ground layer. The frequency re-configurability is achieved by placing three PIN diodes in each slot of the ground. The operating frequency band of antenna is controlled by switching states of PIN diodes. The proposed antenna covers a wide band from 25.6-39.3 GHz by simply switching the diodes ON/OFF. Thus it can cover 28 and 38 GHz bands that are anticipated to be the two working bands for 5G communication. The overall size of the antenna is 10x7 mm2. In addition to being small this antenna has a good gain ranging from 6.5-8.4 dB as well as 85% efficiency in the two 5G bands. All simulations have been done in CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Studio Suite. This reconfigurable antenna can find applications in future 5G communication networks.

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Haider, N., D. Caratelli, and A. G. Yarovoy. "Recent Developments in Reconfigurable and Multiband Antenna Technology." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/869170.

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A comparative analysis of various reconfigurable and multiband antenna concepts is presented. In order to satisfy the requirements for the advanced systems used in modern wireless and radar applications, different multiband and reconfigurable antennas have been proposed and investigated in the past years. In this paper, these design concepts have been classified into three basic approaches: tunable/switchable antenna integration with radio-frequency switching devices, wideband or multiband antenna integration with tunable filters, and array architectures with the same aperture utilized for different operational modes. Examples of each design approach are discussed along with their inherent benefits and challenges.

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Sheriba, T. S., and M. Murugan. "A Review on Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Antennas." i-manager’s Journal on Wireless Communication Networks 4, no. 2 (September 15, 2015): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.2.3588.

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Songnan Yang, Chunna Zhang, Helen K. Pan, Aly E. Fathy, and Vijay K. Nair. "Frequency-Reconfigurable Antennas for Multiradio Wireless Platforms." IEEE Microwave Magazine 10, no. 1 (February 2009): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2008.930677.

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Desjardins, J., D. A. McNamara, S. Thirakoune, and A. Petosa. "Electronically Frequency-Reconfigurable Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, no. 6 (June 2012): 2997–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2012.2194664.

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Qin, Peng, Guan-Long Huang, Jia-Jun Liang, Qian-Yu Wang, Jun-Heng Fu, Xi-Yu Zhu, Tian-Ying Liu, Lin Gui, Jing Liu, and Zhong-Shan Deng. "A Gravity-Triggered Liquid Metal Patch Antenna with Reconfigurable Frequency." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060701.

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In this paper, a gravity-triggered liquid metal microstrip patch antenna with reconfigurable frequency is proposed with experimental verification. In this work, the substrate of the antenna is quickly obtained through three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Non-toxic EGaIn alloy is filled into the resin substrate as a radiation patch, and the NaOH solution is used to remove the oxide film of EGaIn. In this configuration, the liquid metal inside the antenna can be flexibly flowed and deformed with different rotation angles due to the gravity to realize different working states. To validate the conception, the reflection coefficients and radiation patterns of the prototyped antenna are then measured, from which it can be observed that the measured results closely follow the simulations. The antenna can obtain a wide operating bandwidth of 3.69–4.95 GHz, which coverage over a range of frequencies suitable for various channels of the 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. The principle of gravitational driving can be applied to the design of reconfigurable antennas for other types of liquid metals.

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Kim, Dowon, Kitae Kim, Hogyeong Kim, Moonyoung Choi, and Jun-Hee Na. "Design Optimization of Reconfigurable Liquid Crystal Patch Antenna." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040932.

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In various fields such as the 5G antenna system and satellite communication system, there is a growing demand to develop a smart antenna with a frequency selective or beamforming function within a limited space. While antennas utilizing mechanical, electronic, and material characteristics are being studied, a method of having tunable frequency characteristics by applying a liquid crystal material with dielectric anisotropy to a planar patch antenna is proposed. In resonance mode, the design method for using only the minimum amount of expensive liquid crystals is systematically arranged while maximizing the amount of change in the operating frequency of the antenna by considering the electric field distribution on the surface of the patch antenna. Furthermore, to increase the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal, the liquid crystal must be aligned. Simultaneously, in cases where the cell gap of the liquid crystal exceeds 100 μm, the alignment force is weakened. While compensating for this shortcoming, securing the radiation characteristics of the antenna is proposed, and simulations are performed.

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Pardhasaradhi, P., B. T.P. Madhav, D. Rajendra Kamal, M. Chinna Somaiah, Ch Gayathri, M. Koteswara Rao, and T. Anilkumar. "Design of a compact reconfigurable antenna with triple band switchable characteristics." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.10165.

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Antennas with reconfigurable functionality is the mostly preferred one in the antennas field. In such scenario, a work is presented in this article proposing a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a compact PIFA kind of structure. The antenna structure has the folded radiating structure and embedded with some lumped resistance and distributed capacitance, inductance for providing the impedance matching across desired bands for wireless communication. Further, the switching elements (PIN diodes-BAR64-02V) are inserted in the gap between the long-meandered line structure for attaining the switchable characteristics among single band (0.68-0.98 GHz), dual band (0.70 – 0.96 GHz, 2.26 - 2.65 GHz), and triple band (0.69 - 0.99 GHz, 1.89 - 2.78 GHz, 3.64 – 4.1 GHz) respectively. The impedance bandwidth is considered according to S11 < -6 dB criteria for the mobile communication applications. The proposed antenna is suitable for smartphone, laptop and portable devices with GSM/PCS/WCDMA/UMTS/LTE communication applications.

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Safatly, Lise, Mario Bkassiny, Mohammed Al-Husseini, and Ali El-Hajj. "Cognitive Radio Transceivers: RF, Spectrum Sensing, and Learning Algorithms Review." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/548473.

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A cognitive transceiver is required to opportunistically use vacant spectrum resources licensed to primary users. Thus, it relies on a complete adaptive behavior composed of: reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) parts, enhanced spectrum sensing algorithms, and sophisticated machine learning techniques. In this paper, we present a review of the recent advances in CR transceivers hardware design and algorithms. For the RF part, three types of antennas are presented: UWB antennas, frequency-reconfigurable/tunable antennas, and UWB antennas with reconfigurable band notches. The main challenges faced by the design of the other RF blocks are also discussed. Sophisticated spectrum sensing algorithms that overcome main sensing challenges such as model uncertainty, hardware impairments, and wideband sensing are highlighted. The cognitive engine features are discussed. Moreover, we study unsupervised classification algorithms and a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that has been proposed to perform decision-making in CR networks.

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Ksiksi, M. A., M. K. Azizi, H. Ajlani, and A. Gharsallah. "A Graphene based Frequency Reconfigurable Square Patch Antenna for Telecommunication Systems." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 4846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3061.

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Current research on tunable patch antennas for wireless applications has mostly focused on the dimensional variations of patch elements, such as geometry and substrate materials, using different techniques to achieve the reconfiguration. The use of different mixing materials to ensure reconfiguration and improvement of antenna performance in microwave frequencies has not yet been studied thoroughly. In this article, we consider graphene as a patch material, due to its unique chemical, mechanical, electronic, thermal and optical features, which assist in providing a highly flexible and adaptive antenna. The proposed antenna is a square plate excited by a coaxial probe, operating at a 2.45GHz spectrum. Adding graphene to the antenna structure and tuning its chemical potential, a frequency reconfiguration from 2.36GHz to 1.26GHz is obtained. This antenna can be deployed in many communication systems. Results demonstrate the importance of this material in the development of nanoelectronics in the future.

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Anguera, Jaume, Aurora Andújar, José Luis Leiva, Oriol Massó, Joakim Tonnesen, Endre Rindalsholt, Rune Brandsegg, and Roberto Gaddi. "Reconfigurable Multiband Operation for Wireless Devices Embedding Antenna Boosters." Electronics 10, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070808.

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Wireless devices such as smart meters, trackers, and sensors need connections at multiple frequency bands with low power consumption, thus requiring multiband and efficient antenna systems. At the same time, antennas should be small to easily fit in the scarce space existing in wireless devices. Small, multiband, and efficient operation is addressed here with non-resonant antenna elements, featuring volumes less than 90 mm3 for operating at 698–960 MHz as well as some bands in a higher frequency range of 1710–2690 MHz. These antenna elements are called antenna boosters, since they excite currents on the ground plane of the wireless device and do not rely on shaping complex geometric shapes to obtain multiband behavior, but rather the design of a multiband matching network. This design approach results in a simpler, easier, and faster method than creating a new antenna for every device. Since multiband operation is achieved through a matching network, frequency bands can be configured and optimized with a reconfigurable matching network. Two kinds of reconfigurable multiband architectures with antenna boosters are presented. The first one includes a digitally tunable capacitor, and the second one includes radiofrequency switches. The results show that antenna boosters with reconfigurable architectures feature multiband behavior with very small sizes, compared with other prior-art techniques.

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Li, Wen Tao, Shunlai Sun, Nana Qi, and Xiaowei Shi. "Reconfigurable Graphene Circular Polarization Reflectarray/Transmitarray Antenna." Frequenz 73, no. 3-4 (February 25, 2019): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2018-0156.

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Abstract Reconfigurable reflectarray/transmitarray antennas have found broad applications in wireless communication due to their low cost, small size, flexible design, and superior performance. However, one common drawback of most current designs is the complex reconfiguration operation, which restricts their further applications. In this research, a new design strategy for reconfigurable reflectarray/transmitarray antennas is proposed and shown. Specifically, a circularly polarized $11 \times 11$ unit-cell graphene-based reflectarray/transmitarray antenna covering an area of $1.1 \times 1.1$ mm2 is designed, with a graphene-based frequency selective surface (FSS) as a ground. By adjusting the electric field, a dynamic change in the complex conductivity of graphene is achieved, which in turn changes the phase and the resonance point of the reflected or transmitted wave at the element. By tuning the size of the patch and changing the chemical potential of graphene, the element of the reflectarray/transmitarray operated at 1 THz can provide a dynamic phase range of more than ${360^ \circ }$. The simulation results show that the designed antenna can be dynamically reconfigured between the circularly polarized reflectarray/transmitarray antenna of the single structure, and has potential applications in emerging terahertz communication systems.

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Jeen-Sheen Row and Jia-Fu Tsai. "Frequency-Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antennas With Circular Polarization." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 13 (2014): 1112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2014.2330293.

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Liu, Cun-Xi, Ya-Jing Zhang, and Ying Li. "Precisely manipulated origami for consecutive frequency reconfigurable antennas." Smart Materials and Structures 28, no. 9 (August 12, 2019): 095020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ab2e2f.

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Hosseininejad, Seyed, Mohammad Neshat, Reza Faraji-Dana, Max Lemme, Peter Haring Bolívar, Albert Cabellos-Aparicio, Eduard Alarcón, and Sergi Abadal. "Reconfigurable THz Plasmonic Antenna Based on Few-Layer Graphene with High Radiation Efficiency." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (July 28, 2018): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080577.

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Graphene plasmonic antennas possess two significant features that render them appealing for short-range wireless communications, notably, inherent tunability and miniaturization due to the unique frequency dispersion of graphene and its support for surface plasmon waves in the terahertz band. In this letter, dipole-like antennas using few-layer graphene are proposed to achieve a better trade-off between miniaturization and radiation efficiency than current monolayer graphene antennas. The characteristics of few-layer graphene antennas are evaluated and then compared with those of antennas based on monolayer graphene and graphene stacks, which could also provide such improvements. To this end, first, the propagation properties of one-dimensional and two-dimensional plasmonic waveguides based on the aforementioned graphene structures are obtained by transfer matrix theory and finite-element simulation, respectively. Second, the antennas are investigated as three-dimensional structures using a full-wave solver. Results show that the highest radiation efficiency among the compared designs is achieved with the few-layer graphene, while the highest miniaturization is obtained with the even mode of the graphene stack antenna.

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Tu, Yuxiang, Yasir I. A. Al-Yasir, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Ahmed M. Abdulkhaleq, and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed. "A Survey on Reconfigurable Microstrip Filter–Antenna Integration: Recent Developments and Challenges." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081249.

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Reconfigurable and tunable radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) components have become exciting topics for many researchers and design engineers in recent years. Reconfigurable microstrip filter–antenna combinations have been studied in the literature to handle multifunctional tasks for wireless communication systems. Using such devices can reduce the need for many RF components and minimize the cost of the whole wireless system, since the changes in the performance of these applications are achieved using electronic tuning techniques. However, with the rapid development of current fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) applications, compact and reconfigurable structures with a wide tuning range are in high demand. However, meeting these requirements comes with some challenges, namely the increased design complexity and system size. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss these challenges and review the recent developments in the design techniques used for reconfigurable filters and antennas, as well as their integration. Various designs for different applications are studied and investigated in terms of their geometrical structures and operational performance. This paper begins with an introduction to microstrip filters, antennas, and filtering antennas (filtennas). Then, performance comparisons between the key and essential structures for these aspects are presented and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between several RF reconfiguration techniques, current challenges, and future developments is presented and discussed in this review. Among several reconfigurable structures, the most efficient designs with the best attractive features are addressed and highlighted in this paper to improve the performance of RF and MW front end systems.

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Koley, Santasri, Himanshu Pant, and Lakhindar Murmu. "Half-Elliptical UWB Planar Monopole with Reconfigurable Slot Antenna for Cognitive Radio Front-End." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 13 (August 3, 2018): 1850213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618502134.

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In this paper, a half-elliptical disc ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna integrated with a reconfigurable rectangular slot antenna is presented. It consists of a half-elliptical disc radiator to operate in the UWB mode whereas the etched rectangular slot on the half-elliptical patch is designed to operate as a reconfigurable narrowband slot antenna which is fed through a microstrip line from the back side of the patch. Both the antennas are placed in such a way that they are isolated to each other. Frequency reconfigurability has been achieved by inserting three lumped elements (two PIN diodes and a varactor diode) in the slot. An approximate transmission line model of the proposed slot antenna is derived to calculate the proper positioning of the diodes, and the design has been verified through numerical simulations. The simple compact proposed antenna covers a wide frequency range from 0.75 to 12[Formula: see text]GHz. Additionally, a wide tuning range from 0.8 to 2.9[Formula: see text]GHz (with the frequency ratio of 3.625:1) has been achieved. This compact integrated antenna is a good choice to be implemented in Cognitive Radio (CR) devices.

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Et. al., Salah Mohmad Alsadiq Aboghsesa,. "Roger 3450 Vs RF4 Martials - Based Frequency And Pattern Reconfigurable Rectangular Patch Slot Antennas For RFID Applications." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 11, 2021): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2432.

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Rectangular Patch Slot Antennas RPSA are getting becoming more likable and popular for practice in wireless implementations such as RFID applications especially in the UHF band thanks to its low-profile structure. This kind of antenna is able to deliver large communication distances but this antenna coverage is very weak which is part of the main drawbacks of these antennas. In this paper, Rectangular Patch Slot Antenna RPSA with different slots has been designed and simulated to be suitable for RFID applications. Circular polarized CP antenna that has been designed to use feed structure with vertical ground encircling a radiating component. The feeding method to feed this antenna is coaxial probe. The paper will concentration on both substrate materials Roger 4350 and FR4 Glass-Epoxy material to model and simulate the designs. The other factor of the design is the patch antenna will cut at the four truncated corners to enhance the antenna gain which will affect considerably the operating frequency. This paper aims to show and find the best feed point area that has an exceptional antenna return loss (S11) and high gain. S11 describe the power reflected from the antenna, which is known as the reflection coefficient S11 must be ≤ -10dB. The design and simulation results of RPSA has been done by high frequency simulation system (HFSS 13.0).

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Caporal Del Barrio, Samantha, and Gert F. Pedersen. "On the Efficiency of Capacitively Loaded Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 9, no. 7 (January 2013): 232909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/232909.

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Samanta, Debabrata, MP Karthikeyan, Amit Banerjee, and Hiroshi Inokawa. "Tunable graphene nanopatch antenna design for on-chip integrated terahertz detector arrays with potential application in cancer imaging." Nanomedicine 16, no. 12 (May 2021): 1035–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0386.

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Aim: Further to our reports on chip-integrable uncooled terahertz microbolometer arrays, compatible with medium-scale semiconductor device fabrication processes, the possibility of the development of chip-integrable medical device is proposed here. Methods: The concept of graphene-based nanopatch antennas with design optimization by the finite element method (FEM) is explored. The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) utilized fine FEM solver for analyzing empirical mode decomposition preprocessing and for modeling and simulating graphene antennas. Results: Graphene nanopatch antennas exhibited tunable features with varying patch dimensions and dependence on substrate material permittivity. Conclusion: This work implements reconfigurable graphene nanopatch antenna compatible with terahertz microbolometer arrays. This design concept further develops on-chip medical devices for possible screening of cancer cell with terahertz image processing.

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Bist, Sunil, and Dr Rajveer Singh Yaduvanshi. "Investigations into Hybrid Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) Antenna." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2005): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v4i2b2.3306.

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Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) have received lots of attention in the last two decades due to several attractive characteristics such as high radiation efficiency, light weight, and low profile. There is also increasing challenges for the design of high bandwidth and multi-bands antennas which can be achieved using MHD Antennas for high speed and reconfigurable applications in wireless communication. In this work the objective is to design and develop a cylindrical MHD antenna with circular patch and two annular rings. Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) Antenna is a Fluid based Antenna in which the fluid resonator provides excellent coupling of RF energy into fluid. Fluid resonator volume, chemical properties, electric field and magnetic fields are the factors of resonant frequency, gain and return loss. The proposed antenna shall be tuned in the wide band of frequency range between 7.9 â€“ 27 GHz. Simulations using HFSS and measurements have been carried out in respect of design prototype for â€˜Airâ€™ and BSTO (Barium Strontium Titanate Oxide) microwave fluid. The findings in this work that the Fluid Resonator based hybrid approach for antenna enhances the bandwidth by a large factor and annular rings with circular patch in proper geometry provides multiband operation. Variation in the volume of the fluid shifts the resonant frequency of the solid structure in the wideband. When magnetic field is applied, significant improvement has been noticed in return loss of the proposed antenna.

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Chen, Yao, Longfang Ye, Jianliang Zhuo, Yanhui Liu, Liang Zhang, Miao Zhang, and Qing Huo Liu. "Frequency Reconfigurable Circular Patch Antenna with an Arc-Shaped Slot Ground Controlled by PIN Diodes." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7081978.

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In this paper, a compact frequency reconfigurable circular patch antenna with an arc-shaped slot loaded in the ground layer is proposed for multiband wireless communication applications. By controlling the ON/OFF states of the five PIN diodes mounted on the arc-shaped slot, the effective length of the arc-shaped slot and the effective length of antennas current are changed, and accordingly six-frequency band reconfiguration can be achieved. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna can operate from 1.82 GHz to 2.46 GHz, which is located in DCS1800 (1.71–1.88 GHz), UMTS (2.11–2.20 GHz), WiBro (2.3–2.4 GHz), and Bluetooth (2.4–2.48 GHz) frequency bands and so forth. Compared to the common rectangular slot circular patch antenna, the proposed arc-shaped slot circular patch antenna not only has a better rotational symmetry with the circular patch and substrate but also has more compact size. For the given operating frequency at 1.82 GHz, over 55% area reduction is achieved in this design with respect to the common design with rectangular slot. Since the promising frequency reconfiguration, this antenna may have potential applications in modern multiband and multifunctional mobile communication systems.

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Nasrabadi, Esmail, and Pejman Rezaei. "A novel design of reconfigurable monopole antenna with switchable triple band-rejection for UWB applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 8 (April 21, 2015): 1223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715000744.

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In this paper, a new antenna has been proposed with dimensions of 28 × 28 × 0.8 mm3 and the ability of operating in ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency and switching three notched bands. In the structure, to achieve the removal of characteristic of three frequency bands, a rectangular patch with an H-shaped slot on its surface and two C-shaped arms on its sides have been used. In addition, the designed antennas have the ability of operating in five different modes. To achieve the performance of reconfiguring, three pin diodes are used on the slots of rectangular patch and those two C-shaped arms. Also, with the defect ground structure and creating two rectangular slots and two L-shaped slots on the ground plane we make the excite of additional resonances and thus increase antenna bandwidth. Simulation and measurement results show that the designed antenna is able to cover the range of frequencies 3–12 GHz and a controllable frequency band rejection in the three frequency bands 3.2–3.75 GHz (WiMAX), 5.05–5.9 GHz (WLAN), and 8–8.45 GHz (ITU). The proposed antenna decreases the interference of the mentioned wireless systems with the UWB frequency.

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Ghassemiparvin, Behnam, and Nima Ghalichechian. "Reconfigurable antennas: quantifying payoffs for pattern, frequency, and polarisation reconfiguration." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 14, no. 3 (November 21, 2019): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.0473.

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Lee, Tsung-Yu, and Jeen-Sheen Row. "Frequency reconfigurable circularly polarized slot antennas with wide tuning range." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 53, no. 7 (April 22, 2011): 1501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.26041.

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El Hajj, Walid, François Gallée, and Christian Person. "Multi-access antenna for an opportunistic radio mobile communication of fourth generation." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 6 (December 2009): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709990560.

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A new model of two-access reconfigurable antennas for future mobile communication systems is presented in this article. This structure is based on a slot antenna with two separated access ports, isolated and matched at 1 and 2 GHz, respectively. The novelty of this element lies in the fact that first a filtering structure is integrated in the antenna, and then any additional switching or frequency path selecting components that would induce losses and noise degradation is suppressed. Such flexible structures are assumed to be used in a future opportunistic radio, incorporating special features of “spectrum sensing”. The concept of the antenna illustrated by simulation and measurement is presented.

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Marhoon, Hamzah M., and Nidal Qasem. "Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna for fifth-generation applications based on graphene." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 5546. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp5546-5558.

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Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are known largely for their versatility in terms of feasible geometries, making them applicable in many distinct circumstances. In this paper, a graphene-based tuneable single/array rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) utilizing an inset feed technique designed to function in multiple frequency bands are used in a fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications system. The tuneable antenna is used to eliminate the difficulties caused by the narrow bandwidths typically associated with MPAs. The graphene material has a reconfigurable surface conductivity that can be adjusted to function at the required value, thus allowing the required resonance frequency to be selected. The simulated tuneable antenna comprises a copper radiating patch with four graphene strips used for tuning purposes and is designed to cover a wide frequency band. The proposed antenna can be tuned directly by applying a direct current (DC) voltage to the graphene strips, resulting in a variation in the surface impedance of the graphene strips and leading to shifts in the resonance frequency.

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Mohsen, Mowafak khadom, M. S. M. Isa, Z. Zakaria, A. A. M. Isa, M. K. Abdulhameed, and Mothana L. Attiah. "Control Radiation Pattern for Half Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna by Using PIN Diodes." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 2959. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2959-2966.

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In this paper, a novel design for single-layer half width microstrip leakywave antenna (HW-MLWA) is demonstrated. This model can be digitally control its radiation pattern at operation frequency and uses only two values of the bias voltage, with better impedance matching and insignificant gain variation. The scanning and controlling the radiation pattern of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) in steps at an operation frequency, by using switches PIN diodes, is investigated and a novel HW-MLWA is introduced. A control cell reconfigurable, that can be switched between two states, is the basic element of the antenna. The periodic LWA is molded by identical control cells where as a control radiation pattern is developed by combining numerous reconfigurable control cells. A gap capacitor is independently connected or disconnected in every unit cell by using a PIN diode switch to achieve fixedfrequency control radiation pattern scanning. The profile reactance at the free edge of (HW-MLWA) and thus the main lobe direction is altered by changing the states of the control cell. The antenna presented in this paper, can scan main beam between 18o to 44o at fixed frequency of 4.2 GHz with measured peak gain of 12.29 dBi.

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Zheng, Y., M. Sazegar, H. Maune, J. R. Binder, X. Zhou, C. Kohler, M. Nikfalazar, A. Mehmood, and R. Jakoby. "Tunable Ferroelectric Ceramic Components for Reconfigurable Wireless Communications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-wp12.

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This paper focuses on the technology evolvement and novel concepts of ferroelectric microwave components. They aim to enable reconfigurable wireless frontends for frequency-agile, software-defined and cognitive radios. Such components are an emerging technology based on the nonlinear solid state ferroelectric materials like Barium-Strontium-Titanate namely BST thick-films. They are expected to cope with the demands of multiband and multi-standard operation. Processing and integration technologies are revised to enable multilayer component realization, including selective sol-gel printing and vertical connection through laser drilling. Several novel kernel frontend components based on ferroelectric thick-film ceramic are addressed then. The challenging trend of antennas towards compactness with wider spectrum coverage is coped with several tunable resonant modes in the antennas with integrated BST varactors. The optimized prototype for frequency division duplex services covers 1.47 GHz to 1.76 GHz with a variable distance between up- and down-link channels. The environmental impact on antennas can be compensated by tunable matching networks. In the commercial frequency range from 1.8 GHz to 2.1 GHz, a demonstrative module exhibits an insertion loss less than 0.98 dB, in a compact multilayer package. A compact bandpass filter is enabled by an evanescent mode substrate integrated waveguide cavity in ferroelectric ceramics, integrated with tunable complementary split ring resonator scatterers and tunable matching networks. The compact module covers 2.95 GHz to 3.57 GHz with a comparatively low insertion loss.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas'

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