Relevant bibliographies by topics / Freshwater systems

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Freshwater systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Freshwater systems"

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Portela, Ana Paula. "Freshwater ecosystem services resilience in a changing world." Limnetica 45, no. 1 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.23818/limn.45.13.

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Healthy freshwater ecosystems provide essential ecosystem services to society such as clean water. However, freshwater ecosystems are degraded, and freshwater biodiversity is severely threatened due to anthropogenic impacts and stressors. Climate change interacts with existing stressors and may compromise the resilience of freshwater ecosystems and their services in the future. Here the aim is to review advances in assessing freshwater ecosystem services and their resilience to environmental change. This work reviews the ecosystem services provided by freshwaters, the conceptual background on ecological resilience, and examples on the resilience of freshwater ecosystems and their services. Examples from African lakes, the Pantanal wetland in Brazil and the Murray-Darling Basin riparian forests in Australia are used to understand the resilience of freshwater ecosystem services to recent and ongoing climate changes and disturbances. This work illustrates the diverse responses of freshwater socio-ecological systems to environmental change and highlights examples of declining resilience of freshwater ecosystems and their services due to climate change and extreme events. However, a high degree of uncertainty still surrounds the identification of regime shifts and future ecosystem trajectories. Research is needed to understand the dynamics of freshwater socio-ecological systems and ensure resilient ecosystems and societies.
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Hitt, Nathaniel P., Lisa K. Bonneau, Kunjuraman V. Jayachandran, and Michael P. Marchetti. "Freshwater Ecosystems and Biodiversity." Lessons in Conservation 5 (2015): 5–16. https://doi.org/10.5531/cbc.linc.5.1.1.

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Freshwater ecosystems are important for many reasons, including their ecosystem services to humans. However, this module invites students to think critically about the ecological structure, function, and distribution of freshwater systems. Freshwater ecosystems are driven by physical habitat, energy sources, water quality biotic interactions, hydrology, and connectivity. Variations in these factors result in significantly different environments, including upland streams and rivers, large lakes, floodplain rivers and wetlands, and xeric freshwaters. In the exercise, student groups will generate hypotheses about how freshwater habitats support biodiversity (richness and endemism). Students will then collect data from the Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW) database to test their hypotheses and answer a set of related questions.
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Emmerton, Craig A., Vincent L. St. Louis, Igor Lehnherr, Jennifer A. Graydon, Jane L. Kirk, and Kimberly J. Rondeau. "The importance of freshwater systems to the net atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide and methane with a rapidly changing high Arctic watershed." Biogeosciences 13, no. 20 (2016): 5849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5849-2016.

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Abstract. A warming climate is rapidly changing the distribution and exchanges of carbon within high Arctic ecosystems. Few data exist, however, which quantify exchange of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) between the atmosphere and freshwater systems, or estimate freshwater contributions to total catchment exchange of these gases, in the high Arctic. During the summers of 2005 and 2007–2012, we quantified CO2 and CH4 concentrations in, and atmospheric exchange with, common freshwater systems in the high Arctic watershed of Lake Hazen, Nunavut, Canada. We identified four types of biogeochemically distinct freshwater systems in the watershed; however mean CO2 concentrations (21–28 µmol L−1) and atmospheric exchange (−0.013 to +0.046 g C–CO2 m−2 day−1) were similar between these systems. Seasonal flooding of ponds bordering Lake Hazen generated considerable CH4 emissions to the atmosphere (+0.008 g C–CH4 m−2 day−1), while all other freshwater systems were minimal emitters of this gas (< +0.001 g C–CH4 m−2 day−1). When using ecosystem-cover classification mapping and data from previous studies, we found that freshwaters were unimportant contributors to total watershed carbon exchange, in part because they covered less than 10 % of total area in the watershed. High Arctic watersheds are experiencing warmer and wetter climates than in the past, which may have implications for moisture availability, landscape cover, and the exchange of CO2 and CH4 of underproductive but expansive polar semidesert ecosystems.
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Banas, D., G. Masson, L. Leglize, and J. C. Pihan. "Temporal variations of sedimentation in shallow freshwater systems." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 153, no. 4 (2002): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/153/2002/623.

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Showstack, Randy. "Freshwater systems threatened, report charges." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 83, no. 7 (2002): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo083i007p00062-03.

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OKAMURA, BETH, and STEPHEN W. FEIST. "Emerging diseases in freshwater systems." Freshwater Biology 56, no. 4 (2011): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02578.x.

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Sheath, Robert G. "Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Systems." Phycologia 36, no. 4 (1997): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-36-4-331.1.

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Carvalho, Lucélia Nobre, Rafael Arruda, and Jansen Zuanon. "Record of cleaning behavior by Platydoras costatus (Siluriformes: Doradidae) in the Amazon Basin, Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 1, no. 2 (2003): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252003000200009.

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Records of cleaning symbiosis between freshwater fish are scarce. Here we report on juvenile catfish, Platydoras costatus, cleaning the piscivorous characin Hoplias cf. malabaricus in a stream of the rio Araguaia drainage in the Brazilian Amazon. The scarcity of records on cleaning behavior in freshwater systems seems to be in part a consequence of the few observational studies under natural conditions in the Neotropics. Otherwise, the rareness of this behavior in freshwaters is possibly related to the short evolutionary time available to the fish fauna to develop these complex interactions, when compared to the ocean environment.
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Yu, Ao, J. Trevor Vannatta, Stephanie O. Gutierrez, and Dennis J. Minchella. "Opportunity or catastrophe? effect of sea salt on host-parasite survival and reproduction." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 2 (2022): e0009524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009524.

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Seawater intrusion associated with decreasing groundwater levels and rising seawater levels may affect freshwater species and their parasites. While brackish water certainly impacts freshwater systems globally, its impact on disease transmission is largely unknown. This study examined the effect of artificial seawater on host-parasite interactions using a freshwater snail host, Biomphalaria alexandrina, and the human trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni. To evaluate the impact of increasing salinity on disease transmission four variables were analyzed: snail survival, snail reproduction, infection prevalence, and the survival of the parasite infective stage (cercariae). We found a decrease in snail survival, snail egg mass production, and snail infection prevalence as salinity increases. However, cercarial survival peaked at an intermediate salinity value. Our results suggest that seawater intrusion into freshwaters has the potential to decrease schistosome transmission to humans.
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Spears, Bryan M., and Stephen C. Maberly. "Lessons learned from geoengineering freshwater systems." Nature Climate Change 4, no. 11 (2014): 935–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2412.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Freshwater systems"

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Klein, Sascha. "Microplastics in Freshwater Systems." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200861.

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Synthetic polymers are one of the most significant pollutants in the aquatic environment, because of abilities such as buoyancy and extreme persistency. Serious effects are expected from so-called microplastics (particle size <5 mm) that are reported in rivers, lakes as well as the ocean and that accumulate in sediments worldwide. In this thesis the abundance of microplastics in river shore sediments in the Rhine-Main area of Germany was studied. Therefore, a new method was developed that is based on a sodium chloride density separation with subsequent destruction of natural debris, and identification of the plastic particles by microscopy or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Using the improved density separation, microplastics were separated from river shore sediments of 12 sites originating from the river Rhine, the river Main, and the stream Schwarzbach. Large amounts of microplastic particles of up to 1 g kg-1 or up to 4000 particles kg-1 were detected in the shore sediments. The identification by FTIR showed that polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were the most abundant polymer types in the sediments, covering over 75% of all plastics identified. Transport of microplastics from tributaries to main streams was indicated by the detection of identical pellets in the River Rhine and in the Main mouth. Comparable concentrations detected by sampling one site over a period of two years suggest a constant pollution of the river shore sediments with microplastics. For deeper insights into the sorption process of organic contaminants to synthetic polymers in freshwater systems, batch experiments in synthetic freshwater were conducted to determine sorption kinetics and sorption isotherms for four selected glass state polymers (polycarbonate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride) and six different model substances (carbamazepine, hexachlorocyclohexane (β/γ), 17α-ethynilestradiol, chlorpyrifos, and o,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane). Sorption to the polymer particles was observed for all contaminants increasing with the KOW values of the contaminants. Because of losses of contaminants in control samples, sorption reaction models could be applied to four out of six contaminants, and isotherms were calculated for three contaminants. Furthermore, influences of the different polymer types used were observed in the experiments. Finally, microplastics separated from sediments were extracted and analyzed by GC/MS and LC-MS/MS using target screening methods and non-target approaches. Different pesticides were identified in the polymer particles, suggesting that microplastics can act as a sink for hydrophobic contaminants. Moreover, several plastic additives such as phthalates or chlorinated flame retardants were identified. For this reason, it is very likely that microplastics act as a direct source for these chemicals in aquatic systems. The results of this thesis stress the urgency for the mitigation of the plastic particles in the aquatic environment.
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Manolopoulos, Helen. "Metal sulfides in oxidizing freshwater systems /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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Rodrigues, Mariana Oliveira. "Impacts of microplastics in freshwater systems." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21469.

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Mestrado em Toxicologia e Ecotoxicologia<br>Plastics, in particular microplastics (particles with dimensions < 5 mm), are a widespread and persistent pollutant constituting an emerging scientific and societal issue. Its characteristics allied to an inadequate management contributes to their accumulation in aquatic systems, reaching high densities. Moreover, they can also interact with environment affecting economy, human health and aesthetics. However, most of scientific studies have been focused in marine environment while scarce knowledge exists regarding freshwater systems, including in Portugal. Hence, this study aimed to contribute to fill this gap of information both in uniformization of methodologies of isolation of microplastics (MPs) in water samples as well as on the MPs’ characterization in a Portuguese freshwater system. Thus, the first part of this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of distinct separation methods including density separation methods (sucrose, olive oil and zinc chloride) as well as organic matter degradation methods (hydrogen peroxide and multienzymatic detergent). For that, artificial samples containing the eleven most common types of plastics were prepared, subjected to the different methods and then polymers were detected, quantified and identified using a stereoscope microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Among the several tested methods, the most cost-effective was the method of wet peroxide oxidation with addition of zinc chloride. Hence, this study highlights the importance of the use of zinc chloride both in the processing of sediment and water samples. In a following step, the abundance and distribution of MPs in the water and sediment of Antuã river were determined by applying the separation method identified as the most effective previously. The abundance of MPs in water varied from 5 – 8.3 mg m-3 or 58 – 193 items m-3 in March and from 5.8 – 51.7 mg m-3 or 71 – 1265 items m-3 in October. In sediments, the abundance of MPs varied from 13.5 – 52.7 mg kg-1 or 100 – 629 items kg-1 in March and from 2.6 – 71.4 mg kg-1 or 18 – 514 items kg-1 in October. It shows that this river is severely impacted by MPs, in orders similar to that found in marine/coastal environments. A spatial and temporal variation was observed dependent on seasonal conditions, flow velocity and anthropogenic pressure. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of rivers as carriage systems of MPs, and highlight the potential impacts of MPs as emerging contaminants on freshwater systems.<br>Os plásticos, em particular os microplásticos (partículas com dimensões <5 mm), são poluentes ubíquos e persistentes que constituem uma preocupação científica e social emergente. As suas características, aliadas a uma gestão inadequada, contribuíram para a sua acumulação nos sistemas aquáticos, podendo atingir elevadas densidades. Estas partículas podem interagir com o ambiente, afetando a economia, a saúde humana e a estética. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos científicos tem-se focado no ambiente marinho, sendo o conhecimento sobre os sistemas de água doce escasso, incluindo em Portugal. Deste modo, este trabalho pretende contribuir para esta lacuna de informação, tanto ao nível da uniformização de metodologias de isolamento de microplásticos (MPs) em amostras de água como na caracterização de MPs num sistema de água doce português. Assim, numa primeira fase este estudo pretendeu avaliar a eficácia de diferentes métodos de separação, incluindo métodos de separação por densidade (açúcar, azeite e cloreto de zinco), bem como métodos de degradação de matéria orgânica (peróxido de hidrogénio e detergente multienzimático). Neste sentido, amostras artificiais contendo onze tipos de plásticos pertencentes aos polímeros mais comuns foram preparadas e submetidas aos diferentes métodos, procedendo-se posteriormente à quantificação e identificação dos polímeros usando um microscópio estereoscópico e um espectroscópio de infravermelhos com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). De entre os vários métodos testados, aquele que revelou o melhor custo-eficácia foi o método da oxidação com peróxido de hidrogénio e adição de cloreto de zinco. Este estudo enfatiza a importância do uso do cloreto de zinco tanto no processamento de amostras de sedimento como de água. Numa fase seguinte do estudo, determinou-se a abundância e distribuição de MPs na água e sedimento do rio Antuã, aplicando o método de separação identificado como o mais eficaz anteriormente. A abundância de MPs nas amostras de água variou entre 5 – 8.3 mg m-3 ou 58 – 193 items m-3 em Março e entre 5.8 – 51.7 mg m-3 ou 71 – 1265 items m-3 em Outubro. No sedimento, a abundância de MPs variou entre 13.5 – 52.7 mg kg-1 ou 100 – 629 items kg-1 em Março e entre 2.6 – 71.4 mg kg-1 ou 18 – 514 items kg-1 em Outubro. Estes resultados demonstram que este rio está severamente impactado por MPs, com valores semelhantes aos encontrados em sistemas marinhos/costeiros. Foi ainda observada uma variação espacial e temporal, dependente da estação do ano, do caudal do rio e da pressão antropogénica. Deste modo, este estudo vem enfatizar a importância dos rios como sistemas de transporte de MPs e realçar os potenciais impactos dos MPs como contaminantes emergentes nos ecossistemas aquáticos dulçaquícolas.
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Palmer-Felgate, Elizabeth Jane. "Biogeochemical controls on phosphorus dynamics in freshwater systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536096.

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Peters, Michael Steven. "Temporal impacts of volcanic ash in freshwater systems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7639.

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Volcanic ash can cause acidification and metal contamination of freshwater systems. Shmt-te1m chemical and pH fluxes in water have been attributed to dissolution of the ash surface film while dissolution of the glassy matrix has been linked to metal input over longer time periods. The rate at which ash surface film and glassy matrix dissolution occurs and the associated impact of ash to freshwater pH and chemistry over time has not previously been established. The influence of volcanic ash BET surface area on initial pH fluxes and metal dissolution rates in freshwater systems was investigated using pristine basaltic-andesite volcanic ashes from Mt. Ruapehu (New Zealand), Mt. Sakurajima (Japan) and Soufriere Hills (Montserrat). The aim of this study was to investigate the bi-temporal hazard of volcanic ash in freshwater systems including freshwater drinking-water supplies. All ashes provided an immediate pH decrease to water that was directly related to sulphur concentrations released from ash surface film (p < 0.02). The maximum pH decrease was observed after 2.5 minutes. The rate of change was independent of ash surface area due to the high solubility of the surface film. Initial pH decreases for all ashes were transient with the degree of acidification lessening following surface film removal via water rinse(s) and time in solution. The rapid rate of dissolution means in 'real-world' settings the surface film will be removed within the upper layer of a water body and will only provide a shmt-te1m source of acidification and chemical contamination. Release rates for (Al, Mn and As) from the glassy matrix of ashes over longer-time periods (0-1 00 hours) were dependent on BET surface area and ash to water ratios for each ash. The influence of differing physical and chemical characteristics between the three ashes, however, prevented surface area being used as a proxy for all dissolution rates. The metal release rates were used to calculate the time needed for the drinking water quality guidelines to be exceeded under three different ashfall scenarios. Using the derived metal release rates for the Mt Ruapehu Ash, Al was the element most likely to exceed the drinking water standards. This exceedance can be attributed to the relatively fast release rate (Al 10.4 flg h -I m-2 ) and high concentration within the ash (14% by weight). An ashfall of 1 Omm would result in exceedances of the drinking water standards for AI in the Waitakere and Hays Creek Reservoirs (Auckland city water supply) after ~8 hours.
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Sanchez, Montelongo Jessica Lynn. "The Adaptive Evolution of Herbivory in Freshwater Systems." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3813.

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Herbivory is thought to be nutritionally inefficient relative to carnivory and omnivory. But, herbivory evolved from carnivory in many lineages, suggesting that there are advantages to eating plants. To understand the adaptive significance of the transition from carnivory to herbivory, I proposed five hypotheses for the adaptive evolution of herbivory and reviewed the current freshwater literature to identify conditions where eating plants might be adaptive over eating animals. I tested three of these ideas (Suboptimal Habitat, Heterotroph Facilitation, and Lipid Allocation) using the herbivorous Sailfin Molly (Poecilia latipinna)and identified each as a potential mechanism for the evolution of herbivory. To understand the origins of herbivory in Sailfin Mollies, I reconstructed ancestral habitats and dietsacross a phylogeny of the genus Poeciliaand then used phylogenetically independent contrasts to identify patterns of diet evolution. I found that the degree of herbivory increases with increasing salinity affiliation, suggesting that in this genus, herbivory evolved as an adaptation for invading less productive saline habitats from freshwaters. This result is consistent with the Suboptimal Habitat hypothesis, which states that herbivory allows organisms to invade and persist in ‘suboptimal’ habitats. To understand how herbivory is maintained in extant populations, I raised juvenile Sailfin Mollies in mesocosms and enclosure cages placed in the Everglades to document that dietary autotrophic lipids play a role in early life history by supporting rapid growth (Lipid Allocation). However, dietary bacterial fatty acids promoted fish survival, consistent with the Heterotroph Facilitation hypothesis, which states that indirect detritivory supplements the herbivorous diet. Finally, I quantified periphyton quality/availability and consumer density across the Everglades landscape to examine the correlates of trophic dynamics in nature. Results revealed that herbivores can persist in diverse habitats and survive on varying resources when habitats are unfavorable, supporting the Suboptimal Habitat hypothesis.
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She, Nian. "Chaos in aquatic systems /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6370.

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Wagner, Sasha. "Black Carbon: Sources, Mobility and Fate in Freshwater Systems." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2213.

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Black carbon (BC) is a complex mixture of polycondensed aromatic compounds produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass during events such as wildfires and the burning of fossil fuels. Black carbon was initially considered to be a refractory form of organic matter. However, recent studies have shown that BC can be quite mobile and reactive in the terrestrial environment. Black carbon can be translocated from soils and sediments in the form of dissolved BC (DBC). A global correlation between DBC and bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has been established for fluvial systems where DBC comprises approximately 10% of the total DOC pool, which suggests that DBC may be a significant contributor to the global carbon cycle. The primary objective of this thesis was to further characterize DBC and elucidate some of the specific physical and chemical processes that promote its transfer to the aqueous phase and drive the DBC-DOC relationship. The molecular composition and qualitative distribution of DBC was assessed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Black carbon in both dissolved and particulate (PBC) phases was quantified by the benzenepolycarboxylic acid method. Dissolved BC was found to contain considerable amounts of nitrogen and the export of this dissolved black nitrogen was linked to watershed land use in global rivers. The riverine flux of PBC, a previously unstudied BC removal mechanism, was significantly increased by local wildfire activity. However in-stream DBC did not appear to be affected by short-term fire events. Once translocated to surface waters, DBC is susceptible to photodegradative processes. Dissolved BC in high molecular weight DOC fractions was more photoreactive than DBC associated with lower molecular weight fractions. In the coming decades, wildfire frequency is expected to increase with climate change and natural lands will continue to be altered for anthropogenic use. These processes have already been shown to significantly impact the composition of DOC and associated DBC exported to inland waters. The quality of DBC influences its stability in soil and resistance to degradation. Therefore, it is essential that we aim to fully understand DBC dynamics in natural systems in order to assess its contribution to global carbon cycling.
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Martin, Grant Douglas. "Drivers of macrophyte assemblages in South African freshwater systems." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004127.

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Potentially damaging submerged invasive freshwater macrophytes have been identified in South African freshwater systems, but have received less attention than their floating counterparts. To ascertain the changes and effects that these species may have on macrophyte ecology, an understanding of the drivers of macrophyte assemblages is essential. The aims of this thesis were to investigate select abiotic and biotic factors driving introduction, establishment and spread of submerged macrophytes in South Africa. Surveys on the status of submerged plant species in South Africa were conducted to find out the distribution and diversity of the species present, imported to, and traded in South Africa. Numerous submerged indigenous and invasive macrophyte locality records were collected during field surveys, of which many were first time records. Pet stores and aquarist trading activities were identified as potential vectors for the spread of submerged macrophytes through online surveys and personal interviews. These results highlighted the potential these species have for continuing to enter, and spread within South African water bodies. Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) is a general-purpose method used to predict or infer distributions from incomplete information, and was used here to predict areas suitable for the establishment of five of these invasive macrophytes. Many systems throughout South Africa, particularly those in the subtropical coastal regions, were found to be climatically suitable for the establishment of Elodea canadensis Michx., Egeria densa Planch., Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (all Hydrocharitaceae), Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragaceae), and Cabomba caroliniana Gray (Cabombaceae). Despite the high probability of invasion, facilitated by vectors and suitable climate, South Africa’s rich indigenous submerged aquatic flora may be preventing the establishment of these submerged invasive species. Studies on the competitive interactions between a common indigenous submerged macrophytes, Lagarosiphon major (Roxb.) (Hydrocharitaceae) and M.spicatum, an invasive native to Eurasia, were conducted to ascertain which conditions influence competitive superiority. High sediment nutrient conditions significantly increased the growth rate and competitive ability of both species, while clay sediments significantly increased the competitive ability of L. major over M. spicatum, but sandy sediments improved the competitive ability of M. spicatum. These results highlighted the dynamic changes in competition between submerged species driven by abiotic factors, but did not take into consideration the effect that herbivory, a biotic factor, could have on competition between the two species. The effect of herbivory by phytophagous insects of submerged plant species has been regarded as negligible. To find out what this effect is, multiple field surveys were undertaken throughout South Africa to find natural enemies of indigenous Lagarosiphon species with the aim of identifying such species, and quantifying their influence on plant growth dynamics. Several new phytophagous species were recorded for the first time. An ephydrid fly, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae) was ascertained to be the most ubiquitous and abundant species associated with L. major in South Africa. The influence of herbivory by this fly on the competitive ability of L. major in the presence of M. spicatum was investigated using an inverse linear model, which showed that herbivory by H. lagarosiphon reduced the competitive ability of L. major by approximately five times in favour of M. spicatum. This study served to highlight the importance of herbivory as a driver of submerged aquatic plant dynamics. Current ecological theory emphasises the importance of investigating beyond plant-herbivore interactions, by including multitrophic interactions in community dynamics. Therefore, the potential of parasitism by a parasitoid wasp, Chaenusa luteostigma sp. n. Achterberg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) on H. lagarosiphon to shift the competitive interactions between the two plant species was also examined. The addition of the parasitoid reduced the effect of herbivory by the fly on L. major by half, thereby shifting the competitive balance in favour of L. major over M. spicatum. This study provides valuable insight into a selection of drivers of submerged macrophyte assemblages of South Africa. It highlights the precarious position of South African freshwater systems with regard to the potential invasion by damaging submerged invasive species. It also provides interesting insights into the effect of competition, herbivory and parasitism on the establishment and spread of species within submerged freshwater systems. Understanding the different influences could assist managers and policy makers to make validated decisions ensuring the integrity of South African freshwater systems.
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Knights, Deon Hanley. "The Fate of Nutrients in Two Coastal Freshwater Systems." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu159494472722077.

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Books on the topic "Freshwater systems"

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Spellman, Frank R. Contaminated Sediments in Freshwater Systems. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315367026.

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Desonie, Dana. Hydrosphere: Freshwater systems and pollution. Chelsea House, 2007.

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Carmen, Revenga, and World Resources Institute, eds. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Freshwater systems. World Resources Institute, 2000.

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Marjorie, Holland, Blood Elizabeth R, and Shaffer Lawrence R, eds. Achieving sustainable freshwater systems: A web of connections. Island Press, 2003.

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name, No. Achieving sustainable freshwater systems: A web of connections. Island Press, 2003.

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Branch, Ontario Water Resources. Chrysophyte blooms in the plankton and neuston of marine and freshwater systems. Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1992.

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Tuljapurkar, Shripad, and Hal Caswell, eds. Structured-Population Models in Marine, Terrestrial, and Freshwater Systems. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5973-3.

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Peters, Monica. Wetland restoration: A handbook for New Zealand freshwater systems. Manaaki Whenua Press, 2010.

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1951-, Tuljapurkar Shripad, and Caswell Hal, eds. Structured-population models in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater systems. Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Diana, James S. Production systems for commonly cultured freshwater fishes of southeast Asia. University of Michigan, Great Lakes and Marine Waters Center, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Freshwater systems"

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Cutter, Gregory A. "Freshwater Systems." In Occurence & Distribution of Selenium. CRC Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003574392-10.

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Ndehedehe, Christopher. "Global Freshwater Systems." In Satellite Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Hydrology. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99577-5_2.

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Olsen, Alexander Arnfinn. "Freshwater generation." In Introduction to Ship Engine Room Systems. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003321095-25.

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Raza, Asif. "Microplastics in Freshwater Systems." In Analysis of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Food. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429469596-12.

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Lam, Mimi E. "Aboriginal freshwater fisheries as resilient social-ecological systems." In Freshwater Fisheries Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118394380.ch34.

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Worrest, Robert C. "Aquatic Systems (Freshwater and Marine)." In Stratospheric Ozone Depletion/UV-B Radiation in the Biosphere. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78884-0_17.

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Schmidt-Kloiber, Astrid, and Aaike De Wever. "Biodiversity and Freshwater Information Systems." In Riverine Ecosystem Management. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73250-3_20.

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Boström, Bengt, Gunnar Persson, and Brita Broberg. "Bioavailability of Different Phosphorus Forms in Freshwater Systems." In Phosphorus in Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3109-1_9.

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Paris, Jack F. "Remote Sensing Applications for Freshwater Systems." In Global Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2814-1_13.

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Viadero, Roger C. "An Introduction to Freshwater Environmental Systems." In Aquatic Environmental Systems – an Interdisciplinary Approach for Scientists and Engineers. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003289630-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Freshwater systems"

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Merten, Bobbi Jo, Allen Skaja, and David Tordonato. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of Freshwater Foul-Release Coatings." In SSPC 2013 Greencoat. SSPC, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2013-00064.

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Abstract Foul-release coating systems were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure the degradation of coating dielectric properties in immersion. Three-inch by six-inch coated steel coupons were placed in dilute Harrison’s solution (DHS) to simulate constant immersion field conditions. This electrolyte concentration is higher than those observed in the field and serves to accelerate the degradation of the coating system. The experiment duration was two years. EIS is a powerful tool for investigating the evolution of a coating’s dielectric properties. There is some indication that it can be used to predict the estimated service life for a coating system. This has the potential to greatly improve cost efficiency when specifying new systems for use as foul-release industrial maintenance coatings. Reclamation requires fouling mitigation technologies for a variety of uses on their water and power infrastructure. Foul-release coating systems are one solution for this. Of the materials tested thus far, silicones have shown excellent field performance by preventing mussel attachment. The foul-release performance is compared to the results of EIS analysis. The study revealed that a few of the systems also have very high barrier protection—maintaining purely capacitive properties following two years in constant immersion. This is necessary to prevent corrosion of the underlying substrate while in service. The coatings were ranked to estimate their service life in regards to barrier protection and foul-release performance. Traditional two-component epoxy coating systems were utilized as an experimental control.
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Rey, William P., Kieth Wilhelm Jan D. Rey, and Althea Jodie B. Labayan. "AquaPulse: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for the Comprehensive Management of Frontosa Freshwater Aquarium." In 2024 8th International Conference on Communication and Information Systems (ICCIS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccis63642.2024.10779441.

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Linhardt, P. "MIC by Manganese Oxidizers: the Performance of Stainless Steels and the Cathodic Behaviour of Biomineralized Mn-Oxides." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06527.

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Abstract In systems carrying freshwater, Mo-bearing stainless steels (type 316) are not more corrosion resistant compared to the Mo-free material (type 304) at welds. Two such observations were investigated and are discussed with respect to “ennoblement” and the cathodic properties of biomineralized manganese dioxide
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Havn, Torfinn. "Corrosion of Engineering Materials in Seawater, Freshwater and 3.5% NaCl Solution with Additions of Chlorine and Chlorite." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07260.

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Abstract Sea water systems on many offshore platforms are treated with small amounts of chlorine to prevent marine growth inside piping and equipment. It is well known that small additions of chlorine increase the oxidation strength (corrosion potential) of Ti and stainless steels in sea water. Regarding Al, CuNi and carbon steel, it is difficult to find the effect of chlorine on these materials described in the literature. Therefore, during laboratory tests the corrosion potentials of engineering materials under influence of additions of chlorine and chlorite were measured. The investigated engineering materials were an Al-alloy, 316L stainless steel, 6Mo stainless steel, 3 grades of duplex stainless steels, CuNi, Ti and carbon steel. A systematic test program for these engineering materials was carried out with chlorine and chlorite rest levels of 0.5 ppm, 5 ppm, 50 ppm and 500 ppm. The motivation for the tests with chlorite, originated from a project on an offshore platform containing produced water with high amounts of H2S. The H2S was decided to be removed by adding sodium-chlorite to the water. The sodium-chlorite dissolves to sodium and chlorite prior to the H2S removal reaction. The H2S removal reaction is based on chlorite and water reacting with H2S and forming sulfate and H-ions. After treating the water with sodium-chlorite, the water was found to be free of H2S. However, it turned out that the water became very corrosive, probably due to high rest levels of chlorite. Pumps and equipment suffered from heavy corrosion, especially an Al-alloy. The literature is very limited with respect to data on corrosivity due to chlorite additions in sea water. Based on available data on critical pitting and crevice potentials for the passive materials, and overvoltage curves for the active materials, it is possible to predict how the “chlorination” will influence on the resistance against corrosion.
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Rana, Ahmad Raza Khan, and Graham Brigham. "Corrosion Behavior for Thermal Insulations at Ambient Temperatures." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00605.

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Abstract Thermally insulated systems are often subjected to temperature swing or are decommissioned for various operational, maintenance and economic reasons. This study is a follow up research work to previously published research work by the authors that investigates the CUI of carbon steel coupons applied with fibrous stone wool insulation under ageing condition. This work is aimed at checking the consistency/inconsistency of corrosion behavior of stone wool insulation and hydrophobic blanket under ambient temperature conditions. Thermally insulated assemblies were submerged in freshwater for a week followed by outdoor exposure for 1 year. The volume loss from the coupons was characterized via 3D laser scanning followed by conversion to weight loss and corrosion rates. Pit depths were characterized using confocal laser scanning. In addition, the scale was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The possible reasoning in corrosion rate(s) deviations from previous study are also discussed.
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Peeters, J. G., and S. L. Theodoulou. "Membrane Technology Treating Oily Wastewater for Reuse." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05534.

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Abstract Whereas the use of recycled municipal wastewater has been practiced for a number of years, the use of recycled wastewater in the petroleum industry has been limited. Nonetheless, tightening effluent regulations and diminishing freshwater supplies have generated interest in the treatment of refinery wastewaters for reuse. Historically, refinery wastewater has been treated to various degrees of effluent quality by means of oil/water separation and biological secondary treatment. This level of treatment was not able to produce a treated effluent that is suitable for reuse in the refinery process. Recent developments in membrane technology have enabled refineries to implement treatment strategies that allow process wastewater to be treated and reused. Applications of the reuse within the refinery include cooling tower make-up and boiler feed water. An added benefit of membrane technology is the flexibility of how it can be implemented into greenfield sites or retrofitted into existing plants. Membrane bioreactors eliminate the need for a secondary clarification step and ensure a minimal footprint. Tertiary filtration is an excellent polishing step for existing plants that need further treatment or the reliability that membranes are able to guarantee. Regardless of which configuration is chosen, the end result is a high quality effluent that is suitable for re-use, including feed to reverse osmosis. Case studies of full-scale systems operating with reinforced immersed hollow fiber membrane technology are included to provide an example of applications where refineries have employed this technology to achieve their treatment objectives and reuse goals.
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Angell, P., J. S. Luo, and D. C. White. "Use of 2-D Vibrating Electrode Technique in MIC Studies." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94266.

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Abstract The role of bacteria in microbial-associated corrosion of steels has been well documented. Recently, bacteria have been shown to be involved in the freshwater pitting corrosion of copper water pipes. However, there is still some controversy over how the pitting is actually initiated. This is due in part to the electrochemical methods traditionally employed in studying microbial corrosion. These methods are of very low resolution and provide information averaged over a relatively large area compared to the pits, that can be less than one millimeter in diameter. The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) has been shown to be capable of detecting the localized anodic regions associated with microbial corrosion processes. The systems, as described previously, have not provided information on the localization of the microbes thought to be involved in the process. The inclusion of a microscope and a photon detecting camera to a two-dimensional scanning vibrating electrode has allowed the location and activity of genetically engineered "reporter strains" of bacteria to be mapped congruently with the localized current densities. These reporter strains have the luxB gene, which produces bacterial luminescence, inserted into specific pathways of interest for example alginate production, such, that the production of alginate is accompanied by the production of visible light. It has been observed that the anodic regions correspond to the location of the bacteria; providing further evidence that bacteria can be involved in the initiation of the pitting process. Similar results have been seen using a solution of purified exopolymers produced by some of the bacteria tested. This suggests that the anodic regions are a result of differential aeration cells being set up by the bacteria. Work is currently in hand to help determine possible mechanisms by which bacteria may be involved in pit initiation.
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Rankin, Patrick, Louise Meunier, and Marianna Kontopoulou. "Characterization and identification of microplastics in freshwater systems." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: A HOLISTIC AND SYMBIOTIC APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ICHT 2022. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0136529.

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Hua Cai and Ming Xu. "Assessing clean vehicle systems under constraints of freshwater resource." In 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology (ISSST 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issst.2012.6228018.

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Jackson, William, Alan Marchiori, Stewart J. Thomas, Elizabeth Capaldi, and Sean Reese. "Verifying IMU Suitability for Recognition of Freshwater Mussel Behaviors." In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (INERTIAL). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inertial56358.2023.10104026.

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Reports on the topic "Freshwater systems"

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Peck, Lily, and Jonathan Wentworth. Reducing agricultural pressures on freshwater ecosystems. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn661.

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Freshwater ecosystems in the UK face a myriad of pressures, with agricultural activities a leading source of impacts. Defra's Agricultural Transition Plan proposes a "systems" approach to mitigate environmental pressures. This POSTnote first describes the components of UK freshwater catchments, then summarises opportunities for developing a more integrated approach to addressing the pressures that agricultural practices place on freshwaters.
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Bonneau, L., N. Hitt, K. Jayachandran, and M. Marchetti. Freshwater Ecosystems and Biodiversity. American Museum of Natural History, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0105.

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Freshwater ecosystems are important for many reasons, including their ecosystem services to humans. However, this module invites students to think critically about the ecological structure, function, and distribution of freshwater systems. Freshwater ecosystems are driven by physical habitat, energy sources, water quality biotic interactions, hydrology, and connectivity. Variations in these factors result in significantly different environments, including upland streams and rivers, large lakes, floodplain rivers and wetlands, and xeric freshwaters. In the exercise, student groups will generate hypotheses about how freshwater habitats support biodiversity (richness and endemism). Students will then collect data from the Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW) database to test their hypotheses and answer a set of related questions.
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Van Rijn, Jaap, Harold Schreier, and Yossi Tal. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation as a novel approach for water treatment in marine and freshwater aquaculture recirculating systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696511.bard.

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Ammonia waste removal in recirculating aquaculture systems is typically accomplished via the action of nitrifying bacteria in specially designed biofilters that oxidize ammonia to produce nitrate. In the majority of these systems nitrate is discharged to the environment through frequent water exchanges. As environmental considerations have made it necessary to eliminate nitrate release, new strategies for nitrate consumption are being developed. In the funding period we showed that ammonia removal from wastewater could take place by an anaerobic ammonia oxidation process carried out by bacterial Planctomycetessp. Referred to as “anammox”, this process occurs in the absence of an organic source and in the presence of nitrite (or nitrate) as an electron acceptor as follows: NH₃ + HNO₂ -&gt; N₂ + 2H₂O. Annamox has been estimated to result in savings of up to 90% of the costs associated with was wastewater treatment plants. Our objective was to study the applicability of the anammox process in a variety of recirculating aquaculture systems to determine optimal conditions necessary for efficient ammonia waste removal. Both seawater and freshwater systems operated with either conventional aerobic treatment of ammonia to nitrate (USA) or, in addition, denitrifying biofilters as well as anaerobic digestion of sludge (Israel) were tested. Molecular tools were used to screen and monitor different treatment compartments for the presence of Planctomycetes. Optimal conditions for the enrichment of the anammox bacteria were tested using laboratory scale biofilters as well as a semi-commercial system. Enrichment studies resulted in the isolation of some unique heterotrophic bacteria capable of plasmid-mediated autotrophic growth in the presence of ammonia and nitrite. Our studies have not only demonstrated the presence and viability of Planctomycetes spp. in recirculating marine and freshwater systems biofilter units but also demonstrated the applicability of the anammox process in these systems. Using our results we have developed treatment schemes that have allowed for optimizing the anammox process and applying it to recirculating systems.
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Rosales, Judith, Paul E. Ouboter, and David S. Hammond. Managing the Freshwater Impacts of Surface Mining in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009091.

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This paper provides a brief overview of the linkages between the primary factors driving gold mining, how these interact with regional geology to concentrate impacts on specific river basins, and the primary environmental and social impacts that can erode the economic benefit delivered from gold production if it is left unmanaged. We consider these impacts in the context of operational scale and the regional differences in background hydrological conditions with a view to identifying freshwater systems that are most inherently vulnerable to the effects of mining and that thus have the greatest impact of additionality. The paper concludes by considering ways in which these impacts might be averted or mitigated through a mix of approaches aimed at normalizing mining processes, structures, and relationships through tailored, incentive-based policies and actions.
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Lidstrom, Mary E., Ludmila Chistoserdova, Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya, Victoria J. Orphan, and David A. Beck. Systems level insights into alternate methane cycling modes in a freshwater lake via community transcriptomics, metabolomics and nano-SIMS analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1149958.

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Agardy, Tundi, Daniel Brumbaugh, Nora Bynum, et al. Introduction to Marine Conservation Biology. American Museum of Natural History, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0088.

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Dynamic and interconnected marine systems cover about 70% of the earth’s surface. Marine and coastal systems are vital to many ecological processes necessary for general life and human well being, including food provisioning, climate regulation, and the freshwater cycle. This module serves as an introduction to the aspects of marine biology concerning conservation. An overview is provided of marine biodiversity and physical oceanography, as well as major marine ecosystems and marine ecology. Sections focus on topics specifically relevant to conservation, namely resource use, threats, and management strategies. The synthesis is accompanied by exercises and recommended resources for understanding marine systems, applying mathematical tools and designing research projects for marine conservation.
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Thomas, Catherine, Susan Bailey, Karen Keil, Paul Schroeder, and Brian Harris. Potential Engineering With Nature® features to be incorporated at Woodtick Peninsula. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/49421.

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Woodtick Peninsula is a barrier peninsula in western Lake Erie where restoration activities are being planned to combat erosion of the peninsula wetlands through placement of dredged material. As part of the restoration effort, design of an artificial reef is currently underway to function as a breakwater, preventing erosion of the fine-grained material being hydraulically placed along the west side of the peninsula. To the extent possible, it is desirable to design the reef such that it would not only provide erosion protection, but also incorporate features that would provide habitat, and thereby support the goals of Engineering With Nature® (EWN®). EWN is a concept focused on aligning natural and engineering processes to deliver economic, environmental, and social benefits efficiently and sustainably through collaboration. A range of breakwater and shoreline armoring alternatives have been utilized in coastal environments to enhance habitat. While a number of alternatives have been successfully demonstrated in marine waters, fewer structures have been adapted to freshwater systems of the Great Lakes. However, there have been several demonstrations within the Great Lakes in which breakwater structures have been enhanced to incorporate habitat features. In this report, potential designs for breakwaters and shoreline edging in freshwater systems that can incorporate EWN benefits are summarized.
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Apps, Christopher. PR-244-193900-R01 Oil-on-water Leak Detection Technology Evaluation Phase 2. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011647.

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Industry is directing efforts toward reducing the environmental impact of operation through improving pipeline performance and addressing evolving regulatory requirements. As a result, external leak detection technologies have been recently developed; however, it is challenging to test these systems with real hydrocarbon products in-situ. This research project was developed to assess these external leak detection technologies' abilities to identify the presence of hydrocarbon products on the surface of water. In the first phase of the project, testing was limited to an idealized freshwater environment under ambient conditions. The second phase, described herein, was expanded to a freshwater environment under freezing conditions, where the surface of the water has frozen over. Testing was performed by releasing each test fluid (diesel, Synthetic Sweet Blend and Access Western Blend) into basins containing individual sensors. Releases were performed above the ice surface, below the ice surface, and onto the water surface after freeze/thaw cycles. Each sensor's response to contact with the test fluid was monitored and compared based on time to detection and estimated slick thickness at detection.
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Blachly, Ben, Susana Ferreira, Brook Herman, Grace Anne Ingram, Craig Landry, and Anna Perry. Developing an inventory of US Army Corps of Engineers’ nature-based infrastructure projects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49793.

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The purpose of this report is to recommend a framework for developing a comprehensive database of US Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) natural infrastructure (NI) projects. Natural infrastructure is defined as an area or system that is naturally occurring, naturalized, or constructed to mimic naturally occurring features and then intentionally managed to enhance ecosystem value and provide social and economic benefits. Examples include river floodplains, setback levees, forested water supply watersheds, freshwater and coastal wetlands, living shorelines, dune and beach systems, living breakwaters, and reefs. NI is dynamic, with landscape-level interactions occurring among different features as well as in tandem with conventional infrastructure. Specifically, we identify the Engineering With Nature (EWN) ProMap database is identified as an attractive candidate for expansion. We also develop a tool for collecting project data that will improve data quality by standardizing information across projects, adopting an ecosystem services approach to cataloging project benefits, and incorporating social benefits metrics.
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Butler, Afrachanna, Catherine Thomas, Alyssa Calomeni, Andrew McQueen, and William Slack. Microseira wollei (M. wollei) blooms in freshwater ecosystems in Lake St. Clair (Michigan, USA)–impacts and possible management approaches. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47648.

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The proliferation and shoreline accumulation of the filamentous biphasic cyanobacterium, Microseira wollei (M. wollei) (previously classified as Lyngbya wollei), have become an increasing problem in the Great Lakes, both for aesthetic reasons and its potential to harbor harmful bacteria and pathogens (Vijayavel et al. 2013). Occurrences have been reported and studies have also been conducted in the southeastern US where M. wollei has become a nuisance in recent years and is known to produce toxins (Hudon et al. 2014). Reports of M. wollei proliferations in the eastern US have been identified in the Manitoba lakes (Macbeth 2004), in Lake Erie from Maumee Bay (Bridgeman and Penamon 2010), in Lake St. Clair near Detroit (Vijayavel et al. 2013), and throughout the St Lawrence River (Vis et al. 2008; Lévesque et al. 2012). M. wollei has become a serious nuisance for marinas, public beaches, and lakefront property owners. In addition, M. wollei appears to have the ability to produce a wide range of toxins, but the conditions promoting their production, type, and concentration are poorly known (Hudon et al. 2014). Occurrences of large algal mats matching characteristics of M. wollei have been observed along the northwest shore and nearshore waters of the beach at Lake St. Clair dating back to 2010. To date, a comprehensive study detailing the potential impacts M. wollei has on freshwater ecosystems in the Great Lakes River, particularly Lake St. Clair is lacking. Further, management solutions are not well understood. This technical note (TN) reviews the potential causes of M. wollei blooms and their ecological impacts on aquatic systems and assesses the management options available to eliminate or minimize the impacts of these blooms.
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