Journal articles: 'Friesians'

1

Keane, M. G., G. J. More O’ Ferrall, and J. Connolly. "Growth of carcass joints and tissues in steers of three breed types fed two dietary energy levels." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017979.

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Factors which affect the carcass composition of beef cattle include breed type, plane of nutrition and slaughter weight. With increasing weight, the relative proportions of the carcass joints and tissues change and if these changes were known or could be predicted then cattle could be slaughtered at the desired carcass composition. Dairy bred calves for beef production can be classified into three breed categories -straightbred Friesians, early maturing beef breed x Friesians and late maturing beef breed x Friesians. The objectives of the present study were to compare the changes in carcass composition associated with changes in slaughter weight in Friesian (FF), Hereford x Friesian (HF) and Charolais x Friesian (CF) steers and to determine the effects of dietary metabolisable energy (ME) content.

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BREDBACKA, P., and M. T. KOSKINEN. "Microsatellite panels suggested for parentage testing in cattle: informativeness revealed in Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian populations (Research Note)." Agricultural and Food Science 8, no. 3 (January 3, 1999): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5625.

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Informativeness of eleven microsatellite markers suggested for parentage control in cattle by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) was studied in Finnish Ayrshire and Holstein-Friesian populations. Calculations were based on a sample of 100 non-sib artificial insemination bulls. Assuming one known parent the nine loci suggested for routine testing exhibited exclusion probabilities of 99.84% in the Ayrshires and 99.91% in the Holstein-Friesians. The addition of markers INRA23 and TGLA53, recommended for further investigations, increased the attained values to 99.94% in Ayrshires and to 99.98% in Holstein-Friesians. The recommended core set of six microsatellites provided a combined exclusion probability of 98.25% in Ayrshires and 99.32% in Holstein-Friesians. Although the combined values were high in general, a relatively low level of polymorphism was detected in some instances.;

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El-Masry, K. A., and I. F. M. Marai. "Comparison between Friesians and water buffaloes in growth rate, milk production and some blood constituents, during winter and summer conditions of Egypt." Animal Science 53, no. 1 (August 1991): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610000595x.

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ABSTRACTTwenty Friesian (group 1) and 20 buffalo (group 2) calves and 14 of each of lactating Friesians (group 3) and lactating buffaloes (group 4) were maintained in middle of winter conditions of Egypt for 2 months. The calves (groups 1 and 2) were of similar age (6 to 7 months) and average body weight (120 kg). The lactating animals were in the fifth season of lactation, non-pregnant, in mid lactation and yielded 12 to 14 kg milk on average daily. Similar groups of animals of the same types (groups 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively), numbers, live body weights and physiological status were maintained under hot summer conditions for 2 months. The effect of hyperthermia during summer season on Friesians and buffaloes compared with winter was also studied.The results showed that buffaloes were more tolerant than Friesians to the environmental conditions of Egypt. In winter, buffalo calves had poorer (P < 0·05) food efficiencies (kg gain per MJ net energy), higher dry matter intakes (DMI, P < 0·05) and total lipids in the plasma (P < 0·01) than Friesians, while the contrary occurred in total proteins, albumin, phospholipids and cholesterol (P < 0·05). In summer, growth rate and the concentrations of total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol in the plasma were higher (P < 0·01), and total proteins and albumin were lower (P< 0·01) in buffalo than in Friesian calves. In summer, in Friesians, both DMI and growth rate decreased (P < 0·05) and food efficiency as kg weight gain per MJ net energy was poorer (P < 0·05). In the plasma total proteins and albumin increased (P < 0·01) but haematocrit %, phospholipids and cholesterol decreased (P < 0·05). In buffalo calves, only total proteins and albumin increased (P < 0·01) due to heat stress.In lactating buffaloes, food efficiency was poorer (P < 0·01) and DMI and plasma haematocrit % were significantly higher, while the concentrations of total proteins, globulin, phospholipids and cholesterol in the plasma, and milk yield were significantly lower than in lactating Friesians in the winter season. Lactating buffaloes were poorer (P < 0·01) in food efficiency and had lower concentrations of total proteins, globulin and cholesterol than lactating Friesians in the summer (P < 0·01).

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Klein, Daniela, Martina Flöck, Johannes Lorenz Khol, Sonja Franz, Hans Peter Stüger, and Walter Baumgartner. "Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health." Journal of Dairy Research 72, no. 3 (May 9, 2005): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905000920.

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The objective was to measure teat canal length and diameter, teat diameter and teat wall thickness by ultrasonographic scanning in order to determine the differences in bovine breeds, and to study the influence of teat canal length and diameter on the occurrence of mastitis. A total of 269 lactating dairy cows of four different breeds (Brown Swiss, Simmental, Simmental crossbred with Red Pied, and Holstein-Friesians) from seven Upper Austrian dairy farms were examined. Average teat canal length of Brown Swiss animals was shortest (15·7 mm) followed by Holstein-Friesians (17·2 mm) and Simmental (18·3 mm). These differences in teat canal length were highly significant (P[les ]0·001). There was no significant difference in teat canal length between pure-bred and crossbred Simmentals. Differences of teat canal diameter between breeds were significant (P[les ]0·05). Brown Swiss animals had the largest diameters (2·0 mm) and Holstein-Friesians the smallest (1·7 mm). Differences in teat diameter between Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian and Simmental were also significant. No differences were found between the pure-bred and crossbred Simmental cows. The narrowest teats were in Holstein-Friesians and the widest in Simmental. Holstein-Friesians also exhibited the thinnest teat walls while the Simmental had the thickest ones. Teat canal length and diameter were correlated with udder health. Teat canals of healthy udders tended to be longer (17·4 mm) and narrower (1·8 mm) than teat canals of infected udders (15·8 mm, 2·1 mm; P[les ]0·001). A logistic regression model showed significant effects of teat canal length, teat canal diameter and lactation number on udder health.

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5

Keane, M. G. "Carcass traits of Friesian, Piemontese x Friesian and Romagnola x Friesian steers finished on two feeding levels for two periods." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008140.

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Crossing of Friesian-Holstein dairy cows with beef breed bulls is widely practised. Recently the Italian Piemontese and Romagnola beef breeds have been imported into Ireland, but they have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to compare the progeny of these breeds and Friesians for carcass traits. General productivity traits have been reported elsewhere (Keane, 2001).

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Kay, M., P. J. Broadbent, and E. A. Hunter. "Feed Additives for Fattening Cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016184.

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Feed additives are widely used in beef production systems. Two trials were made to measure the effect of feed additives on the daily gain and feed efficiency of fattening beef cattle. In the first trial 48 Friesians and 48 weaned suckled calves weighing about 390 kg were fed individually on grass silage ad libitum together with 4 kg (Friesians) and 3 kg (weaned calves) bruised barley daily. The treatments were control (C), no additive; Avotan 150 mg/d (A); Flavomycin 45 mg/d (F) and Romensin 200 mg/d (R). Minerals and vitamins were given daily on the silage. In the second trial there were 240 Friesian and Exotic x Friesian bulls. They were housed on slats in groups of 15 and offered a mixture of bruised barley and soya bean meal ad libitum. The treatments were control, no additive; Flavomycin 50 mg/d, Romensin 210 mg/d and Salinomycin 150 mg/d. In trial 1 the steers were implanted with Ralgro and the heifers with Finaplix. No implants were used in the second trial. All the animals were weighed regularly and feed intake was recorded continuously. They were slaughtered when they achieved the required conformation and fat cover.

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7

Savey, M. "Inherited parakeratosis in Friesians." Veterinary Record 119, no. 13 (September 27, 1986): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.119.13.339-b.

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8

Velmala, Riikka, Esa A. Mäntysaari, and Asko Mäki-Tanila. "Molecular genetic polymorphism at the κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin loci in Finnish dairy hulls." Agricultural and Food Science 2, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72669.

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Dairy bulls have been genotyped for K-casein and P-lactoglobulin from semen samples by methodology based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), In this study, a previously described method for κ-casein A and B variants was extended to cover also the detection of the E variant. For β-lactoglobulin the variants A and B were genotyped by another PCR-based method. The frequencies of the κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin alleles were determined from 308 and 291 Finnish Ayrshire and 42 and 44 Finnish Friesian bulls, respectively. The bulls had been born between 1973 and 1988. There was no noticeable trend in the differences between allele frequencies over the years, the overall frequencies of κ-casein A, B and E being 0.62, 0.09 and 0.29 in the Finnish Ayrshires and 0.85, 0.14 and 0.01 in Finnish Friesians. The overall frequencies of β-lactoglobulin A and B alleles were 0.25 and 0.75 in Ayrshires and 0.56 and 0.44 in Friesians

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9

Korver, S., H. Vos, P. L. Bergström, M. W. A. Verstegen, and G. Kleinhout. "Carcass composition of veal calves dependent on genotype and feeding level." Animal Science 45, no. 3 (December 1987): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002907.

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ABSTRACTDutch Friesian purebred and Holstein Friesian-Dutch Friesian crossbred veal calves were used to study effects of genotype and feeding level on carcass composition. Carcass analyses were carried out on a total of 56 calves of two genotypes. Calves were reared for 22 weeks and given food dependent on age. From 1 to 16 weeks calves were given the same amount of milk replacer. At week 16, calves were assigned to either a high or low feeding level. Total energy intakes for the two groups were 5062 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 5408 MJ ME, respectively. Carcass weight and carcass composition traits showed no significant interaction between genotype and feeding level. Dutch Friesians had higher lean: bone ratios than Holstein Friesian crossbreds (3·85 v. 3·67). Differences between the two genotypes for fat and lean proportions in the carcass were not significant. Average proportions for lean and fat were 653 and 134 g/kg.Differences between the two feeding levels for carcass composition were significant. Calves on the low feeding level had 655 g lean and 131 g fat per kg, while calves on the high level had 645 g lean and 143 g fat per kg.The influence of the dissection technique on the differences in lean and muscle proportion between groups was studied on 18 carcasses using a standardized butcher's method (the Institute of Animal Husbandry (IVO) standard method) and the European Economic Community (EEC) reference method for beef. Average proportion of lean was 640 g/kg by the IVO method and of muscle was 557 g/kg by the EEC method. The difference between the two genotypes for lean proportion was smaller by the' EEC method due to the more complete separation between muscle and fatty tissue. Dutch Friesians had more intermuscular fat than Holstein Friesian crossbreds. Results of the EEC reference method indicate differences between the two feeding levels for fat as well as for protein deposition.

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10

Sharaby, Mahmoud Abdelalim. "Factors influencing the concentrations and yields of milk constituents and their interrelationships." Journal of Dairy Research 55, no. 2 (May 1988): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900025991.

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SummaryMilk samples from 250 Jersey and Friesian cows were collected and used to investigate the pattern of interrelationships between milk constituents and to test the effects of breed, sire, parity, stage of lactation, season of calving and milking time on them. Breed and sire effects were significant for all constituents. Overall Jersey cows produced significantly higher milk constituent concentrations except lactose, but the test-day yields in Friesians were significantly higher. Milk constituents had varying responses to parity, days in milk and season of calving. Correlation between different constituents and their regression on each other suggested antagonistic relationships. The pattern of association between constituent concentrations in Friesian cows was similar to that between test-day yields, indicating an equilibrium between volume and content of milk.

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11

Nogalski, Zenon, Marek Wroński, Zofia Wielgosz-Groth, Cezary Purwin, Monika Sobczuk-Szul, Magdalena Mochol, and Paulina Pogorzelska. "The Effect of Carcass Conformation Class (Europ System) on the Slaughter Quality of Young Crossbred Beef Bulls and Holstein-Friesians / Porównanie wartości rzeźnej buhajków mieszańców mięsnych i holsztyno-fryzów w zależności od klasy uformowania w systemie EUROP." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0064-9.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genotype and carcass conformation class on the slaughter quality of 200 young bulls, including 108 crossbred beef bulls and 92 Holstein- Friesians (HF), aged 21-22 months, selected in the lairage. The lean meat content was estimated and body measurements were taken before slaughter. After slaughter, the carcasses were graded according to the EUROP system, and carcass quality parameters were determined. Intramuscular fat was extracted from samples of m. longissimus dorsi, and the fatty acid profile of extracted fat was determined by gas chromatography. 61.11% carcasses of crossbred beef bulls were graded in the conformation class R, and 56.53% carcasses of Holstein-Friesians were classified as O. The majority of carcasses belonged to fat class 2, which was not consistent with intramuscular fat content. Within the same conformation classes, crossbred beef bulls were characterized by higher slaughter quality than Holstein-Friesian bulls. Meat from hybrid beef bulls had a higher (by 0.42% on average) content of fat with a more desirable composition. Since the population size of beef cattle will probably not increase in the nearest future, efforts should be continued to optimize the production of high-quality beef from dairy cattle herds.

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12

Ploeg, M., A. Gröne, C. H. A. Lest, V. Saey, L. Duchateau, P. Wolsein, K. Chiers, et al. "Differences in extracellular matrix proteins between Friesian horses with aortic rupture, unaffected Friesians and Warmblood horses." Equine Veterinary Journal 49, no. 5 (January 12, 2017): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12654.

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13

Politiek, R. D. "The comparison of Friesians from different origin." Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 91, no. 1-4 (April 26, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1974.tb01125.x.

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Keane, M. G., and G. J. More O'Ferrall. "Comparison of Friesian, Canadian Hereford × Friesian and Simmental × Friesian steers for growth and carcass composition." Animal Science 55, no. 3 (December 1992): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100021061.

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AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers comprised of 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Canadian Hereford × Friesians (HF) and 40 Simmental × Friesians (SM) were reared together from shortly after birth to slaughter after a mean period of 740 days. During the finishing winter there was a 3 (breed types) × 2 (3 and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (222- and 225-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments. One side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per treatment) was completely separated into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat and a 10th rib sample of m. longissimus was chemically analysed.Carcass weights per day of age and carcass weights were 404, 433 and 449 (s.e. 4·6) g and 301, 320 and 330 (s.e. 3·4) kg for FR, HF and SM, respectively. Corresponding proportions of carcass muscle were 602, 577 and 628 (s.e. 4·8) g/kg. FR and HF had similar proportions of their total muscle in the hindquarter, whereas SM had more of their muscle in the hindquarter. M. longissimus lipid concentrations for FR, HF and SM were 36, 39 and 26 (s.e. 1·96) g/kg. Increasing supplementary concentrate level from 3 to 6 kg/day increased side weight by 7 kg, of which proportionately 0·48 was fat. Extending the finishing period from 121 to 225 days increased side weight by 22 kg of which proportionately 0·45 was fat. Both the higher concentrate level and the longer finishing period reduced carcass muscle and bone proportions, and increased carcass fat proportion. Allometric regression coefficients for side muscle, bone and fat weights on side weight were 0·75, 0·51 and 2·13, respectively. It was calculated that FR, HF and SM would have similar carcass fat proportions at approximate carcass weights of 320, 290 and 380 kg, respectively.

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Gibson, J. P., G. Wiener, and A. C. Field. "Concentrations of blood constituents from 12 to 72 weeks of age in genetically high and low milk production lines of Friesian and Jersey cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 2 (October 1986): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600087037.

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SummaryBlood samples were collected at 12-week intervals from 12 to 72 weeks from a total of 221 growing Friesian and Jersey calves and assayed for plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), ketones, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, albumin and globulin. Sixty-six of the animals could be allocated to genetically high and 73 to genetically low milk producing lines on the basis of being sired by the ‘best’ or ‘worst’ nationally available progeny tested sires. All animals were housed indoors and fed a complete pelleted diet ad libitum. There were no differences between genetically high and low milk production lines for any blood constituent and no useful indicators of genetic merit for milk production in later life. There were no differences between breeds for metabolites related to energy status (FFA, ketones, glucose). Friesians bad higher magnesium and lower mean copper concentrations than Jerseys and had higher phosphorus concentrations up to 36 weeks. Differences between breeds and ages in mineral concentrations were not related to breed differences in the discrepancy between observed intakes and predicted requirements of minerals. Concentrations of globulins were higher and of albumin lower in Jerseys than in Friesians at 12 and 24 weeks possibly owing to slightly higher disease incidence of Jerseys in early life. There were changes with age in concentrations of all constituents except FFA. There was evidence of genetic variation within breeds and lines for mean plasma concentrations of ketones, copper and globulin. There was no evidence for differences between females and castrates for any blood constituent.

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Mostageer, A., Y. A. Afifi †, M. A. Morsy, and A. A. Nigm. "Grading up Baladi cattle with Friesians in Egypt." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 104, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1987): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1987.tb00145.x.

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Wang, Haibo, Hang Li, Fei Wu, Xinjun Qiu, Zhantao Yu, Wenjing Niu, Yang He, Huawei Su, and Binghai Cao. "Effects of Dietary Energy on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Bacterial Community, and Meat Quality of Holstein-Friesians Bulls Slaughtered at Different Ages." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121123.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacterial community, and meat quality of Holstein-Friesians bulls slaughtered at different ages. Thirty-six Holstein-Friesians bulls (17 months of age) were divided into a 3 × 3 factorial experiment with three energy levels (LE, ME and HE; metabolizable energy is 10.12, 10.90 and 11.68 MJ/kg, respectively) of diets, and three slaughter ages (20, 23 and 26 months). Results indicated that bulls fed with ME and HE diets had higher dry matter intake, average daily gain, and dressing percentage at 23 or 26 months of age. The ME and HE diets also reduced bacterial diversity, altered relative abundances of bacteria and produced lower concentrations of acetate, but higher butyrate and valerate concentrations in rumen fluid. Increasing in dietary energy and slaughter age increased the intramuscular fat (IMF) and water holding capacity. In summary, Holstein-Friesians bulls fed with ME and HE diets, slaughtered at 23 and 26 months of age could be a good choice to produce beef with high IMF. Slaughter age may have less influence than dietary energy in altering fermentation by increasing amylolytic bacteria and decreasing cellulolytic bacteria, and thus, further affecting meat quality.

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Keane, M. G., and F. J. Harte. "Beef production from once calved heifers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019528.

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Approximately 480,000 maiden heifers surplus to herd replacements are slaughtered annually for beef in Ireland. They comprise approximately 150,000 Hereford and Angus x Friesians, 150,000 continental x Friesians, 100,000 Hereford and Angus crosses from the suckler herd and 80,000 continental crosses from the suckier herd. At times of calf scarcity and high prices some of these heifers could be bred to produce a calf before slaughter. Provided that calved heifers are slaughtered before 30 months of age, there is little difference in meat quality between such animals and maiden heifers slaughtered at 18 to 24 months of age (Joseph, 1975). The objective of the present experiment was to quantify the productivity of once calved heifers finished indoors or at pasture.

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Keane, M. G., G. J. More O'Ferrall, and J. Connolly. "Growth and carcass composition of Friesian, Limousin × Friesian and Blonde d'Aquitaine × Friesian steers." Animal Science 48, no. 2 (April 1989): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100040344.

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ABSTRACTOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers comprising 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Limousin × Friesians (LM), and 40 Blonde d'Aquitaine ' Friesians (BL), were reared together from shortly after birth to slaughter at a mean age of 771 days. They were at pasture in summer and were housed and offered grass silage plus concentrates in winter. All were implanted with anabolic agents. During the finishing winter, there was a 3 (breed types) ' 2 (3 or 6 kg concentrates per day) ' 2 (94 or 181 day finishing period) factorial arrangement of treatments.Slaughter weights per day of age, carcass weights per day of age and carcass weights of FR, LM and BL were 846, 828 and 866 (s.e. 8·0) g, 464, 476 and 497 (s.e. 4·9) g and 358, 368 and 385 (s.e. 3·8) kg respectively. LM had lower carcass length, carcass depth, leg length and leg width values than FR or BL but when these measurements were expressed per kg carcass weight the values for LM and BL were similar. Both LM and BL had better carcass conformation than FR, and BL had a lower carcass fat score than either FR or LM between which there was no difference. FR, LM and BL had carcass lean, fat and higher-priced lean proportions of 634, 669 and 685 (s.e. 3·7), 185, 168 and 144 (s.e. 3·7) and 352, 361 and 361 (s.e. 1·4) g/kg respectively.Increasing the concentrate level from 3 to 6 kg per day increased side weight by 9·6 kg (P < 0·001). This consisted of 0·6 kg bone, 3·3 kg lean and 5·7 kg fat. Extending the finishing period from 94 to 181 days increased side weight by 30·3 kg (P < 0·001). This consisted of 2·6 kg bone, 12·0 kg lean and 15·7 kg fat. Allometric regression coefficients for side lean, bone and fat weights on side weight were not significantly affected by breed type or concentrate level. The coefficients for lean, bone and fat were 0·80 (s.e. 0·04), 0·58 (s.e. 0·05) and 2·27 (s.e. 0·16) respectively. The coefficients for weights of lean in the hind-shin, fore-shin, fillet and brisket on side lean weight were 0·8 or lower. The corresponding coefficients for silverside, inside round, knuckle, rump and strip-loin were between 0·8 and 1·0 while the flank, shoulder, neck, chuck, plate, fore-rib and cube-roll had coefficients in the range 1·0 to 1·5.

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Southgate, J. R., G. L. Cook, and A. J. Kempster. "Evaluation of British Friesian, Canadian Holstein and beef breed × British Friesian steers slaughtered over a commercial range of fatness from 16-month and 24-month beef production systems 1. Live-weight gain and efficiency of food utilization." Animal Production 46, no. 3 (June 1988): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018961.

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ABSTRACTThe live-weight gain (LWG) and efficiency of food utilization of purebred British Friesian and Canadian Holstein steers and of crossbred steers out of British Friesian dams by Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires were examined in two beef production systems. One was similar to the commercial 18-month grass/cereal system (16-month) and the other to a commercial 2-year system (24-month). The cattle were serially slaughtered at three levels of fatness covering the commercial range and determined by the use of the Scanogram ultrasonic machine. The trial extended over 4 years and involved a total of 650 cattle. Data for the two production systems were analysed separately. Changes in growth performance were examined relative to estimated carcass subcutaneous fat content (g/kg; SFC) and sire breed crosses compared at the mean fatness level within system: 65 g/kg SFe for 16-month and 74 g/kg SFe for 24-month.Sire breed differences were not detected (P > 0·05) in the regressions on SFe of age and live weight at slaughter, overall daily LWG and overall efficiency of weight gain. Pooled within sire breed, live at slaughter and age at slaughter increased by 2·5 kg and 2·8 days (16-month) and 2·2 kg and 2·1 days (24-month) for each g/kg increase in SFe.Charolais crosses and Canadian Holsteins were heaviest at equal SFC in both systems, but the latter were 63 days older (16-month) and 42 days older (24-month): Hereford, Lincoln Red and Sussex crosses were lightest and among the youngest in both systems.Sire breed crosses differed significantly in daily LWG: Charolais crosses grew fastest in both systems; the relative growth rate of other sire breed crosses was less consistent between the two although the Hereford crosses and British Friesians grew slowly in both systems. Overall efficiency of LWG (g gain per kg digestible organic matter intake) ranged from 164 to 205 (16-month) and 146 to 171 (24-month). Canadian Holsteins and British Friesians had the lowest efficiency of LWG in both systems of production; differences between the other breeds were not statistically significant (P > 0·05).

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Kempster, A. J., G. L. Cook, and J. R. Southgate. "Evaluation of British Friesian, Canadian Holstein and beef breed × British Friesian steers slaughtered over a commercial range of fatness from 16-month and 24-month beef production systems 2. Carcass characteristics, and rate and efficiency of lean gain." Animal Production 46, no. 3 (June 1988): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018973.

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ABSTRACTCarcass characteristics, and the rate and efficiency of lean gain of purebred British Friesian and Canadian Holstein steers and of crossbred steers out of British Friesian dams by Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires were examined in two beef production systems. One was similar to the commercial 18-month grass/cereal system (16-month) and the other to a commercial 2-year system (24-month). The cattle were serially slaughtered at three pre-determined fatness levels, estimated by the Scanogram ultrasonic machine. The trial extended over 4 years and involved a total of 650 cattle, 398 of which had their left sides separated into tissues. Breeds were compared at equal carcass subcutaneous fat proportion determined by visual carcass assessment (SFe). Data for the two production systems were analysed separately.Sire breed differences were not detected in the regression on SFe for most characteristics (P > 0·05). Sire breeds differed in killing out and visual conformation score in both production systems (P < 0·001): Charolais and Limousin crosses had the highest values and purebred Canadian Holsteins the lowest. The overall range between sire breeds was 30 g carcass weight per kg live weight and five points on a 15-point conformation scale.Breeds with the higher conformation scores generally had higher carcass lean proportions and higher lean: bone ratios. Canadian Holsteins had a 20 g/kg lower carcass lean proportion than the British Friesians (P < 0·05).Breed crosses with larger adult body size tended to have higher lean tissue growth rates: the difference between mean values for Charolais crosses and Hereford crosses was 49 g/day (16-month) and 38 g/day (24-month). The lean tissue growth rates of the British Friesians and especially the Canadian Holsteins were low in relation to their adult body size.Limousin and Charolais crosses had the highest efficiency of lean gain (g lean per kg digestible organic matter intake). These and the other crosses were significantly more efficient than the purebred Canadian Holsteins (P < 0·05). The overall range between breeds was 20 g/kg.

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Keane, M. G. "Productivity and carcass composition of Friesian, Meuse-Rhine-Issel (MRI) × Friesian and Belgian Blue × Friesian steers." Animal Science 59, no. 2 (October 1994): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007686.

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AbstractOne hundred and twenty spring-born steers, comprising 40 Friesians (FR), 40 Meuse-Rhine-lssel (MRI) × Friesians (MR), and 40 Belgian Blue × Friesians (BB) were reared together from 3 weeks of age to the start of their second winter. During the second winter there was a 3 (FR, MR and BB breed types) × 2 (3 kg and 6 kg supplementary concentrates per head daily with grass silage ad libitum) × 2 (96- and 220-day finishing periods) factorial arrangement of treatments (10 animals per subgroup). Carcass weights and grades were recorded after slaughter at the end of the second winter, and one side from each of 96 carcasses (eight per subgroup) was dissected into bone, muscle, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat. A sample of m. longissimus from the 10th rib was chemically analysed. Slaughter weights and carcass weights per day from arrival to slaughter were 796, 813 and 828 (s.e.d. 11·7) g and 419, 440 and 457 (s.e.d. 7·1) g for FR, MR and BB, respectively. Corresponding carcass weights were 314, 329 and 342 (s.e.d. 4·5) kg. BB had better conformation than both FR and MR. BB also had a lower carcass fat score, lower proportions of bone, intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, a higher proportion of muscle and muscle with higher proportion of moisture and a lower proportion of lipid than FR and MR. The higher level of concentrates increased side iveight by 8 kg, but the overall effects on carcass composition were small. The longer finishing period increased side weight by 25 kg and was associated with significantly reduced proportions of bone and muscle and an increased proportion of fat. Allometric regression coefficients for carcass weight on slaughter weight, and for bone, muscle and fat weights on side weight were 1·19, 0·39, 0·80 and 2·16, respectively. It is concluded that despite the better carcass conformation of MR, there was little difference in carcass and muscle composition between FR and MR. BB, in addition to having a higher growth rate and better carcass conformation than FR, also had more muscle in the carcass, more of the total muscle in the higher value joints and a lower proportion of lipid in the muscle. It was calculated that FR, MR and BB would have similar proportions of separable fat in the carcass at approximate carcass weights of 300, 320 and 400 kg, respectively.

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Thomas, GW, and FJ Mickan. "Effect of heifer size at mating and calving on milk production during first lactation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (1987): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870481.

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Liveweight and skeletal size at mating and first calving, and milk production in the first lactation of 193 heifers from 16 farms in West Gippsland, Vic., were compared with the productions of mature cows in each herd (mean mature cow production, 136-270 kg milkfat/cow). Mean minimum target liveweights ( � s.e.) for successful conception were calculated to be 219 � 3 and 319 � 7 kg for Jerseys and Friesians, respectively. These weights were related by regression to skeletal sizes to aid in the management of feeding heifers. Within the range of heifer sizes considered in this study (mean liveweight [�s.e.] after calving of 279 � 28 kg and 383 � 40 kg for Jerseys and Friesians, respectively), we conclude that, provided heifers are sufficiently grown to conceive, their milk production in first lactation will not be substantially affected by size at mating and calving.

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Auldist, Martin J., Keith A. Johnston, Nicola J. White, W. Paul Fitzsimons, and Michael J. Boland. "A comparison of the composition, coagulation characteristics and cheesemaking capacity of milk from Friesian and Jersey dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Research 71, no. 1 (February 2004): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029903006575.

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Twenty-nine multiparous cows of each of the Jersey and Friesian breeds, all κ-casein AB phenotype, were grazed together and managed identically. On three occasions during 10 d in spring (early lactation), milk was collected from all cows at four consecutive milkings and bulked according to breed. On a separate occasion, milk samples were also collected from each cow at consecutive a.m. and p.m. milkings to form one daily sample per cow. The bulked milks (800–1000 l per breed on each occasion) were standardized to a protein[ratio ]fat (P[ratio ]F) ratio of 0·80, and 350 l from each breed was made into Cheddar cheese. The solids content of the remaining Friesian milk was then increased by ultrafiltration to a solids concentration equal to that of the Jersey milk. This solids-standardized Friesian milk and a replicate batch of P[ratio ]F standardized Jersey milk were made into two further batches of Cheddar cheese in 350-l vats. Compared with Friesian milk, Jersey milk had higher concentrations of most milk components measured, including protein, casein and fat. There were few difference in milk protein composition between breeds, but there were differences in fat composition. Friesian milk fat had more conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than Jersey milk fat. Jersey milk coagulated faster and formed firmer curd than Friesian milk. Concentrations of some milk components were correlated with coagulation parameters, but relationships did not allow prediction of cheesemaking potential. Jersey milk yielded 10% more cheese per kg than Friesian milk using P[ratio ]F standardized milk, but for milks with the same solids concentration there were no differences in cheese yield. No differences in cheese composition between breeds were detected. Differences in cheesemaking properties of milk from Jerseys and Friesians were entirely related to the concentrations of solids in the original milk.

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McNaughton, L. R., G. A. Verkerk, T. J. Parkinson, B. Dow, K. A. Macdonald, and C. W. Holmes. "Postpartum anovulatory intervals in two genotypes of pasture-fed Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001187x.

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In pasture-based dairying systems it is important to maintain a 365-day calving interval, which requires that cows have a rapid resumption of postpartum ovulatory activity and high conception rates. The major form of infertility in New Zealand (NZ) dairy cows is an extended postpartum anovulatory interval (ppai; Macmillan, 2002), a problem that can be exacerbated by low body condition score (BCS) at calving (McDougall, 1995). Furthermore, Holstein cows, originating from North American genetic strains (Overseas; OS), which have been widely used in NZ in recent years, have longer intervals to first mating and conceive later than do NZ strains, suggesting a possible delay in the initiation of postpartum cyclicity (Harris and Winkleman, 2000). Worldwide, there is concern over an apparent decline in the fertility of Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle (Butler et al., 1995; Royal et al., 2000). The purpose of this trial was to determine whether there was a difference in ppai and BCS between NZ and OS Holstein Friesians that may affect reproductive performance.

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Gibson, J. P., A. C. Field, and G. Wiener. "Concentrations of blood constituents in genetically high and low milk-production lines of British Friesian and Jersey cattle around calving and in early lactation." Animal Science 44, no. 2 (April 1987): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018547.

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ABSTRACTDifferences between Friesians and Jerseys and between progeny of high and low contemporary comparison (CC) sires were sought by examining nine blood constituent concentrations around first and second calvings and during lactation. A total of 1359 samples from animals at first lactation and 1148 samples at second lactation were collected. All animals were individually fed a complete pelleted diet ad libitum. Blood constituents analysed were free fatty acids (FFA), ketones, glucose, calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, albumin and globulin. All nine constituents showed marked changes around parturition and early lactation and several constituents showed changes with age. Jerseys had higher average copper and albumin levels and lower globulin levels than Friesians at both lactations and higher FFA concentrations at second lactation. Changes in plasma concentrations of FFA, ketones and glucose around calving were consistent in suggesting that Jerseys and progeny of high CC sires had a substantially greater energy deficit in early lactation than Friesians and progeny of low CC sires at the first but not the second lactation. Predicted requirements v. recorded intakes suggested that the Jerseys and high CC progeny had the greater energy deficit at both lactations. Although the incidence of hypocalcaemia was nearly zero, changes of calcium and magnesium concentrations were consistent with reports of Jerseys being more susceptible to hypocalcaemia in later life.Despite large differences in milk yield, differences in plasma concentrations between animals classified as either high or low achieved yielders within their genetic class were generally smaller than differences between progeny of high and low CC sires.

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Wall, E., M. P. Coffey, and S. Brotherstone. "Body Trait Profiles in Holstein-Friesians Modeled Using Random Regression." Journal of Dairy Science 88, no. 10 (October 2005): 3663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73052-6.

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Schopen, G. C. B., J. M. L. Heck, H. Bovenhuis, M. H. P. W. Visker, H. J. F. van Valenberg, and J. A. M. van Arendonk. "Genetic parameters for major milk proteins in Dutch Holstein-Friesians." Journal of Dairy Science 92, no. 3 (March 2009): 1182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1281.

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Wall, E., S. Brotherstone, and M. P. Coffey. "Profiles of genetic changes of linear type in Holstein Friesians." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000925x.

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Changes in body condition score and other linear type traits can be indicative of changes in body energy balance in dairy cattle (Coffey et al., 2003). As an animal proceeds through her lactation it is expected that body shape and fatness levels will change both with peaks and troughs of lactation as well as changes as the animal grows and matures. Wall et al. (2005) showed that udder support (US) was correlated to fertility; cows with weaker udders had poorer fertility. If there are differences between animals in terms of how their udders grow and mature across the first lactation, this could be indicative of health and fertility problems later in life. The aim of this study was to examine how type traits recorded in the national dairy population change over the first lactation and if there is a difference between sires in the type profiles of their daughters.

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Lowe, D. B., A. Cuthbertson, D. L. M. Homer, and P. McMenamin. "Eating quality of beef from different breeds." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027240.

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1.Major changes have taken place in the beef industry over recent years - in particular, the introduction of several continental breeds which have the potential for producing larger and leaner carcases. The Canadian Holstein has also been used extensively in the dairy industry, replacing British Friesians, with the result that beef cross carcasses from the dairy herd have tended to be larger and have poorer conformation.2.As a consequence of these changes there is concern in the industry that beef of poorer eating quality is now being produced. For this reason, and to aid in the development of MLC's Blueprint for beef eating quality, this trial was set up in collaboration with Genus to evaluate the eating quality of two traditional British beef breeds and four continental breeds slaughtered at different fatness levels. 3.All progeny included in the trial were from Holstein Friesian type dams. They were sired by the following breeds:- Limousin (LM), Charolais (CH), Belgian Blue (BB), Piemontese (PM), Aberdeen Angus (AA) or Hereford (HF) and were finished on an 18 month beef production system.

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31

Litwińczuk, Zygmunt, Piotr Domaradzki, Mariusz Florek, Paweł Żółkiewski, and Agnieszka Staszowska. "Content of Macro- and Microelements in the Meat of Young Bulls of Three Native Breeds (Polish Red, White-Backed and Polish Black-and-White) in Comparison with Simmental and Polish Holstein-Friesian." Annals of Animal Science 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0058.

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Abstract The material for the study consisted of 80 samples taken from the longissimus lumborum (LL) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles of young bulls of five breeds (8 samples of each muscle per breed), including three native breeds included in the genetic resources conservation programme, i.e. Polish Red, White-Backed and Polish Black-and-White, which together with the Simmental and Polish Holstein-Friesian breeds. The content of the elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu) analysed in the meat of the young bulls (fattened in a semi-intensive system on fodder from permanent grassland) was found to depend (in varying degrees) on the breed of cattle. The greatest differences (P<0.01 and P<0.05) were noted between the Polish Holstein-Friesians (PHF) and the remaining breeds, mainly in the content of Mg, Ca, Zn and Mn. The results obtained in the four other breeds for most of the macro- and microelements were more uniform, with the highest content noted in the muscles of the young bulls of the native breeds.

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Dornelles, Mariana de Almeida, Paulo Roberto Nogara Rorato, Luis Telo Lavadinho da Gama, Fernanda Cristina Breda, Carlos Bondan, Dionéia Magda Everling, Vanessa Tomazetti Michelotti, and Giovani Luis Feltes. "Random regression models using different functions to estimate genetic parameters for milk production in Holstein Friesians." Ciência Rural 46, no. 9 (September 2016): 1649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150473.

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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the functions of Wilmink and Ali and Schaeffer with Legendre polynomials in random regression models using heterogeneous residual variances for modeling genetic parameters during the first lactation in the Holstein Friesian breed. Five thousand eight hundred and eighty biweekly records of test-day milk production were used. The models included the fixed effects of group of contemporaries and cow age at calving as covariable. Statistical criteria indicated that the WF.33_HE2, LEG.33_HE2, and LEG.55_HE4 functions best described the changes in the variances that occur throughout lactation. Heritability estimates using WF.33_HE2 and LEG.33_HE2 models were similar, ranging from 0.31 to 0.50. The LEG.55_HE4 model diverged from these models, with higher estimates at the beginning of lactation and lower estimates after the 16th fortnight. The LEG55_HE4, among the three better models indicated by the index, is the one with highest number of parameters (14 vs 34) and resulted in lower estimation of residual variance at the beginning and at the end of lactation, but overestimated heritability in the first fortnight and presented a greater difficulty to model genetic and permanent environment correlations among controls. Random regression models that used the Wilmink and Legendre polynomials functions with two residual variance classes appropriately described the genetic variation during lactation of Holstein Friesians reared in Rio Grande do Sul.

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Nilsson, Ph R., G. M. Th Schreuder, J. D'Amaro, I. Joosten, R. C. Buis, C. J. Davies, and J. J. Poel. "Serological definition of bovine MHC class II polymorphism in Holstein-Friesians." Tissue Antigens 43, no. 4 (April 1994): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1994.tb02330.x.

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Healy, Peter J. "Bovine leucocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD)—another genetic defect of Holstein/Friesians." Australian Veterinary Journal 69, no. 8 (August 1992): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07518.x.

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BUTSWAT, I. S. R., D. J. U. KALLA, S. T. MBAP, J. U. MOLOKWU, and R. B. CHUO. "EVALUATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS OF FRIESIANS, BUNAJI AND CROSSED COWS IN A SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 28, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v28i2.1852.

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Herd health fertility records of 248 cows comprising 103 Friesians, 84 Bunaji and 61 Crossbreeds in Vom from 1992-1999 were utilized to study the incidence of reproductive problems. The overall incidence of various reproductive problems was 54.4% and this was more frequent (P<0.001) in crossbred cows (72.6%) than in Friesians, (59.9%) and in Bunaji (32.7%). Second Calvers (67.1%) were more susceptible (P<0.01) to reproductive problems than heifers (56.0%) and mature cows (45.3%). The incidence of still birth (8.10%) and relative infertility (8.2%), were influenced by genotype (P<0.05); similarly genotypic differences (P<0.001) were observed in the incidence of retained placenta (7.4%). Abortion (5.6%), dystocia (12.2%) and repeat breeding (12.5%) were uniformly distributed among genotypes. Parity of dams had marked influence (P<0.001) on dystocia, still birth and retained placenta. Significant differences (P<0.0l) were also observed on the incidence of relative infertility, but the rate of dystocia (P<0.01), abortion and repeat breeding (P<0.001) varied with the years. The results emphasize the need for greater management intervention to reduce the incidence of reproductive problems in sub tropical cattle herds.

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Brodziak, Aneta, Jolanta Król, Joanna Barłowska, Zygmunt Litwińczuk, Anna Teter, and Monika Kędzierska-Matysek. "Differences in Bioactive Protein and Vitamin Status of Milk Obtained from Polish Local Breeds of Cows." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0069.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the content of selected bioactive whey proteins and lipophilic vitamins, which largely determine the bioactive status of milk, in milk obtained from local breeds of cows raised in Poland (Polish Red, White-Backed and Simmental) and Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Basic chemical composition and content of selected bioactive compounds (β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, bovine serum albumin, and vitamins: E, A, D3 and β-carotene) in 550 milk samples were analysed. The milk produced by local breeds proved to be a more valuable source of whey proteins and lipophilic vitamins than that of the Polish Holstein-Friesians. It was distinguished by its content of all bioactive compounds, including those with antioxidant properties, i.e. vitamins E, A and D3 and β-lactoglobulin, and antimicrobial properties, mainly lactoferrin. Therefore, the milk of cows of local breeds should be considered a valuable material for processing, especially at the level of the farm or small local processing plant, to produce products that are richer in health-promoting compounds. The promotion of milk from local breeds can therefore be an opportunity for the farms that raise them.

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Mariana, Elmy, Cece Sumantri, Dewi Apri Astuti, Anneke Anggraeni, and Asep Gunawan. "Mikroklimat, Termoregulasi dan Produktivitas Sapi Perah Friesians Holstein pada Ketinggian Tempat Berbeda." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 6, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v6i1.5617.

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ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ketinggian tempat terhadap kondisi mikroklimat,termoregulasi dan produktivitas sapi Friesian-Holstein (FH). Penelitian dilakukan pada tiga lokasi dengan ketinggian berbeda, yaituPodok Ranggon (97mdpl), Ciawi (576mdpl), dan Lembang (1241mdpl). Sebanyak 63 sapi FH dalam kondisi laktasi normal digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Aspek lingkungan meliputi suhu udara, kelembaban relatif dan Temperature-Humidity Index di dicatat setiap 2 jam dari pukul 08.00 sampai 16.00 WIB. Parameter termoregulasi yang diamati terdiri atas suhu kulit (Ts),suhu rektal (Tr), suhu tubuh (Tb), denyut jantung (Hr),laju pernapasan (Rr), dan Heat Tolerance Coeficient (HTC).Berdasarkan nilai Ta, Rr dan THI, dataran rendah memberikan dampak cekaman panas sedang, dataran sedangdan tinggi memberikan dampak cekaman panas ringan pada sapi perah. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sapi dataran rendah memiliki Nilai HTC, Tr, Ts dan Tb tertinggi (P<0,05) dan Hr yang terendah (P<0,05). Produksi susu di ketiga lokasi penelitian berbeda nyata (P<0,05), dengan produksi susu tertinggi di dataran tinggi (13,1±3,52 kg),dataran sedang (11,3±4,73 kg) dan dataran rendah (7,0±3,36 kg). Secara umum sapi FH di dataran rendah, sedang dan tinggi tercekam panas akibat kondisi lingkungan yang berada pada kondisi di luar zona nyamanselama musim kemarau, akan tetapi mampu beradaptasi terhadap kondisi tersebut. Kata kunci: ketinggian tempat, produktivitas, sapi perah, cekaman panas, termoregulasiABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to determine altitude effect on microclimate, thermoregulation and productivity of Friesian Holstein. Research was conducted in different altitudes, i.e.: Pondok Ranggon (97m asl), Ciawi (576m asl), and Lembang (1241 m asl). A total of 63 FH cows in normal lactation were used in this study. Microclimate aspects observation includes environmental temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH) and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) were recorded every 2 hours from 08.00 to 16.00. The physiological responses measurements consisted of skin temperature (Ts), rectal temperature (Tr), body temperature (Tb), heart rate (Hr), respiratory rate (Rr) and Heat Tolerance Coeficient (HTC). Lowland environmental provide moderate heat stress, while the medium and highland impacts with mild stress. The results showed that lowland cows have highest HTC, Tr, Ts and Tb (P<0.05) and lowest Hr (P<0.05). Milk production in the different altitude was significantly different (P<0.05), with the highest milk yields in the highlands (13.1±3.52 kg), medium (11.3±4.73 kg) and lowland (7.0±3.36 kg). In general, HF dairy cows in low-, medium- and highland are exposed to climatic stress during dry season conditions, although they have the ability to adapt physiologically and cope with environmental stress. Keyworlds: altitude, dairy cattle, heat stress, productivity, physiological responses

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ALI, T. E., and L. R. SCHAEFFER. "SIRE-SON CORRELATIONS OF GENETIC EVALUATIONS FOR FAT PERCENTAGE IN HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-066.

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The correlation between sire and son genetic evaluations for fat percentage has been shown to be lower than corresponding correlations for milk or fat yield for the population of bulls in artificial insemination. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of this low correlation. Based on 302 935 first-lactation daughters of 11 396 sires, the heritabilities of milk, fat and fat percentage were 0.28, 0.27 and 0.52, respectively. Indirect versus direct calculation of sire evluations for fat percentage were correlated at 0.997, and resulting sire-son correlations were 0.45 for directly calculated proofs and 0.43 for indirectly calculated proofs. The low sire-son correlations were due to the intense selection of sires of sons, especially for fat percentage, which resulted in a change in genetic parameters among the bulls used as sires of sons compared to the parameters in the overall population. Key words: Fat percentage, pedigree indexing, dairy sires

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Ptak, E., P. Brzozowski, and J. Bieniek. "Genetic parameters for lactose percentage in the milk of Polish Holstein-Friesians." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 21, no. 2 (June 18, 2012): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66072/2012.

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40

Proskura, Witold Stanisław, Michał Liput, Daniel Zaborski, Zbigniew Sobek, Yu-Hsiang Yu, Yeong-Hsiang Cheng, and Andrzej Dybus. "The effect of polymorphism in the <i>FADS2</i> gene on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk." Archives Animal Breeding 62, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-62-547-2019.

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Abstract. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a role in a wide variety of physiological processes. They are produced by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions. Δ-6-desaturase is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) to stearidonic acid (18:4n-3) and γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6). It is encoded by the FADS2 gene located on bovine chromosome 29. The aim of this study was to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism in the FADS2 gene and to determine possible associations with milk fatty acid composition in two breeds of dairy cattle, i.e., Jersey and Polish Holstein-Friesian. Direct DNA sequencing revealed the presence of an A-to-G substitution in intron 3 of the FADS2 gene (rs209202414). Both populations were genotyped with an appropriate PCR-RFLP assay. The following genotype distributions were observed: for Jerseys, AA = 0.24, AG = 0.63, and GG = 0.13; for Polish Holstein-Friesians, AA = 0.17, AG = 0.40, and GG = 0.43. In Jerseys, statistically significant relationships were found between the FASD2 genotypes and the following milk fatty acids: lauric (P=0.0486), behenic (P=0.0199), lignoceric (P=0.0209), oleic (P=0.0386), eicosatrienoic (P=0.0113), and docosadienoic (P=0.0181). In Polish Holstein-Friesian cows, significant associations were observed for erucic (P=0.0460) and docosahexaenoic (P=0.0469) acids. The study indicated the A-to-G substitution (rs209202414) in the bovine FADS2 gene as a potential genetic marker for fatty acid composition in cattle milk.

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de Bruijn, M., G. van Loon, M. Ploeg, A. Gröne, D. De Clercq, A. Decloedt, R. van Weeren, W. Back, and C. Delesalle. "Use of Transoesophageal Ultrasound to Visualise the Aortopulmonary Region in two Normal Friesian Horses and Three Friesians with Aortic Rupture or Aortopulmonary Fistulation." Equine Veterinary Journal 45 (September 2013): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12145_28.

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Keane, M. G. "Beef production from Holstein–Friesian bulls and steers of New Zealand and European/American descent, and Belgian Blue×Holstein–Friesians, slaughtered at two weights." Livestock Production Science 84, no. 3 (December 2003): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-6226(03)00092-7.

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43

Phipps, R. H., C. Madakadze, T. Mutsvangwa, D. L. Hard, and G. De Kerchove. "Use of bovine somatotropin in the tropics: the effect of sometribove on milk production of Bos indicus, dairy crossbred and Bos taurus cows in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 2 (October 1991): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600065369.

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SUMMARYTwenty-four Bos indicus cows of the Mashona/Nkone breeds, 36 dairy crossbreds (Mashona/ Nkone x Friesian), 48 Holsteins, 42 Friesians and 25 Jerseys were used to study the effect on milk production of sometribove (500 mg), a prolonged release formulation of bovine somatotropin (BST). BST was administered at 14-day intervals by subcutaneous injections into the ischio-rectal fossa which lies lateral to and on either side of the anus (tailhead). With the exception of the Bos indicus cows, which received seven injections of BST, all other treated cows received eight.The administration of BST to Bos indicus cows, significantly (P < 0·05) increased milk yield from 0·45 to 1·75 kg/cow per day, and extended lactation. These effects combined to increase total milk production during the 14-week trial from 226 kg for the control group to 993 kg for the group treated with BST. With dairy crossbreds the use of BST significantly (P < 0·01) increased milk yield from 8·6 to 11·0 kg/cow per day. Milk composition for Bos indicus and dairy crossbreds wasunaffected by the administration of BSTBST significantly (P < 0·05) increased milk yield in Jersey (+ 2·9 kg/day), Friesian (+ 3·6 kg/day) and Holstein (+ 2·7 kg/day) cows. Bodycondition of treated cows tended to be slightly lower than that of the control cows at the end of treatment.Cows remained in excellent health throughout all the trials. Farmers commented on how easy the injection was to give in the tailhead site, and on the complete absence of any adverse injection site reaction.

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Kolver, Eric S. "Nutritional limitations to increased production on pasture-based systems." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 2 (May 2003): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002200.

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The constraints to high levels of milk production imposed by a high-quality-pasture diet, and development of feeding strategies to overcome these limitations, were examined by modelling the nutritional status of New Zealand Friesian and North American Holstein–Friesian dairy cows grazing high-quality pasture. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to predict sensitivity of milk production to a 10 % change in the composition of pasture nutrients. The rate at which fibre and protein were degraded in the rumen and the value given to effective fibre and lignin content significantly affected the supply of metabolisable energy and protein, and the profile of amino acid supply. The first limiting factor in milk production when only high-quality pasture was fed was metabolisable energy supply, while specific amino acids, particularly methionine and lysine, limited milk production when > 20 g/kg diet consisted of a grain supplement. Compared with cows fed a total mixed ration in confinement, North American Holstein–Friesians grazing all pasture produced less milk (29.6 v. 44.1 kg/d). Of the difference in milk production 61 % could be attributed to a lower DM intake (19 kg/d v. 23.4 kg/d). Predictions using the CNCPS indicated that supply of metabolisable energy was the first-limiting factor for milk production from high-quality pasture (251 g crude protein (N× 6.25)/kg, 432 g neutraldetergent fibre/kg, 77 % in vitro DM digestibility), rather than metabolisable protein or amino acids. In addition, these nutritional limitations imposed by pasture diets will be greater for dairy cow genotypes that have not been selected for high performance within a pasture system.

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Fadhıl, Marvan, and Uğur Zülkadir. "Molecular Characterization of MSTN Gene in Holstein Friesians and Brown Swiss Cattle Breeds." Selcuk Journal of Agricultural and Food Sciences 31, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15316/sjafs.2017.48.

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Wijga, S., H. Bovenhuis, J. W. M. Bastiaansen, J. A. M. van Arendonk, T. C. W. Ploegaert, E. Tijhaar, and J. J. van der Poel. "Genetic parameters for natural antibody isotype titers in milk of Dutch Holstein-Friesians." Animal Genetics 44, no. 5 (March 17, 2013): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.12038.

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Smit, H., B. Verbeek, D. J. Peterse, J. Jansen, B. T. McDaniel, and R. D. Politiek. "The effect of herd characteristics on claw disorders and claw measurements in Friesians." Livestock Production Science 15, no. 1 (July 1986): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(86)90050-3.

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48

Sawyer, GJ, J. Milligan, and DJ Barker. "Time of joining affects the performance of young Angus and Angus multiply Friesian cattle in the south-west of Western Australia. 1. Liveweight, body condition, and reproductive performance in heifers and first-calvers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 5 (1993): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930511.

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A 3-year study using 183 Angus and 173 Angus x Friesian first-calf heifers joined at about 15 months of age was conducted to determine the effects of time of calving and breed on liveweight and condition, heifer reproductive performance, oestrus activity after calving, and subsequent conception. Pasture on offer and supplements were also measured. Calving times used were April (conventional calving time), March (4 weeks earlier), and May (4 weeks later). There was no significant effect of time of calving on net reproductive rate in heifers of either breed, but the number of stillbirths and dystocias in later calved Angus were greater than in Angus x Friesian. Protracted and difficult calvings were more prevalent in heifers of both breeds calving early. Highest pregnancy rates of 93-94% corresponded with the highest average liveweights at conception in nulliparous heifers of both breeds that were mated to first-calve later. Angus x Friesian first-calvers consistently returned to oestrus before Angus after their first calving. In a year when grazing pressure on depleted dry pasture residues caused significant liveweight loss in both breeds, the crossbreds commenced cycling, on average, 20-32 days before the Angus. Regression of calving date and length of the post-partum anoestrous interval (PPAI) was -0.54 days/day for Angus and -0.3 1 days/day for Angus x Friesian. There was no significant difference between breeds for time to conception. The regression of second conception date on first calving date was 0.10 days/day in Angus and 0.17 days/day in Angus x Friesian. Heavier first-calvers of both breeds returned to oestrus earlier; each extra 10 kg in liveweight was associated with shorter PPAI by 3.9 days in Angus and 1.7 days in Angus x Friesian crossbreds. Heavier first-calvers of both breeds also conceived earlier; however, about twice as much weight was required to reduce the time to conception in the larger Angus x Friesian crossbreds than in the Angus. Times to first oestrus and to conception were negatively and linearly related to condition only in Angus first-calvers. Conception rates after first calving did not differ between time-of-calving groups or breeds in 2 years, but in a difficult year and if calved later, only 73% of Angus and 61 % of Angus x Friesians were pregnant after 90 days of joining. We conclude that there is little justification on the grounds of reproductive performance for varying the time of calving of heifers from that of the main breeding herd.

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Khalil, H., and F. Pirchner. "Growth and carcass traits of bulls and veal calves of continental cattle breeds 1. Growth and food conversion efficiency." Animal Science 43, no. 2 (October 1986): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002403.

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ABSTRACTBetween six and 11 twin pairs each of the breeds Braunvieh (BV), Fleckvieh (FV), Grauvieh (GV), Pinzgauer (Pi) and Friesians (Fr) were either treated uniformly or separated and fattened to veal or to yearling bull stage. The aim of the experiment was the comparison of Central European breeds and to investigate genotype × rearing system interaction both within and between breeds. Veal calves were slaughtered at about 120 to 150 kg live weight (proportionately about 0·13 of estimated mature weight of bulls) and yearling bulls at 410 to 460 kg live weight, corresponding to proportionately 0·38 of estimated mature weight. In general, the dual-purpose breeds had higher growth rates both absolute (AGR) and relative (RGR) and better food conversion ratios (FCR) than the dairy breed, Friesian, and this was true irrespective of whether correlations were made to constant age, weight, maturity (equal proportion of adult weight) or carcass fatness. However, the early-weaned Friesian calves grew fastest in the early phase of the growing period and this probably reflected their superior appetite.Interactions between breeds and rearing system (bull v. veal) were significant for RGR and for maturity-corrected FCR which was mainly caused by shifting of the positions of BV and Pi.The pooled genetic correlations between performance in the different fattening categories were considerably below unity. The twin-pair correlations indicated high heritabilities which are biased by contributions from dominance and maternal environment. While in data corrected to comparable maturity, AGR and RGR were highly positively correlated, their correlation became negative in agecorrected data. The correlations with FCR displayed an equivalent change with sign reversed. The correlations between wither height and heart girth with AGR were positive for age-corrected data but negative or barely positive, respectively, for data corrected to equal maturity. Again, FCR behaved similarly but with sign reversed.

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Schopen, G. C. B., and C. Schrooten. "Reliability of genomic evaluations in Holstein-Friesians using haplotypes based on the BovineHD BeadChip." Journal of Dairy Science 96, no. 12 (December 2013): 7945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6510.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Friesians'

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