Relevant bibliographies by topics / Frequency references

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Frequency references'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Frequency references"

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Jefferts, Steven R., Thomas P. Heavner, and Elizabeth A. Donley. "Cesium Primary Frequency References." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43, no. 5B (May 28, 2004): 2803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.43.2803.

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Hollberg, L., C. W. Oates, G. Wilpers, C. W. Hoyt, Z. W. Barber, S. A. Diddams, W. H. Oskay, and J. C. Bergquist. "Optical frequency/wavelength references." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 38, no. 9 (April 25, 2005): S469—S495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/38/9/003.

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Kitching, J., S. Knappe, L. Liew, J. Moreland, P. D. D. Schwindt, V. Shah, V. Gerginov, and L. Hollberg. "Microfabricated atomic frequency references." Metrologia 42, no. 3 (June 2005): S100—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/42/3/s11.

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Schuldt, Thilo, Klaus Döringshoff, Markus Oswald, Ulrich Johann, Achim Peters, and Claus Braxmaier. "Iodine frequency references for space." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 840 (May 2017): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/840/1/012050.

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Kitching, J., S. Knappe, and L. Hollberg. "Miniature vapor-cell atomic-frequency references." Applied Physics Letters 81, no. 3 (July 15, 2002): 553–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1494115.

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Schuldt, Thilo, Klaus Döringshoff, Alexander Milke, Josep Sanjuan, Martin Gohlke, Evgeny V. Kovalchuk, Norman Gürlebeck, Achim Peters, and Claus Braxmaier. "High-Performance Optical Frequency References for Space." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 723 (June 2016): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012047.

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Filho, Rubens Dolce. "The frequency of dietary references in homeopathic consultations." Homeopathy 100, no. 3 (July 2011): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2011.04.002.

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Ishida, O., and H. Toba. "Lightwave synthesizer with lock-in-detected frequency references." Journal of Lightwave Technology 9, no. 10 (1991): 1344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.90933.

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Papoyan, A. V., and D. H. Sarkisyan. "Optical Frequency References Based on Alkali Metal Vapor Nanocells." Физические основы приборостроения 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25210/jfop-1601-042049.

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Sebbag, Yoel, Roy Zektzer, Yefim Barash, and Uriel Levy. "Toward Stand-Alone Alkali-Based Mid-Infrared Frequency References." ACS Photonics 7, no. 6 (May 19, 2020): 1508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00308.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Frequency references"

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Hopcroft, Matthew A. "Temperature-stabilized silicon resonators for frequency references /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Döringshoff, Klaus. "Optical frequency references based on hyperfine transitions in molecular iodine." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19156.

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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und Untersuchung von optischen Absolutfrequenzreferenzen basierend auf rovibronischen Übergängen in molekularen Jod. Dabei werden Methoden der Doppler-freien Sättigungsspektroskopie angewendet, um einzelne Übergänge der Hyperfeinstruktur mit Linienbreiten unterhalb von 1 MHz im B-X System von molekularem Iod bei 532 nm, der zweiten harmonischen des Nd:YAG-Laser, aufzulösen. Elektronische Regelungstechniken ermöglichen eine präzise Stabilisierung der optischen Frequenz auf die Linienmitte der Übergänge mit einer Auflösung von Teilen in 10^5. Mit dem Ziel einer weltraumtauglichen Absolutfrequenzreferenz für zukünftige Weltraummissionen, wurden zwei Spektroskopiemodule konzipiert und in quasi-monolithischen Glaskeramik-Aufbauten, als sogenanntes elegant breadboard model und engineering model, realisiert. Diese Jodfrequenzreferenzen wurden im Detail in Bezug auf ihre Frequenzstabilität und Reproduzierbarkeit untersucht und Letzteres wurde für die angestrebte Weltraumqualifizierung ersten Umwelttests, sowohl vibrations- als auch thermischen Belastungstests, unterzogen. Für die Untersuchung der Frequenzstabilität dieser Jodreferenzen wurde ein auf einen optischen Resonator hoher Güte stabilisiertes Lasersystem für direkte Frequenzvergleiche bei 1064 nm realisiert. Die Analyse der Frequenzstabilität der Jod Referenzen zeigt eine Frequenzstabilität von 6x10^−15 bei 1 s, und weniger als 2x10^−15 bei 100 s Integrationszeit, was der bis heute besten veröffentlichten Frequenzstabilität entspricht die mit Jod Referenzen erreicht wurde. Mit der erreichten Frequenzstabilität ermöglichen diese Absolutfrequenzreferenzen präzise Lasersysteme für zukünftige Weltraummissionen wie z.B. zur Detektion von Gravitationswellen, zur Vermessung des Gravitationsfelds der Erde oder für Präzisionstest fundamentaler Theorien der Physik.
This thesis deals with the development and investigation of optical absolute frequency references based on rovibronic transitions in molecular iodine. Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy methods are employed to resolve individual transitions of the hyperfine structure with linewidths below 1 MHz in the B-X system of molecular iodine at 532 nm with the second harmonic of Nd:YAG lasers. Electronic feedback control systems are employed for laser frequency stabilization to the line center of the optical transitions with a line splitting of 10^5. With the goal of a space qualified optical absolute frequency reference for future laser-interferometric space missions, two spectroscopy setups were designed and realized in quasi-monolithic, glass-ceramic setups as so called elegant bread board model and engineering model. These iodine references were characterized in detail with respect to their frequency stability and reproducibility and the engineering model was subject to environmental tests, including vibrations and thermal cycling to verify its applicability in future space missions. For the investigation of the frequency instability of these iodine references, a frequency stabilized laser system was realized based on a temperature controlled high Finesse ULE cavity for direct frequency comparisons at 1064 nm. Analysis of the frequency stability of the iodine references revealed exceptionally low fractional frequency instability of 6x10^−15 at 1 s, averaging down to less than 2×10^−15 at 100 s integration time, constituting the best reported stability achieved with iodine references to date. With the demonstrated performance, these absolute frequency references enable precision laser systems required for future space missions that are dedicated to, e.g., the detection of gravitational waves, mapping of the Earth’s gravitational field or precision test of fundamental physics.
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Thapa, Rajesh. "Cr:forsterite laser frequency comb stabil[a]zation and development of portable frequency references inside a hollow optical fiber." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/994.

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Sundaresan, Krishnakumar. "Temperature Compensated CMOS and MEMS-CMOS Oscillators for Clock Generators and Frequency References." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13977.

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Silicon alternatives to quartz crystal based oscillators to electronic system clocking are explored. A study of clocking requirements reveals widely different specifications for different applications. Traditional CMOS oscillator-based solutions are optimized for low-cost fully integrated micro-controller clock applications. The frequency variability of these clock generators is studied and techniques to compensate for this variability are proposed. The efficacy of these techniques in reducing variability is proven theoretically and experimentally. MEMS-resonator based oscillators, due to their exceptional quality factors, are identified as suitable integrated replacements to quartz based oscillators for higher accuracy applications such as data converter clocks. The frequency variation in these oscillators is identified and techniques to minimize the same are proposed and demonstrated. The sources of short-term variation (phase noise) in these oscillators are discussed and an inclusive theory of phase noise is developed. Techniques to improve phase noise are proposed. Findings from this research indicate that MEMS resonator based oscillators, may in future, outperform quartz based solutions in certain applications such as voltage controlled oscillators. The implications of these findings and potential directions for future research are identified.
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Maurice, Vincent. "Design, microfabrication and characterization of alkali vapor cells for miniature atomic frequency references." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2001.

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Les horloges atomiques miniatures présentent des stabilités de fréquence inégalées avec des volumes de quelquescentimètres cubes et des consommations inférieures à 100mW.Dans cette thèse, les paramètres optimaux concernant la conception et la fabrication des cellules à vapeur decésium, un des composant clés de ce type d’horloges, sont définis. Ainsi, les performances de plusieurs cellulesont été caractérisées en condition d’horloge à court et long terme. En parallèle, des solutions sont proposéespour pallier à certaines limitations telles que la plage de température opérationnelle, le coût de fabrication dudispositif et la facilité d’assemblage du module physique.Un nouveau mélange de gaz tampon composé de néon et d’hélium peut étendre la plage de fonctionnementau-dessus de 80 C, en adéquation avec les besoins industriels. A l’inverse des gaz tampon usuels, ce mélangeest compatible avec les dispensers de césium solides, dont la fiabilité est établie.Outre les gaz tampon, les revêtements permettent également de limiter la relaxation induite par les parois dela cellule. Ici, des revêtements d’octadécyltrichlorosilane sont étudiés. Un effet anti-relaxant a été observé dansdes cellules centimétriques et un procédé a été développé pour revêtir des cellules micro-fabriquées.D’autres sources de césium sont présentées pour s’affranchir des inconvénients propres aux dispensers solides.Un dispenser sous forme de pâte, qui peut être déposée collectivement, a été étudié et montre des densitésatomiques stables jusqu’à présent. Un concept de vannes hermétiques micro-fabriquées a été proposé poursceller hermétiquement et séparer des cellules d’un réservoir de césium commun.Les premières étapes vers un module physique micro-fabriqué sont ensuite présentées. En particulier, un designoriginal de cellule combinant des réseaux de diffraction à une cavité en silicium formée par gravure anisotropea été caractérisé et a montré des contrastes CPT remarquables malgré un volume de cavité réduit, ce qui permettraitde réaliser un module physique particulièrement compact. Enfin, des cellules intégrant des résistanceschauffantes et thermométriques ont été fabriquées et leur compatibilité vis-à-vis du champ magnétique généréa été caractérisée dans un prototype de module physique compact
Chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs) provide unprecedented frequency stability within volumes down to a fewcubic centimeters and power consumptions as low as 100mW.In this work, we determine the optimal parameters regarding the design and the fabrication of cesium vaporcells, one of the key components of a CSAC. For this purpose, cells were characterized on both short and longtermperformances in clock setups. In addition, we propose solutions to overcome present limitations includingthe operating temperature range, the device microfabrication cost and the ease of integration of the physicspackage.A novel mixture of buffer-gas composed of neon and helium was found to potentially extend the operating rangeof the device above 80 C, meeting the industrial requirements. Unlike the well-known buffer gas compositions,this mixture is compatible with solid cesium dispensers whose reliability is established. As an alternativeto buffer gases, wall coatings are known to limit the relaxation induced by sidewalls. Here, we investigatedoctadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) coatings. An anti-relaxation effect has been observed in centimeter-scale cellsand a process was developed to coat microfabricated cells.Other cesium sources have been investigated to overcome the drawbacks imposed by solid cesium dispensers. Apaste-like dispenser, which can be deposited collectively, was explored and has shown stable atomic densities sofar. Single-use zero-leak micro valves were also proposed to hermetically seal and detach cells from a commoncesium reservoir.Eventually, the first steps toward a microfabricated physics package were made. In particular, an originalcell design combining diffraction gratings with an anisotropically etched single-crystalline silicon sidewalls wascharacterized and exhibited remarkable CPT contrasts despite a reduced cavity volume, which could lead to amore compact physics package. Finally, cells with integrated heating and temperature sensing resistors werefabricated and their magnetic field compliance was characterized in a compact physics package prototype
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Wang, Chenchen. "Optical frequency references in acetylene-filled hollow-core optical fiber and photonic microcells." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18831.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Physics
Kristan L. Corwin
Optical frequency references have been widely used in applications such as navigation, remote sensing, and telecommunication industry. For stable frequency references in the near-infrared (NIR), lasers can be locked to narrow absorption features in gases such as acetylene. Currently, most Near NIR references are realized in free space setups. In this thesis, a low-loss hollow-core optical fiber with a diameter of sub millimeters is integrated into the reference setup to provide long interaction lengths between the filling gas and the laser field, also facilitate the optical interaction with low power levels. To make portable NIR reference, gas can be sealed inside the hollow-core fiber, by creating a photonic microcell. This work has demonstrated all-fiber optical frequency references in the Near IR by fabricating and integrating gas sealed photonic microcells in the reference setup. Also, a thoughtful study regarding the lineshape of the fiber-based reference has been accomplished. According the proper modeling of a shift due to lineshape, a correction was applied to our previous absolute frequency measurement of an NIR optical frequency reference. Furthermore, effects of the hollow-core fibers, including mode-dependence frequency shift related to surface modes are explored. In addition, angle splicing techniques, which will improve the performance of the fiber-based frequency reference have been created. Low transmission and return loss angle splices of photonic bandgap fiber, single mode PCF, and large core kagome to SMF-28 are developed and those fibers are demonstrated to be promising for photonic microcell based optical frequency references. Finally, a potentially portable optical metrology system is demonstrated by stabilizing a fiber-laser based frequency comb to an acetylene-filled optical fiber frequency reference. Further work is necessary to fabricate an all-fiber portable optical metrology system with high optical transmission and low molecular contamination.
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Döringshoff, Klaus [Verfasser], Achim [Gutachter] Peters, Heinz-Wilhelm [Gutachter] Hübers, and Leo [Gutachter] Hollberg. "Optical frequency references based on hyperfine transitions in molecular iodine / Klaus Döringshoff ; Gutachter: Achim Peters, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Leo Hollberg." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1182541704/34.

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Holman, Kevin W. "Distribution of an ultrastable frequency reference using optical frequency combs." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p3190346.

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Li, Peter C. "A distributed frequency reference system for optical fiber communications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13278.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-92).
by Peter Cheng-Lung Li.
M.S.
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Shubo, Jin, and Zhao Yanshan. "A MICROWAVE DIGITAL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER USED FOR S-BAND TELEMETRY RECEIVER." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609681.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
This paper describes a kind of Microwave Digital Frequency Synthesizer used for S-band telemetry receivers. As well known many modern electronic systems employ a Frequency Synthesizer whose spectral purity is critical. The characteristics of a PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) Frequency Synthesizer, such as frequency resolution, phase noise, spurious suppression and switch time, should be compromised in our design. A heterodyne Frequency Synthesis is often considered as a good approach to solve the problem. But it is complicated in structure and circuit. A variable-reference-driven PLL Frequency Synthesizer was introduced which can give an improved trade-off among frequency resolution, phase noise, spurious suppression. In this paper the phase noise and spurious suppression characteristic of variable-reference-driven PLL Frequency Synthesizer is analyzed theoretically and compared with that of the heterodyne Frequency Synthesizer. For engineering application, a practical Microwave Digital Frequency Synthesizer used for telemetry receiver has been designed, which is characterized by simply structure, low phase noise and low spurious output. The output spectrum of experimental measurements is given.
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Books on the topic "Frequency references"

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0.

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Baschirotto, Andrea, Kofi A. A. Makinwa, and Pieter Harpe, eds. Frequency References, Power Management for SoC, and Smart Wireless Interfaces. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01080-9.

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Committee, American Library Association Young Adult Services Division Intellectual Freedom. Hit list: Frequently challenged young adult titles : references to defend them. Chicago, IL: Young Adult Services Division, American Library Association, 1989.

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Burrell, Martin David. Assessment of time frequency warping for use as a reference degradation for assessing synthetic speech. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, 1992.

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Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker. Frequent urination: A medical dictionary, bibliography, and annotated research guide to Internet references. San Diego, CA: ICON Health Publications, 2004.

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Dajani, Hilmi R. The influence of low frequency magnetic fields on the nervous system with particular reference to binaural hearing. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1991.

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Murray, Barbara Joan. A study of blood group B frequency in haematologic disorders with reference to alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymes. Salford: University of Salford, 1987.

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Strumpf, Michael. Painless perfect grammar: The National Grammar Hotline's most frequently asked questions. Santa Barbara, CA: Bandanna Books, 1997.

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Smith, Bill. U.S. repeater mapbook. 2nd ed. Burbank, CA: Artsci, 1991.

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McCann, J. D. A review of ultrasonic techniques and applications, with particular reference to low frequency systems and their usein the food processing industry. Harwell: UKAEA, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Frequency references"

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "Silicon-Based Frequency References." In Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS, 15–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0_2.

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "Introduction." In Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS, 1–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0_1.

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "Frequency References Based on the Thermal Properties of Silicon." In Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS, 45–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0_3.

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "A Digitally-Assisted Electrothermal Frequency-Locked Loop in Standard CMOS." In Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS, 87–127. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0_4.

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "An Electrothermal Frequency Reference in Standard 0.7 μm CMOS." In Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS, 129–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0_5.

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "A Scaled Electrothermal Frequency Reference in Standard 0.16μm CMOS." In Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS, 153–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0_6.

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Kashmiri, S. Mahdi, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "Conclusions and Outlook." In Electrothermal Frequency References in Standard CMOS, 187–90. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6473-0_7.

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van Beek, J. T. M., C. van der Avoort, A. Falepin, M. J. Goossens, R. J. P. Lander, S. Menten, T. Naass, K. L. Phan, E. Stikvoort, and K. Wortel. "A Piezo-resistive, Temperature Compensated, MEMS-Based Frequency Synthesizer." In Frequency References, Power Management for SoC, and Smart Wireless Interfaces, 23–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01080-9_2.

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Chataigner, Emmanuel, and Sébastien Dedieu. "Dual Core Frequency Reference for Mobile Applications in 65-nm CMOS." In Frequency References, Power Management for SoC, and Smart Wireless Interfaces, 55–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01080-9_4.

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Helmy, A., N. Sinoussi, A. Elkholy, M. Essam, A. Hassanein, and A. Ahmed. "A Monolithic CMOS Self-compensated LC Oscillator Across Temperature." In Frequency References, Power Management for SoC, and Smart Wireless Interfaces, 3–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01080-9_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Frequency references"

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Kitching, J., S. Knappe, L. Liew, J. Moreland, H. G. Robinson, P. Schwindt, V. Shah, and L. Hollberg. "Microfabricated atomic frequency references." In 18th European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF 2004). IEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20040811.

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Schuldt, Thilo, Klaus Döringshoff, Markus Oswald, Evgeny V. Kovalchuk, Achim Peters, and Claus Braxmaier. "Optical Frequency References for Space." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2017.sw1j.5.

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Wang, Chenchen, Nathalie V. Wheeler, Coralie Fourcade-Dutin, Michael Grogan, Tom D. Bradley, Brian R. Washburn, Fetah Benabid, and Kristan L. Corwin. "Accurate Fiber-based Acetylene Frequency References." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2012.cf2c.7.

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Hrabina, Jan, Martin Šarbort, Ouali Acef, Frédéric du Burck, Nicola Chiodo, Ondřej Číp, and Josef Lazar. "Optical frequency references for laser interferometry." In Optics and Measurement Conference 2014, edited by Jana Kovačičinová and Tomáš Vít. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2086262.

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Hollberg, L., C. W. Oates, S. Diddams, G. Wilpers, A. Bartels, C. Hoyt, and Z. Barber. "The era of coherent optical frequency references." In Technical Digest - Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sofm.2004.183462.

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Stern, Liron. "Chip-scale ultra-stable optical frequency references." In Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology, edited by Selim M. Shahriar and Jacob Scheuer. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2588452.

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Gollapalli, Ravi P., and Lingze Duan. "Delivery of Optical Frequency References through Atmosphere using a Frequency Comb." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2010.ftul5.

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Waltman, Steve B., Alexander B. Romanovsky, Joseph S. Wells, Richard W. Fox, Leo W. Hollberg, Maria P. Sassi, and H. G. Robinson. "Precise optical frequency references and difference frequency measurements with diode lasers." In Applications in Optical Science and Engineering, edited by Y. C. Chung. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.143691.

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Hsu, Wan-thai. "Vibrating RF MEMS for Timing and Frequency References." In 2006 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2006.249704.

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Stern, Liron, Eliran Talker, Noa Mazurski, Boris Desiatov, Marissa Sheffer, Aharon Segal, and Uriel Levy. "Miniaturized Optical Frequency References in the Telecom Regime." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2015.stu1i.1.

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Reports on the topic "Frequency references"

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Wojciechowski, Kenneth E., Roy H. Olsson III, and Michael Sean Baker. Ultra-Thin, Temperature Stable, Low Power Frequency References. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1504209.

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Li, Peter C., and Pierre A. Humblet. Frequency Stabilization Using Matched Fabry-Perots as References. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458149.

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Hamill, Daniel, and Gabrielle David. Hydrologic analysis of field delineated ordinary high water marks for rivers and streams. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41681.

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Streamflow influences the distribution and organization of high water marks along rivers and streams in a landscape. The federal definition of ordinary high water mark (OHWM) is defined by physical and vegetative field indicators that are used to identify inundation extents of ordinary high water levels without any reference to the relationship between streamflow and regulatory definition. Streamflow is the amount, or volume, of water that moves through a stream per unit time. This study explores regional characteristics and relationships between field-delineated OHWMs and frequency-magnitude streamflow metrics derived from a flood frequency analysis. The elevation of OHWM is related to representative constant-level discharge return periods with national average return periods of 6.9 years using partial duration series and 2.8 years using annual maximum flood frequency approaches. The range in OHWM return periods is 0.5 to 9.08, and 1.05 to 11.01 years for peaks-over-threshold and annual maximum flood frequency methods, respectively. The range of OHWM return periods is consistent with the range found in national studies of return periods related to bankfull streamflow. Hydraulic models produced a statistically significant relationship between OHWM and bank-full, which reinforces the close relationship between the scientific concept and OHWM in most stream systems.
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McKinney, Jason D., and John Diehl. Measurement of Chromatic Dispersion using the Baseband Radio-Frequency Response of a Phase-Modulated Analog Optical Link Employing a Reference Fiber. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada472284.

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Wilkins, Justin, Andrew McQueen, Joshua LeMonte, and Burton Suedel. Initial survey of microplastics in bottom sediments from United States waterways. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42021.

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Given the reported extent of microplastics in the aquatic environment, environmentally relevant exposure information for sediments dredged by the US Army Corps of Engineers will lend context to the risks posed by this contaminant during dredging. We measured the occurrence, abundance, and polymer composition of microplastics in sediments collected from nine dredged waterways and two non-dredged reference areas. The number of particles in sediment samples ranged from 162 to 6110 particles/kg dry wt., with a mean of 1636 particles/kg dry wt. Fragments were the most prevalent shape observed among the 11 study sites (100% frequency of occurrence), followed by fibers (81%), spheres (75%), foams (38%) and films (34%). Based on analyses of chemical composition of the particles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polyethylene:propylene was the most common polymer type observed. Consistent with results presented by other investigators microplastic concentrations and polymer types in bottom sediments in this study were also aligned with the most widely used plastics worldwide.
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.

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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Griffin, Andrew, Sean Griffin, Kristofer Lasko, Megan Maloney, S. Blundell, Michael Collins, and Nicole Wayant. Evaluation of automated feature extraction algorithms using high-resolution satellite imagery across a rural-urban gradient in two unique cities in developing countries. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40182.

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Feature extraction algorithms are routinely leveraged to extract building footprints and road networks into vector format. When used in conjunction with high resolution remotely sensed imagery, machine learning enables the automation of such feature extraction workflows. However, many of the feature extraction algorithms currently available have not been thoroughly evaluated in a scientific manner within complex terrain such as the cities of developing countries. This report details the performance of three automated feature extraction (AFE) datasets: Ecopia, Tier 1, and Tier 2, at extracting building footprints and roads from high resolution satellite imagery as compared to manual digitization of the same areas. To avoid environmental bias, this assessment was done in two different regions of the world: Maracay, Venezuela and Niamey, Niger. High, medium, and low urban density sites are compared between regions. We quantify the accuracy of the data and time needed to correct the three AFE datasets against hand digitized reference data across ninety tiles in each city, selected by stratified random sampling. Within each tile, the reference data was compared against the three AFE datasets, both before and after analyst editing, using the accuracy assessment metrics of Intersection over Union and F1 Score for buildings and roads, as well as Average Path Length Similarity (APLS) to measure road network connectivity. It was found that of the three AFE tested, the Ecopia data most frequently outperformed the other AFE in accuracy and reduced the time needed for editing.
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Nelson, Gena. A Systematic Review of the Quality of Reporting in Mathematics Meta-Analyses for Students with or at Risk of Disabilities Coding Protocol. Boise State University, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/sped138.boisestate.

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The purpose of this document is to provide readers with the coding protocol that authors used to code 22 meta-analyses focused on mathematics interventions for students with or at-risk of disabilities. The purpose of the systematic review was to evaluate reporting quality in meta-analyses focused on mathematics interventions for students with or at risk of disabilities. To identify meta-analyses for inclusion, we considered peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2020; we searched five education-focused electronic databases, scanned the table of contents of six special education journals, reviewed the curriculum vitae of researchers who frequently publish meta-analyses in mathematics and special education, and scanned the reference lists of meta-analyses that met inclusion criteria. To be included in this systematic review, meta-analyses must have reported on the effectiveness of mathematics-focused interventions, provided a summary effect for a mathematics outcome variable, and included school-aged participants with or at risk of having a disability. We identified 22 meta-analyses for inclusion. We coded each meta-analysis for 53 quality indicators (QIs) across eight categories based on recommendations from Talbott et al. (2018). Overall, the meta-analyses met 61% of QIs and results indicated that meta-analyses most frequently met QIs related to providing a clear purpose (95%) and data analysis plan (77%), whereas meta-analyses typically met fewer QIs related to describing participants (39%) and explaining the abstract screening process (48%). We discuss the variation in QI scores within and across the quality categories and provide recommendations for future researchers so that reporting in meta-analyses may be enhanced. Limitations of the current study are that grey literature was not considered for inclusion and that only meta-analyses were included; this limits the generalizability of the results to other research syntheses (e.g., narrative reviews, systematic reviews) and publication types (e.g., dissertations).
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Carney, Nancy, Tamara Cheney, Annette M. Totten, Rebecca Jungbauer, Matthew R. Neth, Chandler Weeks, Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly, et al. Prehospital Airway Management: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer243.

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Objective. To assess the comparative benefits and harms across three airway management approaches (bag valve mask [BVM], supraglottic airway [SGA], and endotracheal intubation [ETI]) by emergency medical services in the prehospital setting, and how the benefits and harms differ based on patient characteristics, techniques, and devices. Data sources. We searched electronic citation databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus®) from 1990 to September 2020 and reference lists, and posted a Federal Register notice request for data. Review methods. Review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program methods guidance. Using pre-established criteria, studies were selected and dual reviewed, data were abstracted, and studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Meta-analyses using profile-likelihood random effects models were conducted when data were available from studies reporting on similar outcomes, with analyses stratified by study design, emergency type, and age. We qualitatively synthesized results when meta-analysis was not indicated. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for primary outcomes (survival, neurological function, return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC], and successful advanced airway insertion [for SGA and ETI only]). Results. We included 99 studies (22 randomized controlled trials and 77 observational studies) involving 630,397 patients. Overall, we found few differences in primary outcomes when airway management approaches were compared. • For survival, there was moderate SOE for findings of no difference for BVM versus ETI in adult and mixed-age cardiac arrest patients. There was low SOE for no difference in these patients for BVM versus SGA and SGA versus ETI. There was low SOE for all three comparisons in pediatric cardiac arrest patients, and low SOE in adult trauma patients when BVM was compared with ETI. • For neurological function, there was moderate SOE for no difference for BVM compared with ETI in adults with cardiac arrest. There was low SOE for no difference in pediatric cardiac arrest for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. In adults with cardiac arrest, neurological function was better for BVM and ETI compared with SGA (both low SOE). • ROSC was applicable only in cardiac arrest. For adults, there was low SOE that ROSC was more frequent with SGA compared with ETI, and no difference for BVM versus SGA or BVM versus ETI. In pediatric patients there was low SOE of no difference for BVM versus ETI and SGA versus ETI. • For successful advanced airway insertion, low SOE supported better first-pass success with SGA in adult and pediatric cardiac arrest patients and adult patients in studies that mixed emergency types. Low SOE also supported no difference for first-pass success in adult medical patients. For overall success, there was moderate SOE of no difference for adults with cardiac arrest, medical, and mixed emergency types. • While harms were not always measured or reported, moderate SOE supported all available findings. There were no differences in harms for BVM versus SGA or ETI. When SGA was compared with ETI, there were no differences for aspiration, oral/airway trauma, and regurgitation; SGA was better for multiple insertion attempts; and ETI was better for inadequate ventilation. Conclusions. The most common findings, across emergency types and age groups, were of no differences in primary outcomes when prehospital airway management approaches were compared. As most of the included studies were observational, these findings may reflect study design and methodological limitations. Due to the dynamic nature of the prehospital environment, the results are susceptible to indication and survival biases as well as confounding; however, the current evidence does not favor more invasive airway approaches. No conclusion was supported by high SOE for any comparison and patient group. This supports the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials designed to account for the variability and dynamic nature of prehospital airway management to advance and inform clinical practice as well as emergency medical services education and policy, and to improve patient-centered outcomes.
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