Journal articles: 'Friction stir weld'

1

Bhavsar, Kaushal, and Dr G. D. Acharya. "Symbol development to present Friction stir Butt weld experiment." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11528.

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Guan, Meng, Yuhua Wang, Yongxian Huang, Xin Liu, Xiangchen Meng, Yuming Xie, and Junchen Li. "Non-weld-thinning friction stir welding." Materials Letters 255 (November 2019): 126506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126506.

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Wade, M., and A. P. Reynolds. "Friction stir weld nugget temperature asymmetry." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 15, no. 1 (January 2010): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136217109x12562846839150.

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Savolainen, K., T. Saukkonen, and H. Hänninen. "Banding in copper friction stir weld." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 17, no. 2 (February 2012): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171811y.0000000089.

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Braga, Daniel F. O., L. M. C. de Sousa, V. Infante, Lucas F. M. da Silva, and P. M. G. P. Moreira. "Aluminium Friction-stir Weld-bonded Joints." Journal of Adhesion 92, no. 7-9 (September 12, 2015): 665–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2015.1085860.

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Doane, John W. "Acoustic inspection of friction‐stir weld." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116, no. 4 (October 2004): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4785475.

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Hansen, Matt. "A Cooler Weld." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 03 (March 1, 2003): D10—D16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-mar-3.

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This article provides details of a low-temperature joining technology called friction stir welding. Friction stir welding (FSW) uses a cylindrical, shouldered tool with a profiled pin that is rotated and slowly plunged into the joint line between two pieces of sheet or plate material. According to an engineer, stir welding eliminated 60 percent of the rivets that the plane would have otherwise required. Eclipse Aviation Corp., Albuquerque, NM, is building a separate plant to house its stir welding operations for commercial production, once its plane receives certification by the US Federal Aviation Administration. FSW is a solid-state process, more like forging and extruding than to fusion welding. Since the process is solid state, the joint is not subject to any shrinkage because of phase changes. The process also introduces minimal heat into the weld, so the heat-affected zone is relatively small in comparison to arc welding.

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Cho, Jae Hyung, Suk Hoon Kang, Kyu Hwan Oh, Heung Nam Han, and Suk Bong Kang. "Friction Stir Weld Modeling of Aluminum Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.999.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) process of aluminum alloys was investigated using a two-dimensional Eulerian formulation coupling viscoplastic flow and heat transfer and strain hardening. The thermal equation for the temperature was modified to stabilize temperature distribution using a Petrov-Galerkin method. The evolution equation for strength was calculated using a streamline integration method. Predicted strength was compared with experiments. Based on crystal plasticity, texture evolution was predicted during FSW of AA6061.

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Gao, Jicheng, Yifu Shen, Jingqing Zhang, and Haisheng Xu. "Submerged friction stir weld of polyethylene sheets." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 22 (June 21, 2014): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.41059.

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Fonda, R. W., K. E. Knipling, and D. J. Rowenhorst. "EBSD Analysis of Friction Stir Weld Textures." JOM 66, no. 1 (November 12, 2013): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0802-1.

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Davenport, Alison J., Manthana Jariyaboon, Cristiano Padovani, Napachat Tareelap, Brian J. Connolly, Stewart W. Williams, and Eirian Siggs. "Corrosion and Protection of Friction Stir Welds." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.699.

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The corrosion susceptibility of friction stir welds in AA2024-T351 was found to vary with the weld processing parameters. Corrosion attack was investigated with in situ X-ray tomography, which showed how the penetration of corrosion into the interior of the structure varied with weld microstructure. The susceptibility to corrosion was related to the degree of overageing by comparing the corrosion behaviour to samples of the base alloy that had been aged at different temperatures. A systematic increase first in the anodic reactivity and then the cathodic reactivity of the overaged structures with temperature can be used to predict the location of the region of the weld with the highest susceptibility to corrosion. Similar investigations were made for a dissimilar weld between AA2024 and AA7010. Laser surface melting produces a thin homogeneous melted and rapidly solidified layer over the weld surface leading to a substantial improvement in corrosion resistance.

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Selvaraj, M., D. Ananthapadmanaban, and M. Nalla Mohamed. "Effect and Contribution of Weld Parameters on Peak Temperature during Friction Stir Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.267.

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This paper discusses the effect of weld parameters on peak temperature during the friction stir welding process. The weld parameters such as rotational speed and welding speed are considered for this analysis. Friction stir welding trails were conducted on 6 mm AA6061-T6 plates for different combination of process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array. Thermocouples were inserted into the plates at different distances from weld center line and temperatures were measured during friction stir welding at regular intervals. Using the Taguchi method, Peak temperature is calculated for untried combinations of process parameters. Graphs depicting the effect of different weld parameters on the peak temperature were presented and analyzed.

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Guo, He Ping, Xiu Quan Han, Wei Wu, and Zhi Qiang Li. "Superplastic Deformation and Microstructure Evolution of Friction Stir Weld of 1420 Al-Li Alloy." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3033.

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Friction stir welding is a novel welding technique which has been successfully applied in structure manufacturing of aluminium alloys (including 2XXX and 7XXX). Friction stirring in aluminium alloy welds produces a combination of very fine grain size. This paper deals with the SPF response in 1420 Al-Li alloy welds. The results showed that the friction stir weld could achieve good superplasticity performance. The lateral elongation in the weld could reach 120% and the grain size still remain the same size with little change. And the drawback in the friction weld is the obstacle to fufill the good SPF ability. During the friction stir welding, some oxides or contaminates were stired into the weld in the form of black line. When the weld was experienced superplastic deformation, the crack initiated from the line and finally reach the surface and bottom of the plate. The oxide was formed mainly in the nugget of the friction weld. So the parameters and preparation before welding must be optimized so that the weld can achieve maximum superplasticity performance.

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Fonda, R. W., and J. F. Bingert. "Texture variations in an aluminum friction stir weld." Scripta Materialia 57, no. 11 (December 2007): 1052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.06.068.

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Bruni, Carlo, Giovanni Quercetti, and Massimiliano Pieralisi. "Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminium Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1421.

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The friction stir welding of lap sheets can be performed considering different variables in terms of process parameters, tool configuration, welding typology and so on. The proposed investigation deals with the friction stir welding of blanks, with the same thickness, performed under lap configuration with the sheets welded, in one-side and in both sides as well, with different tool geometries and tool rotation-wise. The double side allows to extend the weld through the whole thickness leading to better mechanical welding properties at the blank to blank interface. The weld morphology has been investigated through microstructure observations performed on the transverse area, with respect to the welding velocity, of each joint. The tensile shear strength of the joint in one-side weld is generally lower than that detected in two side weld.

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Fonda, Richard W., Anthony P. Reynolds, C. R. Feng, Keith E. Knipling, and David J. Rowenhorst. "Material Flow in Aluminum Friction Stir Welds." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.983.

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A detailed examination of the texture evolution occurring within a friction stir weld inAA2195 reveals features that are not consistent with current models of material ow in frictionstir welds. While the deposited weld is dominated by a B ideal shear texture component, thistexture periodically alternates with a B texture, indicating a reversal in the sense of the sheardeformation. In addition, the observed rotation of the orientation of these shear textures, andtheir replacement by a distinct, new shear texture orientation to correct for the misorientationthat develops, reveals a heretofore unobserved characteristic of friction stir welds that providesfurther details about material ow during friction stir welding.

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Sato, Yutaka S., and Hiroyuki Kokawa. "Microstructural Factors Governing Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welds." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1493.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process. During FSW, microstructure drastically changes in local region of the workpiece by introduction of frictional heat and severe plastic deformation arising from rotation of the welding tool, which results in inhomogeneous microstructural distribution in the welds. To maintain high reliability of the structure produced by FSW, precise understanding of microstructural factors governing weld properties is required. In the present paper, microstructural factors governing mechanical properties, especially hardness profile and tensile properties, of friction stir welded Al and Mg alloys are reviewed.

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Kopyściański, Mateusz, Aleksandra Węglowska, Adam Pietras, Carter Hamilton, and Stanisław Dymek. "Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 682 (February 2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.682.31.

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Dissimilar aluminum alloy plates of 2017A-T451 and 7075-T651 with 6 mm thickness were friction stir butt welded. Numerous trials were conducted to determine the conditions that produce the highest weld quality. These parameters were found to be a welding speed of 112 mm/min, a rotation speed of 355 rev/min and a vertical force of 32,8 kN. The weldability and blending of the two materials were evaluated by using macro- and microstructural analysis as well as EDS mapping to show the distribution of main alloying elements within the weld. The effect of material locations, either on the advancing or retreating sides, on the microstructure and mechanical properties was also investigated. Hardness profiles differ substantially for different weld configurations. Regardless of the position of a particular alloy, the weld microstructure was composed of alternating layers of both materials. However, the layers of the 7075 alloy always exhibited smaller grain size and a larger number of secondary phase particles.

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Hattingh, D. G., Dreyer Bernard, L. G. von Wielligh, and M. Neil James. "The Influence of Plate Gap on the Fatigue Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA5182-H111 and a Comparison with MIG Welding." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.112.

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In industrial applications tight control during weld set-up equates to increased manufacturing cost. Solid state welding processes, particularly friction sir welding, do not generally make use of filler metals and hence a weld gap will have an influence on joint quality. In the current study the influence of a weld gap of 20% of the plate thickness (i.e. 1mm) in friction stir welded (FSW) joints was compared dynamically to welds made without a gap. These results were benchmarked against samples joined through MIG welding, a widely used method to join aluminium plates in industry. Tests revealed that the introduction of a 1mm gap caused a steeper slope of the stress-life curve of the friction stir welded joints when compared to flaw free welds made without a weld gap. Crack initiation in the 1mm gap FSW samples occurred at the advancing side weld edge where the tool shoulder interacts with the material, while the flaw free ‘zero gap’ welds failed in the parent material from the marks induced during oxide removal. Intermittent root flaws were, however, present in the welds made without a weld gap which decreased the life of the samples as the area of the flaw was increased. MIG welded samples always failed from the weld toe and the fatigue life of these samples were considerably lower than that of the 1mm gap friction stir welded samples. In the friction stir welded samples containing root flaws, a flaw across the entire sample width was required to reduce the life of the friction stir welds to that reached by the MIG welded samples.

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Mabuwa, Sipokazi, and Velaphi Msomi. "Review on Friction Stir Processed TIG and Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Alloy Joints." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010142.

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There is an increase in reducing the weight of structures through the use of aluminium alloys in different industries like aerospace, automotive, etc. This growing interest will lead towards using dissimilar aluminium alloys which will require welding. Currently, tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding are the well-known techniques suitable for joining dissimilar aluminium alloys. The welding of dissimilar alloys has its own dynamics which impact on the quality of the weld. This then suggests that there should be a process which can be used to improve the welds of dissimilar alloys post their production. Friction stir processing is viewed as one of the techniques that could be used to improve the mechanical properties of a material. This paper reports on the status and the advancement of friction stir welding, tungsten inert gas welding and the friction stir processing technique. It further looks at the variation use of friction stir processing on tungsten inert gas and friction stir welded joints with the purpose of identifying the knowledge gap.

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Kallipudi, Hari Krishna, Rama Koteswara Rao Sajja, and Venkata Subba Rao Veera. "Friction Stir and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of ZM21 Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 909 (March 2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.909.77.

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Magnesium alloy ZM21 plates were welded using friction stir welding, a solid state process and gas tungsten arc welding which is a fusion welding process. Defect free, full penetration welds were obtained after several trials using different process parameters. The effect of welding processes on mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Mn joints were evaluated using tensile tests, bend test, vickers micro hardness measurements and optical microscopy. Welds produced by Friction stir welding process exhibited superior tensile properties compared to Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. Hardness reduction in the weld metals were observed for both the welding techniques. Friction stir welds showed finer grains in the weld nugget and in the heat affected zone. Both types of welds exhibited good bend ductility comparable to that of the base material. It has been concluded that both the processes are well suited to obtain sound welds of the magnesium alloy ZM21 and Friction stir welding process offers stronger welds.

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Vale, N. L., Jorge Fernandez Dos Santos, I. R. Melo, Oscar Olimpio Araújo Filho, and Severino Leopoldino Urtiga Filho. "Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloy Sheets." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.441.

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Aluminium alloy 7050 in a T7451 temper was friction-stir welded (FSW) to investigate the effects of different process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties. Butt joints were obtained in 10mm thick-sheets, keeping a constant rotational speed of 550 rpm. Weld power and torque were recorded for each weld in order to obtain the heat input of the process, since the final properties of the welds are strongly related to this variable. The joints were characterized by optical microscopy and microhardness indentation through the stir zone (SZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat affected zone (HAZ) at different cross section heights. The processing of FSW, the microstructure in FSW alloys and the factors influencing weld quality are introduced.

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Durga Rao, B., and R. Ganesh Narayanan. "Springback of Friction Stir Welded Sheets Made of Aluminium Grades during V-Bending: An Experimental Study." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2014 (March 18, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/681910.

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The main aim of the present work is to study the effect of shoulder diameter, rotational speed, and welding speed on the springback performance of friction stir welded sheets. The friction stir welded sheets are made by welding 6061T6 to 5052H32, and 6061T6 to 6061T6. The springback has been evaluated after V-bending of welded sheets, involving pure bending. The relation between springback and weld zone properties like yield strength, Young’s modulus, yield strength to Young’s modulus ratio, and strain hardening exponent is identified. It is found that, with increase in shoulder diameter, rotational speed, and welding speed, the springback of friction stir welded sheets has reduced, and is independent of the material combinations. The relation between springback and weld properties change coincides with existing knowledge about springback. The friction stir welded sheets show better springback performance as compared to 6061T6 base material, but inferior to 5052H32 base material. By reducing the punch nose radius, the springback of friction stir welded sheets can be minimized. It is also concluded that, by proper tailoring of Al grades, and by alteration of weld zone properties through friction stir welding, the springback of friction stir welded sheets can be reduced considerably.

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Fukumoto, Masahiro, Hiroki Mizushima, and Toshiaki Yasui. "Friction Stir Welding between Dissimilar Metalswith Circular Weld Line." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.501.

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Hybrid metallic structure, which is composed of aluminum alloy as a representative of light metal and steel as that of high strength metal, has been paid attention remarkably in these days, especially in the transportation vehicle industry from the energy saving viewpoint. To perform the hybrid structure, friction stir welding FSW has been recognized to be an effective way for the welding between dissimilar metals, like between steel and Al alloy. Based on our previous findings on the butt welding between dissimilar metals with straight weld line, welding between dissimilar metals with circular weld line has been tried to open a new application field of FSW. The objective of this research is to get a fundamental finding on the welding between dissimilar metals with circular weld line and to clarify the effect of material character of Al alloy and tool design on the FSW between dissimilar metals. Typical results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1) Macroscopic defects often observed at the bottom part of the welding in case of ADC12 material. It indicates that insufficient stirring was given in the stirring zone due to the higher thermo-mechanical property of ADC12. 2) Tensile strength of the specimen welded with scroll shoulder tool was 266 MPa, while that with flat shoulder tool was 161 MPa. Tensile strength of the weld joint was improved by a factor of 1.65 by introducing the scroll onto the tool shoulder with normal thread probe. 3) High performance defect free ADC12/S45C weld structure with circular weld line could be fabricated by the tool with combination of scroll shoulder and thread probe.

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Zhang, Heng Yu, Shan Lin Wang, Li Xing, and Cheng Gang Yang. "Effect of Cold Spray Processes on Friction Stir Welded Microstructures of AZ31 Magnesium Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.311.

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In order to improve corrosion resistance of friction stir welds of Mg alloy, Al coatings were fabricated by cold spraying on Mg alloy substrate. The microstructure and microhardness of friction stir weld and coatings are investigated with optical microscope and hardness machine. The results indicate that Al coatings present a smooth surface, low porosity and well bonding with substrate. The grains size of friction stir welds increase as substrate speed decrease or powder feeder wheel speed increase, while the microhardness decrease since residual stress in coatings and substrate reduces. The experimental results demonstrate that Al coatings fabricated by cold spraying can provide potential protection for as cast friction stir welds of AZ31 Mg alloy.

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Cao, Feng Hong. "Heat Modeling for Friction Stir Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 467 (December 2013): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.467.385.

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Based on the extended heat transfer equations, a 3-dimensional thermal model for the friction stir welding is established to analyze the influence of process parameters such as welding speed and rotational speed on heat transfer in the stir zone. A moving coordinate system is introduced to describe the dynamic thermal problem, thus making the modeling difficulty reduced and transient problem converted to pseudo-steady heat transfer. Numerical simulation results give a better approximation to practical reproduction, successful prediction of weld shape, weld defects and peak temperature.

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Aydın, Hakan, Ali Bayram, and İsmail Durgun. "An investigation on microstructure and mechanical properties of post-weld heat-treated friction stir welds in aluminum alloy 2024-W." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 4 (June 27, 2012): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212452479.

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The present work describes the results obtained from microstructural and mechanical evaluation of post-weld heat treated friction stir welds of 2024 aluminum alloys in the W temper state. Post-weld heat treatments have been carried out at 510 °C for 2.5 h followed by ageing at room temperature for 6 months, at 100 °C and 190 °C for 10 h, and by cooling in static air (O-temper). The solution treatment caused abnormal coarsening of the grains in the stir zone, which resulted in a drop in microhardness. The strength of the as-welded joint was significantly incrased by post weld heat treatments. The maximum hardness and strength values were obtained in T6 (190 °C, 10 h) treated joint. However, the T6 (190 °C, 10 h) treated joint had the lowest ductility. On the other hand, the tensile properties of the post-weld heat treated joints were far lower than those of the unwelded base materials in the same temper states. In addition, the post-weld heat treatments did not significantly change the fracture locations of the friction stir welds.

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Nallusamy, S. "Analysis of Welding Properties in FSW Aluminium 6351 Alloy Plates Added with Silicon Carbide Particles." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 21 (December 2015): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.21.110.

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In the present investigation, properties of the Friction Stir Welded (FSW) Aluminium 6351 alloy plates added with SiC particles in the weld zone was studied. The qualities of welds were determined in two conditions of as-weld condition and annealed condition. In addition, the hardening parameters were calculated to evaluate the quality of friction stir welds of Al 6351 alloy plates. Using swift hardening law, strength coefficient (k) and strain (ε) values were calculated keeping hardening exponent (n) as constant for Al 6351 alloy. The calculated values of strength coefficient and strain were found to be present within the theoretical design limits for both as-weld and annealed conditions. Thus the process ensures the quality of friction stir welded joints of Al 6351 alloy plates with SiC particles in the weld region both in theoretical and experimental aspects.

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Singh, K. V., C. Hamilton, and S. Dymek. "Developing predictive tools for friction stir weld quality assessment." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 15, no. 2 (February 2010): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136217109x12590746472571.

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Pei, X. J., and P. S. Dong. "Shear localisation modelling of friction stir weld formation process." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 19, no. 5 (April 4, 2014): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171814y.0000000207.

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Blignault, C., D. G. Hattingh, G. H. Kruger, T. I. van Niekerk, and M. N. James. "Friction stir weld process evaluation by multi-axial transducer." Measurement 41, no. 1 (January 2008): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2006.12.001.

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MAKINO, Kohei, Yasuyuki MIYANO, Osamu KAMIYA, Rintaro UEJI, Masanori YASUYAMA, and Hidetoshi HUJII. "Mechanical Properties of JIS-S55C Friction Stir Weld Joints." Proceedings of Autumn Conference of Tohoku Branch 2016.52 (2016): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetohoku.2016.52.510.

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Pew, J. W., T. W. Nelson, and C. D. Sorensen. "Torque based weld power model for friction stir welding." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 12, no. 4 (May 2007): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329307x197601.

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El-Moayed, Mohamed H., Ahmed Y. Shash, Mahmoud Abd Rabou, and Mahmoud G. El-Sherbiny. "Thermal-induced Residual Stresses and Distortions in Friction Stir Welds - A Literature Review." Journal of Welding and Joining 39, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2021.39.4.9.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding technique that uses the heat generated from friction to assemble a wide variety of materials. Irrespective of having a lower heat input as compared to conventional welding techniques, friction stir welds are still prone to significant thermal-induced stresses and distortions owing to the uneven heating and cooling cycles that a weld goes through. Surprisingly, not several reviews have addressed both the residual stresses and distortions of friction stir welds despite their crucial impact on the weld performance. Therefore, the current paper reviews their development, their correlation with process parameters, and ways to reduce them. Moreover, it explains the current status of process modeling and research gaps in the area of interest.

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Polieshchuk, M. A., A. V. Shevtsov, I. V. Dotsenko, V. M. Teplyuk, O. V. Kolisnichenko, and L. M. Malakhova. "Investigation of temperature state of copper plates in the weld zone at friction stir welding." Paton Welding Journal 2021, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2021.03.05.

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Lee, Won Bae, Hyung Sun Jang, Yun Mo Yeon, and Seung Boo Jung. "Effect of PWHT on Behaviors of Precipitates and Hardness Distribution of 6061 Al Alloy Joints by Friction Stir Welding Method." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.601.

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The hardness distribution related to the precipitates behaviors as friction stir welded and PWHT (post weld heat treated) 6061 Al alloy have been investigated. Frictional heat and plastic flow during friction stir welding created a fine, eqiuaxed and elongated microstructure near the weld zone due to dynamic recovery and recrystallization. A softened region which had been formed near the weld zone couldn't be avoidable due to the dissolution and coarsening of the strengthening precipitates. PWHT (SHT+ Aging) homogeneously recovered the hardness distribution over that of the base metal without softening region, resulted from non-homogeneously distributed hardness only aging treated. 36ks aging followed by SHT gave a higher hardness overall weld than that of the base metal due to a higher density of the spherical shaped precipitate.;

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Jonckheere, Caroline, Bruno de Meester, Anne Denquin, and Aude Simar. "Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of 2014 to 6061 Aluminum Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 409 (November 2011): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.409.269.

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Welding cheap and ductile 6xxx Al alloys with high strength 2xxx Al alloys is desirable for instance in specific aeronautical applications. These alloys present different rheological behaviors and melting temperatures which affect the ability to produce sound dissimilar friction stir welds. Dissimilar friction stir butt welds made of 2014-T6 and 6061-T6 Al alloys were performed with various welding parameters including shifts of the tool from the initial separation between the plates to be welded and placing one alloy either on the advancing, or on the retreating side of the weld. Temperature measurements during welding, mechanical characterization (transverse tensile tests and hardness profiles) and macrographic observations were performed. Macrographies on sections perpendicular to the welding direction reveal different metal flow patterns in the weld nugget. If the 2014 alloy is placed on the advancing side of the weld, an abrupt transition between the weld nugget and the 6061 alloy is observed on macrographs leading to premature fracture in tension. Dissimilar welds are cooler on the 6061 side of the weld, i.e. the weakest side of the weld, than the corresponding 6061 similar weld, limiting the growth of the hardening precipitates. This leads thus to higher strength of the dissimilar welds. Dissimilar welds with the weld center shifted towards the 2014 alloy present lower temperatures than unshifted welds on the 6061 side of the weld, also leading to higher strength.

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Li, Weipo, Zhimin Liang, Congwei Cai, and Dianlong Wang. "Repair Welding of the Tunnel Defect in Friction Stir Weld." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 7 (July 26, 2018): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0026.

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AbstractThe tunnel defect formed in friction stir weld would dramatically push the mechanical properties of joints into deterioration. In this study, friction stir welding process was adopted to repair the joints of 7N01 aluminum alloy with tunnel defect. The effects of friction stir repair welding process on the microstructure and mechanical properties were comprehensively investigated. Microstructure of the repaired joints shows that the grain size in nugget zone decreases slightly while the recrystallization in the retreating side of thermo-mechanically affected zone is intensified as the joints are repaired. The microhardness of the repaired joints declined slightly compared with the defective joint. However, the yield strength and tensile strength increase and recover to the values of the joints free of defect. The longitudinal residual stress in weld zone increased remarkably as the repair times increase. Compared with the once repaired joint, yield strength and tensile strength of the twice repaired joint reduced slightly, and the throat thickness also reduced during the repeated repair welding process. Therefore, the times of repair welding applied should be limited actually.

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Kumar, Gupta, Raja Ravi, Adarsh Kumar, Meghanshu Vashista, and Khan Zaheer. "Improving GMAW weld metal and HAZ properties through friction stir processing." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 65, no. 3 (2020): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2003137k.

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Steel is one of the most widely used engineering materials and it is popularly welded in fabrication industries using Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. The microstructure obtained in the heat affected zone is often characterized with large grain size. Depending on the GMAW process parameters, the weld metal may consist of Allotrimorphic ferrite if the heat input is high. Therefore, the weld metal and the heat affected zone may have poor weld metal toughness. Efforts have been made to modify the microstructure of the weld metal by performing friction stir processing. Initially bead on plate welding was performed on mild steel plate using GMAW process using standard 1.2 mm consumable wire and CO2 as the shielding gas. The top surface of the weld was processed using a tungsten carbide tool. The weld reinforcement was removed using milling process and the area to be processed was made smooth before performing FSP. The plate was secured in an FSW machine and friction stir processing was carried out with a FSW tool having pin length of 2 mm. The GMAW weld and the weld that has been subsequently modified using FSP were characterized using standard techniques. The microstructure of the top face showed an improvement from Widmanstätten to fine equiaxed structure after being friction stir processed. The microstructure in the HAZ also got refined. It is expected that this structure would improve the mechanical properties of the weld particularly on the surface.

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Andalib, Hossein, Mohammadreza Farahani, and Moeen Enami. "Study on the new friction stir spot weld joint reinforcement technique on 5754 aluminum alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 17 (September 11, 2017): 2976–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217729419.

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In this study, new friction stir spot welding method was developed using two different tools in order to create a spot weld without keyhole. The effects of process parameters and tool geometry were considered to improve the weld joint properties. The shear-tensile tests and microstructure study showed that the new method could offer superior performance in comparison to conventional friction stir spot welding. By controlling the process parameters, spot welds with strength about 37% higher than the conventional friction stir spot welds were obtained. The stir zone grain size of the prepared samples in the optimum welding conditions was decreased about four times than the base metal. It was observed that the tool plunge depth in both welding and refilling steps play a key role in creating a sound high strength welded joint. The failure load of the spot welds manufactured by concave shoulder was found to be about 7% higher than the failure load of the prepared spot welds by the flat shoulder.

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Sizova, Olga, Galina Shlyakhova, Alexander Kolubaev, Evgeny A. Kolubaev, Sergey Grigorievich Psakhie, Gennadii Rudenskii, Alexander G. Chernyavsky, and Vitalii Lopota. "Microstructure Features of Aluminum Alloys Welded Joint Obtained by Friction Stir Welding." Advanced Materials Research 872 (December 2013): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.872.174.

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The paper presents a metallographic study of aluminum alloy welds produced by friction stir welding. The weld structure is described for two alloys: Al-Cu and Al-Mg. It is shown that friction stir welding provides a fine-grained structure of the weld. The phase composition of the weld metal for the studied alloys is defined. Differences in the structure and distribution of second-phase particles in the weld metal are shown. The weld zone of Al-Cu alloy consists of equal size grains, with intermetallic particles located along the grain boundaries. The weld structure of Al-Mg alloy is banded, with alternating layers consisting of different size grains.

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Karthikeyan, P., and K. Mahadevan. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Al 6351 Aluminium Alloy with Reinforcement Particles in the Weld Region." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.361.

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Although friction stir welded joints of similar or dissimilar metals exhibit good mechanical properties, the nugget zone in the weld region usually shows a deviation in the properties from the rest of the region due to grain coarsening. The effect of grain coarsening at the nugget zone is further aggravated when the friction stir welded joints are subjected to annealing treatment resulting to a wide variation in the properties. In order to overcome the above problem, in the present study an attempt has been made to retard grain coarsening at the nugget zone by the addition of suitable ceramic particles in the nugget zone during welding. SiC particles of 12 microns size is added at the nugget zone in the weld region during friction stir welding of Al 6351 aluminium alloy. The test results reveal that the addition of reinforcement particles resulted in the improvement of uniformity of properties across the weld region both in the as-weld and in the annealed condition.

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Li, Hongjun, Jian Gao, and Qinchuan Li. "Fatigue of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy Joints: A Review." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 2626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122626.

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The application fields of friction stir welding technology, such as aerospace and transportation, has high safety requirements and fatigue is the dominant failure mode for weldments. It is of great significance to understand the fatigue properties of friction stir welded joints. This paper provides an overview of the fatigue mechanism, influencing factors, crack growth rate, and fatigue life assessment. It is found that the fatigue performance of friction stir welded joints can be affected by welding process parameters, test environment, stress ratio, residual stress, and weld defect. The optimized process parameters can produce high quality weld and increase the weld fatigue life. Laser peening is an effective post weld treatment to decrease fatigue crack growth rate and improve material fatigue life.

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Mahoney, Murray, Tracy W. Nelson, Carl Sorenson, and Scott Packer. "Friction Stir Welding of Ferrous Alloys: Current Status." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.41.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) offers many potential benefits including reduced distortion, lower cost, no harmful airborne emissions, semi-automated, etc. Although initially developed for Al alloys, considerable work now has been completed to explore the ability of FSW to weld relatively thin (6 mm) ferrous alloys including many alloys of interest to the ship building industry such as HSLA-65. The status of current progress for ferrous alloys is presented offering insight into capabilities and opportunities as well as areas of FSW activity requiring additional improvement. Practical issues of weld penetration depth, gap tolerance, post-FSW mechanical properties, and distortion are addressed. Special consideration will be made to address the ability to friction stir weld 6 mm thick HSLA-65 steel with no/low distortion. Tool materials discussed will include polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) and a new composite tool fabricated from PCBN and W-25Re. Last, data will be presented illustrating the complete absence of harmful airborne emissions when welding an austenitic stainless steel.

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VAKULENKO, Igor Alex, Sergey PLITCHENKO, Bulent KURT, Svetlana PROYDAK, and Hangardas ASKEROV. "Transformation of structure during friction stir welding." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 111 (June 30, 2021): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.111.16.

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In comparison with low carbon steels, there is increased interest in the use of aluminium-based alloys as materials for the manufacture of welded structures rolling stock of railway transport. During friction stir welding aluminium-based alloy, against the background of the analysis structural transformations, issues of development hardening processes are considered. Under conditions of existence, a temperature gradient at zone of weld formation, shown degree approximation alloy to the conditions of superplastic flow and influence from presence particles of the second phase on grain size of matrix is estimated. Evaluation of the separate influence grain size of matrix and state of solid solution at total hardness of the weld showed dependence of their contributions on temperature of hot plastic deformation. As the temperature of plastic deformation of alloy at area of the weld increases, contribution to the total hardness from grain size increase and on state of the solid solution decreases.

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Van Haver, Wim, A. Geurten, B. De Meester, and J. Defrancq. "Friction stir overlap welding of 2124 Aluminium plate." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 1, no. 1 (November 6, 2010): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v1i1.20398.

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In this ongoing investigation, experimental results of friction stir welding (FSW) applied to highthickness 2124 aerospace aluminium alloy are discussed. Flanges of 30 mm high are produced onto a44 mm thick plate by two consecutive overlap welds in this non-fusion weldable material, followed by a finalmilling step. This approach results in significant material savings compared to the conventional productionroute, which consists of milling out the entire part starting from a high-thickness plate. Furthermore, theflanges built up by FSW consist fully of fine-grained material. Due to the nature of the processing route, thenugget zone of the first weld pass is partially reheated by the second weld pass. The influence of parentmaterial temper (i.e., T851 or T4) on friction stir welding characteristics is studied; it is noted that in T4temper, a significant increase in welding speed can be obtained compared to T851. The softer T4 temperalso causes less danger of tool fracture, which allows incorporating more features to the pin and shoulderof the tool. During this investigation, the emphasis is put on microstructural characterisation andmicrohardness testing of various zones in the weld.

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Ramesh Babu, S., M. Nithin, S. Pavithran, and B. Parameshwaran. "Friction Stir Spot Welding of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 867 (July 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.867.105.

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The Electrical Resistance Welding (ERW) of Magnesium and Aluminium is more difficult than steel because the welding machines must provide high currents and exact pressures in order to provide the heat necessary to melt the magnesium for proper fusion at the interface in order to produce a sound weld. Further, resistance welding of magnesium requires a backup plate made of steel to conduct the heat to the workpiece material. To overcome this problem, Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) has been developed. In this study, the hardness distribution and the tensile shear strength of FSSW welds in the AZ31B Magnesium alloy has been investigated and it has been found that tool rotational speed and dwell time plays a major role in determining the weld strength. From the experimental study, a tool rotational speed of 1100 rpm and dwell time of 20 s produced good shear strength of 2824 N and the corresponding grain size was 4.54 μm. This result is very well supported by microstructural examinations and hardness distribution studies.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, Joon Tae Yoo, and Kyung Ju Min. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA2195-T0." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.266.

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Aluminum-copper-lithium alloy is a light weight metal that has been used as substitute for conventional aerospace aluminum alloys. With addition of Li element, it has lower density but higher strength. However these aluminum alloys are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding, since they often produce porosities and cracking in the weld zone. It is known that solid state welding like friction stir welding is appropriate for joining of this alloy. In this study, friction stir welding was performed on AA2195 sheets, in butt joint configuration in order to understand effects of process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties in the weld zone. The results include the microstructural change after friction stir welding with electron microscopic analysis of precipitates.

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Sarsilmaz, Furkan. "Weldability Characteristics of Dissimilar Al/Cu Friction Stir Weld Joints." Materials Testing 54, no. 2 (February 2012): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/120.110300.

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Ko, Young-Bong, Joong-Hun Lee, and Kyeung-Chae Park. "Microstructures of Friction Stir Lap Weld in A5052-H112 Alloy." Journal of the Korean Welding and Joining Society 27, no. 6 (December 31, 2009): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2009.27.6.017.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Friction stir weld'

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