Academic literature on the topic 'Friedrich Scheler'

The purpose of the article is to analyze the views of I. Kant, F. Nietzsche, and M. Scheler on the problem of personality in the context of the principle of spiritual hierarchy. To do this we need to solve the following problems: first, to make a comparative analysis of their views; and second, to formulate the main theses of the author's metaphysical concept of personality. To analyze the problem of personality, the methodology of knowledge of K. Mannheim and the ideas of P. Ricker have been applied. On the basis of the principle of the spiritual hierarchy, the author's understanding of the meaning of the concept of "personality" is formulated. The metaphysical concept of personality, revives the hierarchical approach to the understanding of a person, on the one hand, and, formulates a new theoretical apparatus for the enhanced understanding of a person and personality in particular, on the other hand. The proposed concept of personality lays the foundations for rethinking the content of the educational process, places on the agenda the study of mechanisms for the perfection of man and society.

Georg Simmel is among the intellectuals taking part in the German side of the »Culture War«, parallel to the war 1914–1918. This article discusses three different meanings of »Culture War«: 1. »Culture War« as war about culture, 2. »Culture War« as war by means of culture, 3. »Culture War« as aggravated proceeding of criticism of culture. Among the motives of the »Culture War« is the reproach of »barbarism« made by Henri Bergson against the German side originating from a public debate after the destruction of the Cathedral of Reims. In the reactions of German intellectuals (alongside Georg Simmel were Alfred Döblin, Friedrich Gundolf, Max Scheler and Georg Misch) a reinterpretation of the concept of culture is apparent, inspired by philosophy of life and leading to a peculiar »ethic of the creative power of culture«. Simmel’s examination of the generic case of the Cathedral of Reims conclusively serves as prototype of a criticism of this approach: German intellectuals confuse metaphors stemming from the sphere of nature with those of culture without reflection, thus obliterating essential differences between those spheres.

This text is an attempt to answer the question of whether human nature needs religion. The author begins by presenting two concepts that are key in this discourse. These are the terms: religion and human nature. Then he undertakes an analysis of the problem, referring to the thoughts of religious experts: Rudolf Otto and Mircea Eliade and the philosopher Max Scheler. The subject of reflection is the definition of man as 'homo religiosus'. Questioning God's existence has a negative effect on human nature. This situation is illustrated by the views of two known philosophers, existentialists - Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre. Their vision of the world was marked by unbelief in God. Life experience teaches that human nature strives for transcendent reality, longs for God. Any departure from this tendency does not, however, invalidate the religious nature of man, but certainly falsifies it. It results in the conversion of an authentic sacrum into its substitutes. In conclusion, the author draws attention to the mystery of man and God, which should be recognized. It is only in this perspective that the problem indicated in the title can be considered. The inspiration for such thinking is the famous phrase of Saint Augustine of Hippo: 'The human soul is restless until it rests in God'.

The Routledge Handbook of language and culture represents a comprehensive study on the inextricable relationship between language and culture. It is structured into seven parts and 33 chapters. Part 1, Overview and historical background, by Farzad Sharifian, starts with an outline of the book and a synopsis of research on language and culture. The second chapter, John Leavitt’s Linguistic relativity: precursors and transformations discusses further the historical development of the concept of linguistic relativity, identifying different schools’ of thought views on the relation between language and culture. He also tries to demystify some misrepresentations held towards Boas, Sapir, and Whorf’ theories (pp. 24-26). Chapter 3, Ethnosyntax, by Anna Gladkova provides an overview of research on ethnosyntax, starting from the theoretical basis laid by Sapir and Whorf and investigates the differences between a narrow sense of ethnosyntax, which focuses on cultural meanings of various grammatical structures and a broader sense, which emphasises the pragmatic and cultural norms’ impact on the choice of grammatical structures. John Leavitt presents in the fourth chapter, titled Ethnosemantics, a historical account of research on meaning across cultures, introducing three traditions, i.e. ‘classical’ ethnosemantics (also referred to as ethnoscience or cognitive anthropology), Boasian cultural semantics (linguistically inspired anthropology) and Neohumboldtian comparative semantics (word-field theory, or content-oriented Linguistics). In Chapter 5, Goddard underlines the fact that ethnopragmatics investigates emic (or culture-internal) approaches to the use of different speech practices across various world languages, which accounts for the fact that there exists a connection between the cultural values or norms and the speech practices peculiar to a speech community. One of the key objectives of ethnopragmatics is to investigate ‘cultural key words’, i.e. words that encapsulate culturally construed concepts. The concept of ‘linguaculture’ (or languaculture) is tackled in Risager’s Chapter 6, Linguaculture: the language–culture nexus in transnational perspective. The author makes reference to American scholars that first introduced this notion, Paul Friedrich, who looks at language and culture as a single domain in which verbal aspects of culture are mingled with semantic meanings, and Michael Agar, for whom culture resides in language while language is loaded with culture. Risager himself brought forth a new global and transnational perspective on the concept of linguaculture, i.e. the use of language (linguistic practice) is seen as flows in people’s social networks and speech communities. These flows enhance as people migrate or learn new languages, in permanent dynamics. Lidia Tanaka’s Chapter 7, Language, gender, and culture deals with research on language, gender, and culture. According to her, the language-gender relationship has been studied by researchers from various fields, including psychology, linguistics, and anthropology, who mainly consider gender as a construct that preserves inequalities in society, with the help of language, too. Tanaka lists diachronically different approaches to language and gender, focusing on three specific ones: gender stereotyped linguistic resources, semantically, pragmatically or lexically designated language features (including register) and gender-based spoken discourse strategies (talking-time imbalances or interruptions). In Chapter 8, Language, culture, and context, Istvan Kecskes delves into the relationship between language, culture, and context from a socio-cognitive perspective. The author considers culture to be a set of shared knowledge structures that encapsulate the values, norms, and customs that the members of a society have in common. According to him, both language and context are rooted in culture and carriers of it, though reflecting culture in a different way. Language encodes past experience with different contexts, whereas context reflects present experience. The author also provides relevant examples of formulaic language that demonstrate the functioning of both types of context, within the larger interplay between language, culture, and context. Sara Miller’s Chapter 9, Language, culture, and politeness reviews traditional approaches to politeness research, with particular attention given to ‘discursive approach’ to politeness. Much along the lines of the previous chapter, Miller stresses the role of context in judgements of (im)polite language, maintaining that individuals represent active agents who challenge and negotiate cultural as well as linguistic norms in actual communicative contexts. Chapter 10, Language, culture, and interaction, by Peter Eglin focuses on language, culture and interaction from the perspective of the correspondence theory of meaning. According to him, abstracting language and culture from their current uses, as if they were not interdependent would not lead to an understanding of words’ true meaning. David Kronenfeld introduces in Chapter 11, Culture and kinship language, a review of research on culture and kinship language, starting with linguistic anthropology. He explains two formal analytic definitional systems of kinship terms: the semantic (distinctions between kin categories, i.e. father vs mother) and pragmatic (interrelations between referents of kin terms, i.e. ‘nephew’ = ‘child of a sibling’). Chapter 12, Cultural semiotics, by Peeter Torop deals with the field of ‘semiotics of culture’, which may refer either to methodological instrument, to a whole array of methods or to a sub-discipline of general semiotics. In this last respect, it investigates cultures as a form of human symbolic activity, as well as a system of cultural languages (i.e. sign systems). Language, as “the preserver of the culture’s collective experience and the reflector of its creativity” represents an essential component of cultural semiotics, being a major sign system. Nigel Armstrong, in Chapter 13, Culture and translation, tackles the interrelation between language, culture, and translation, with an emphasis on the complexities entailed by translation of culturally laden aspects. In his opinion, culture has a double-sided dimension: the anthropological sense (referring to practices and traditions which characterise a community) and a narrower sense, related to artistic endeavours. However, both sides of culture permeate language at all levels. Chapter 14, Language, culture, and identity, by Sandra Schecter tackles several approaches to research on language, culture, and identity: social anthropological (the limits at play in the social construction of differences between various groups of people), sociocultural (the interplay between an individual’s various identities, which can be both externally and internally construed, in sociocultural contexts), participatory-relational (the manner in which individuals create their social–linguistic identities). Patrick McConvell, in Chapter 15, Language and culture history: the contribution of linguistic prehistory reviews research in this field where historical linguistic evidence is exploited in the reconstruction and understanding of prehistoric cultures. He makes an account of research in linguistic prehistory, with a focus on proto- and early Indo-European cultures, on several North American language families, on Africa, Australian, and Austronesian Aboriginal languages. McConvell also underlines the importance of interdisciplinary research in this area, which greatly benefits from studies in other disciplines, such as archaeology, palaeobiology, or biological genetics. Part four starts with Ning Yu’s Chapter 16, Embodiment, culture, and language, which gives an account of theory and research on the interplay between language, culture, and body, as seen from the standpoint of Cultural Linguistics. Yu presents a survey of embodiment (in embodied cognition research) from a multidisciplinary perspective, starting with the rather universalistic Conceptual Metaphor Theory. On the other hand, Cultural Linguistics has concentrated on the role played by culture in shaping embodied language, as various cultures conceptualise body and bodily experience in different ways. Chapter 17, Culture and language processing, by Crystal Robinson and Jeanette Altarriba deals with research in the field of how culture influence language processing, in particular in the case of bilingualism and emotion, alongside language and memory. Clearly, the linguistic and cultural character of each individual’s background has to be considered as a variable in research on cognition and cognitive processing. Frank Polzenhagen and Xiaoyan Xia, in Chapter 18, Language, culture, and prototypicality bring forth a survey of prototypicality across different disciplines, including cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. According to them, linguistic prototypes play a critical part in social (re-)cognition, as they are socially diagnostic and function as linguistic identity markers. Moreover, individuals may develop ‘culturally blended concepts’ as a result of exposure to several systems of conceptual categorisation, especially in the case of L2 learning (language-contact or culture-contact situations). In Chapter 19, Colour language, thought, and culture, Don Dedrick investigates the issue of the colour words in different languages and how these influence cognition, a question that has been addressed by researchers from various disciplines, such as anthropology, linguistics, cognitive psychology, or neuroscience. He cannot but observe the constant debate in this respect, and he argues that it is indeed difficult to reach consensus, as colour language occasionally reveals effects of language on thought and, at other times, it is impervious to such effects. Chapter 20, Language, culture, and spatial cognition, by Penelope Brown concentrates on conceptualisations of space, providing a framework for thinking about and referring to objects and events, along with more abstract notions such as time, number, or kinship. She lists three frames of reference used by languages in order to refer to spatial relations, i.e. a) an ‘absolute’ coordinate system, like north, south, east, west; b) a ‘relative’ coordinate system envisaged from the body’s standpoint; and c) an intrinsic, object-centred coordinate system. Chris Sinha and Enrique Bernárdez focus on, in Chapter 21, Space, time, and space–time: metaphors, maps, and fusions, research on linguistic and cultural concepts of time and space, starting with the seminal Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), which they denounce for failing to situate space–time mapping within the broader patterns of culture and world perspective. Sinha and Bernárdez further argue that although it is possible in all cultures for individuals to experience and discuss about events in terms of their duration and succession, the specific words and concepts they use to refer to temporal landmarks temporal and duration are most of the time language and culture specific. Chapter 22, Culture and language development, by Laura Sterponi and Paul Lai provides an account of research on the interplay between culture and language acquisition. They refer to two widely accepted perspectives in this respect: a developmental mechanism inherent in human beings and a set of particular social contexts in which children are ‘initiated’ into the cultural meaning systems. Both perspectives define culture as “both related to the psychological make-up of the individual and to the socio-historical contexts in which s/he is born and develops”. Anna Wierzbicka presents, in Chapter 23, Language and cultural scripts discusses representations of cultural norms which are encoded in language. She contends that the system of meaning interpretation developed by herself and her colleagues, i.e. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), may easily be used to capture and convey cultural scripts. Through NSM cross-cultural experiences can be captured in a thorough manner by using a reduced number of conceptual primes which seem to exist in all languages. Chapter 24, Culture and emotional language, by Jean-Marc Dewaele brings forth the issue of the relationship between language, culture, and emotion, which has been researched by cultural and cognitive psychologists and applied linguists alike, although with some differences in focus. He considers that within this context, it is important to see differences between emotion contexts in bilinguals, since these may lead to different perceptions of the self. He infers that generally, culture revolves around the experience and communication of emotions, conveyed through linguistic expression. The fifth part starts with Chapter 25, Language and culture in sociolinguistics, by Meredith Marra, who underlines that culture is a central concept in Interactional Sociolinguistics, where language is considered as social interaction. In linguistic interaction, culture, and especially cultural differences are deemed as a cause of potential miscommunication. Mara also remarks that the paradigm change in sociolinguistics, from Interactional Sociolinguistics to social constructionism reshaped ‘culture’ into a more dynamic as well as less rigid concept. Claudia Strauss’ Chapter 26, Language and culture in cognitive anthropology deals with the relationship between human society and human thought/thinking. The author contends that cognitive anthropologists may be subdivided into two groups, i.e. ones that are concerned with the process of thinking (cognition-in-practice scholars), and the others focusing on the product of thinking or thoughts (concerned with shared cultural understandings). She goes on to explore how different approaches to cognitive anthropology have counted on units of language, i.e. lexical items and their meanings, along with larger chunks of discourse, as information, which may represent learned cultural schemata. Part VI starts with Chapter 27, Language and culture in second language learning, by Claire Kramsch, in which she makes a survey of the definition of ‘culture’ in foreign language learning and its evolution from a component of literature and the arts to a more comprehensive purport, that of culturally appropriate use of language, along with an appropriate use of sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic norms. According to her, in the postmodern era, communication is not only mere transmission of information, it represents construal and positioning of the self and of self-identity. Chapter 28, Writing across cultures: ‘culture’ in second language writing studies, by Dwight Atkinson focuses on the usefulness of culture in second-language writing (SLW). He reviews several approaches to the issue: contrastive rhetoric (dealing with the impact of first-language patterns of text organisation on writers in a second language), or even alternate notions, like‘ cosmopolitanism’, ‘critical multiculturalism’, and hybridity, as of late native culture is becoming irrelevant or at best far less significant. Ian Malcolm tackles, in Chapter 29, Language and culture in second dialect learning, the issue of ‘standard’ Englishes (e.g., Standard American English, Standard Australian English) versus minority ‘non-standard’ speakers of English. He deplores the fact that in US specialist literature, speaking the ‘non-standard’ variety of English was associated with cognitive, cultural, and linguistic insufficiency. He further refers to other specialists who have demonstrated that ‘non-standard’ varieties can be just as systematic and highly structured as the standard variety. Chapter 30, Language and culture in intercultural communication, by Hans-Georg Wolf gives an account of research in intercultural education, focusing on several paradigms, i.e. the dominant one, investigating successful functioning in intercultural encounters, the minor one, exploring intercultural understanding and the ‘deconstructionist, and or postmodernist’. He further examines different interpretations of the concepts associated with intercultural communication, including the functionalist school, the intercultural understanding approach and a third one, the most removed from culture, focusing on socio-political inequalities, fluidity, situationality, and negotiability. Andy Kirkpatrick’s Chapter 31, World Englishes and local cultures gives a synopsis of research paradigm from applied linguistics which investigates the development of Englishes around the world, through processes like indigenisation or nativisation of the language. Kirkpatrick discusses the ways in which new Englishes accommodate the culture of the very speech community which develops them, e.g. adopting lexical items to express to express culture-specific concepts. Speakers of new varieties could use pragmatic norms rooted in cultural values and norms of the specific new speech community which have not previously been associated with English. Moreover, they can use these new Englishes to write local literatures, often exploiting culturally preferred rhetorical norms. Part seven starts with Chapter 32, Cultural Linguistics, by Farzad Sharifian gives an account of the recent multidisciplinary research field of Cultural Linguistics, which explores the relationship between language and cultural cognition, particularly in the case of cultural conceptualisations. Sharifian also brings forth illustrations of how cultural conceptualisations may be linguistically encoded. The last chapter, A future agenda for research on language and culture, by Roslyn Frank provides an appraisal of Cultural Linguistics as a prospective path for research in the field of language and culture. She states that ‘Cultural Linguistics could potentially create a paradigm that “successfully melds together complementary approaches, e.g., viewing language as ‘a complex adaptive system’ and bringing to bear upon it concepts drawn from cognitive science such as ‘distributed cognition’ and ‘multi-agent dynamic systems theory’.” She further asserts that Cultural Linguistics has the potential to function as “a bridge that brings together researchers from a variety of fields, allowing them to focus on problems of mutual concern from a new perspective” and most likely unveil new issues (as well as solutions) which have not been evident so far. In conclusion, the Handbook will most certainly serve as clear and coherent guidelines for scholarly thinking and further research on language and culture, and also open up new investigative vistas in each of the areas tackled.

Reinhardt, Volker, Pontifex. Die Geschichte der Päpste. Von Petrus bis Franziskus, München 2017, Beck, 928 S. / Abb., € 38,00. (Bernward Schmidt, Eichstätt) Schneider, Bernhard, Christliche Armenfürsorge. Von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des Mittelalters. Eine Geschichte des Helfens und seiner Grenzen, Freiburg i. Br. / Basel / Wien 2017, Herder, 480 S. / Abb., € 29,99. (Benjamin Laqua, Wiesbaden) Kotecki, Radosław / Jacek Maciejewski / John S. Ott (Hrsg.), Between Sword and Prayer. Warfare and Medieval Clergy in Cultural Perspective (Explorations in Medieval Culture, 3), Leiden / Boston 2018, Brill, XVII u. 546 S., € 135,00. (Florian Messner, Innsbruck) Mews, Constant J. / Anna Welch (Hrsg.), Poverty and Devotion in Mendicant Cultures 1200 – 1450 (Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West), London / New York 2016, Routledge, XI u. 214 S. / Abb., £ 110,00. (Margit Mersch, Bochum) Krötzl, Christian / Sari Katajala-Peltomaa (Hrsg.), Miracles in Medieval Canonization Processes. Structures, Functions, and Methodologies (International Medieval Research, 23), Turnhout 2018, Brepols, VI u. 290 S., € 80,00. (Otfried Krafft, Marburg) Carocci, Sandro / Isabella Lazzarini (Hrsg.), Social Mobility in Medieval Italy (1100 – 1500) (Viella Historical Research, 8), Rom 2018, Viella, 426 S. / Abb., € 75,00. (Christian Hesse, Bern) Seggern, Harm von, Geschichte der Burgundischen Niederlande (Urban-Taschenbücher), Stuttgart 2018, Kohlhammer, 294 S. / Karten, € 29,00. (Malte Prietzel, Paderborn) Pätzold, Stefan / Felicitas Schmieder (Hrsg.), Die Grafen von der Mark. Neue Forschungen zur Sozial-‍, Mentalitäts- und Kulturgeschichte (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Westfalen. Neue Folge, 41), Münster 2018, Aschendorff, 171 S., € 29,00. (Dieter Scheler, Bochum) Selzer, Stephan (Hrsg.), Die Konsumentenstadt – Konsumenten in der Stadt des Mittelalters (Städteforschung. Reihe A: Darstellungen, 98), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2018, Böhlau, 287 S. / Abb., € 35,00. (Eberhard Isenmann, Brühl / Köln) Arlinghaus, Franz-Josef, Inklusion – Exklusion. Funktion und Formen des Rechts in der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt. Das Beispiel Köln (Norm und Struktur, 48), Wien / Köln / Weimar 2018, Böhlau, 439 S. / Abb., € 70,00. (Laurence Buchholzer, Straßburg) Die Reichenauer Lehenbücher der Äbte Friedrich von Zollern (1402 – 1427) und Friedrich von Wartenberg (1428 – 1453), bearb. v. Harald Derschka (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Würtemberg. Reihe A: Quellen, 61), Stuttgart 2018, Kohlhammer, LXXXVI u. 416 S. / Abb., € 48,00. (Joachim Wild, München) Hülscher, Katharina, Das Statutenbuch des Stiftes Xanten (Die Stiftskirche des heiligen Viktor zu Xanten. Neue Folge, 1), Münster 2018, Aschendorff, 710 S. / Karten, € 86,00. (Heike Hawicks, Heidelberg) Kießling, Rolf / Gernot M. Müller (Hrsg.), Konrad Peutinger. Ein Universalgelehrter zwischen Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit: Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven (Colloquia Augustana, 35), Berlin / Boston 2018, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, VIII u. 240 S. / Abb., € 59,95. (Harald Müller, Aachen) Rizzi, Andrea (Hrsg.), Trust and Proof. Translators in Renaissance Print Culture (Library of the Written Word, 63 / The Handpress World, 48), Leiden / Boston 2018, Brill, XVI u. 295 S. / Abb., € 142,00. (Gabriele Müller-Oberhäuser, Münster) Zwierlein, Cornel (Hrsg.), The Dark Side of Knowledge. Histories of Ignorance, 1400 to 1800 (Intersections, 46), Leiden / Boston 2016, Brill, XVII u. 436 S., € 179,00. (Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Münster / Berlin) González Cuerva, Rubén / Alexander Koller (Hrsg.), A Europe of Courts, a Europe of Factions. Political Groups at Early Modern Centres of Power (1550 – 1700) (Rulers and Elites, 12), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, IX u. 263 S., € 119,00. (Volker Bauer, Wolfenbüttel) Matheson-Pollock, Helen / Joanne Paul / Catherine Fletcher (Hrsg.), Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe (Queenship and Power), Cham 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, XIII u. 284 S. / Abb., € 106,99. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Dunn, Caroline / Elizabeth Carney (Hrsg.), Royal Women and Dynastic Loyalty (Queenship and Power), Cham 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, XIV u. 199 S., € 96,29. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Maurer, Michael. Konfessionskulturen. Die Europäer als Protestanten und Katholiken, Paderborn 2019, Schöningh, 415 S., € 49,90. (Wolfgang Reinhard, Freiburg i. Br.) Duffy, Eamon, Reformation Divided. Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England, London [u. a.] 2017, Bloomsbury, 441 S., £ 27,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Kelly, James E. / Susan Royal (Hrsg.), Early Modern English Catholicism. Identity, Memory, and Counter-Reformation (Catholic Christendom, 1300 – 1700), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, XIII u. 260 S., € 125,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) The Correspondence and Unpublished Papers of Robert Persons, SJ, Bd. 1: 1574 – 1588, hrsg. v. Victor Houliston / Ginevra Crosignani / Thomas M. McCoog (Catholic and Recusant Texts of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods, 4), Toronto 2017, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, XX u. 729 S., € 110,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Schumann, Eva (Hrsg.), Justiz und Verfahren im Wandel der Zeit. Gelehrte Literatur, gerichtliche Praxis und bildliche Symbolik. Festgabe für Wolfgang Sellert zum 80. Geburtstag (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Neue Folge, 44), Berlin / Boston 2017, de Gruyter, X u. 194 S. / Abb., € 79,95. (Ralf-Peter Fuchs, Essen) Priesching, Nicole, Sklaverei im Urteil der Jesuiten. Eine theologiegeschichtliche Spurensuche im Collegio Romano (Sklaverei – Knechtschaft – Zwangsarbeit, 15), Hildesheim / Zürich / New York 2017, Olms, VI u. 344 S., € 58,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Lorenz, Maren, Menschenzucht. Frühe Ideen und Strategien 1500 – 1870, Göttingen 2018, Wallstein, 416 S. / Abb., € 34,90. (Pierre Pfütsch, Stuttgart) Lamb, Edel, Reading Children in Early Modern Culture (Early Modern Literature in History), Cham 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, XI u. 258 S., € 96,29. (Helmut Puff, Ann Arbor) Kissane, Christopher, Food, Religion, and Communities in Early Modern Europe (Cultures of Early Modern Europe), London [u. a.] 2018, Bloomsbury Academic, X u. 226 S. / Abb., £ 85,00. (Mario Kliewer, Dresden) Cavallo, Sandra / Tessa Storey (Hrsg.), Conserving Health in Early Modern Culture. Bodies and Environments in Italy and England, Manchester 2017, Manchester University Press, XVI u. 328 S. / Abb., £ 70,00. (Siglinde Clementi, Bozen) Rogger, Philippe / Nadir Weber (Hrsg.), Beobachten, Vernetzen, Verhandeln. Diplomatische Akteure und politische Kulturen in der frühneuzeitlichen Eidgenossenschaft / Observer, connecter, négocier. Acteurs diplomatiques et cultures politiques dans le Corps helvétique, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Itinera, 45), Basel 2018, Schwabe, 198 S. / Abb., € 48,00. (Beat Kümin, Warwick) Greyerz, Kaspar von / André Holenstein / Andreas Würgler (Hrsg.), Soldgeschäfte, Klientelismus, Korruption in der Frühen Neuzeit. Zum Soldunternehmertum der Familie Zurlauben im schweizerischen und europäischen Kontext (Herrschaft und soziale Systeme in der Frühen Neuzeit 25), Göttingen 2018, V&R unipress, 289 S., € 45,00 / Open Access. (Marco Tomaszewski, Freiburg i. Br.) Absmeier, Christine / Matthias Asche / Márta Fata / Annemarie Röder / Anton Schindling (Hrsg.), Religiös motivierte Migrationen zwischen dem östlichen Europa und dem deutschen Südwesten vom 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg. Reihe B: Forschungen, 219), Stuttgart 2018, Kohlhammer, XIV u. 334 S. / Abb., € 34,00. (Maciej Ptaszyński, Warschau) Warnicke, Retha M., Elizabeth of York and Her Six Daughters-in-Law. Fashioning Tudor Queenship, 1485 – 1547 (Queenship and Power), Cham 2017, Palgrave Macmillan, IX u. 291 S., £ 74,50. (Annette C. Cremer, Gießen) Paranque, Estelle, Elizabeth I of England through Valois Eyes. Power, Representation, and Diplomacy in the Reign of the Queen, 1558 – 1588 (Queenship and Power), Cham 2019, Palgrave Macmillan, XV u. 235 S., € 74,89. (Georg Eckert, Wuppertal) Greinert, Melanie, Zwischen Unterordnung und Selbstbehauptung. Handlungsspielräume Gottorfer Fürstinnen (1564 – 1721) (Kieler Schriften zur Regionalgeschichte, 1), Kiel / Hamburg 2018, Wachholtz, 447 S. / graph. Darst., € 39,90. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Hodapp, Julia, Habsburgerinnen und Konfessionalisierung im späten 16. Jahrhundert (Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte, 169), Münster 2018, Aschendorff, IX u. 482 S., € 62,00. (Arndt Schreiber, Freiburg i. Br.) Ziegler, Hannes, Trauen und Glauben. Vertrauen in der politischen Kultur des Alten Reiches im Konfessionellen Zeitalter (Kulturgeschichten, 3), Affalterbach 2017, Didymos-Verlag, 397 S., € 54,00. (Niels Grüne, Innsbruck) Baumann, Anette, Visitationen am Reichskammergericht. Speyer als politischer und juristischer Aktionsraum des Reiches (1529 – 1588) (Bibliothek Altes Reich, Berlin / Boston 2018, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, IX u. 264 S. / Abb., € 59,95. (Filippo Ranieri, Saarbrücken) Fuchs, Stefan, Herrschaftswissen und Raumerfassung im 16. Jahrhundert. Kartengebrauch im Dienste des Nürnberger Stadtstaates (Medienwandel – Medienwechsel – Medienwissen, 35), Zürich 2018, Chronos, 312 S. / Abb., € 48,00. (Gerda Brunnlechner, Hagen) Büren, Guido von / Ralf-Peter Fuchs / Georg Mölich (Hrsg.), Herrschaft, Hof und Humanismus. Wilhelm V. von Jülich-Kleve-Berg und seine Zeit (Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie, 11), Bielefeld 2018, Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 608 S. / Abb., € 34,00. (Albert Schirrmeister, Paris) Körber, Esther-Beate, Messrelationen. Biobibliographie der deutsch- und lateinischsprachigen „messentlichen“ Periodika von 1588 bis 1805, 2 Bde. (Presse und Geschichte – Neue Beiträge, 93 bzw. 94), Bremen 2018, edition lumière, VIII u. 1564 S. / Abb., € 59,80. (Mark Häberlein, Bamberg) Menne, Mareike, Diskurs und Dekor. Die China-Rezeption in Mitteleuropa, 1600 – 1800 (Histoire, 136), Bielefeld 2018, transcript, 406 S. / Abb., € 44,99. (Nadine Amsler, Frankfurt a. M.) Schreuder, Yda, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants and the Atlantic Sugar Trade in the Seventeenth Century, Cham 2019, Palgrave Macmillan, XVI u. 287 S. / graph. Darst., € 85,59. (Jorun Poettering, Rostock) Rublack, Ulinka, Der Astronom und die Hexe. Johannes Kepler und seine Zeit, aus dem Englischen übers. v. Hainer Kober, Stuttgart 2018, Klett-Cotta, 409 S. / Abb., € 26,00. (Gerd Schwerhoff, Dresden) Akkerman, Nadine, Invisible Agents. 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Allgemeines Das ist Militärgeschichte! Probleme - Projekte - Perspektiven. Hrsg. mit Unterstützung des MGFA von Christian Th. Müller und Matthias Rogg Dieter Langewiesche Lohn der Gewalt. Beutepraktiken von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit. Hrsg. von Horst Carl und Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg Birte Kundrus Piraterie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Hrsg. von Volker Grieb und Sabine Todt. Unter Mitarb. von Sünje Prühlen Martin Rink Robert C. Doyle, The Enemy in Our Hands. America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror Rüdiger Overmans Maritime Wirtschaft in Deutschland. Schifffahrt - Werften - Handel - Seemacht im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Jürgen Elvert, Sigurd Hess und Heinrich Walle Dieter Hartwig Guntram Schulze-Wegener, Das Eiserne Kreuz in der deutschen Geschichte Harald Potempa Michael Peters, Geschichte Frankens. Von der Zeit Napoleons bis zur Gegenwart Helmut R. Hammerich Johannes Leicht, Heinrich Claß 1868-1953. 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Deutungen und Interpretationen deutscher Wehrmachtgeneräle in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft Alaric Searle Nach 1945 Wolfgang Benz, Deutschland unter alliierter Besatzung 1945-1949. Michael F. Scholz, Die DDR 1949-1990 Denis Strohmeier Bastiaan Robert von Benda-Beckmann, A German Catastrophe? German historians and the Allied bombings, 1945-2010 Horst Boog Hans Günter Hockerts, Der deutsche Sozialstaat. Entfaltung und Gefährdung seit 1945 Ursula Hüllbüsch Korea - ein vergessener Krieg? Der militärische Konflikt auf der koreanischen Halbinsel 1950-1953 im internationalen Kontext. Hrsg. von Bernd Bonwetsch und Matthias Uhl Gerhard Krebs Andreas Eichmüller, Keine Generalamnestie. Die strafrechtliche Verfolgung von NS-Verbrechen in der frühen Bundesrepublik Clemens Vollnhals Horst-Eberhard Friedrichs, Bremerhaven und die Amerikaner. Stationierung der U.S. Army 1945-1993 - eine Bilddokumentation Heiner Bröckermann Russlandheimkehrer. Die sowjetische Kriegsgefangenschaft im Gedächtnis der Deutschen. Hrsg. von Elke Scherstjanoi Georg Wurzer Klaus Naumann, Generale in der Demokratie. Generationsgeschichtliche Studien zur Bundeswehrelite Rudolf J. Schlaffer John Zimmermann, Ulrich de Maizière. General der Bonner Republik 1912 bis 2006 Klaus Naumann Nils Aschenbeck, Agent wider Willen. Frank Lynder, Axel Springer und die Eichmann-Akten Rolf Steininger »Entrüstet Euch!«. Nuklearkrise, NATO-Doppelbeschluss und Friedensbewegung. Hrsg. von Christoph Becker-Schaum [u.a.] Winfried Heinemann Volker Koop, Besetzt. Sowjetische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland Silke Satjukow, Besatzer. »Die Russen« in Deutschland 1945-1994 Heiner Bröckermann Marco Metzler, Nationale Volksarmee. Militärpolitik und politisches Militär in sozialistischer Verteidigungskoalition 1955/56 bis 1989/90 Klaus Storkmann Rüdiger Wenzke, Ab nach Schwedt! Die Geschichte des DDR-Militärstrafvollzugs Silke Satjukow Militärs der DDR im Auslandsstudium. 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Modelling traffic flow has been around since the appearance of traffic jams. Ideally, if we can correctly predict the behavior of vehicle flow given an initial set of data, then adjusting the flow in crucial areas can maximize the overall throughput of traffic along a stretch of road. We consider a mathematical model for traffic flow on single land and without exits or entries. So, we are just observing what happens as time evolves if we fix at initial time (t = 0) some special distribution of cars (initial datum u_0). Because we do approximations, we need the notion of convergence and its corresponding topology. The numerical approximation of scalar conservation laws is carried out by using conservative methods such as the Lax-Friedrichs and the Lax-Wendroff schemes. The Lax-Friedrichs scheme gives regular numerical solutions even when the exact solution is discontinuous (shock waves). We say the scheme is diffusive meaning that the scheme is solving in fact an evolution equation of the form u_t+f(u)_x = epsilon u_xx, where epsilon is a small parameter depending on ∆x and ∆t. The Lax-Wendroff scheme is more precise than the Lax-Friedrichs scheme, and give the right position of the discontinuities for the shock waves. But it develop oscillations. We say the scheme is dispersive what means the scheme is solving approximatively an evolution equation of the form u_t + f(u)_x = delta u_xxx, where delta is a small parameter depending on ∆x and ∆t. An elaboration and an implementation of Lax-Friedrichs schemes and of Lax-Wendroff schemes even extended to second order provided numerical solutions to the problem of traffic flows on the road. Since along the roads the schemes present the same features as for conservation laws, the new and original aspect is given by the treatment of the solution at junctions. Our tests show the effectiveness of the approximations, revealing that Lax-Wendroff schemes is more accurate than Lax-Friedrichs schemes.

This chapter argues that Continental existentialist philosophers of the nineteenth century—especially Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Max Scheler—developed another model of resentment as an emotion that was less focused on its possibly stimulating the desire for justice and more focused on self-involved spitefulness, envy, and rancor. In this philosophical tradition, philosophers who were both explicitly Christian and emphatically anti-Christian in their outlook examined resentment as a brooding antisocial passion whose origins they variously traced to the post-Napoleonic world, the first Abrahamic faith, or humanist Europe. Implied in their models of resentment is that it is a cultural and collective malaise.

The resurgence of asexualism in Germany in the nineteenth century coincided with the Naturphilosophie movement associated with Romanticism which arose in reaction to mechanical models of the universe, among them Baron d’Holbach’s. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a Kant disciple, claimed that the “absolute ego” creates it’s own reality, which we mistake for the “real world”. Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, the “philosopher king” of the Romantics, attempted a balance between Fichte’s subjective idealism and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s (relative) objectivism. In general, nature philosophers granted equal weight to reason and to the imagination, and adopted a pantheistic theology, influenced by Baruch Spinoza. Franz Joseph Schelver believed the production of seeds was a vegetative process. August Henschell dismissed Koelreuter’s hybrids as artifacts resulting from experimental damage. He thought the release of pollen freed the spiritual essence of the plant from base matter. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel also challenged the sexual theory of plants.

This chapter offers a brief historical intervention explaining the rise of the term yellow for racial thinking about Asians. Using his binomial nomenclature species-naming system, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus separated Homo sapiens into four continental types, with distinct colors assigned to each. Over two decades later the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach also classified Asians as yellow in his five-race scheme. Although some early twentieth-century anthropologists claimed to have proven that Mongolians (Asians) were physically yellow in an attempt to place Asians lower than Europeans, the initial categorization of yellow had no visual or biological basis. As Asians continued to refuse to take part in Western systems (Christianity, international trade), Europeans' perceptions of Asians' skin color darkened. Moreover in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the yellow idea began to spread to East Asian cultures themselves.

It is often said that the subject matter of political philosophy is the nature and justification of the state. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel thinks that political science is “nothing other than an attempt to comprehend and portray the state as an inherently rational entity.” John Rawls famously understands “the primary subject of justice [to be] the basic structure of society,” restricting his attentions to a society “conceived for the time being as a closed system isolated from other societies,” and assuming that “the boundaries of these schemes are given by the notion of a self-contained national community.” Contemporary political philosophers often follow suit, disagreeing about what states should do, and simply assuming that they are the proper agents of justice or reform. The history of philosophy and the development of political concepts seem to be central to understanding the state. The influence of Roman law and republican government, and the rediscovery of Aristotle in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, are obvious important influences. The modern state emerged first in Western Europe in early modern times.

This chapter examines the ways in which the distinctive conception of the moral order in conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism bears testament to the metaphysical and epistemological imprints of continental European ethical philosophy as it evolved in the period from the 1880s to the 1930s. Ethical philosophy helped to give flesh to their conception of liberalism as about human flourishing. The chapter begins by reflecting on the complex relationship with Adam Smith as political economist and moral philosopher and on the enormous importance of Immanuel Kant in shaping the broad parameters of the way in which conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals engaged with the ethical basis of liberalism. The founding thinkers of this tradition rejected Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The chapter investigates in depth the complex connections—far from neat causal relationships—between conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals and a range of philosophers with whom they had often studied or knew as family friends: Rudolf Eucken, Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler, Nicolai Hartmann, William James, and G. E. Moore, as well as the special case of Louis Rougier and of French positivism in the work of Rougier and Jacques Rueff. Attention is also paid to the Euckenbund (Eucken Association). This context is important in understanding the hostility of the founding thinkers to determinism, subjectivism, utilitarianism, naturalism, empiricist Realism, and moral relativism. A contrast is drawn between the differing philosophical roots of the early Austrian tradition and Ordo-liberalism. The chapter closes with an examination of the implications of developments in philosophy for the reception of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism and of the problematic relationship between truth and relevance as it arises in economic and financial crisis.

To simulate incompressible Navier–Stokes equation, a temporal splitting scheme in time and high-order symmetric interior penalty Galerkin (SIPG) method in space discretization are employed, while the local Lax-Friedrichs flux is applied in the discretization of the nonlinear term. Under a constraint of the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition, two benchmark problems in 2D are simulated by the fully discrete SIPG method. One is a lid-driven cavity flow and the other is a circular cylinder flow. For the former, we compute velocity field, pressure contour and vorticity contour. In the latter, while the von Kármán vortex street appears with Reynolds number 50≤Re≤400, we simulate different dynamical behavior of circular cylinder flows, and numerically estimate the Strouhal numbers comparable to the existing experimental results. The calculations on vortex dominated flows are carried out to investigate the potential application of the SIPG method.

This chapter examines how democratic federalism evolved as an idea aimed at global socioeconomic transformation by focusing on the debate at Federal Union, which sought to overcome the legacy of empire by emphasizing the economic and social emancipatory function of the democratic federation. It discusses the rise of a new idea of democratic federalism that shifted from a constitutional structure to safeguard the declining British Empire to a regional scheme for socioeconomic change. This transition was shaped in debates among its members, notably Lionel Robbins, Barbara Wootton, and Friedrich A. Hayek. The chapter first considers Robbins’ economic federal thought in the late 1930s before exploring the rise of “welfare” as a key feature in the economic federalism of Wootton. It also analyzes Hayek’s argument that federalism was the best guarantee of democracy, along with his debate with Wootton.

This lecture will deal with the heuristic power of the deductive method and its contributions to the scientific task of finding new knowledge. I will argue for a new reading of the term 'deductive method.' It will be presented as an architectural scheme for the reconstruction of the processes of gaining reliable scientific knowledge. This scheme combines the activities of doing science ('context of discovery') with the activities of presenting scientific results ('context of justification'). It combines the heuristic and the deductive side of science. The heuristic side is represented, e.g., by the creative methods to find the 'best' hypotheses (abduction), to design experimental systems for empirical research in order to formulate general laws (induction), or to create axiomatic systems. The other side consists of the production of deductive knowledge. This combination leads to a clear hierarchy: the heuristic side provides the basic presuppositions from which the deductive side takes off. The former is used to make deductions possible. The deductive method can be presented as an analysis-synthesis scheme as it can be found, e.g., in the tradition of Kant, Jakob Friedrich Fries, and Leonard Nelson. Nelson's critical philosophy can be seen as a key for understanding the philosophy behind David Hilbert's early axiomatic method. This axiomatic method is usually restricted to a non-philosophical approach to pure mathematics ('formalism'). But Hilbert was not an exclusive formalist; he proposed a mathesis universalis in the Cartesian-Leibnizian sense according to which mathematics is the syntactical tool for a general philosophy of science, applicable to all scientific disciplines. In this function, mathematics takes its problems from the sciences. Hilbert did not deny that mathematics should play a role in explaining the world. The analysis-synthesis scheme helps to provide a consistent interpretation of these two sides of Hilbert's attitude towards his working field.

Study of the nanopulse bioeffects is important to ensure the appropriate application with nanopulse in biomedical and biotechnological settings. In this article, we develop an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme coupled with the Cole-Cole expression for dielectric coefficients of biological tissues to simulate the electromagnetic fields inside the biological tissues when exposed to nanopulses. The scheme is then tested by numerical examples with two different biological tissues. Numerical results show that the proposed ADI-FDTD scheme breaks through the Courant, Friedrichs, and Lewy (CFL) stability condition and provides a stable solution with a larger time step, where the conventional FDTD scheme fails. Results also indicate that the computational time can be reduced when using a larger time step.

In this paper Discontinuous Galerkin Method (DGM) is applied to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and S-A turbulence model equation in curvilinear coordinate system. Different schemes, including Lax-Friedrichs (LF) flux, Harten, Lax and van Leer (HLL) flux and Roe flux are adopted as numerical flux of inviscid terms at the element interface. The gradients of conservative variables in viscous terms are constructed by mixed formulation, which solves the gradients as auxiliary unknowns to the same order of accuracy as conservative variables. The methodology is validated by simulations of double Mach reflection problem and three-dimensional turbulent flowfield within compressor cascade NACA64. The numerical results agree well with the experimental data.

In this paper we study thermally induced instabilities in Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). One dimensional homogeneous equilibrium model has been used to simulate the two-phase flow. The nonlinear mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved along the characteristic directions by using implicit finite difference scheme. The virtue of this scheme is that it handles the boundary conditions naturally. This scheme is fast because the time steps can be greater than that given by Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition. The numerical scheme is sufficiently general and can handle axially varying heat flux and different combinations of inlet and exit boundary conditions of enthalpy, mass flux and pressure and multiple channels. No assumptions regarding constant properties and in-compressibility have been taken. The one dimensional fuel heat transfer model was then coupled to the thermal-hydraulics model to analyze out-of-phase instabilities in AHWR. Out-of-phase oscillations are studied by considering two parallel boiling channels. Further effects of radial power distribution, inlet orificing and axial power distribution were considered.

Abstract We consider the use of a numerical optimization technique to solve an inverse problem for Burger’s equation with a periodic forcing term. The solution depends on the initial data profile. The goal is to obtain an optimal continuous linear initial profile which generates the fixed target solution using a numerical optimization technique. Because Burger’s equation is time dependent, the cost function measures the difference between the target and the computed solution at a fixed final time. The optimization algorithm utilizes BFGS updates without computing Hessians and a line search is applied as a globalization. Burger’s equation is solved by a generalized Lax-Friedrichs scheme. This problem is motivated by flow matching problems in optimal design of nozzles and 1-dimensional ducts (see [1]).

A higher-order numerical procedure is applied to simulate typical transient phenomena in natural gas transportation. Reliable modeling and prediction of transients features in transmission pipelines are desirable for optimal control of gas deliverability, design and implementation of active controls, and modeling of operational behavior of network peripheral equipment (e.g., chokes, valves, compressors, etc.). As an alternative to the Method of Characteristics (MOC) that is widely used presently, a higher-order Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) method is used to model some transient problems. This, class of methods has the capability to capture fine-scale phenomena and provides a better resolution of frontal discontinuities. In this study, the TVD method is utilized in conjunction with upwind methods. Also, in order to ensure a stable time-stepping scheme over a wide range of Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) number, a special Runge-Kutta method is employed as the base solution algorithm to integrate the highly non-linear, hyperbolic equations which govern the transportation of natural gas in pipelines. The overall procedure is stable, robust and accurate when applied to solve practical problems with simulated pressure waves.