Relevant bibliographies by topics / Friedewald formula

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Academic literature on the topic 'Friedewald formula'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 12 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Friedewald formula"

1

Rijks, L. G. "Friedewald formula." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 5 (1995): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.5.761.

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2

Langlois, Michel R., and Pieter-Jan Briers. "Concordance of apolipoprotein B concentration with the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, and Sampson formulas for calculating LDL cholesterol." Biochemia medica 32, no. 1 (2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/bm.2022.010704.

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Two new formulas, the Martin-Hopkins and the Sampson formula, were recently developed to overcome shortcomings of the Friedewald formula for calculating LDL-cholesterol. We aimed to compare the concordance of the two formulas with apolipoprotein B (apoB), a surrogate marker of the number of LDL particles. In a study of serum lipid data of 1179 patients who consulted the AZ St-Jan Hospital Bruges for cardiovascular risk assessment, the correlation and concordance of the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins and Sampson formulas with apoB concentration, measured by immunonephelometry, were determined and compared. The Martin-Hopkins formula showed significantly higher correlation coefficient than the Friedewald formula with apoB in the entire dataset and in patients with low LDL-cholesterol < 1.8 mmol/L. Both Martin-Hopkins and Sampson formulas yielded > 70% concordance of LDL-cholesterol with regard to treatment group classification based on population-equivalent thresholds of apoB in hypertriglyceridemic patients (2-4.5 mmol/L), with the highest concordance (75.6%) obtained using Martin-Hopkins formula vs. 60.5% with Friedewald formula. The Martin-Hopkins (and, to a lesser extent, Sampson) formula is more closely associated with the number of LDL particles than Friedewald formula. This, in combination with literature evidence of lesser accuracy of the Friedewald formula, is an argument to switch from Friedewald to a modified, improved formula.
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Kanani, Dhara N., and Avanish Mishra. "Comparison of Different estimated Formulas with Direct Estimation of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol." Indian journal of Medical Biochemistry 21, no. 2 (2017): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0040.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Recent recommendations of the Adult Treatment Panel and the Adolescents Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program make the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in serum the basis of classification and management of hypercholesterolemia. This makes accurate reporting of LDL-C decisive in the management of coronary heart disease (CHD). Direct measurement of LDL by homogeneous method is accurate but reagent is costly. Therefore, we have to compare different calculated LDL values with direct LDL (D-LDL) values. Aim The aim of this study was (1) to decide if LDL-C level was underestimated/overestimated after it was calculated using the formulae compared with direct measurement of LDL-C and (2) to choose the best calculated method that compares maximum with the direct method. Materials and methods We measured total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), D-LDL by direct homogeneous method in 500 fasting samples. Simultaneously, Friedewald's (F-LDL-C), modified Friedewald's (MF-LDL-C), and Anandaraja's (A-LDL-C) formulas were also used for calculation of LDL-C. Results A good correlation was found between D-LDL-C as compared with F-LDL-C, MF-LDL-C, and A-LDL-C. Pearson's coefficient of correlation between MF-LDL-C and D-LDL-C was 0.94, which was moderately higher than other calculated methods. Pearson's coefficient of correlation between A-LDL-C and D-LDL-C was 0.92 and F-LDL-C and D-LDL was 0.93. Conclusion In conclusion, among the three LDL-C formulas, the Friedewald formula and Anandaraja' s formulas give a higher percentage of error compared with the modified Friedewald formula Therefore, modified Friedewald's formula is better than the other two formulae for calculating LDL-C in a more cost-effective manner and can be used in large population studies. How to cite this article Kanani DN, Mishra A. Comparison of Different Estimated Formulas with Direct Estimation of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(2):151-156.
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Dintshi, Mogomotsi, Ngalulawa Kone, and Siyabonga Khoza. "Comparison of measured LDL cholesterol with calculated LDL-cholesterol using the Friedewald and Martin-Hopkins formulae in diabetic adults at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital/NHLS Laboratory." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0277981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277981.

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Background The National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and the European Society of Cardiology recommend using low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as a treatment target for cholesterol lowering therapy. The Friedewald formula underestimates LDL-C in non-fasted and hypertriglyceridemia patients. This study aimed to compare measured LDL-C to calculated LDL-C in diabetic patients using the Friedewald and Martin-Hopkins formulae. Methods The data of 1 247 adult diabetes patients were retrospectively evaluated, and included triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol that were measured on the Roche Cobas® c702. Passing-Bablok regression analysis was used to determine the degree of agreement between measured LDL-C and calculated LDL-C using both formulae. The Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the bias at medical decision limits based on the 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Results Both formulae showed a good linear relationship against measured LDL-C. However, the Martin-Hopkins formula outperformed the Friedewald formula at LDL-C treatment target <1.4mmol/L. The Friedewald formula and the Martin-Hopkins formula had 14.9% and 10.9% mean positive bias, respectively. At TG-C ≥1.7 mmol/L, the Martin-Hopkins formula had a lower mean positive bias of 4.2% (95% CI 3.0–5.5) compared to the Friedewald formula, which had a mean positive bias of 21.8% (95% CI 19.9–23), which was higher than the NCEP ATP III recommended total allowable limit of 12%. Conclusion The Martin-Hopkins formula performed better than the Friedewald formula at LDL-C of 1.4 mmol/L and showed the least positive bias in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Parvin, Mimi, Muhammad Saiedullah, Aminul Haque Khan, Muhammad Rezwanur Rahman, and Md Saiful Islam. "Validation of the Modified Friedewald’s Formula to Calculate Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Bangladeshi Population." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 30, no. 3 (2012): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v30i3.12463.

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Objective: A modification of Friedewald’s formula was proposed to calculate LDL cholesterol in Bangladeshi population up to serum triglyceride concentration of 1000 mg/dL. The aim of this study was to validate the modification of Friedewald’s formula in Bangladeshi population.Methods: Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were measured in specimens obtained form 314 adult Bangladeshi subjects selected conveniently. LDL cholesterol concentrations were also calculated by modified Friedewald’s formula and original Friedewald’s formula. Results were expressed as mean ± SD and calculated LDL cholesterol was compared with measured LDL cholesterol by two-tailed paired t test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r).Results: The mean ± SD of measured LDL cholesterol was 138.3 ± 54.58 mg/dL. LDL cholesterol calculated by modified Friedewald’s formula and original Friedewald’s formula were 135.9 ± 59.26 mg/dL (P>0.05) and 123.5 ± 65.75 mg/dL (P<0.001) respectively. Compared to measured LDL cholesterol, calculated LDL cholesterol were 2.47 mg/ dL and 17.20 mg/dL lower for modified formula and original formula respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) with measured LDL cholesterol was 0.8601 (P<0.0001) for LDL cholesterol calculated by the modified Friedewald’s formula and 0.8565 (P<0.0001) for the LDL cholesterol calculated by the original Friedewald’s formula.Conclusion: The study validates the modified Friedewald’s formula to calculate LDL cholesterol in Bangladeshi population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v30i3.12463 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2012; 30: 141-144
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Basir, Hassan, Shahram Bagheri, and Mahlagha Zahedi. "Effect of low serum triglyceride on LDL-cholestrol estimation by friedewald formula." Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertensión V15, no. 1 (2020): págs 21–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4074192.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of low serum triglyceride (TG) on LDL-cholestrol estimation by Friedewald formula. Methods: Serum samples were taken from 540 patients and divided into 4 groups based on the level of the TG 100&gt;, 100-150, 150-250 and 250-400 mg/dl. The total cholestrol (TC), TG, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured. Then, the LDL of patients whose serum levels of TG&gt;400 was measured with the direct method and calculated as follows: Friedewald method= LDL &ndash; C (mg/ dl) = TC&ndash;TG/5 &ndash; HDL. The results of Friedewald formula compared with the direct measurement results. Findings: According to the results, a significant difference observed between Cholesterol (LDL-C) measured by the direct method than Friedewald equation in patients with TG&gt;400 levels (P0.05). A correlation reported between LDL-C measured by the direct and Friedewald Equation methods (P and 100-150 mg/dl) measured by direct method and Friedewald Equation formula. Negligible differences observed in high TG levels (150-250 and 250-400 mg/dl) using direct method and Friedewald Equation formula. With increased TG levels (up to 400mg/dl), the overestimation of the LDL-C level is decreased by Friedewald formula. So, in high TG levels, Friedewald Equation formula is reliable.
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7

Isiksacan, Nilgun, Cennet Yildiz, Fatma Nihan Turhan Caglar, et al. "Comparison of direct low density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement with the Friedewald formula and alternative formulas." Journal of Clinical Medicine of Kazakhstan 20, no. 1 (2023): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/12904.

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&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; Our aim was to compare the direct enzymatic measurement with four formulas which are used in determining the value of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material and methods:&lt;/b&gt; A total of 33842 patients’ files were retrospectively reviewed and data was collected. Triglyceride (TG) group 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were consisted of TG levels ≤99 mg/dl, 100-199 mg/dl, 200-299 mg/dl, 300-399 mg/dl and ≥ 400 mg/dl, respectively. LDL-Group 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were composed of LDL-C≤100 mg/dl, 101-130 mg/dl, 131-160 mg/dl, 160-190 mg/dl and &amp;gt;190 mg/dl, respectively.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: All formulas tended to undervalue LDL-C concentrations compared to direct method (p&amp;lt;0.001 for all). The Chen formula had higher degree of correlation compared to other formulas. Acceptable result of Friedewald formula was 53.77%, Chen formula was 62.72%, Hattori formula was 24.72, and Anandaraja formula was 45.98%. Bland-Altman plot results showed disagreement of four formulas with significant proportional and systematic bias compared to direct method. There was no agreement of calculated LDL-C with direct LDL-C when the data was subgrouped according to TG levels. No agreement between direct LDL-C and calculated LDL-C was found. Correlation analysis showed moderate to high level of correlation for Friedewald, Chen, and Hattori calculations, whereas Anandaraja formula showed low to moderate correlation. The Friedewald and Anandaraja formulas mostly misclassified LDL-Group 3 subjects, whereas the Chen and Hattori formulas mostly misclassified LDL-Group 4 subjects.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;: The Chen formula might be an acceptable alternative of the Friedewald formula and other formulas.
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Setyawati, Putu Ayu, Sianny Herawati, and A. A. Ngurah Subawa. "COMPARISON OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT LDL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS CALCULATIONS (FRIEDEWALD & CHEN) IN PATIENTS AT RSUP PROF. DR. I.G.N.G. NGOERAH DENPASAR." E-Jurnal Medika Udayana 13, no. 11 (2024): 69. https://doi.org/10.24843/mu.2024.v13.i11.p11.

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High LDL cholesterol levels are the risk factor for coronary heart disease. Proper measurement of LDL levels helps in determining the accuracy of evaluation and therapy. Measurement of LDL cholesterol levels can be done by direct or indirect methods. Until now, the Friedewald formula is a method that is still often used but has shortcomings. So many new calculation formulas have emerged, one of which is the Chen Formula. This study was to comparison of LDL-direct with the LDL levels measured by the Friedewald and Chen formula. This study was conducted at Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah Hospital, Denpasar. Samples used were 95 patients who performed lipid profile examinations in the period April-June 2023 with consecutive sampling techniques. Based on the independent t-test of LDL recruited with Friedewald and Chen indirect, the p-value was 0.205 and 0.206 respectively (p&gt; 0.05), thus it was did not find any significant differences between LDL cholesterol direct and indirect (Friedewald &amp; Chen).
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9

Lippi, U., M. S. Graziani, F. Manzato, and M. Schinella. "The Friedewald formula: statistical acrobatics?" Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 5 (1986): 909–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.5.909.

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10

Kazi-Aoul, T., and M. Benmiloud. "The Friedewald formula: another restriction?" Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 7 (1987): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.7.1301.

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Book chapters on the topic "Friedewald formula"

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Pérez Cabello, Ana María, Jake Byrne, and Brendan Tangney. "El aprendizaje ubicuo en la formación universitaria del Profesorado de Primaria." In Innovación e investigación sobre el aprendizaje ubicuo y móvil en la Educación Superior. Octaedro, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36006/16145-09.

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Originariamente, el término ubicuo posee un cariz teológico. A partir de los años 90 se emplea para distinguir las aplicaciones informáticas. Estas llaman poderosamente la atención de instituciones militares y civiles como la industria, la logística o el transporte (Friedewals &amp; Raabe, 2011; Wen &amp; Liu, 2015). Rápidamente esta tecnología influye en la educación. De ella se benefecian tanto profesores como alumnos para aprender en cualquier lugar, tiempo y manera. En este sentido, este tipo de educación se ha dado en llamar educación en abierto, entre otras denominaciones. Implica la gestión de la información y la expansión del conocimiento. Esta labor es impulsada especialmente a través de universidades en los 60. Los rasgos más distintivos se centran en la «habilidad para cultivar la organización personal, la autodeterminación, un aprendizaje regulado permanente e integrado en la vida diaria» (Blessinger &amp; Bliss, 2016, p.12). Si bien en la actualidad didácticamente se distinguen el conocimiento abierto del conocimiento ubicuo para caracterizar principalmente dos tipos de aprendizaje: aprendizaje en abierto y aprendizaje ubicuo. La propuesta presentada combina dos técnicas innovadoras. Se formula un producto pedagógico: procedimiento BRI´KAN que combina la metacognición y las habilidades sociales y el emprendimiento.
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